研究生入门英语(考试总结)

1.2:Grammar & Writing Skills
Tense Pairs Signalling Language Passive/Active Paragraphing
1.2.1 Tense Pairs
Present Continuous/Present Simple/Past Simple
Where does the tense change? And why?
However, although the effect of the rubber particles on the mechanical properties of copolymer systems was demonstrated over two years ago, little attention was paid to the selection of an appropriate rubber component.
(a) Although (b) Despite (a) Even though (b) In spite of (a) Though (b) Regardless of (b) Notwithstanding
(c) nevertheless (c) however (c) yet (c) nonetheless (c) even so
1.1.3 The shape of a research article/thesis:
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
(What you did/used)
central report section
Results
(What you found)
Discussion/ Conclusion
due to (the fact that) as on account of (the fact that) because in view of (the fact that) since
Confusion
Result
The measuring instruments were calibrated accurately, successful. the experiment was
therefore consequently hence
as a result (of which) which is why so
Too informal
Contrast/Difference
British students are all vegetarians, Norwegian students eat meat every day.
(a) I live in Beijing. (b) I’m living in Beijing.
Present Continuous Past Simple Present Simple
To state current situations/activities To state past events/activities To state accepted facts and truths
however whereas but
on the other hand by contrast while
Confusion
on the contrary conversely
Some experiments used uncalibrated instruments and succeeded; conversely, other experiments used carefully calibrated instruments and failed.
Addition
We used a batch processing system because it was more effective, it was faster.
in addition moreover furthermore apart from that/which
also secondly (etc.) in the second place (etc.) what is more
Unexpectedness
(a) it was difficult, a solution was eventually found. (b) the difficulty, a solution was eventually found. (c) It was difficult, a.
How do writers normally start the Introduction? What type of information should be in my introduction, and in what order? How do writers normally end the Introduction?
1.2.3 Passive/Active
your research group/team (√) people or humanity in general (x)
It is known/thought that… …
WE
I
avoid using it
here in this study this article the present paper …
1.1.1 Best time to write the introduction
?
before the report sections (Materials and Methodology & Results) after the report sections √
1.1.2 Questions your model must answer:
1.1.1 Best time to write the introduction
Sentence Connection:
How to close the gap? A dangerous space overlap
The pattern of inflammation during an asthma attack is different from that seen in pro-form stable asthma. In stable asthma the total number of inflammatory cells does not increase. Many researchers have suggested ways of reducing cost without affecting the semicolon &a relative clause quality of the image. These methods rely on data structure built during a preprocessing step. The procedure testing whether components are operationally It has receivedfor much attention over the past few decades due tosafe its usually takes many hours ; this means that tests are rarely repeated. biodegradable properties, which offer important economic benefits. signalling sentence connectors
(b) We found that the pressure increases as the temperature rises, which indicates that temperature plays a significant role in the process.
(a) We found that the pressure increased as the temperature rose, which indicated that temperature played a significant role in the process.
Cause
The experiment was unsuccessful The experiment was unsuccessful the measuring instruments were inaccurate. the inaccuracy of the measuring instruments.
1.2.1 Tense Pairs
Past Simple/ Present Perfect
but I don’ live there anymore. For example, Penney et al. showed that PLA composites could be prepared using blending and more recently. established (b) I have lived in techniques Tokyo for five years… andHillier I still live there Now.the Tense changes are always meaningful! toughness of such composites. However, although the effect of the rubber TIME particles on the mechanical properties of copolymer systems was (c) I change broke my glasses. but it doesn’t matter/I repaired demonstrated over two years ago, little attention has been paid to thethem. Don’t tense randomly!! selection of an appropriate rubber component.