快递服务业概述外文文献原文及翻译
快递行业 英文资料
快递行业英文资料The Express Delivery Industry。
Introduction。
The express delivery industry plays a crucial role in today's globalized world, providing efficient and timely transportation of goods and documents. With the rise of e-commerce and international trade, the demand for express delivery services has grown exponentially. This article aims to explore the key aspects of the express delivery industry, including its history, growth, challenges, and future prospects.Historical Background。
The origins of the express delivery industry can be traced back to the mid-19th century when the first courier services emerged. Initially, these services were limited to delivering urgent messages and documents. However, with the advent of railways and later, automobiles, the industry expanded to include the transportation of goods over longer distances. Over time, technological advancements, such as the development of air transportation and the internet, revolutionized the industry, making it faster, more reliable, and more accessible.Industry Growth。
快递服务业概述【外文翻译】
外文翻译原文An Overview of Express Delivery ServicesMaterial Source: A Report By US-ASEAN Business Council,2005Author: James I. Campbell Jr.A. Characteristics of an Express Delivery CompanyFour major integrators – UPS, FedEx, TNT, and DHL – account for almost 85 percent of the world’s express shipments. The services that these companies provide generally share the following characteristics which differentiate them from other traditional forms of delivery services:- Door-to-door delivery: This includes the seamless transfer across multiple modes of transport. The “integrated” aspect of the service offered frees the customer from the need to make complex transportation arrangements for pick-up and delivery.- Close custodial control: Using sophisticated information systems that enhance security, EDS firms maintain close custodial and administrative control over all shipments. This is particularly important to reduce the risk of loss or damage to goods in transit.- Track and trace technology: Shippers and consignees may track the precise movement and location of their shipments and confirm delivery with the use of sophisticated ‘track and trace’ technology that an EDS firm provides.- Facilitation of customs clearance: EDS firms assist with customs clearance so that customers do not have to navigate bureaucratic customs regimes and the required paperwork.- High level of reliability: EDS firms promise that packages will arrive at the required destination, on time. This is particularly important for shipments of high-tech components due for production lines, as well as essential financial documents.- Global service: The major EDS firms offer their customers delivery to markets and cities worldwide through an intricate network of air hubs and stations. EDS is a network business.- Speed of delivery: Most importantly, Overnight and Second-day expressservices reduce overall inventory and warehousing needs, and maximize supply chain efficiency. The average shipping time from the U.S. to Southeast Asia is about 2-3 working days door-to door. Together, these characteristics bring businesses timely, secure, and guaranteed worldwide delivery of documents, products, components, and spare parts to assist with efficient supply chain management.B. Benefits to BusinessesAir cargo represents 40 percent of the value of global trade. The bulk of this is handled by EDS firms. Servicing the needs of both multinational corporations and the emergent small and medium enterprise (SME) sector in their manufacturing, import, and export activities, this industry has been an important engine for economic growth. Sectors which heavily rely on EDS to remain competitive are knowledge-based and technologically advanced, including that of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, information technology and telecoms, textiles, automotive & transport, engineering, financial and business services, and traditional manufacturing.To remain competitive, companies today focus not only on product performance but also factor in how well costs can be managed and reduced through distribution and production, and how quickly parts can be brought together, assembled, and distributed to global markets. EDS firms help with the smooth orchestration of these activities and are therefore part of the critical infrastructure for efficient supply chain management.Reducing Inventory and Other Indirect CostsWith the support of EDS, companies no longer have to maintain large inventories and can therefore carry out better concentration, rationalization, and location of warehouses. In a study conducted by Gausch and Kogan (2001), companies in developing countries were found to have 2 - 5 times more inventory holdings in the manufacturing sector than companies in the U.S.Halving these inventories could consequently reduce unit production costs by 20 percent. In a typical Asian emerging market, logistics supply chain costs is as high as 22 - 24 percent of total production costs for manufacturers. In another study, it was found that for every $1 spent on express transportation, companies would save $1.50 in warehousing and inventory cost. For manufacturers, taking advantage of the availability of EDS allows for more efficient stock management and production techniques to be practiced, including the ability to respond more quicklyto stock outages, and production interruptions. These indirect costs are not always visible and often overlooked but are critical to SMEs in emerging economies. Other immediate cost savings can also be realized through greater flexibility in sourcing. The flexibility allows companies to source from a wider array of suppliers and reduce their input costs.Introducing Flexibility into Business StructureEDS allows for more flexible business solutions. Relying on EDS to bridge distances removes the traditionally important time-to-market consideration and allows companies to make strategic decisions on where to locate their business units based on factors of competition, proximity to supporting industries, and complementary industry hubs.This is particularly relevant for knowledge-based industries in the biomedical and pharmaceutical field. In a survey conducted of European companies in Germany on the usage of EDS, 80 percent of survey respondents reported the importance of being based in locations providing “maximum participation in leading research associations.” Decentralization of research & development units to hubs where these laboratories, testing centers, hospitals, patent registration offices, and research think tanks are located allows businesses to benefit from an environment of innovation important to product development. At the same time, product development units rely on EDS to ship samples to markets for clinical trials, deliver highly classified and proprietary legal documents and patent applications, ship urgently needed drugs to hospitals, and maintain “just-in-time” stock-management practices for its laboratories.C. Economic BenefitsIn many parts of the world, the EDS sector has been a catalyst to trade and investment growth, generating profound multiplier effects for the wider economy. For ASEAN countries looking to extend their reach to global markets, networks that EDS firms build are critical. These networks render supply chains more efficient and contribute greatly to export growth, stimulate foreign direct investment, and foster regional development and SME growth.Facilitating Export GrowthIn ASEAN, intra-regional trade accounts for about 20 percent of overall trade. This is considerably less than in most regions. The main reasons for the limited intra-regional trade are the “pattern of logistics costs and institutional barriers toland-based trade.”This phenomenon makes countries of the region effectively closer to industrial countries than to each other. To fully realize the benefits the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA), bringing lagging economies and landlocked countries in the region up to median performance levels is key.There is a causal link between connectivity and overall growth in trade, and an even stronger correlation between transportation and logistics infrastructure and export performance.Transportation and logistics-related costs in ASEAN continue to represent a substantial percentage of the actual cost of goods. A country with high logistics costs is far, in an economic sense, from international markets. In the study “Towards a Geography of Trade Costs” (Hummel 1999) which compared sales by manufacturers of similar products, exporters with 1 percent lower shipping costs enjoy a 5 - 8 percent higher market share. In another study conducted by the McKinsey Group, annual GDP for one Asian country is forecasted to increase by 1.5 to 2 percent by 2010 if logistics costs are reduced by 15 to 20 percent (This is in contrast to an ongoing $10 billion infrastructure project which would only generate 0.7 to 1 percent GDP growth over the same period). Indeed, injecting competition into the industry to lower logistics costs can give a significant competitive edge to producers in an open economy. Efficient inter-modal transportation, including the use of EDS, would result in more efficient supply chain management.These efficiencies undoubtedly replicate gains in the export sector. A study conducted by the Economic Strategy Institute concluded that further development and liberalization in the air express industry could result in percentage gains for exports per year from 2004 - 2008 between 0.386 - 0.562 percent per year for Singapore; 2.895 – 4.215 percent per year for Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines; and 3.86 – 5.62 percent per year for Vietnam and Indonesia.Facilitating FDI and Promoting Regional DevelopmentEDS firms play a critical role in influencing company decisions on how much and where to invest.This is especially applicable to remote markets where EDS firms assist in overcoming problems of geography and weaker transportation infrastructure. Fifty-eight percent of participating companies in a survey conducted for the report “The Economic Impact of Express Carriers in Europe” (Oxford Economic Forecasting, 2004) consider easy access to markets, customers or clients, as “absolutely essential” when deciding where to locate. In the EU, the importance ofEDS is compelling – without EDS, 35 percent of those interviewed for a study in Portugal said they would have to relocate; 15 percent of the UK and 10 percent of the Italian companies surveyed would consider relocating abroad; and 30 percent of the French companies and 10 percent of the Belgian firms surveyed would consider outsourcing.The EDS industry now supports 530,000 direct and indirect jobs in the EU. Their presence has injected the much needed downstream investment for creating jobs in the 10 new EU member states. 12,000 employees work directly for the four main integrators in new EU countries, and countless more are employed in automotive manufacturing, warehousing, IT support, and service centers.The EDS industry is a dynamic instigator of regional development in two ways. First, it allows for businesses to be located in regions that are not close to their markets. Second, the clustering effect (businesses wanting to be near hubs to take advantage of the latest pick-up time possible) that major express hubs create stimulates regional development. For example, it is estimated that further liberalization of the industry in China will do much to assist with the regional development of its western provinces. Already, it is expected that growth in the industry will generate $84 billion in increased manufacturing output, and 800,000 jobs for China’s export industry over five years.Similar benefits can be expected in ASEAN. The experiences of FedEx and UPS in the Philippines provide an excellent example. FedEx has been located in Subic Bay since 1995, and UPS has had its intra-Asia hub in Pampanga Clark since 2002. Both hubs, with dynamic networks to all parts of Southeast Asia, have been successful in bringing about the clustering of industry, and stimulating development for regions in the Philippines vacated by the U.S. military.译文快递服务业概述资料来源: 美国——东盟商业协会2005年度报告作者：詹姆士·堪培尔1快递公司的特征四大巨头——UPS,FedEx,TNT和DHL几乎包揽了世界上85%的快递货物。
物流外文文献翻译(DOC)
外文文献原稿和译文原稿Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.First, the advantages of using a third-party logisticsThe use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in:1, focus on core businessManufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their core energy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new products in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.2, cost-savingProfessional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass production and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of 1.18 percent, the average flow of goods from 7.1 days to 3.9 days, stock 8.2% lower.3, reduction of inventoryThird-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.4, enhance the corporate imageThird-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve completecontrol, reducing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.Second, The purpose of the implementation of logistics managementThe purpose of the implementation of logistics management is to the lowest possible total cost of conditions to achieve the established level of customer service, or service advantages and seek cost advantages of a dynamic equilibrium, and thus create competitive enterprises in the strategic advantage. According to this goal, logistics management to solve the basic problem, simply put, is to the right products to fit the number and the right price at the right time and suitable sites available to customers.Logistics management systems that use methods to solve the problem. Modern Logistics normally be considered by the transport, storage, packaging, handling, processing in circulation, distribution and information constitute part of all. All have their own part of the original functions, interests and concepts. System approach is the use of modern management methods and modern technology so that all aspects of information sharing in general, all the links as an integrated system for organization and management, so that the system can be as low as possible under the conditions of the total cost, provided there Competitive advantage of customer service. Systems approach that the system is not the effectiveness of their various local links-effective simple sum. System means that, there's a certain aspects of the problem and want to all of the factors affecting the analysis and evaluation. From this idea of the logistics system is not simply the pursuit of their own in various areas of the lowest cost, because the logistics of the link between the benefits of mutual influence, the tendency of mutual constraints, there is the turn of the relationship between vulnerability. For example, too much emphasis on packaging materials savings, it could cause damage because of their easy to transport and handling costs increased. Therefore, the systemsapproach stresses the need to carry out the total cost analysis, and to avoid the second best effect and weigh the cost of the analysis, so as to achieve the lowest cost, while meeting the established level of customer se rvice purposes.Third, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems inWhile third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:1, resistance to changeMany companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, we reflow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.2, lack of awarenessFor third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in the competition.3, fear of losing controlAs a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over to others, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies.4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexitySupply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or production of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including theintegration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factors Accurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence. Fourth, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encounteredA successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:1, operating modelAt present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. Theestablishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.2, the lack of storage or transport capacityThe primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers. 3, network problemsThere are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regional branches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.4, information technologyThe world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the production of high value-added products business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development of enterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends tomajor aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.译文物流已广泛应用于经济领域中的英文单词“物流”，军事后勤保障的原意，在二战结束后的第二面。
英语作文-快递服务行业的社会影响与经济效益
英语作文-快递服务行业的社会影响与经济效益In the contemporary world, the courier service industry has become an indispensable part of daily life and the global economy. The rapid growth of e-commerce platforms and the increasing demand for faster delivery times have significantly boosted the courier service sector, leading to profound social impacts and economic benefits.The social influence of the courier service industry is multifaceted. It has revolutionized the way people shop and conduct business, offering unparalleled convenience and accessibility. Consumers can now purchase goods from virtually anywhere in the world with the assurance that their items will be delivered directly to their doorstep. This has led to a more connected global marketplace, where geographical boundaries are increasingly irrelevant.Moreover, the industry has created numerous employment opportunities. From logistics managers to delivery personnel, the sector supports a wide range of jobs that cater to various skill levels. This has been particularly beneficial in rural areas, where job prospects may otherwise be limited. The industry also fosters entrepreneurship, as small businesses can now reach a broader customer base without the need for a physical storefront.Environmentally, courier services are striving to reduce their carbon footprint through the adoption of green technologies and practices. Electric delivery vehicles, optimized routing algorithms, and sustainable packaging materials are just a few examples of how the industry is addressing environmental concerns.Economically, the courier service industry contributes significantly to global trade. It facilitates the movement of goods across borders, supporting international business transactions and supply chains. The efficiency of courier services enables businesses to maintain lean inventories and reduce overhead costs, leading to increased profitability.The industry's economic impact is also evident in its contribution to GDP. It not only generates revenue through the provision of delivery services but also stimulates growth in related sectors such as manufacturing, retail, and information technology.However, the industry faces challenges, including the need to balance speed with sustainability and the management of an ever-increasing volume of parcels. The rise of gig economy workers in the sector also raises questions about job security and workers' rights.In conclusion, the courier service industry has a profound impact on society and the economy. It has reshaped consumer behavior, created job opportunities, and contributed to economic growth, all while navigating the challenges of sustainability and labor issues. As the industry continues to evolve, it will undoubtedly play a crucial role in shaping the future of commerce and connectivity. 。
物流配送外文翻译文献
物流配送外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Logistics distribution1. INTRODUCTIONLogistics is normally considered as nothing more than getting the right product to the right place at the right time for the least cost. Faced with a rapidly changing environment, revolutionary changes in technology, continued government deregulation, the shortening of product life cycle, proliferation of product lines and shifts in traditionalmanufacturer-retailer relationships, many organisations have had to rethink their traditional assumptions.Over the last ten years one of the most significant changes in management thinking was the emphasis on the search for strategies that will provide superior value in competition. Logistics management has the potential to assist the organisation in the achievement of both a cost/productivity advantage and a value advantage. The importance of logistics and its integration in the supply chain was argued by.China is a huge consumer market that accounted for a third of global economic growth over the past three years. Its development speed and potential cannot be ignored by the rest of the world. As a result of China’s internal and external economic attributes, most of the global consumer brands have established operations there. In particular in the automobile industry, many of the leading global OEMs including Honda, Toyota, General Motors, V olkswagen and Ford have established joint-venture partnerships with local car manufacturers. Auto sales in China rose by 76% in the year to July 2003 and by 2011, China is expected to surpass Japan to become the world’s second largest auto market. In order to compete in the Chinese market share and satisfy increasing demand, these operations are continuously expanding their production volumes with astonishing speed. Such expansion is, however carried out in the context of a legacy environment.China spans a large geographical area with, in many parts, under-developed infrastructure. This presents a challenge to efficient deployment of logistics strategies. Furthermore, the involvement of third party logistics providers, favoured by most global OEMs, is an emergent consideration in China. Finally, the conflicts that inevitably arise in the joint venture partnerships lead to delays in the introduction of western logistics management experiences and methods from the OEMs. All these factors increase the difficulties in managing logistics by China’s local auto makers.2. The overall development of foreign distribution Overview2.1 The United States of modern logistics developmentTwenty-first century from the 60s on wards, the rationalization of distribution of goods in general are valued in the United States to take the following measures: First, the warehouse will replace the old distribution center: The second is the management of the introduction of computer networks, on the loading and unloading, handling, custody, standardized operation, improve operating efficiency; Third, the common chain distribution centers set up to promote the growth of chain-effective. United States chain stores have a variety of distribution centers, mainly in the wholesale-based, retail and warehouse-type three types.2.2 Japan's modern logistics developmentOn logistics and distribution of wood with the following features: well-developed distribution channels, frequent, low-volume stock, logistics and distribution reflects the common and set the trend sticks, logistics and distribution cooperative, the Government planning in the development of modern logistics and distribution play an important role in the process of .2.3 European modern development of logisticsCountries in Europe, especially Germany, logistics refers to the user's orders in accordance with the requirements of positions in the logistics sub-goods distribution, the goods will be sent to the consignee with good activities. Germany's logistics industry formed of basic commodities from origin to distribution center, from the distribution center (and sometimes through more than one distribution center) arrive at the modern mode of end customers. Traveled in Germany, it can be said of the logistics and distribution in Germany has been formed to final demand-oriented to the modernization of transport and high-tech information network as a bridge to a reasonable R69 distribution center hub to run a complete system.2.4 the main reasons of logistics industry developing faster in developed countriesRelying on high-tech to the core economies of scale to allow flexibility based on a variety of forms.3、China's 3PL enterprises are facing a major obstacle to business3.1 The current situation of China's 3PLChina's 3PL enterprises: service radius of a small, low entry barriers. With the gradual warming heat logistics, urban logistics industry is also increasingly unitary covered by the importance and development. However, due to historical reasons in our country, the long-standing emphasis on production of a light flow, heavy flow to light the idea of the logistics, distribution of development in the not yet ripe at this stage, there is the issue more prominent in the following two aspects: the service delivery difficult to play a central role, the process of distribution of the low level of modernization.China's 3PL companies with foreign 3PL companies mainly in the gap between the three aspects: First, procurement capacity, and the other is logistics, and the third is cash flow. Aspects of logistics and distribution, foreign retailers have done very well, has a set of efficient logistics information system, which can effectively improve the inventory turnover rate, so as to enhance the return on assets and profitability. And domestic retailers in this area has just started, or have not yet started.3.2 distribution center lower the overall distribution, commercial chain failed to give full play to the advantagesFrom our point of view the existing commercial retail enterprises, in addition to some large, well-known commercial enterprises, the general commercial "chain" businesses are not set up their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics center. Although these companies have also established some of his own "chain" stores, but in fact operating goods stores do not do "unified procurement, unified distribution, unified billing," which allows some commercial retail enterprises, "chain" seems to exist in name only. The other has been established in their own logistics and distribution centers or use third-party logistics distribution center of commodities in commercial enterprises, the effectiveness of distribution centers has not been effective, which in turn affected the procurement cost of an integrated chain advantages, including outstanding manifested by the distribution center for goods distribution ratio of unity is very low. Uniform distribution logistics center can not beachieved, indicating the store's commercial enterprises "unified purchase" did not materialize, rather than a unified procurement chain has lost the core strengths.3.3 China's more enterprises are facing a major obstacle of the higher logistics costWal-Mart 8 5% of the commodities distribution through the distribution center, in which 80% is through the "zero inventory" of the more complete form of the distribution database. Wal-Mart as a result of the use of the "Cross distribution" and "auto-replenishment" of supply chain technology, so that goods turnover in the Treasury down to 2 days. And retail enterprises in China are in the 15-30 days, which reflects the retail , distribution enterprises, underdeveloped logistics system, distribution costs are too high. Rapid expansion of retail enterprises in China's size and speed in the short term if they can not form a qualitative edge is a dangerous speculation.Over the years the practice has proved that the multi-purpose logistics distribution center, intensive, low-cost supply hub, as well as the use of information technology to reorganize and upgrade the entire flow of the supply chain management is the core of large-scale retail enterprises strategy is to support the retail giant super-conventional development. The face of large-scale retail and distribution businesses of the main distribution center logistics requirements planning, focusing on how to reflect the integration of information flow in business flow, logistics, capital flow, so that the operation of retail enterprises to expand the logistics for the entire enterprise supply chain collaboration nodes and so that the whole positive and negative to minimize logistics cost of goods (including consumers, stores, logistics, distribution centers, headquarters, suppliers and partners), and a timely response to sales demand and timely replenishment. This is also a large-scale cross-regional, multi-format, chain retail enterprises have the capacity of the core competitive advantage.3.4 Lack of modern logistics management knowledge and expertise of logistics personnel.This is the third-party logistics industry in restricting the development of China's most important one of the bottlenecks. Logistics knowledge, especially in modern integrated third party logistics knowledge is far from being universal, but that its main business areas is to provide transportation and warehousing services, not know that it isnew to these traditional business integration of its business fields Far too simple to become connected with transport and storage of raw materials, semi-finished products supply, production process, material flow, the whole process of product distribution services, as cover flow, solid logistics, capital flow, information flow is equal to the integrated system of systems.4 to enhance core competitiveness, the implementation of integrated management"integrated management" is the original English Integrated SupplyProcess, refers to the production enterprises, office, life of a non-core business areas of the operation and management of integration as a Overall, as a business-oriented to manage outsourcing projects, by the special "integrated management" of the suppliers to provide full-service projects. "Integrated management" is not simply puts together the management of the business, but to improve management efficiency and reduce management costs as the core, combined with advanced information technology and network management features such as one organically integrated. Compared with the general outsourcing services, integrated management has the following characteristics:(1) It is not a business, but a complete outsourcing business from the operation of themanagement integration of outsourcing;(2) Outsourcing is not a core operation, but a comprehensive business management. Responsible for the entire business as a first-class suppliers, and its main task is to use its unique resources to conduct a comprehensive knowledge management, the operation of the specific is it managed by the secondary and tertiary suppliers to implement, so in the management of outsourcing functions based on the specific operation of the outsourcing; (3) In the case of the most important first-level suppliers, other than remuneration in the fixed service, its the only way to increase revenue for users to save costs as much as possible in order to share the proceeds of cost savings, rather than as general outsourcing as suppliers, mainly through an increase in turnover, that is, to increase spending to increase the user's own earnings. "Double bottom" principle of cooperation between the two sides can make astable and lasting.5 The third party logistics enterprise strategic choiceSummarized the latest of several foreign logistics theory and the development of third-party logistics with the current practice of foreign, third-party logistics firm's strategic choice to have the following three:（1）Lean Logistics StrategySince the lag theory and practice of logistics, our most extensive third-party logistics company or business, it can not accurately position their logistics services. If you do not reverse this situation as soon as possible, will be third-party logistics industry in China have restricted role. Lean production theory of logistics for our third-party logistics company provides a new development ideas for these enterprises to survive in the new economy and development opportunities. Lean Logistics concept originated in lean manufacturing. It is produced from the Toyota Motor Corporation 70 years in the last century by the original "Toyota Production System", after research by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor and summary, was published in 1990 published "change the world of machines), a book. Lean thinking is the use of various modern management methods and means, based on the needs of society to fully play the role of people as a fundamental and effective allocation and rational use of corporate resources to maximize economic benefits for enterprises to seek a new Management philosophy. Lean Logistics Lean Thinking is the application in logistics management, logistics development must reflect. The so-called Lean Logistics means: the process by eliminating the production and supply of non-value added waste in order to reduce stocking time, improve customer satisfaction. The aim of Lean Logistics according to customer needs, providing customers with logistics services, while pursuing the provision of logistics services in the process to minimize waste and delay, the process of increasing value added logistics services. Lean logistics system is characterized by its high-quality, low cost, continuous improvement, driven by customer demand oriented logistics system. It requires establishing the customer first thought, on time, accurate andfast delivery of goods and information.In short, Lean Logistics, as a new management ideas, bound to have a third-party logistics enterprises in China have far-reaching impact, it will change the appearance of the extensive third party logistics management concept, the formation of third party logistics Core competitiveness.the establishment of small and medium third party logistics value chain allianceThird-party logistics enterprises of small and medium can not be independent because of their one-stop logistics services to provide full shortcomings, and because the small size of assets, services, not wide area so that small and medium enterprises in China's logistics third party logistics industry at a disadvantage. Therefore, third party logistics for small and medium enterprises, starting from their own resources to construct their own core competence is the key. As small and medium enterprise features of a single third-party logistics and incomplete, so based on their respective core competencies based on the structure of the logistics business enterprise cooperation is an effective capacity to make up for deficiencies, constitutes a feasible way of competitive advantage of logistics. Value chain is the use of systems approach to investigate the interaction between business and the analysis of all activities and their access to the resources of competitive advantage. Value of the business activities fall into two categories: basic activities and support activities. Basic activities are involved in product creation and sale of the material transferred to the buyer and after-sales service activities. Basic activities of supporting activities is to assist the revenue by providing outsourcing, technology, human resources and a variety of functions to support each other. Theory to analyze the value chain study the value of third party logistics chain composition, can be found in auxiliary activities, third party logistics enterprise and general business is no different, the basic activities in the third-party logistics companies has its own characteristics. Third-party logistics enterprises there is generally no commodity production process, only the re-circulation process, does not account for major components of a wide range of third-party logistics companies and thus become the basic operating activities of storage, transport, packaging, distribution, customer service and marketing, etc.link. Various aspects of the basic work activities, due to their own limited resources and capacity, can not have every aspect of an advantage in that value chain in terms of some of the deficiencies, resulting in their overall logistics function not complete, lack of corresponding competitiveness and comparative advantage in some sectors of the value chain due to lack of overall effect should not play. Therefore, third party logistics industry, small and medium sized logistics enterprises within the Union, should be based on the value chain between complementary on the basis of cooperation, make full use of professional logistics companies and logistics functions of specialized logistics organization and coordination of agents Flexible complementary integrated logistics capabilities. Third-party logistics for small and medium enterprises, value chain should start with the advantage of links to explore and develop the core competitiveness of enterprises, through the reconstruction of the value chain to avoid weaknesses.（2）Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization of strategyRapid development in IT and the Internet era, companies can not fight alone singles, but must be in the competition and collaboration, in cooperation and development. Thus, under modern conditions resulting from modern large-scale virtualized development of third-party logistics has a strong necessity. Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization is the logistics management resources of others who will have "all", through the network, the other part into its own logistics, with the help of others break the power of physical boundaries, extending to achieve their various Function, and thus expand their ability to enhance their strength. Therefore, the logistics information technology, virtualization is a means for the connection and coordination of temporary and dynamic alliance in the form of virtual logistics. Integrated logistics virtualization technology as a means of electronic communication, customer-focused, based on the opportunity to participate in members of the core competencies as a condition to an agreement for the common pursuit of goals and tasks, the different parts of the country's existing Resources to quickly mix into a no walls, beyond the space constraints, by means of electronic networks, contact the unified command of the virtual business entity, the fastest launch of high-quality, low-cost logistics service.Modern large-scale virtualization, including third-party logistics functions, organization, geographic three virtualization. Virtualization capabilities with third-party logistics enterprise IT technology will be distributed in different locations, different companies take different functions within the logistics resources (information, human, material and other resources) organized to accomplish a specific task, to achieve the optimization of social resources. Virtualization refers to the organizational structure of the logistics organization is always dynamically adjusted, not fixed, but also decentralized, flexible, self-management, flat network structure, its objectives and in accordance with changes in the environment re-combination, in a timely manner Reflect the market dynamics. Virtual is the regional third party logistics network through the Internet link the global logistics resources, removing barriers and national barriers, to production management to achieve "virtual neighbors. "物流配送1 导言物流通常被认为是将恰当的产品以最低的成本，在恰当的时间送达恰当的地点。
快递行业外文文献翻译
文献信息：文献标题：Why Customers Intend to Use Express Delivery Services（客户为何打算使用快递服务）文献作者：S Setiyawati，B Haryanto文献出处：《Social Science Electronic Publishing》,2016,3(2):56-81 字数统计：英文2718单词，15832字符；中文4805汉字外文文献：Why Customers Intend to Use Express Delivery Services Abstract The aim of this research was to better understand the effects of products quality, price reasonableness, brand image, and attitude towards customer’s intention. This research was guided by four research questions: What product quality has a positive influence on express delivery services a positive attitude? What price reasonableness positive influence on attitude to use express delivery services? What positive effect on brand image expresses delivery services? What positive attitude influence on intention to use express delivery services? The methodology employed was survey of 100 customers plus in-depth interviews with courier service operators. Interviews and survey were conducted from August to October 2015. This research was used SEM techniques for data analyze. The results confirmed there was no relationship between products quality, price reasonableness and attitude. Furthermore, brand image has influence attitude. The mediating role effects of costumer’s attitude for product quality, price reasonableness and brand image towards customer’s intention offer new insight into antecedents on costumer’s intention in a high influence. This study presents an original contribution to understanding brand image effect and its attributes either directly or through attitude towards customer’s intention is determine.Keywords:Product Quality, Price Reasonableness, Brand Image, Attitude, Customer’s Intention1.IntroductionCompetitive advantage is likely to depend on market orientation, which means fosters behaviors that lead to customer’s perception of superior value. Market orientation implies to customer’s needs and delivering solutions and services that meet customer’s needs, which indicates customer orientation. The phenomenon of attitude and intention to use express delivery service part of orientation to the customers is an interesting issue to be studied. Previous studies show inconsistency attitudes and intentions models relating to express delivery services (Li & Petrick, 2008). This is due each study is based on the object and different settings. These conditions provide opportunities to design an alternative model capable of elaborating phenomenon to be observed.The alternative model is built based on five variables: products quality, price reasonableness, brand image, and attitudes which explain its influence on intention to use express delivery services. Thus, prediction models of individual behavior intention can be explained as follows: Product quality needs to be examined because these variables effectively to influence customer attitude (Stank et al., 2003; Richey et al., 2007; Rafid & Jaafar, 2007). However, different findings on influence customer behavior and product quality services performed by Mentzer et al.(2001) indicating customer perceptions about product quality is very relative and changeable nature because of individual psychological influence.1.1.Problem StatementConceptualization of variables to be studied, namely: product quality, price reasonableness, brand image and attitude influence intention to use express delivery services. To encourage practices this study addresses the following questions: Is product quality has a positive influence on express delivery services a positive attitude? What price reasonableness positive influence on attitude to use express delivery services? What positive effects on brand image express delivery services? What positive attitude influence on intention to use express delivery services?1.2.Research ObjectivesThe general purpose of this study is to look at the effect of product quality, pricereasonableness, brand image and attitude influence on intention. Especially, this study aims to figure product quality has a positive influence on attitude; price reasonableness positive influence attitude; brand image positive influence attitude; and attitude positive effect on the customers’ intent to use express delivery services.1.3.Research ContributionsThe contribution of this study is to offer a new approach that is more comprehensive, namely elaborate dimensions of product quality, brand image, price reasonableness, and attitude to assess the extent of its significance to customer’s intent to use express delivery services; contribute to the science of management. Especially to understand the effect of product quality, price reasonableness, brand image, attitude to assess the extent its significance to customer’s intent on express delivery services. Then, show main factors that explain highest variation in customer’s intent on express delivery services company will help policymakers to reform corporate marketing service significantly and qualified; a pioneer in customer’s intent perspective to use express delivery services. The findings of study will fill chasms theoretical to explore role of attitudes that decide customer’s intent to use express delivery services and mainstreaming for further studies in marketing services.2.Research Framework and HypothesesThe approach used in assessing the influence of attitudes and intentions of customers are TRA of Fishbein & Ajzen (2010) and TPB developed by Ajzen (2001) with adding the perceived behavioral control as a determinant of behavioral intention. Dimensions intention to behave customers essentially determined by three factors: a person’s attitude toward behavior, the degree of social pressure one feels about the behavior and the degree of acceptance of control perceived in behavior. The third component of this belief interacts and be a decisive intention that determines a person’s behavior. In a study of the influence of the attitudes and intentions of customers in using express delivery services, the proposed research model as follows:2.1.Product Quality Positively Influence on AttitudeCustomers use express delivery services for reasons of timeliness submissions (Kannan & Tan, 2002; Cakravastia & Takahashi, 2004), at competitive prices (Bienstock & Royne, 2010; Rahman, 2006; Mentzer et al., 2007) reliable, safety and shipment security (Oxford Economic Forecasting, 2009). Parasuraman et al. (2005); Goode & Harris (2004) said that service quality is a significant predictor of attitudes (Cronin & Taylor, 1992) affects intention to behave. Indicate that intentions better than customer’s attitude towards products / services quality. The degree of intent describes customer state while attitude is perceived by degree assessment of products / services quality provided by providers. In accordance opinions by Fawcett et al. (1996); Colonna (1997) about product quality attributes this study used the Global Express Association Standard (2015), namely: Global Reach; Reliability; Transparency; Speed and Security are predicted to affect positive attitude. Based on these results, products / services quality included in model and proposed the first hypothesis as follows:H1: Product quality positively influence attitude to use express delivery services.2.2.Price Reasonableness Positively Influence on AttitudePrice is an important variable for positive attitudes toward express delivery services formation. Prices give positive or negative consumer perception (Zeithaml, 1988; Gerrard & Cunningham, 2004) to assess a product, both products services, and goods. Colgate & Hedge (2001) conclude behavioral effect on the price of customer attitudes about products / services (Peng & Wang, 2006) price (expensive) and pricing policy cannot be trusted. Based on Imran et al. (2010) studied price reasonableness will be assessed by a customer in accordance with service quality, both significantly with a positive attitude. Different studies Chitty et al. (2007) high-quality services would be considered good even pay more expensive than low-quality services so that services (Rahman, 2006; Mentzer et al., 2007) is difficult to reposition price. Based on the research above, following hypothesis is advanced:H2: Price reasonableness positively influence attitude to use express delivery services.2.3.Brand Image Positively Influence on AttitudeBased on research Aaker (2004); Anisimova (2007); Blomback & Axelsson (2007); Martenson (2007); Da Silva & Syed Alwi (2008) explained that brand image is customer attitudes perception when considering a particular brand, an image can be brand assured. The brand image role elaborating memories, belief and preference of customer’s attitude toward a brand (Hsieh et al., 2004; Karampour & Ahmadinejad, 2014). Keller & Lehmann (2003) explain that brand image and attitude affect customer’s intention. Nguyen & LeBlanc (1998) indicated attitude is more influential than a brand image on intention. Hsieh et al. (2004) indicate the company’s brand perception big influence on buying behavior. Noted that brand image positively influence attitude and intention to use a particular product. Vahid & Aidin (2012) indicating that it cannot predict actual behavior of products / services selection, due to various reasons, particularly situational reasons. Based on research above, following hypothesis is advanced:H3: Brand image positively influence attitude to use express delivery services.2.4.Attitudes Influence on IntentionsAttitude consistently affect on intentions (Tarkianen & Sundqvist, 2005). Customers’ positive attitude tends to realize intention (Ajzen, 1991). Based on research (Rosenberg & Hovland, 1995; Fishbein & Ajzen, 2010) attitude predisposes behavior. A multi-dimensional as hierarchical sequence model of cognitive, affective and conative (Rosenberg & Hovland, 1995). Chang (2011) is used to determine attitude effect by intention.Focus of this study aims to describe the model predictions about attitudes and intentions on express delivery services are to explain individual’s desire degree to determine attitude on express delivery services customer. Based on research Anoraga (2000) indicate intention based on experience and motivational factors influence behavior (Ajzen, 2001). Intention described attitude directing behavior and subjective norms and refers to individual’s perception that benefits against certain behaviors (Werner, 2004) and increasing the intention to use the services. Results of research Webb & Sheeran (2006) indicate that the intention is the determinant of behavior, in addition to the PBC can predict directly to behavior or mediate relationship betweenintention and behavior. Based on these studies proposed hypothesis therefore is: H4: Attitude to use express delivery services mediates the relationship between product quality, price reasonableness, and brand image on customer’s intention to use express delivery services.Based on these descriptions, research model on attitudes and intentions customers using express delivery services in Jakarta this basic framework can be arranged as shown in Figure 1 as follows:Figure 1. The conceptual model3.MethodsThe results are justified scientifically from source and truth, and then research methods are designed to provide a clear and structured basis instruments used to test a hypothesis. In order to achieve these objectives, this chapter will discuss scope, sampling techniques, operational definition and measurement of variables, and statistical methods.3.1.The Scope of ResearchThis study was designed as an exploratory research to explain a phenomenon (Maholtra, 2007). The research was conducted in Jakarta using survey techniques and data collected are cross-sectional.3.2.Sampling TechniquesThe target population in this study is customers who intend to choose express delivery service for shipments / packages / documents in Jakarta chosen as studysetting are expected to limit a scope of study so that results are relatively homogeneous. Non-probabilistic sample taken with following criteria: (1) sample must have knowledge of courier / courier service / mail / express delivery services intended use; (2) Sample never use a delivery service and intend to use express delivery service at PT. Nugraha path Ekakurir (JNE) during August to October 2015. The determined number of samples of 100 respondents, thus meeting the minimum eligibility criteria for consideration data analysis aspects of Structural Equation Model / SEM (Hooper et al., 2008).3.3.Operational Definition and Measurement of Variables3.3.1.Product QualityProduct quality is defined as an individual’s perception of product superiority (Aaker, 1997). In this study variable product quality adopted from Global Express Association (2015). Product quality variable was measured with dimension (a) Global Reach (knowing its wide range) measured using five indications: (1) unlimited range;(2) reach to all corners; (3) a broad range; (4) reach to corner and (5) spread range; (b) Reliability (knowing of reliable service) were measured using five indications: (1) timely service; (2) reliable services; (3) consistent; (4) tested services; (5) ministry assured. ; (c) Transparency was measured using five indications: (1) service is transparent; (2) service is open; (3) services are easily tracked; (4) service is easily detected and (5) explicit service. (d) Speed (fast delivery) was measured using 5 indications (1) fast delivery; (2) timely delivery; (3) delivery smoothly; (4) delivery efficient and (5) delivery reliable. (e) Security was measured using five indications: (1) safe delivery; (2) delivery is guaranteed; (3) are not damaged; (4) shipment is not lost, and (5) shipments protected. Each item was measured using a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.3.3.2.Reasonableness PricePrice is defined as an individual’s quality perception. The price factor is a sacrifice that must be paid to get some product type (Zeithaml, 1988; Rahman, 2006; Mentzer et al., 2007). This variable was measured by using 5 price reasonableness indicators (Karampour & Ahmadinejad, 2014): (1) reasonable rates; (2) reasonablerates; (3) affordable rates; (4) reasonable rates, and (5) usual fare. Each item was measured using a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.3.3.3.Brand ImageBased on the earlier studies, the researcher determined that this variable was measured by using brand image attributes. Brand image is elaborating memories, beliefs and preferences of customer’s attitude toward a brand. So the brand image is measured using 5 indications (Hsieh et al. 2014): (1) popular brands image (2) superior brand image. (3) a good brand image. (4) brand image has a good reputation.(5) brand image has a good impression. Each item was measured using a 5-point scale Linkert from strongly disagree to strongly agree.3.4.Positive Attitude towards Express Delivery ServicesAttitude is defined as a degree of evaluation like or dislike of a person against an object or product (Ajzen, 1991). This means that if a customer has a positive attitude towards a product, the customer tends to manifest intention. Attitude measure multi-dimensional (Rosenberg & Hovland, 1995) as a construct in a hierarchical manner described through a cognitive, affective and conative sequence.In this study, express delivery services attitude is measured by using a 5 attitude indications, namely: (1) Glad to express delivery services; (2) Likes to express delivery services; (3) excited to express delivery services; (4) Happy on the existence of express delivery services, and (5) Think positive to express delivery services. Each item was measured using a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.3.5.Intention to use Express Delivery ServicesIntention to use express delivery services (Fishbein & Ajzen, 2010) is measure of confidence, motivation; attitudes to direct behavior, subjective norm; intention to act, and perception of behavioral control. This variable was measured by using 5 indications: (1) It will use express delivery services; (2) Want to use express delivery services; (3) Tendency to use express delivery services; (4) Willingness to use to use express delivery services; (5) Regarding use of these services in the future. Each item was measured using a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.4.ConclusionInfluence between variables in structural equation modeling, in general, does not support the results of previous studies, such as product quality and price reasonableness is not consistent with the study (Cronin & Taylor, 1992) that product quality perceived and services are predictors of positive attitudes and behavior intention antecendent subscribers. The findings further showed no consistent also with findings (Keaveney, 1995; Colgate & Hedge, 2001) that price reasonableness influence positive attitude customers. However, results of studies on price reasonableness in line with (Mittal et al., 1998; Karampour & Ahmadinejad, 2014) studies indicating price does not affect customer’s purchase intention.The findings indicate that brand image positively influences attitudes. These results support previous studies (Aaker, 2004) that quality perception shows superior differentiation of products or services and customers to the brand and think selectively used services. These results are consistent findings (Hsieh et al., 2004; Karampour & Ahmadinejad, 2014) that brand image elaborating memories, beliefs and preferences of customer’s attitude toward a brand, then brand image and perception of corporate image influence on intention and purchase behavior brand, in line with studies (Blomback & Axelsson, 2007; Ogba & Tan, 2009; Matthiesen & Phau, 2010) brand image influence positive customers attitude. Good customer perception will appear when the brand has a unique advantage / superior, good reputation, popular, nice and provide the best service (Aaker, 1997; Kotler & Keller, 2012). This shows brand image directly describes product quality.The study showed mediating role attitudes towards an intention to use express delivery services to sharpen study (Rosenberg & Hovland, 1995) that a construct of cognitive, affective and conative able to explain desire individuals to determine a positive attitude. Construction positive attitude (Ehigie, 2006) is a critical factor closely related to customer expectations, perceived services quality. Similar findings (Donio et al., 2006; Brunner et al., 2008) which affect-laden of a brand that a positive attitude will enhance customer intention to use express delivery services.中文译文：客户为何打算使用快递服务摘要本研究的目的是更好地了解产品质量、价格合理性、品牌形象和态度对客户意向的影响。
(完整word版)物流外文文献翻译
外文文献原稿和译文原稿Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.First, the advantages of using a third-party logisticsThe use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in: 1, focus on core businessManufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their coreenergy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new products in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.2, cost-savingProfessional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass production and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of 1.18 percent, the average flow of goods from 7.1 days to 3.9 days, stock 8.2% lower.3, reduction of inventoryThird-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.4, enhance the corporate imageThird-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve complete control, reducing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.Second, The purpose of the implementation of logistics management The purpose of the implementation of logistics management is to the lowest possible total cost of conditions to achieve the established level of customer service, or service advantages and seek cost advantages of a dynamic equilibrium, and thus create competitive enterprises in the strategic advantage. According to this goal, logistics management to solve the basic problem, simply put, is to the right products to fit the number and the right price atthe right time and suitable sites available to customers.Logistics management systems that use methods to solve the problem. Modern Logistics normally be considered by the transport, storage, packaging, handling, processing in circulation, distribution and information constitute part of all. All have their own part of the original functions, interests and concepts. System approach is the use of modern management methods and modern technology so that all aspects of information sharing in general, all the links as an integrated system for organization and management, so that the system can be as low as possible under the conditions of the total cost, provided there Competitive advantage of customer service. Systems approach that the system is not the effectiveness of their various local links-effective simple sum. System means that, there's a certain aspects of the problem and want to all of the factors affecting the analysis and evaluation. From this idea of the logistics system is not simply the pursuit of their own in various areas of the lowest cost, because the logistics of the link between the benefits of mutual influence, the tendency of mutual constraints, there is the turn of the relationship between vulnerability. For example, too much emphasis on packaging materials savings, it could cause damage because of their easy to transport and handling costs increased. Therefore, the systems approach stresses the need to carry out the total cost analysis, and to avoid the second best effect and weigh the cost of the analysis, so as to achieve the lowest cost, while meeting the established level of customer se rvice purposes.Third, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems in While third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:1, resistance to changeMany companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, we reflow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.2, lack of awarenessFor third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in thecompetition.3, fear of losing controlAs a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over to others, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies. 4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexitySupply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or production of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including the integration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factorsAccurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence. Fourth, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encounteredA successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:1, operating modelAt present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. The establishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.2, the lack of storage or transport capacityThe primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers. 3, network problemsThere are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regional branches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.4, information technologyThe world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the production of high value-added products business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development ofenterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends to major aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.译文物流已广泛应用于经济领域中的英文单词“物流”，军事后勤保障的原意，在二战结束后的第二面。
物流 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 中国快递行业研究报告
2011年中国快递行业研究报告——China Express Delivery Industry Report, 2011 Enterprise wide USD $ 3300 Release Date Dec.2011AbstractIn July, 2011, in the “Twelfth Five-Year (2011-2015)” plan on the development of postal industry issued by State Post Bureau of the Peo ple’s Republic of China, the following “twelfth five-year” development indicators were put forward for the express delivery industry: the network coverage of key express delivery enterprises came up to 98% in municipalities and provincial capitals, and over 90% in provincially administered municipalities; and the key express delivery enterprises realized the 72-hour inter-provincial capital and inter-key city express delivery rate of more than 90%, express delay rate of lower than 0.8%, damage rate of lower than 0.01%, and loss rate of lower than 0.005%.The express delivery business of China has witnessed rapid growth in 2011. Up to the end of September of 2011, Chinese express delivery companies (with annual sales of over RMB5 million) had made 2.52 billion deliveries, up 53.3% year-on-year, and harvested RMB53.14 billion, a 28.9% YoY rise, of which Chinese inner-city express business revenue was RMB4.67 billion, with the year-on-year increase of 58.1%; the cross regional express business revenue rose 37% year-on-year to RMB30.73 billion; and the international and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan business revenue was RMB13.57 billion, a slight rise of 4.9% from the same period of last year.From January to September of 2011, 1.125 billion deliveries were made in Guangdong, Zhejiang and Shanghai, accounting for 44.64% of the national business volume, and achieved RMB25.697 billion with a 48.36% share of the total business revenue in China.‘Research report on the express delivery industry in China’ mainly covers the followings:The twelfth five-year plan of national express delivery industry and the twelfth five-year plan of express delivery industry in key provinces and cities;Development status, business classification,λ market structure, price and competition structure of the express delivery industry in China;Analysis on the express delivery industry in importantλprovinces and cities in Guangdong, Shanghai, Beijing and Jiangsu etc.Performance of UPS, FedEx, DHL and TNT in Chinese express deliveryλ market.Development history, corporate operation, SWOT analysis and marketλstrategy of 15 local express delivery enterprises (including EMS, China Sinotrans Group, China Railway Express, Air Express, SF Express, STO Express, ZJS Express, YTO Express, Yunda Express, ZTO Express, etc.)EMS：The revenue of China Post Group footed up to RMB189.9 billion in 2010, presenting an AAGR of 18.5% during the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010); wherein, the proceeds of express business saw an average growth rate of 19.2%. Currently, EMS possesses 16 cargo aircrafts, 40 national airlines, 2 international airlines, more than 20 thousand transportation vehicles, 8 collecting and distributing centers and 31 provincial distribution centers.SF Express: its operating revenue has maintained high-speed growth since 2003, with an AAGR of over 40%; and the figure in 2010 registered RMB12 billion. In August, 2011, SF Express increased RMB400 million to reshuffle stock rights of SF Airlines whose air fleet covers two Boeing 757-200 All-Cargo Aircrafts and three Boeing 737-300 Aircrafts at present.ZJS Express: its operating performance has saw a comparatively slow rise since 2004, and it made negative growth affected by economic crisis during 2008-2009. However, the operating revenue of the company hit around RMB2 billion in 2010, soaring 66.7% from a year earlier and setting a new high record.In next a few years, e-commerce will further drive the steady and rapid growth of the express delivery industry, and the operating costs will rise ever and spur the price hike of express delivery. As the market expands, for considerable benefit, a growing number of companies in the express delivery sector will be merged and reorganized, and the businesses of express delivery firms will be increasingly differentiated.2011年中国快递行业研究报告——中国快递行业研究报告，2011企业广泛$ 3300美元的发行日期dec.2011摘要在七月，2011，在“第十二个五年（年）”计划对邮政产业发展的国家邮政局发行的中国人民共和国，以下“第十二五”发展指标提出了快递行业：网络覆盖的关键快递企业走到98%直辖市、省会城市，和90%多个省直管市；和关键快递企业实现72小时省际资本和inter-key快递率超过90%，表示延迟率低于0.8%，破损率低于0.01%，损失率低于0.005%。
快递服务业概述-外文文献原文及翻译
快递服务业概述An Overview of Express Delivery ServicesMaterial Source :A Report By US—ASEAN Business Council,2005Author ： James I. Campbell Jr.A．Characteristics of an Express Delivery CompanyFour major integrators : UPS， FedEx， TNT， and DHL， account for almost 85 percent of the world's express shipments. The services that these companies provide generally share the following characteristics which differentiate them from other traditional forms of delivery services：Door-to-door delivery ： this includes the seamless transfer across multiple modesof transport . the “integrated” aspect of the service offered frees the customer from the need to make complex transportation arrangements for pick-up and delivery。
Close custodial control ： Using sophisticated information systems that enhance security ，EDS firms maintain close custodial and administrative control over all shipments。
英语物流论文带翻译
2.练习口头交流：定期练习用英语进行口头交流对提高流利度和准确性至关重要。可以通过角色扮演场景、参与英语会议和与同事和客户交流来实现这一目标。
3. Use English in Daily Operations: Actively using English in daily logistics operations, such as writing emails, creating reports, and communicating with international partners, can help reinforce language skills and build confidence in using English in professional settings.
Case Study: The Impact of English Proficiency on Logistics Operations
To illustrate the importance of English proficiency in logistics, let's consider a case study of a multinational logistics company that operates in China. The company's staff includes both Chinese and foreign employees, and the official language of the company is English. However, the Chinese employees have varying levels of English proficiency, which has resulted in miscommunications and errors in operations. For example, during a shipment delivery, a misinterpretation of an English instruction led to the wrong product being sent to the customer, causing a delay and customer dissatisfaction. This case highlights the significant impact of English proficiency on the effectiveness and efficiency of logistics operations.
快递服务英文作文
快递服务英文作文Title: The Evolution of Express Delivery Services。
Express delivery services have become an integral part of modern life, facilitating the swift and efficient movement of goods across the globe. From the humble beginnings of postal services to the advent of sophisticated logistics networks, the evolution of express delivery has been remarkable. In this essay, we will explore the history, significance, and future trends of express delivery services.The origins of express delivery can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where messengers were employed to carry important messages over long distances. However, it was not until the establishment of formal postal systems in the 17th century that the concept of organized delivery services took shape. The introduction of postage stamps and standardized rates in the 19th century further streamlined the process, laying the groundwork for the modern expressdelivery industry.The rapid industrialization and globalization of the20th century spurred the growth of express delivery services. Companies like FedEx, UPS, and DHL emerged as leaders in the field, harnessing advancements in transportation and communication technologies to offer faster and more reliable delivery options. The introduction of air cargo planes revolutionized the industry, enabling packages to be transported across continents in a matter of hours.Today, express delivery services play a crucial role in facilitating e-commerce and international trade. With the rise of online shopping, consumers expect fast andefficient delivery of their purchases. This has led to fierce competition among delivery companies, driving innovation and the adoption of new technologies. From drone deliveries to self-driving vehicles, the future of express delivery promises to be even more exciting and transformative.One of the key benefits of express delivery services is their ability to expedite the movement of goods, reducing lead times and improving efficiency. Businesses can leverage express delivery to meet tight deadlines and satisfy customer demands for quick turnaround times. This not only enhances customer satisfaction but also strengthens brand reputation and loyalty.Moreover, express delivery services contribute to economic growth by facilitating trade and commerce. By enabling the timely delivery of goods, these services help businesses expand their reach and enter new markets. This, in turn, creates employment opportunities and stimulates economic activity at both local and global levels.However, express delivery services also face challenges and concerns, particularly regarding environmental sustainability and last-mile delivery. The carbon footprint associated with transportation and logistics operations raises environmental concerns, prompting companies to explore greener alternatives such as electric vehicles and sustainable packaging solutions. Additionally, thelogistics of last-mile delivery pose logistical challenges, especially in densely populated urban areas where traffic congestion and limited access can impede efficient delivery.In conclusion, express delivery services have come a long way since their inception, evolving from simple messenger systems to sophisticated logistics networks. Asthe world becomes increasingly interconnected, the demandfor fast and reliable delivery will continue to grow. By embracing innovation and sustainability, the expressdelivery industry can overcome challenges and pave the way for a more efficient and sustainable future.。
中国速递业发展历程外文翻译
外文翻译原文China express industry development processMaterial source : WWw. CninajournaL net. cnThe scale of express delivery market in China has been more than 10 billion yuan and it is increasing with the rate of 30% every year Some experts predict that the express delivery business will grow with the speed of 10 or more than 10 times after 3 years. It is a big n cake M which is not maKing big enough.Recalling the development of express delivery in China , this business originated in international express delivery business in the early 80,s last century. In 2005, EMS of China Post has Started-up business for 25 years. Express delivery industry in China has gone through three phases.(1)The initial stageAt that time, according to the reform and opening up and strengthen contact with external, July 15, 1980, the former Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications startedthe international EMS business to arrive in Singapore, Hong Kong and other countries and regions in Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Fuzhou， Shenzhen and other cities. And then they opened the domestic EMS business. In the early 80,s, the China Post,s express delivery shared almost 100% in the express delivery market, until 1987 it remained shared 95% until 1987 ∙ There is no denying that the birth of EMS has produced the rise of the express delivery industry in China.(2)The development stageIn the 1990s, with the development of foreign investment and foreign trade, the economic of China rise rapidly. Particularly, stimulating by domestic demand, it promoted the domestic express industry to flourish, combined with a low threshold of the domestic express industry, the results fast, high-profit, domestic express delivery companies have developed rapidly just like mushroome.The China's express delivery business has entered a period of rapid expansion. During this period, we can not ignored the existence of the international express delivery company which represented by DHL, UPS, FEDEX, TNT from beginning to end” With the franchise of the Cnina Post in thearea was broken, the relevant departments have begun to participate in this competition. A group of professional domestic express transportation company began to set foot in theexpress delivery industry, for example, Civil aviation, ZhongTie and so on, a number of private enterprises has also launched express delivery business. The express delivery market in China has a wide range of competition, primarily in the following areas.©The EMS of China Post lose the hegemonyWith the rapid development of the international courier companies and private express delivery companies in China, China Post f s market share decreased year by year (average annual loss of 4%), now it is down to about 40%. From the growth rate of express delivery business, China Post's express delivery business has significant growth from 1990 to 1994, but in 1995, due to the large-scale international express delivery company to enter the Chinese market, China Post Express divert a large number of business, the growth rate obviously became slowly. The four major express delivery giant,s business grew more than 20% every year or even up to 40%.②Air Express and the L hina Railway Express's growing depended on natural advantages and become more and more powerfulWith the air superiority of Civil Aviation, Air Express push forward to the express delivery market on a large scale. Air Express launched the "statute of limitations Express“ service , this was commended by people for the advantages of the Air Express .It s scope can arrived in Beijing, Shanghai and other 21 cities, in this way it can meet the different requirements of different customers. The main means of transport of China Railway Express is train , car and Railway and Maritime transport, railways and air transport, the M door-to-door M cargo Speed post service are ancillary. China Railway Express set up professional bodies Express in all the cities , to form a chain service network. Most of the national inter-city goods may arrive within 3 days from the next day from the carrier, and the price is very cheap. Express cargo can be quickly arrived in Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Korea and Hong Kong and other countries and regions.®M Black express11 squeezed the express delivery marketDespite the domestic express delivery service companies with big sweeping have extraordinary performance, but at the same time there are sorts of defects or inadequate, they can not control all of the express delivery market. Despite EMS is a substantia] network, but the mechanisms is not flexibility enough; Although China Railway Express is cheap, but only reach along the railway line; Though Air Express have air traffic advantages, but it lack of ground delivery. There are weaknesses in these big companies, making a number of small or private courier companies came into being. A part of these small companies do not have a significant portion of the business license ,and these companies are illegal courier companies. The prices of these companies is very cheap, flexibility and service for main customers, in this way, they won the main living space* they sent people the convenience, but also brought some of the hidden dangers for theinterests of consumers. The events againsting the interests of consumers always happen.(3)CroSS-border express delivery companies is eyeing the market in ChinaIn 1990s, four of the world,s largest express delivery companies DHL, TNT,UPS,FEDEX have set up branch offices in China, and it competed with EMS violently. After many years9 development, large-scale cross-border express delivery companies have adapted to China's land and water, and they have done the implementation of China,s market development plans. It is not a new thing that DHL, TNT, UPS, FtDEX had direct air links between Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, they are in their own operations to shorten the distance between China and the world, but they also to expand its express delivery in China Market share. The cross-border express delivery companies take a shine to Chinese vast market, they set a large-scale investment in the Chinese market. In addition to the purchase of a new large transport aircraft, the additional flights, they also established their own processing centers in China. In addition, DHL, TNT, UPS, FEDEX have been achieved with the Chinese customs declaration EDI, the technology is far ahead of EMS. They establish a common customs supervision Express Center with Shanghai Customs together, a modern and efficient means to achieve a series of business process, just like customs declaration, customs clearance and sorting, and trans-shipment, and so on. For them, China,s accession to the WTO is just like a stage curtain opened, they just go on stage to perform.(3)The mature stageIn the 21st century, express delivery market in china is more mature, We are not only familiar with the advertisements of DHL, TNT, UPS, FEDEX on television r newspapers and carriages, and We also admire the courage which EMS are committed to reforming the commitment to launch a variety of services. There is the multiple service option of using the Shun Feng, Da Tian, Da Tong, home delivery, the China Railway Express, Air Express,Shen Tong and so on ∙φThe demise of πbalck express” and the growth of private express delivery companiesIn the 21st century, with the market order regulation and the strengthen of consumers,s rational choice .The living space of ,,balck express“ has been getting smaller and smaller, after the the development in 1990s, some of the "black Express” has got their first fortune , completing of the primitive accumulation of capital, transformation and become a legitimate private courier companies, private express delivery companies have completed the restructuring and based on the local express delivery market, private express delivery companies are looking for developmentopportunities between the four international express delivery giants and EMS .②The emergence of ,,Union Express" and the expansion of the international express delivery giant,s,,Balck express“ ta ke a spontaneous form of co-operation in the transition, plus the increasingly fierce competition of delivery market. In order to enhance private courier companies5 strength, they have taken the initiative to join the way of cooperation ...,,Union Express“ to counter the pressure of competition from the four major international express delivery giants and EMS. Although the Q [ Union Express', development is not perfect, but it is the inevitable evolution of the development and growth for the national express delivery business- Through Union express, private express delivery companies expand the living space and achieve the deployment and use of the advantaged resources, greatly facilitated the private courier companies to promote intercooperation ,strengthen self-management initiatives. ,,The new authority of the rapid logistics ", ,,arrive at Asia and North America in one day” and ∙∙The next two years, building a distribution center in every city in China, ,, the slogan is not a bluff In fact, the transport network made by the aircrafts which contacts between Chinese and foreign frequently, it has already shows the strength and determination of the foreign express company to enter Chinese market. Several of the international express delivery giants have intensified to set up branch offices in China, TNT Express carry out medium-speed business with China Post in 2000,it is ready to take two hands: stepping up cooperation with China Post and expanding its agents ranks in China.译文中国速递业发展历程资料来源：中国期刊网作者：李伟目前中国速递市场的规模已经超过IOO亿元，并且以每年3 0%的速度递增。
快递服务在中国的发展英语作文
快递服务在中国的发展In recent years, the快递服务（express delivery service）in China has experienced remarkable growth, transforming from a nascent industry into a vital component of the country's logistics and e-commerce ecosystems. This rapid expansion can be attributed to several key factors,including technological advancements, increasing consumer demand, and the establishment of a comprehensive transportation network.Technological advancements have played a pivotal rolein the development of the express delivery industry in China. The introduction of advanced information technology systems, such as barcode scanning and tracking software,has enabled companies to improve their operationalefficiency and provide customers with real-time updates on the status of their shipments. Furthermore, the widespread adoption of smartphones and the internet has facilitatedthe growth of online shopping, which in turn has driven demand for express delivery services.Consumer demand for convenient and efficient delivery options has also been a key driver of the industry's growth.As Chinese consumers become increasingly reliant on online shopping, they demand reliable and timely delivery services. This has led to a proliferation of express delivery companies, which have competed vigorously to meet consumer expectations by investing in advanced logistics systems and expanding their delivery networks.The establishment of a comprehensive transportation network has been crucial to the success of the express delivery industry in China. The country's extensive road, rail, and air transportation infrastructure has provided a solid foundation for the rapid delivery of goods across the country. In addition, the development of dedicated express delivery airports and logistics hubs has furtherstreamlined the delivery process and enabled companies to handle larger volumes of shipments more efficiently.Moreover, the Chinese government has played asupportive role in the development of the express delivery industry by introducing favorable policies and regulations. For instance, the government has provided incentives for companies to invest in technology upgrades and expand their delivery networks. It has also worked closely with privatesector players to develop standards and regulations that ensure the quality and safety of express delivery services. Looking ahead, the express delivery industry in Chinais poised for further growth. With the continued expansionof the e-commerce market and the increasing demand for convenient delivery options, the industry is expected to maintain its robust momentum. Furthermore, with the ongoing development of technology and transportation infrastructure, express delivery companies are likely to introduce evenmore innovative services that further enhance customer experience and efficiency.In conclusion, the remarkable growth of the express delivery industry in China can be attributed totechnological advancements, increasing consumer demand, and the establishment of a comprehensive transportation network. This growth has not only transformed the logisticslandscape in China but has also significantly contributedto the country's economic development and the enhancementof consumer well-being. As the industry continues to evolve, it is poised to play an even more significant role in shaping the future of e-commerce and logistics in China.**中国快递服务的发展**近年来，中国的快递服务经历了显著的增长，从一个新兴行业转变为物流和电子商务生态系统的重要组成部分。
物流外文文献翻译精选文档
物流外文文献翻译精选文档TTMS system office room 【TTMS16H-TTMS2A-TTMS8Q8-外文文献原稿和译文原稿Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support, in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics, "Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow, real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.Third-party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part. Is a third-party logistics companies for the external customer management, control and operation of the provision of logistics services company.According to statistics, currently used in Europe the proportion of third-party logistics services for 76 percent, the United States is about 58%, and the demand is still growing; 24 percent in Europe and the United States 33% of non-third-party logistics service users are actively considering the use of third-party logistics services. As a third-party logistics to improve the speed of material flow, warehousing costs and financial savings in the cost effective means of passers-by, has become increasingly attracted great attention.First, the advantages of using a third-party logisticsThe use of third-party logistics enterprises can yield many benefits, mainly reflected in:1, focus on core businessManufacturers can use a third-party logistics companies to achieve optimal distribution of resources, limited human and financial resources to concentrate on their core energy, to focus on the development of basic skills, develop new products in the world competition, and enhance the core competitiveness of enterprises.2, cost-savingProfessional use of third-party logistics providers, the professional advantages of mass production and cost advantages, by providing the link capacity utilization to achieve cost savings, so that enterprises can benefit from the separation of the cost structure. Manufacturing enterprises with the expansion of marketing services to participate in any degree of depth, would give rise to a substantial increase in costs, only the use of professional services provided by public services, in order to minimize additional losses. University of Tennessee in accordance with the United States, United Kingdom and the United States EXEL company EMST & YOUNG consulting firm co-organized a survey: a lot of cargo that enable them to use third-party logistics logistics costs declined by an average of percent, the average flow of goods from days to days, stock % lower.3, reduction of inventoryThird-party logistics service providers with well-planned logistics and timely delivery means, to minimize inventory, improve cash flow of the enterprise to achieve cost advantages.4, enhance the corporate imageThird-party logistics service providers and customers is a strategic partnership, the use of third-party logistics provider of comprehensive facilities and trained staff on the whole supply chain to achieve complete control, reducing the complexity of logistics, through their own networks to help improve customer service, not only to establish their own brand image, but also customers in the competition.Second, The purpose of the implementation of logistics managementThe purpose of the implementation of logistics management is to the lowest possible total cost of conditions to achieve the established level of customer service, or service advantages and seek cost advantages of a dynamic equilibrium, and thus create competitive enterprises in the strategic advantage. According to this goal, logistics management to solve the basic problem, simply put, is to the right products to fit the number and the right price at the right time and suitable sites available to customers.Logistics management systems that use methods to solve the problem. Modern Logistics normally be considered by the transport, storage, packaging, handling, processing in circulation, distribution and information constitute part of all. All have their own part of the original functions, interests and concepts. System approach is the use of modern management methods and modern technology so that all aspects of information sharing in general, all the links as an integrated system for organization and management, so that the system can be as low as possible under the conditions of the total cost, provided there Competitive advantage of customer service. Systems approach that the system is not the effectiveness of their various local links-effective simple sum. System means that, there's a certain aspects of the problem and want to all of the factors affecting the analysis and evaluation. From this idea of the logistics system is not simply the pursuit of their own in various areas of the lowest cost, because the logistics of the link between the benefits ofmutual influence, the tendency of mutual constraints, there is the turn of the relationship between vulnerability. For example, too much emphasis on packaging materials savings, it could cause damage because of their easy to transport and handling costs increased. Therefore, the systems approach stresses the need to carry out the total cost analysis, and to avoid the second best effect and weigh the cost of the analysis, so as to achieve the lowest cost, while meeting the established level of customer se rvice purposes.Third, China's enterprises in the use of third-party logistics problems inWhile third-party logistics company has many advantages, but not many enterprises will be more outsourcing of the logistics business, the reasons boil down to:1, resistance to changeMany companies do not want the way through the logistics outsourcing efforts to change the current mode. In particular, some state-owned enterprises, we reflow will also mean that the dismissal of outsourcing a large number of employees, which the managers of state-owned enterprises would mean a very great risk.2, lack of awarenessFor third-party logistics enterprise's generally low level of awareness, lack of awareness of enterprise supply chain management in the enterprise of the great role in the competition.3, fear of losing controlAs a result of the implementation of supply chain companies in enhancing the competitiveness of the important role that many companies would rather have a small but complete logistics department and they do not prefer these functions will be handed over toothers, the main reasons it is worried that if they lose the internal logistics capabilities, customers will be exchanges and over-reliance on other third-party logistics companies.4, the logistics outsourcing has its own complexitySupply chain logistics business and companies are usually other services, such as finance, marketing or production of integrated logistics outsourcing itself with complexity. On a number of practical business, including the integration of transport and storage may lead to organizational, administrative and implementation problems. In addition, the company's internal information system integration features, making the logistics business to a third party logistics companies have become very difficult to operate.5, to measure the effect of logistics outsourcing by many factorsAccurately measure the cost of information technology, logistics and human resources more difficult. It is difficult to determine the logistics outsourcing companies in the end be able to bring the cost of how many potential good things. In addition, all the uniqueness of the company's business and corporate supply chain operational capability, is usually not considered to be internal to the external public information, it is difficult to accurately compare the inter-company supply chain operational capability.Although some manufacturers have been aware of the use of third-party logistics companies can bring a lot of good things, but in practical applications are often divided into several steps, at the same time choose a number of logistics service providers as partners in order to avoid the business by a logistics service providers brought about by dependence.Fourth, China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encounteredA successful logistics company, the operator must have a larger scale, the establishment of effective regional coverage area, with a strong command and control center with the high standard of integrated technical, financial resources and business strategy.China's third-party logistics companies in the development of the problems encountered can be summarized as follows:1, operating modelAt present, most of the world's largest logistics companies take the head office and branch system, centralized headquarters-style logistics operation to take to the implementation of vertical business management. The establishment of a modern logistics enterprise must have a strong, flexible command and control center to control the entire logistics operations and coordination. Real must be a modern logistics center, a profit center, business organizations, the framework, the institutional form of every match with a center. China's logistics enterprises in the operating mode of the problems of foreign logistics enterprises in the management model should be from the domestic logistics enterprises.2, the lack of storage or transport capacityThe primary function of logistics is to create time and space utility theft. For now China's third-party logistics enterprises, some companies focus on storage, lack of transport capacity; other companies is a lot of transport vehicles and warehouses throughout the country little by renting warehouses to complete the community's commitment to customers. 3, network problemsThere are a few large companies have the logistics of the entire vehicle cargo storage network or networks, but the network coverage area is not perfect. Customers in the choice of logistics partner, are very concerned about network coverage and network of regionalbranches of the density problem. The building of the network should be of great importance to logistics enterprises.4, information technologyThe world's largest logistics enterprises have "three-class network", that is, orders for information flow, resources, global supply chain network, the global Resource Network users and computer information network. With the management of advanced computer technology, these customers are also the logistics of the production of high value-added products business, the domestic logistics enterprises must increase investment in information systems can change their market position.Concentration and integration is the third-party logistics trends in the development of enterprises. The reasons are: firstly, the company intends to major aspects of supply chain outsourcing to the lowest possible number of several logistics companies; the second, the establishment of an efficient global third party logistics inputs required for increasing the capital; the third Many third-party logistics providers through mergers and joint approaches to expand its service capabilities.译文物流已广泛应用于经济领域中的英文单词“物流”，军事后勤保障的原意，在二战结束后的第二面。
物流外文文献及翻译范文
【最新资料,Word版，可自由编辑！】文献出处: Mahpula A. The Research of Regional Logistics Competitiveness [J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2015, 15(2): 30-34.原文The Research of Regional Logistics CompetitivenessMahpula AAbstractAt present, the development of logistics is the logistics demand rapid increase, the expanding market capacity, accelerates the construction of logistics infrastructure,third-party logistics fast growth the tendency, the whole logistics industry is developing in the direction of the information, globalization and specialization. At the same time, with the rapid increase of logistics demand, the development of the regional logistics more rapidly. Regional logistics is an important part of regional economy, the existence and development of regional logistics is the premise of existence and development of regional economy, no regional economy there would be no regional logistics. Regional logistics and regional economic development level, is closely related to the scale and the level of the different regional economic shape, size and industry, determines the level of regional logistics, the scale and structure form. Regional economic integration can make the area and regional logistics incline to reasonable, adapt to reasonable layout of industrial structure, to reduce logistics cost, promote the development of regional logistics. On the other hand, the regional economic development is inseparable from the development of regional logistics and regional logistics to provide support and guarantee for the development of regional economy, the development of the regional logistics will drive and promote the further development of regional economy. Therefore, the development of the regional logistics has become to improve the regional investment environment and industry development environment, expanding the scope of the regional influence, the key to enhancing regional competitiveness.Keywords: Regional logistics; Regional logistics competitiveness; Evaluation index1 IntroductionThe rapid development of world economy and the progress of modern science and technology, the logistics industry as an emerging service industry, is developing rapidly in the global scope. Internationally, logistics industry is considered to be the economic development of the artery and basic industry, its development degree become to measure a country's modernization degree and comprehensive national strength, one of the important marks is known as the "third profit source" of the enterprise, its role ismore and more big, became the current after the IT industry, financial industry's hottest emerging industry a new growth point of national economy, and caused widespread social attention. Regional logistics is an important component of regional economy, is the important force in the formation and development of regional economy, it is to improve the efficiency and economic benefit in the field of regional circulation, improve the competitive ability of regional market, etc., plays a positive role in active. Behind the rapid development of modern logistics, however, there are still many problems; including logistics competitiveness level is lower than the level of logistics development is particularly prominent. Choosing logistics competitiveness development level evaluation index, since there is no uniform standard, can only use freight or freight turnover scale to measure logistics. Implementation of goods transport is the process of logistics spatial displacement at the center of the link, with the two indicators to measure logistics scale has certain scientific, but it can't reflect the outline of the regional logistics. Estimates of logistics demand, typically based on GDP and total retail sales of social consumer goods such as index of national economic accounting. This is just a simple measure of the macro level, the proportion of different researchers use different, ranging from teens to twenty percent, there are large difference between the results and gives theoretical analysis greater difficulties. At the same time, the logistics industry's economic statistical data shortage, there is no comprehensive logistics demand statistics, which made us qualitative understanding of the level of understanding of logistics.2 Literature reviewAbout the Core Competence theory, Core Competence (Core Competence) of the original intention is the Core skills or Core skills, this concept is in 1990 by the American strategic management experts made (C.K.P rahalad) and Britain's strategic management experts hamer (c. amel), refers to the enterprise organization of accumulating knowledge, especially about how to coordinate different production skills and integrate a variety of technical knowledge, and on the basis of advantage over other competitors unique ability, namely Core Competence is built on the basis of enterprise Core resources, is the enterprise intelligence, technology, products, management, culture and other elements in the reflection of comprehensive advantage in the market. At present there are three typical academic argument: the ability theory represented by Rossby and Christie's school; School represented by porter's theory of market structure; Represented by Werner Phil and Penrose's theory of resource school. Corecompetitiveness is value, the ability to integrated, uniqueness, extensibility and inherent characteristics.Related theory, the study of regional logistics, the logistics research of Europe and the United States, Japan and other developed countries, focus on the enterprise level, is committed to providing enterprise optimization strategy. And regional logistics system and competitiveness research, involved. According to literature review, the regional international logistics field of research mainly includes the following aspects: (1) from the perspective of multinational company research the global logistics resources configuration and coordination problems. Specific include logistics infrastructure, market competition mechanism and the problem of logistics supply chain operation. Such research quantification technology such as using the operational research tools, more for the global network of supply chain facility location positioning, and coordinate the factory more support, strategic distribution system design problem. This is an extension of the logistics enterprise level optimization study, the commonly used methods include mathematical analytical method, system simulation method and heuristic methods, etc. If only one method and graphical method solving the problem of the layout of the site; Mixed integer programming solve the problem of site selection of logistics center and logistics planning, etc.(2) from the perspective of urban economy and the environment, the research of urban traffic network Settings. For example Tanjguchietal from the city level, using a dynamic traffic simulation model, quantitative research economic growth, the transport demand, as well as the related road congestion and environmental pollution.(3) from the point of view of the city government, study its role in macro logistics development and utility. For example MeirJ. R and Senblatt, studied the global supply chain management in infrastructure financing, transportation and regional trading rules, corporate tax law of the government subsidies, and other effects of the main factors of global production and distribution network, etc.3 Introduction to the theory of regional logistics related3.1 The definition of regional logisticsAcademic definition of regional logistics has not yet unified, a more accepted view is that regional logistics is the geographical environment in a certain area, with large and medium-sized cities as the center, based on the regional scale and scope economy, combined with effective logistics service scope, area inside and outside of all kinds of goods from the supplier to accept to effective entity flow; Is the transport, storage, loading and unloading, handling, distribution, packaging, circulation processing, information processing, such as integrated logistics activities, to service in thecomposite system of regional economic development. It requires the integration, the integration of logistics management, namely to meet user needs for the purpose, to the goods, services and related information from the supplier to accept to the efficient flow of planning, execution, and control activities, is the organic unity of cash-flow, information flow and cash flow.3.2 Relationship of regional logistics subject, object and carrierRegional logistics has the characteristics of multi-level and multi-dimensional structure, its basic elements include logistics main body, object and logistics carrier, and the structure of the basic elements and their complete system, each element show different features, thus forming the function of the regional logistics. Regional logistics main body is directly involved in or specialized is engaged in the economic organization of regional logistics activity, including the owner of the goodsFlow, the third party logistics enterprise, storage and transportation enterprise, etc. Logistics is the supply chain logistics channels, the starting point and end point of connection in the whole course of the regional logistics activity plays a dominant and decisive role. Elements of the integrated logistics subject is the essential characteristic of modern logistics. Therefore, the elements of logistics as one of the main body, logistics has a decisive role in the development of logistics industry. Similar accumulation and regional economy industry, regional logistics also emphasizes the logistics main body accumulation, logistics main body in space is beneficial to promote the logistics activities of large-scale, intensive, body development, it is also a regional logistics park, logistics center, the objective basis of the formation of distribution centers, and regional logistics park, logistics center and distribution center determines the spatial structure of the regional logistics system.3.3 Regional logistics and regional economic relationsRegional logistics is an important part of regional economy, the existence and development of regional logistics is the premise of existence and development of regional economy, no regional economy there would be no regional logistics. Regional logistics and regional economic development level, is closely related to the scale and the level of the different regional economic shape, size and industry, determines the level of regional logistics, the scale and structure form. Logistics is always accompanied by business flow, the more advanced the regional economy, manufacturing and trading more active, the logistics industry as a service industry will have a good customer base and market infrastructure, the greater the chance of large-scale development. On the other hand, the regional economic development is inseparable from the development ofregional logistics and regional logistics to provide support and guarantee for the development of regional economy, the development of the regional logistics will drive and promote the further development of regional economy. Thus, regional logistics and regional economy is the unity of interdependence. Regional economy is the premise and foundation of regional logistics development, is the dominant force in the regional logistics development; Regional logistics is an important part of regional economy, is the regional economic support system, and serve the regional economy. Regional logistics development goal and strategy must obey and serve the regional economic development goals and strategies.4 Regional logistics competitivenessRegional logistics competitiveness refers to a certain space range (general administrative area as the border, across regions), the logistics industry are different from other areas of the assignment of resources was made in the advantage, the logistics enterprises, government policy support and industrial innovation ability, eventually embodied through regional internal benign competition will be more than all kinds of resources, the ability to effectively integrate to form a complementary and integrated ability system, reflect the regional comparison of competitive power in the logistics activity, reflect the size of the regional logistics service ability and the logistics industry development level of high and low. The competitiveness of the regional logistics is mainly composed of six basic elements constitute: social and economic development level, scale of logistics demand and supply condition of logistics, the logistics development of logistics industry in the enterprise information development level, development level, the macro environment.4.1 The social and economic development levelComprehensive social and economic development level reflects the regional logistics competitiveness level of social economic basis, is the guarantee of development of regional logistics competitiveness, to provide support for the sustainable development of regional logistics, from the other side also reflects the competitiveness of regional logistics development potential and power.4.2 The logistics demand scaleLogistics demand scale is mainly refers to the logistics services in the field such as production, consumption and circulation quantity and scale, to some extent, restricted by local resource conditions, it reflects a region, the demand for logistics service level and size: the size of the logistics demand, determines the size of the logistics marketcapacity, is the premise of existence and development of regional logistics industry and the foundation.4.3 Logistics supply conditionThe supply condition of logistics refers to the logistics infrastructure provided for the development of the logistics industry, all kinds of logistics technology and equipment, is engaged in the logistics services enterprises and the corresponding professionals such as the number and size of traffic capacity and regional situation, the comprehensive reflection of regional logistics supply capacity and service level, reflects the effect on the development of the logistics industry to promote and satisfaction, is the main factor of the formation and development of regional logistics competition.4.4 Logistics enterprise development levelLogistics enterprise comprehensive development level reflects the regional logistics main body's ability to provide logistics services and meet customer demand, embodies the subject of logistics operation level, mainly including the enterprise competition ability, profit ability and performance level, reflect a certain period of logistics enterprises in the area of the overall level of development, is the key factor for the formation of regional logistics competitiveness.4.5 Information development levelMainly refers to the regional information development level of information degree and the level of information technology. Logistics is based on information flow, logistics has become more and more rely on the whole process of access to information. Many logistics enterprises have established their own information management system as a crucial to the development of its core competitiveness, the development level of information is the one important factor for the formation of regional logistics competitiveness level.4.6 Logistics macro environmentMacro environment refers to the logistics industry development of logistics industry development planning, land use policy, tax policy, market access policy, talent training, such as the soft environment, affecting the development of logistics industry reflects the external environment for the development of the logistics industry to provide favorable conditions and the environment support.译文区域物流竞争力研究作者 Mahpula A摘要当前，物流的发展正呈现出物流需求快速上升、市场容量不断扩大、物流基础设施建设加速、第三方物流快速成长的趋势，整个物流产业正朝着信息化、全球化和专业化的方向发展。
物流服务介绍英文作文
物流服务介绍英文作文英文：Logistics services are an essential part of modern business operations. As a logistics service provider, our main goal is to ensure that our clients' goods aredelivered safely, efficiently, and on time. We offer a wide range of logistics services, including transportation, warehousing, and inventory management.Transportation is one of the most critical aspects of logistics. We have a fleet of trucks, ships, and planesthat can transport goods across the country or around the world. Our transportation services are flexible and can be customized to meet our clients' specific needs. For example, if a client needs to transport perishable goods, we can provide refrigerated trucks or air cargo services to ensure that the goods arrive at their destination in good condition.Another important logistics service we provide is warehousing. We have warehouses in different locations, which can help our clients store their goods temporarily or for a more extended period. Our warehouses are equipped with advanced security systems to ensure that our clients' goods are safe and secure. We also offer inventory management services, which can help our clients keep track of their goods and ensure that they are not lost or stolen.In addition to transportation and warehousing, we also offer value-added services such as packaging, labeling, and customs clearance. These services can help our clients save time and money by reducing the number of steps involved in the logistics process.Overall, our logistics services are designed to help our clients streamline their supply chain operations and improve their bottom line. We take pride in providing excellent customer service and ensuring that our clients' goods are delivered safely and on time.中文：物流服务是现代商业运营的重要组成部分。
快递业文献综述及外文文献资料
本份文档包含该专题的：外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献Transport, Logistics, and Fulfillment OptionsLaurel J. DelaneyAir TransportShipping by air used to be an emergency strategy, used only when a customer needed a product immediately, but with the proliferation of international air delivery services such as Federal Express, DHL, UPS, and Airborne Express, it is now easy and economical to move your product around the world, even overnight. You’ll generally pay a higher price per kilo than you will for ocean shipment, but in some expense categories you’ll actually rack up some savings. For example, packing costs tend to run less for air transport. One major consideration is the weight of your cargo. Are you exporting feathers? If so, air transport would be cheaper, provided you don’t use cartons that take up a lot of space. Tractors, on the other hand, should be transported via ocean.If exporting highly perishable items is your business, you’ll want to familiarize yourself with carriers that offer affordable worldwide express shipments of chilled, frozen, and fresh foods, such as seafood, meats, and produce. You will see more and more demand for this service as the market for organic, fresh, and convenience foods expands. I suggest you call the US Department of Agriculture’s interna tional marketing office for additional help. It usually has directories, workbooks, and guides to assist exporters of highly perishable products.The International Air Transport Association represents 240 airlines worldwide. When these members reach agreement on a fixed rate, they file a tariff with the US Department of Transportation. Tariffs define the rate, rules, and regulations governing air cargo deliveries for a given carrier or conference. Only when an exporter is charged by a shipper a cost that is beyond the maximum amount specified in the tariff (unless it is under a service contract) will she need to notify a regulatory agency to complain.There are two major types of equipment used in air transport:1.Air cargo containers: These types of containers are loaded by hand or forklift. They come in more than a dozen different styles and sizes.2.Air cargo pallets made of wood or plastic (corrugated plastic is used but not recommended) with netting: These are also loaded by hand or forklift.Which type of equipment you use depends on the type and quantity of the cargo you are shipping. To determine the absolute best way to ship your cargo, always discuss your situation with your transportation company. And don’t forget to find out the distance from your cust omer’s door to the closest seaport or airport. If one delivery destination is closer than the other, you’ll save your customer time but not necessarily money in the case of shipping to the nearest airport, because air cargo can be expensive.The top two considerations when choosing air vs. sea freight are transit time and the cargo itself. It usually takes a product a couple of days to arrive by air, whereas sea freight takes anywhere from twelve to fourteen days. The cargo itself, whether delicate in nature (fine art, for example) or large in size (as is heavy equipment), forces you to make the best decision for your cargo shipment.CautionAlways check with your shipping specialist to verify the pallet requirements for yourdestination country. Some countries, for example, require certain types of wood packaging to be treated with chemicals or heat before being allowed into their country.Ocean TransportShipping by ocean takes much longer than shipping by air, but it is nearly always much less expensive. T hat is why it will generally be your overseas customers’ preferred method of transport. Whereas with air shipment, the greater the volume of your shipment, the more expensive it becomes, with ocean shipment a greater volume of shipment actually decreases the cost. Ocean transport is less simple, though, because it involves many more choices that you may know very little about. These include the choice between terminals, vessel types, container loading options, and so forth. You’ll have to rely on your trans port company to give you advice.When choosing a transport company, you’ll want to find out the following:1.The frequency that the vessels sail2.The transit times3.The reliability measures4.The ports served by steamship line5.The company’s safety record6.The computerization for cargo managementThe last point, computerized cargo management, is vital these days. You want to be able to track your cargo at any given point. If it gets lost, you want to know that the transport company can find it. Cargo management is an important part of the package you offer your customers— so anytime you find a new and better way to serve them in terms of cargo, jump on it.Shopping for an Economical Transport PackageShipping lines—whose vessels are still commonly referred to as “steamships” although the days of steam-powered shipping are long gone— can be classified as either independent or conference. Independent lines tend not to have as many ports of call, which can cause shipping delays. Sometimes, while comparison shopping, you will find an independent line that quotes you a rate that is cheaper than what the conference lines are offering. Howe ver, when using an independent line you can’t be sure of your shipper’s timeliness or reliability. Conference lines, on the other hand, guarantee similar standards and rates. If you can contract with a conference line on an exclusive basis, rates are usually cheaper than, or at least competitive with, those offered by an independent line. The guarantee on rates during a specified period of time is a savings that you can then pass on to your customer or use to pad your own profit margin. Other types of ocean transport companies that have evolved over the years are NVOCCs, or non-vessel-operating common carriers, and shipper’s associations. NVOCCs book space on vessels and then sell the space to shippers with smaller cargoes in smaller-volume units. They consolidate these smaller shipments into container-loads under one bill of lading, and as a result can pass on more favorable rates to the small cargo shipper. You can also take advantage of a larger shipper’s economies of scale to move your smaller loads more cheaply. Shipper’s associations, similarly, were formed to pull together several different shippers’ cargoes to achieve greater volum e and hence lower rates.Don’t forget that ocean and air shipping itself is only part of the transport package you’ll need to assemble. To get your product to an ocean-going vessel for loading, you must also transport your cargo overland by truck or rail. How do you do this without spending an arm and a leg?The most advanced and efficient transport mode currently available to exporters to handle this problem is intermodal transportation. This is a start-to-finish transport package that takes your cargo fro m its point of origin to its point of destination (commonly described as “door -to-door”) under a single bill of lading. It involves the use of at least two different transportation modes— rail and ocean, for example— to cover the overland and overseas movement of the cargo. The company that offers the package is liable for getting the cargo from the point of origin to the final destination, and it will charge you a “through rate” to do so. The rate represents a substantial savings over what it would cost you to engage separate carriers for each leg of the trip. An added bonus: The company can issue a computer-generated bill of lading within hours of the cargo’s receipt at an inland terminal or immediately after the vessel has left port. This means faster turnaround time in collecting payment from your customer. Some intermodal service packages also offer container freight stations, which save you time and drayage (local transportation) costs by bringing their service closer to your door.TipWith the Internet and the advent of e-commerce sales transactions for B-to-C transactions, most international carriers and third-party logistics providers now offer all-inclusive door-to-door landed costs (meaning they include the price of the product, the delivery charge, taxes, duties, customs, and in a currency your shoppers understand) on single-product shipments delivered to a consumer. In 2009, this was unheard of. What a difference five years makes! If you are an exporter of refrigerated commodities, most sophisticated transportation companies can offer cost-efficient transport via refrigerated vehicles. For example, there are railcars equipped with individual generators to ensure the preservation of perishable products during transit. Some companies offer what is ca lled a “motorbridge” (trucking) service to exporters of frozen meat and other perishables, which entails a through transportation rate from the producer’s door to the customer’s door. Other companies offer multipurpose vessels for more cost-effective shipment of noncontainerized cargo, such as tin, tea, equipment, and grain. These vessels are usually smaller in size than those found in a regular containerized ship, allowing them to travel safely through rough seas and narrow channels. They also make the difficult portside dockings at newly industrialized countries easier.It’s imperative to shop around and compare rates to get the best-possible transportation package for your customer. Don’t be shy about questioning a transportation company or freight forwarder at length and in great detail about its service and rates. That is what it is there for, and you don’t owe them anything until after you’ve hired them. Always inquire about the latest and most advanced methods for moving goods overseas. Even as you read this, improvements are underway. Keeping current with the transportation industry will help you offer your customers the most innovative and cost-effective service and equipment options. Break-Bulk and Container LoadingWhat kind of vessel you choose to ship your cargo, and what special handling, loading or storage apparatus, if any, should be used, will depend on the type and quantity of your goods. Here are a variety of common options and techniques for loading your shipment.Break-BulkBetter known as less than container-load, or LTL shipment, break-bulk shipment is the most likely option to be used by new exporters, whose first orders are likely to be small. It allows your customer to test the product in his market before committing to a large quantity, such asa full container-load or more. The shipper can still load the goods into a container, but the container will be delivered to a consolidation point (port of exit) where other shippers’ goods will also be stowed in the container. The advantage of this method is that it allows smaller, low-volume exporters to have their cargo containerized, although it is not as desirable as a sealed door-to-door container, as I will discuss.To control the expense of small-quantity shipment, find a transport company that specializes in break-bulk. Naturally, when you are shipping a small trial order and hoping for repeat business, it will be to your advantage to control your customer’s costs by offering them the best rate possible. When shipping LT L, you’ll need to take extra care in packing and marking your cartons. (I’ll discuss carton marking in greater detail later.) Break-bulk shipments are commonly packed using the following materials:Pallets: Wood pallets must be strong enough to be stacked on racks and reused numerous times.Never let your cartons overhang a pallet. Your whole load might collapse! As previously mentioned, some countries require certain types of wood pallets to be treated with chemicals or heat before allowing the shipment to cross its borders. Check with your transportation specialist.Slipsheets: Used to pull your cargo to the point of loading, these sheets are usually made of fiberboard or plastic. They must be strong enough for the forklift operator to clamp onto and pull. Slipsheets cost less than pallets and eliminate the expense of transporting pallets back to the shipper for reuse. Cartons placed on slipsheets must be cross stacked, shrink-wrapped, or secured with extra-strength strapping.Crates: Wood crates are still popular with some shippers due to their strength and resistance to humidity, at any temperature and at any point in transit.All onboard packing aids should be recyclable or reusable. Use the minimum amount of material necessary to protect your product. Pallets, slipsheets, and crates are loaded using the following methods:Bulk loading by machine or hand (for bulk commodities, for example)Hand loading using individual shipping containers, with or without pallets Unit loading using palleted or slipsheet stacks into containers with forkliftsContainer LoadingShipment by container-load continues to be the preferred method for exporting goods because each container is sealed (allowing it to stay closed from the factory door to the customer’s door), strong, theft resistant, and stackable. Containers are also easy to load and unload; transport by truck, rail, or ship; and store. The only time the container may be opened while in transit is for the customer’s inspection, so the transport of the goods becomes nearly bulletproof concerning safety and pilferage issues.NoteExporting by container continues to grow. According to trade data produced by PIERS, “U.S. containerized exports were up 5 percent in February 2013 compared to February 2012, reaching 1,011,874 20-foot-equivalent units.” PIERS, a database of US waterborne trade activity, says this is the largest year-over-year increase since June 2012, when exports jumped nearly 10 percent.Containers are available in various volumes and in a number of specialized constructions to accommodate various cargo types. Typically, shipping companies provide containers, but youcan also rent or buy them new or used. If you want to do so, try eBay, contact a local shipping company to inquire about used shipping containers, or contact the Container Alliance, a network of portable storage and shipping container providers.A container can cost anywhere from $1,500 (used) to $8,000 (new). Rental costs range from $75 to $295 per month. You can also expect to pay delivery and pickup charges on any of these scenarios. The twenty-foot container, the most popular volume, works well for starting up with exports. The forty-foot container is the second-most popular choice. It’s important to resist the temptation to overload this larger container or you won’t be able to move your cargo over land! For large loads, a forty-five-foot container is an attractive bargain because it gives you a 27 percent increase in interior capacity over the forty-foot unit for the same handling costs. Containers come as large as forty-eight feet, but these are comparatively rare.Just as you conducted market research on where the best market is for your product using a variety of sources, keeping track of where all your exports are going provides a good basis for asking yourself, “Should we be looking at these markets since there are so many containers going to that part of the world?” Take The Journal of Commerce s annual ranking of the top fifty world container ports for 2012). 5Here is a snapshot of the top ten container ports, which shows heavy concentration in China (Asia):The port of Shanghai handled 32.5 million twenty-foot-equivalent container units, considered the busiest container port in the world in 2012.High-cube containers (referred to as HQ; they include twenty-foot, forty-foot, and other measurements) are oftentimes shipped at the same rate as a standard container but offer more cargo space and are typically one foot taller. Garment containers have a movable track system, so that prepressed and prelabeled garments can be shipped on their individual hangers, unloaded, moved right into a showroom, and racked for sale. Open-top containers, designed for awkward, oversize goods, such as heavy equipment, can be loaded from the top by crane. This reduces handling costs. Refrigerated containers come in high-cube and wide-body dimensions and offer temperature-controlled environments that can be monitored by means of an exterior temperature recorder, a central shipboard control, or even satellite transmission. Bulk-hatch containers, used for commodities such as corn and grains, can be loaded from the top or the rear for easy access and minimal handling. Vented containers allow for appropriate ventilation and thus eliminate potential condensation, preventing damage to moisture-sensitive goods like tobacco, spices, and coffee. Flat-rack containers, designed for moving huge goods, such as heavy equipment, lumber, and pipes, can be loaded from the top or the side, thus reducing handling costs. An expandable chassis accommodates a variety of box sizes and allows for easy offloading from ship, to train, to truck.TipIf you are interested in learning more about shipping containers and who invented containerized cargo (hint: an American by the name of Malcolm P. McLean), read the article “The Truck Driver Who Reinvented Shipping,” and try The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger, by Marc Levinson. Both are fascinating reads!Having shown you what’s entailed in getting your shipment underway, I’d like to introduce you to one of my favorite solutions for the shipping phase: the freight forwarder.The Global Freight Forwarder: Your One-Stop Transport ProGlobal freight forwarders serve as all-around transport agents for moving export cargo, typically transporting it from a factory door to your customer’s warehouse or storage facility. Their service saves you lots of time, effort, and anxiety and is available for a very reasonable fee, usually under US$200 per transaction—an e xpense that you’ll include in your price quotation to your customer and recoup when you collect payment. These are just some of the things a freight forwarder will do for you:Handle all shipping arrangements on the basis of your specificationsTake legal responsibility for the shipmentPay up-front costs to move the productArrange for a carrier to arrive at your factory door at a specified date and timeBook space with transportation carriersHandle all documentation and see that it is properly processedArrange insurance, if requestedPresent documents to your bank in a timely fashion to meet your payment terms Suggest or make on-the-spot packing adjustments, if neededMove the product from the factory door to the port of exit, either by common carrier or rail Take responsibility for getting the cargo on the vessel in time to sail on schedule, thus enabling you to meet all the terms and conditions of your payment agreement Monitor the shipment from beginning to end and keep you informed throughout See to it that the shipment arrives safely at the foreign port of entry and proceeds from there, depending on the delivery terms that you quoted to your customerIf you were to undertake the transit of goods yourself, you would probably be overwhelmed by all these logistics, and you would certainly not achieve the savings that forwarders can, given the networks of service providers that they have in place and the volume and frequency of shipping that they do. You can find freight forwarders by conducting a web search using the keywords “Freight forwarders, international transportation” or you can check for listings in trade magazines or other international directories. You should find hundreds of them. In some instances, they will be categorized by the geographic area they serve, the type of commodity in which they specialize, or the transport modes they offer, such as air or ocean—most forwarders offer both. Pick two or three that seem like a good fit for your product and shipping destination. Some may be located near your office or by an airport or port facility that you expect to use often.The Kings and Queens of International Shipping: UPS, FedEx, DHL, and TNT Logistic experts UPS, FedEx, DHL, and TNT have long been considered the best in international shipping. Check with each of these companies in regard to their areas of expertise, including whether they not only ship worldwide but also handle fulfillment needs and collecting payments from customers worldwide.The electronic filing of export information, formerly do ne with the Shipper’s Export Declaration (SED) form, is the system used by US companies to electronically declare exports with the US Census Bureau. The process, now called electronic export information (EEI), is done through AES Direct the filing is required for items valued over $2,500 or on products requiring an export license. Most sophisticated carriers can take care of the electronic filing on your behalf for a small fee and provide options for you to self-file or provide your own company’s completed EEI. Check with each international carrier. Refer for more information.Third-Party Logistics and Fulfillment CentersExporting represents a significant opportunity for online small business retailers. Setting up an e-commerce site automatically puts you in front of a potential 2.4 billion online customers. To service even a fraction of those customers, you’ve got to get up to speed on how to package and ship your products internationally.A third-party logistics company (abbreviated 3PL) provides logistics services for part or all of your supply-chain-management functions. They can warehouse, pack, and ship your products to customers all over the world, for example. Some will even produce or procure goods for you. Many of these services can be scaled and customized to your needs. Further, 3PLs allow you to leverage their industry expertise, achieve volume discounts, and realize other benefits (better carrier rates, for instance). To get up and running, many service providers require you to have a good technology program developer on board to install appropriate applications. Prepare accordingly.NoteTypically with a 3PL, you’ll need to integrate your e-commerce platform closely with that of the 3PL’s provider. Major carriers like UPS and FedEx, for exa mple, offer tools or even application programming interfaces (APIs) that make it possible to calculate the landed cost and integrate shipping tools into your e-commerce platform. Consult with them on how to incorporate their APIs within your existing e-commerce platform.Ask whether your provider can not only calculate the international shipping costs on transactions but handle the fulfillment part on B-to-C transactions as well. Decisions must be made on who will put your product in a box, label it, insert the appropriate commercial invoice (used as a customs declaration form), calculate shipping charges (including tariffs, duties, and taxes), and ensure the product arrives to a customer’s final destination timely, economically, and safely. These are things a 3PL will do for you. It may be worth investigating one or more from the list we will look at to make the fulfillment part of e-commerce easier on yourself and your customers as well. Third-Party SuppliersHere is a short list of third-party suppliers (3PLs) who specialize in helping businesses ship internationally and deal with the customs, tariffs, and currency conversions worldwide. The whole point of using 3PLs is to enable you to reach customers globally and take on new customers by using existing technology systems— all without hiring extra employees.TipSome people shy away from putting all their eggs in one basket. In the case of selling, distributing, and marketing your products worldwide, you might want to consider a master logistics provider that does it all. That way, you develop a strong relationship and achieve efficient distribution with fewer touch points (meaning less people handling your product), letting you focus on perfecting your sales and marketing methods.Simple Methods to Improve Logistics and Boost SalesThere are a few other factors to consider before getting started with international carriers or 3PLs. Here are some steps you can take to improve your international e-commerce results Comparison shop between carriers and the various carrier-shipping-fulfillment options. Saving even pennies on each package you ship internationally can save you big bucks later on, and those savings can boost your bottom line. Use various online calculators (USPS, UPS, orFedEx, for instance) to get an idea of what it might cost to send your package to China as an example of the costs.Audit your shipping and fulfillments costs quarterly. See if you are making or losing money. If you are losing money, switch carriers or take an entirely new approach toward the product you are exporting, the market you are entering, and the carrier you are using.Scrutinize the rates of different carriers to decide whether to opt for a flat-rate price on each package or go by weight or measurement (whichever is greater) on the calculation.To ship free or not to ship free? That is the key question. Free shipping is a growing trend in e-commerce. The most popular offer is free shipping in exchange for a minimum order in dollars. Second to that is free shipping for a limited time only, such as three weeks prior to a Valentine’s Day shipping deadline. I’ve always fallen for the free shipping offers, especially when I need a product and it’s coming from overseas, showing that it does have a positive psychological influence on consumers, resulting in increased sales. If you offer free shipping, make sure you don’t lose money on those sales!SummaryYou now have some guidelines telling you what transport and fulfillment methods are available to get your product to your customer and how to make a cost-effective choice. As you move on to put together a price quotation for your customer, including price per unit, total transport, and incidental charges, you’ll see exactly how valuable working with a good global freight forwarder, logistics expert, or fulfillment company can be in making the sale and delivering the goods. 二、文献综述快递业研究文献综述摘要：近年来，中国快递产业发展迅速，目前已经在中国东部地区形成了以沿海大城市群为中心的区域性快运速递圈。
快递行业中英文对照外文文献翻译
快递行业中英文对照外文文献翻译文献信息：文献标题：Why Customers Intend to Use E_press Delivery Services（客户为何打算使用快递服务）文献作者：S Setiyawati，B Haryanto文献出处：《Social Science Electronic Publishing》,20__,3(2):56- 81 字数统计：英文 2718 单词，15832 字符；中文 4805 汉字外文文献：Why Customers Intend to Use E_press Delivery ServicesAbstract The aim of this research was to better understand the effects of products quality, price reasonableness, brand image, and attitude towards customer&rs;s intention.This research was guided by four research questions: What product quality has a positive influence on e_press delivery services a positive attitude? What price reasonableness positive influence on attitude to use e_press delivery services? What positive effect on brand imagee_presses delivery services? What positive attitude influence on intention to use e_press delivery services? The methodology employed was survey of 100 customers plus in-depth interviews with courier service operators.Interviews and survey were conducted from August to October 20__.This research was used SEM techniques for data analyze.The results confirmed there was no relationship between products quality, price reasonableness and attitude.Furthermore, brand image has influence attitude.The mediating role effects of costumer&rs;s attitude for product quality, price reasonableness and brand image towards customer&rs;s intention offer new insight into antecedents on costumer&rs;s intention in a highinfluence.This study presents an original contribution to understanding brand image effect and its attributes either directly or through attitude towards customer&rs;s intention is determine.Keywords: Product Quality, Price Reasonableness, Brand Image, Attitude, Customer&rs;s Intention 1.Introductionpetitive advantage is likely to depend on market orientation, which means fosters behaviors that lead to customer&rs;s perception of superior value.Market orientation implies to customer&rs;s needs and delivering solutions and services that meet customer&rs;s needs, which indicates customer orientation.The phenomenon of attitude and intention to use e_press delivery service part of orientation to the customers is an interesting issue to be studied.Previous studies show inconsistency attitudes and intentions models relating to e_press delivery services (Li Petrick, 2021).This is due each study is based on the object and different settings.These conditions provide opportunities to design an alternative model capable of elaborating phenomenon to be observed.The alternative model is built based on five variables: products quality, price reasonableness, brand image, and attitudes which e_plain its influence on intention to use e_press delivery services.Thus, prediction models of individual behavior intention can bee_plained as follows: Product quality needs to be e_amined because these variables effectively to influence customer attitude (Stank et al.,20__3; Richey et al., 20__7; Rafid Jaafar, 20__7).However, different findings on influence customer behavior and product quality services performed by Mentzer et al.(20__1) indicating customer perceptions about product quality is very relative and changeable nature because of individual psychological influence.1.1.Problem StatementConceptualization of variables to be studied, namely: product quality, pricereasonableness, brand image and attitude influence intention to use e_press delivery services.To encourage practices this study addresses the follog questions:Is product quality has a positive influence on e_press delivery services a positive attitude? What price reasonableness positive influence on attitude to use e_press delivery services? What positive effects on brand image e_press delivery services? What positive attitude influence on intention to use e_press delivery services? 1.2.Research Objectives The general purpose of this study is to look at the effect of product quality, price reasonableness, brand image and attitude influence on intention.Especially, this study aims to figure product quality has apositive influence on attitude; price reasonableness positive influence attitude; brand image positive influence attitude; and attitude positive effect on the customers&rs; intent to use e_press delivery services.1.3.Research ContributionsThe contribution of this study is to offer a new roach that is more prehensive, namely elaborate dimensions of product quality, brand image, price reasonableness, and attitude to assess the e_tent of its significance to customer&rs;sintent to use e_press delivery services; contribute to the science of management.Especially to understand the effect of product quality, price reasonableness, brand image, attitude to assess the e_tent its significance to customer&rs;s intent on e_press delivery services.Then, show main factors that e_plain highest variation incustomer&rs;s intent on e_press delivery services pany will help policymakers to reform corporate marketing service significantly and qualified; a pioneer in customer&rs;s intent perspective to use e_press delivery services.The findings of study will fill chasms theoretical to e_plore role of attitudes that decide customer&rs;s intent to use e_press delivery services and mainstreaming for further studies in marketing services.2.Research Framework and HypothesesThe roach used in assessing the influence of attitudes and intentions of customers are TRA of Fishbein Ajzen (2021) and TPB developed by Ajzen (20__1) with adding the perceived behavioral control as a determinant of behavioral intention.Dimensions intention to behave customers essentially determined by three factors: a person&rs;s attitude toward behavior, the degree of social pressure one feels about the behavior and the degree of acceptance of control perceived in behavior.The third ponent of this belief interacts and be a decisive intention that determines a person&rs;s behavior.In a study of the influence of the attitudes and intentions of customers in using e_press delivery services, the proposed research model as follows: 2.1.Product Quality Positively Influence on Attitude Customers use e_press delivery services for reasons of timeliness submissions (Kannan Tan, 20__2; Cakravastia Takahashi, 20__4), at petitive prices (Bienstock Royne, 2021; Rahman, 20__6; Mentzer et al., 20__7) reliable, safety and shipment security (O_ford Economic Forecasting, 2021).Parasuraman et al.(20__5); Goode Harris (20__4) said that service quality is a significant predictor of attitudes (Cronin Taylor, 1992) affects intention to behave.Indicate that intentions better than customer&rs;s attitude towards products / services quality.The degree of intent describes customer state while attitude is perceived by degree assessment of products / services quality provided by providers.In accordance opinions by Fawcett et al.(1996); Colonna (1997) about product quality attributes this study used the Global E_press Association Standard (20__), namely: Global Reach; Reliability; Transparency; Speed and Security are predicted to affect positive attitude.Based on these results, products / services quality included in model and proposed the first hypothesis as follows: H1: Product quality positively influence attitude to use e_press delivery services.2.2.Price Reasonableness Positively Influence on AttitudePrice is an important variable for positive attitudes towarde_press delivery services formation.Prices give positive or negative consumer perception (Zeithaml, 1988; Gerrard Cunningham, 20__4) to assess a product, both products services, and goods.Colgate Hedge (20__1) conclude behavioral effect on the price of customer attitudes about products / services (Peng Wang, 20__6) price (e_pensive) and pricing policy cannot be trusted.Based on Imran et al.(2021) studied price reasonableness will be assessed by a customerin accordance with service quality, both significantly with a positive attitude.Different studies Chitty et al.(20__7) high-quality services would be considered good even pay more e_pensive than low-quality services so that services (Rahman, 20__6; Mentzer et al., 20__7) is difficult to reposition price.Basedon the research above, follog hypothesis is advanced: H2: Price reasonableness positively influence attitude to use e_press delivery services.2.3.Brand Image Positively Influence on AttitudeBased on research Aaker (20__4); Anisimova (20__7); BlombackA_elsson (20__7); Martenson (20__7); Da Silva Syed Alwi (2021)e_plained that brand image is customer attitudes perception when considering a particular brand, an image can be brand assured.The brand image role elaborating memories, belief and preference of customer&rs;s attitude toward a brand (Hsieh et al., 20__4; Karour Ahmadinejad, 20__).Keller Lehmann (20__3) e_plain that brand image and attitudeaffect customer&rs;s intention.Nguyen LeBlanc (1998) indicated attitude is more influential than a brand image on intention.Hsieh et al.(20__4) indicate the pany&rs;s brand perception big influence on buying behavior.Noted that brand image positively influence attitude and intention to use a particular product.Vahid Aidin (20__) indicating that it cannot predict actual behavior of products / services selection, due to various reasons, particularly situational reasons.Based on research above, follog hypothesis is advanced: H3: Brand image positively influence attitude to use e_press delivery services.2.4.Attitudes Influence on IntentionsAttitude consistently affect on intentions (Tarkianen Sundqvist, 20__5).Customers&rs; positive attitude tends to realize intention (Ajzen, 1991).Based on research (Rosenberg Hod, 1995; Fishbein Ajzen, 2021) attitude predisposes behavior.A multi-dimensional as hierarchical sequence model of cognitive, affective and conative (Rosenberg Hod, 1995).Chang (2021) is used to determine attitude effect by intention.Focus of this study aims to describe the model predictions about attitudes and intentions on e_press delivery services are to e_plain individual&rs;s desire degree to determine attitude on e_press delivery services customer.Based on research Anoraga (20_) indicate intention based one_perience and motivational factors influence behavior (Ajzen, 20__1).Intention described attitude directing behavior and subjective norms and refers to individual&rs;s perception that benefits against certain behaviors (Werner, 20__4) and increasing the intention to use the services.Results of research Webb Sheeran (20__6) indicate that the intention is the determinant of behavior, in addition to the PBC can predict directly to behavior or mediate relationship between intention and behavior.Based on these studies proposed hypothesis therefore is: H4: Attitude to use e_press delivery services mediates the relationship between product quality, price reasonableness, and brand image on customer&rs;s intention to use e_press delivery services.Based on these descriptions, research model on attitudes and intentions customers using e_press delivery services in Jakarta this basic framework can be arranged as shown in Figure 1 as follows: Figure 1.The conceptual model3.MethodsThe results are justified scientifically from source and truth, and then research methods are designed to provide a clear and structured basis instruments used to test a hypothesis.In order to achieve these objectives, this chapter will discuss scope, sling techniques, operational definition and measurement of variables, and statistical methods.3.1.The Scope of ResearchThis study was designed as an e_ploratory research to e_plain a phenomenon (Maholtra, 20__7).The research was conducted in Jakarta using survey techniques and data collected are cross-sectional.3.2.Sling TechniquesThe target population in this study is customers who intend to choose e_press delivery service for shipments / packages / documents in Jakarta chosen as study setting are e_pected to limit a scope of study so that results are relatively homogeneous.Non-probabilistic sle taken with follog criteria: (1) sle must have knowledge of courier / courier service / mail / e_press delivery services intended use; (2) Sle never use a delivery service and intend to use e_pressdelivery service at PT.Nugraha path Ekakurir (JNE) during August to October 20__.The determined number of sles of 100 respondents, thus meeting the minimum eligibility criteria for consideration data analysis aspects of Structural Equation Model / SEM (Hooper et al., 2021).3.3.Operational Definition and Measurement of Variables3.3.1.Product Quality Product quality is defined as an individual&rs;s perception of product superiority (Aaker, 1997).In this study variable product quality adopted from Global E_press Association (20__).Product quality variable was measured with dimension (a) Global Reach (knog its wide range) measured using five indications: (1) unlimited range; (2) reach to all corners; (3) a broad range; (4) reach to corner and (5) spread range; (b) Reliability (knog of reliable service) were measured using five indications: (1) timely service; (2) reliable services; (3) consistent; (4) tested services; (5) ministry assured.; (c) Transparency was measured using five indications: (1) service is transparent; (2) service is open; (3) services are easily tracked; (4) service is easily detected and (5) e_plicit service.(d) Speed (fast delivery) was measured using 5 indications (1) fast delivery; (2) timely delivery; (3) delivery smoothly; (4) delivery efficient and (5) delivery reliable.(e) Security was measured using five indications: (1) safe delivery;(2) delivery is guaranteed; (3) are not damaged; (4) shipment is not lost, and (5) shipments protected.Each item was measured using a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.3.3.2.Reasonableness PricePrice is defined as an individual&rs;s quality perception.The price factor is a sacrifice that must be paid to get some product type (Zeithaml, 1988; Rahman, 20__6; Mentzer et al., 20__7).This variable was measured by using 5 price reasonablenessindicators (Karour Ahmadinejad, 20__): (1) reasonable rates; (2) reasonable rates; (3) affordable rates; (4) reasonable rates, and (5) usual fare.Each item wasmeasured using a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.3.3.3.Brand ImageBased on the earlier studies, the researcher determined that this variable was measured by using brand image attributes.Brand image is elaborating memories, beliefs and preferences of customer&rs;s attitude toward a brand.So the brand image is measured using 5 indications (Hsieh et al.20__): (1) popular brands image (2) superior brand image.(3) a good brand image.(4) brand image has a good reputation.(5) brand image has a good impression.Each item was measured using a 5-point scale Linkert from strongly disagree to strongly agree.3.4.Positive Attitude towards E_press Delivery ServicesAttitude is defined as a degree of evaluation like or dislike of a person against an object or product (Ajzen, 1991).This means that if a customer has a positive attitude towards a product, the customer tends to manifest intention.Attitude measure multi- dimensional (Rosenberg Hod, 1995) as a construct in a hierarchical manner described through a cognitive, affective and conative sequence.In this study, e_press delivery services attitude is measured by using a 5 attitude indications, namely: (1) Glad to e_press delivery services; (2) Likes to e_press delivery services; (3) e_cited to e_press delivery services; (4) Hy on the e_istence of e_press delivery services, and (5) Think positive to e_press delivery services.Each item was measured using a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.3.5.Intention to use E_press Delivery ServicesIntention to use e_press delivery services (Fishbein Ajzen, 2021)is measure of confidence, motivation; attitudes to direct behavior, subjective norm; intention to act, and perception of behavioral control.This variable was measured by using 5 indications: (1) It will usee_press delivery services; (2) Want to use e_press delivery services; (3) Tendency to use e_press delivery services; (4) Willingness to use to use e_press delivery services; (5) Regarding use of these services in the future.Each item was measured using a 5-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.4.ConclusionInfluence between variables in structural equation modeling, in general, does not support the results of previous studies, such as product quality and price reasonableness is not consistent with thestudy (Cronin Taylor, 1992) that product quality perceived and services are predictors of positive attitudes and behavior intention antecendent subscribers.The findings further showed no consistent also with findings (Keaveney, 1995; Colgate Hedge, 20__1) that price reasonableness influence positive attitude customers.However, results of studies on price reasonableness in line with (Mittal et al., 1998; Karour Ahmadinejad, 20__) studies indicatingprice does not affect customer&rs;s purchase intention.The findings indicate that brand image positively influences attitudes.These results support previous studies (Aaker, 20__4) that quality perception shows superior differentiation of products or services and customers to the brand and think selectively used services.These results are consistent findings (Hsieh et al., 20__4; Karour Ahmadinejad, 20__) that brand image elaborating memories, beliefs and preferences of customer&rs;s attitude toward a brand, then brand image and perception of corporate image influence on intention and purchase behavior brand, in line with studies (Blomback A_elsson, 20__7; Ogba Tan, 2021; Matthiesen Phau, 2021) brand image influence positive customers attitude.Good customer perception will ear when the brand has a unique advantage / superior, good reputation, popular, nice and provide the best service (Aaker, 1997; Kotler Keller, 20__).This shows brand image directly describes product quality.The study showed mediating role attitudes towards an intention to use e_press delivery services to sharpen study (Rosenberg Hod, 1995) that a construct ofcognitive, affective and conative able to e_plain desireindividuals to determine a positive attitude.Construction positive attitude (Ehigie, 20__6) is a critical factor closely related to customer e_pectations, perceived services quality.Similar findings (Donio et al., 20__6; Brunner et al., 2021) which affect-laden of a brand that a positive attitude will enhance customer intention to use e_press delivery services.中文译文：客户为何打算使用快递服务【摘要】：^p本研究的目的是更好地了解产品质量、价格合理性、品牌形象和态度对客户意向的影响。
快递服务业概述外文翻译(可编辑)
快递服务业概述外文翻译外文翻译原文An Overview of Express Delivery ServicesMaterial Source: A Report By US-ASEAN Business Council,2005Author: James I. Campbell Jr.A. Characteristics of an Express Delivery CompanyFour major integrators ? UPS, FedEx, TNT, and DHL ? account for almost 85 percent of the world’s express shipments. The services that these companies provide generally share the following characteristics which differentiate them from other traditional forms of delivery services:- Door-to-door delivery: This includes the seamless transfer across multiple modes of transport. The “integrated” aspect of the service offered frees the customer from the need to make complex transportation arrangements for pick-up and delivery.- Close custodial control: Using sophisticated information systems that enhance security, EDS firms maintain close custodial and administrative control over all shipments. This is particularly importantto reduce the risk of loss or damage to goods in transit.- Track and trace technology: Shippers and consignees may track the precise movement and location of their shipments and confirm delivery with the use of sophisticated ‘track and trace’ technology that an EDS firm provides.- Facilitation of customs clearance: EDS firms assist with customs clearance so that customers do not have to navigate bureaucratic customs regimes and the required paperwork.- High level of reliability: EDS firms promise that packages will arrive at the required destination, on time. This is particularly important for shipments of high-tech components due for production lines, as well as essential financial documents.- Global service: The major EDS firms offer their customers delivery to markets and cities worldwide through an intricate network of air hubs and stations. EDS is a network business.- Speed of delivery: Most importantly, Overnight and Second-day express services reduce overall inventory and warehousing needs, and imize supply chain efficiency. The average shipping time from the U.S. to Southeast Asia is about 2-3 working days door-to door. Together, these characteristics bring businesses timely, secure, and guaranteed worldwide delivery of documents, products, components, and spare parts to assist with efficient supply chain management.B. Benefits to BusinessesAir cargo represents 40 percent of the value of global trade. The bulk of this is handled by EDS firms. Servicing the needs of both multinational corporations and the emergent small and medium enterprise SME sector in their manufacturing, import, and export activities, this industry has been an important engine for economic growth. Sectors which heavily rely on EDS to remain competitive are knowledge-based and technologically advanced, including that of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, information technology and telecoms, textiles, automotive & transport, engineering, financial and business services, and traditional manufacturing.To remain competitive, companies today focus not only on product performance but also factor in how well costs can be managed and reduced through distribution and production, and how quickly parts can be brought together, assembled, and distributed to global markets. EDS firms help with the smooth orchestration of these activities and are therefore part of the critical infrastructure for efficient supply chain management.Reducing Inventory and Other Indirect CostsWith the support of EDS, companies no longer have to maintain large inventories and can therefore carry out better concentration, rationalization, and location of warehouses. In a study conducted byGausch and Kogan 2001, companies in developing countries were found to have 2 - 5 times more inventory holdings in the manufacturing sector than companies in the U.S.Halving these inventories could consequently reduce unit production costs by 20 percent. In a typical Asian emerging market, logistics supply chain costs is as high as 22 - 24 percent of total production costs for manufacturers. In another study, it was found that for every $1 spent on express transportation, companies would save $1.50 in warehousing and inventory cost. For manufacturers, taking advantage of the availability of EDS allows for more efficient stock management and production techniques to be practiced, including the ability to respond more quickly to stock outages, and production interruptions. These indirect costs are not always visible and often overlooked but are critical to SMEs in emerging economies. Other immediate cost savings can also be realized through greater flexibility in sourcing. The flexibility allows companies to source from a wider array of suppliers and reduce their input costs.Introducing Flexibility into Business StructureEDS allows for more flexible business solutions. Relying on EDS to bridge distances removes the traditionally important time-to-market consideration and allows companies to make strategic decisions on where to locate their business units based on factors of competition, proximityto supporting industries, and complementary industry hubs.This is particularly relevant for knowledge-based industries in the biomedical and pharmaceutical field. In a survey conducted of European companies in Germany on the usage of EDS, 80 percent of survey respondents reported the importance of being based in locations providing “imum participation in leading research associations.” Decentralization of research & development units to hubs where these laboratories, testing centers, hospitals, patent registration offices, and research think tanks are located allows businesses to benefit from an environment of innovation important to product development. At the same time, product development units rely on EDS to ship samples to markets for clinical trials, deliver highly classified and proprietary legal documents and patent applications, ship urgently needed drugs to hospitals, and maintain “just-in-time” stock-management practices for its laboratories.C. Economic BenefitsIn many parts of the world, the EDS sector has been a catalyst to trade and investment growth, generating profound multiplier effects for the wider economy. For ASEAN countries looking to extend their reach to global markets, networks that EDS firms build are critical. These networks render supply chains more efficient and contribute greatly to export growth, stimulate foreign direct investment, and foster regionaldevelopment and SME growth.Facilitating Export GrowthIn ASEAN, intra-regional trade accounts for about 20 percent of overall trade. This is considerably less than in most regions. The main reasons for the limited intra-regional trade are the “pattern of logistics costs and institutional barriers to land-based trade.” This phenomenon makes countries of the region effectively closer to industrial countries than to each other. To fully realize the benefits the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement AFTA, bringing lagging economies and landlocked countries in the region up to median performance levels is key.There is a causal link between connectivity and overall growth in trade, and an even stronger correlation between transportation and logistics infrastructure and export performance.Transportation and logistics-related costs in ASEAN continue to represent a substantial percentage of the actual cost of goods. A country with high logistics costs is far, in an economic sense, from international markets. In the study “Towards a Geography of Trade Costs” Hummel 1999 which compared sales by manufacturers of similar products, exporters with 1 percent lower shipping costs enjoy a 5 - 8 percent higher market share. In another study conducted by the McKinsey Group, annual GDP for one Asian country is forecasted to increase by 1.5 to 2 percent by 2010 if logistics costs are reduced by 15 to 20 percent This is in contrast to an ongoing$10 billion infrastructure project which would only generate 0.7 to 1 percent GDP growth over the same period. Indeed, injecting competition into the industry to lower logistics costs can give a significant competitive edge to producers in an open economy. Efficient inter-modal transportation, including the use of EDS, would result in more efficient supply chain management.These efficiencies undoubtedly replicate gains in the export sector. A study conducted by the Economic Strategy Institute concluded that further development and liberalization in the air express industry could result in percentage gains for exports per year from 2004 - 2008 between 0.386 - 0.562 percent per year for Singapore; 2.895 ? 4.215 percent per year for Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines; and 3.86 ? 5.62 percent per year for Vietnam and Indonesia.Facilitating FDI and Promoting Regional DevelopmentEDS firms play a critical role in influencing company decisions on how much and where to invest.This is especially applicable to remote markets where EDS firms assist in overcoming problems of geography and weaker transportation infrastructure. Fifty-eight percent of participating companies in a survey conduc ted for the report “The Economic Impact of Express Carriers in Europe” Oxford Economic Forecasting, 2004 consider easy access to markets, customers or clients, as “absolutely essential” when decidingwhere to locate. In the EU, the importance of EDS is compelling ? without EDS, 35 percent of those interviewed for a study in Portugal said they would have to relocate; 15 percent of the UK and 10 percent of the Italian companies surveyed would consider relocating abroad; and 30 percent of the French companies and 10 percent of the Belgian firms surveyed would consider outsourcing.The EDS industry now supports 530,000 direct and indirect jobs in the EU. Their presence has injected the much needed downstream investment for creating jobs in the 10 new EU member states. 12,000 employees work directly for the four main integrators in new EU countries, and countless more are employed in automotive manufacturing, warehousing, IT support, and service centers.The EDS industry is a dynamic instigator of regional development in two ways. First, it allows for businesses to be located in regions that are not close to their markets. Second, the clustering effect businesses wanting to be near hubs to take advantage of the latest pick-up time possible that major express hubs create stimulates regional development. For example, it is estimated that further liberalization of the industry in China will do much to assist with the regional development of its western provinces. Already, it is expected that growth in the industry will generate $84 billion in increased manufacturing output, and 800,000 jobs for China’s export industry over five years.Similar benefits can be expected in ASEAN. The experiences of FedExand UPS in the Philippines provide an excellent example. FedEx has been located in Subic Bay since 1995, and UPS has had its intra-Asia hub in Pampanga Clark since 2002. Both hubs, with dynamic networks to all parts of Southeast Asia, have been successful in bringing about the clustering of industry, and stimulating development for regions in the Philippines vacated by the U.S. military.译文快递服务业概述资料来源: 美国??东盟商业协会2005年度报告作者:詹姆士?堪培尔1 快递公司的特征四大巨头??UPS,FedEx,TNT和DHL几乎包揽了世界上85%的快递货物。
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快递服务业概述An Overview of Express Delivery ServicesMaterial Source :A Report By US-ASEAN Business Council,2005Author : James I. Campbell Jr.A．Characteristics of an Express Delivery CompanyFour major integrators : UPS, FedEx, TNT, and DHL, account for almost 85 percent of the world’s express shipments. The services that these companies provide generally share the following characteristics which differentiate them from other traditional forms of delivery services:Door-to-door delivery : this includes the seamless transfer across multiple modesof transport . the “integrated” aspect of the service offered frees the customer from the need to make complex transportation arrangements for pick-up and delivery.Close custodial control : Using sophisticated information systems that enhance security , EDS firms maintain close custodial and administrative control over all shipments. This is particularly important to reduce the risk of loss or damage to goods in transit.Track and trace technology : Shippers and consignees may track the precise movement and location of their shipments and confirm delivery with the use of sophisticated ‘track and trace’technology that an EDS firm provides.Facilitation of customs clearance : EDS firms assist with customs clearance so that customers do not have to navigate bureaucratic customs regimes and the required paperwork.High level of reliability : EDS firms promise that packages will arrive at the required destination , on time ,this is particularlyimportant for shipments of high-tech components due for production lines , as well as essential financial documents.Global service : the major EDS firms offer their customers delivery to market and cities worldwide through an intricate network of air hubs and stations. EDS is a network business.Speed of delivery : Most importantly , Overnight and Second-day express services reduce overall inventory and warehousing needs , and imize supply chain efficiency . the average shipping time form the U.S . to Southeast Asia is about 2-3 working days door-to-door . Together , these characteristics bring businesses timely , secure , and guaranteed worldwide delivery of documents , products , components , and spare parts to assist with efficient supply chain management.B. Benefits to BusinessesAir cargo represents 40 percent of the value of global trade . The bulk of this is handle by EDS firms . Servicing the needs of both multinational corporations and the emergent small and medium enterprise SME sector in their manufacturing , import , and export activities , this industry has been an important engine for economic growth . Sectors which heavily rely on EDS to remain competitive are knowledge-based and technologically advanced , including that of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology , information technology and telecoms , textiles , automotive & transport , engineering , financial and business service , and traditional manufacturing .To remain competitive , companies today focus not only on product performance but also factor in how well costs can be managed and reduced through distribution and production , and how quickly parts can be brought together , assembled , and distributed to global markets . EDS firms help with the smooth orchestration of these activities and are therefore part of the critical infrastructure for efficient supply chain management .Reducing Inventory and Other Indirect Costs .With the support of EDS , companies no longer have to maintain large inventories and can therefore carry out better concentration , rationalization , and location of warehouses . In a study conducted by Gausch and Kogan 2001 , companies in developing countries were found to have 2-5 times more inventory holdings in the manufacturing sector than companies in the U . S .Having these inventories could consequently reduce unit production costs by 20 percent . In a typical Asian emerging market , logistics supply chain costs is as high as 22-24 percent of total production costs for manufacturers . In another study , it was found that for every $1 spent on express transportation , companies would save $1.50 in warehousing and inventory cost . For manufacturers ,taking advantage of the availability of EDS allows for more efficient stock management and production techniques to be practiced , including the ability to respond more quickly to stock outages , and production interruptions . These indirect costs are not always visible and often overlooked but are critical to SMEs in emerging economies . Other immediate cost savings can also be realized through greater flexibility in sourcing . The flexibility allows companies to source from a wider array of suppliers and reduce their input costs .Introducing Flexibility into Business StructureEDS allows for more flexible business solutions . Relying on EDS to bridge distances removes the traditionally important time-to-market consideration and allows companies to make strategic decisions on where to locate their business units based on factors of competition , proximity to supporting industries , and complementary industry hubs .This is particularly relevant for knowledge-based industries in the biomedical and pharmaceutical field . In a survey conducted of European companies in Germany on the usage of EDS , 80 percent of survey respondents reported the importance of being based in locations providing “imum participation in leading research associations .” Decentralization of research & development units to hubs where these laboratories , testingcenters , hospitals , patent registration offices , and research think tanks are located allows business to benefit from an environment of innovation important to product development . At the same time , product development units rely on EDS to ship samples to markets for clinical trials , deliver highly classified and proprietary legal documents and patent applications , ship urgently needed drugs to hospitals , and maintain “just-in-time”stock-management practices for its laboratories .C . Economic BenefitsIn many parts of the world , the EDS sector has been a catalyst to trade and investment growth , generating profound multiplier effects for the wider economy . For ASEAN countries looking to extend their reach to global markets , networks that EDS firms build are critical . These networks render supply chains more efficient and contribute greatly to export growth , stimulate foreign direct investment , and foster regional development and SME growth .Facilitating Export GrowthIn ASEAN , intra-regional trade accounts for about 20 percent of overall trade .This is considerably less than in most regions . The main reasons for the limited intra-regional trade are the “pattern of logistics costs and institutional barriers to land-based trade .”This phenomenon makes countries of the region effectively closer to industrial countries than to each other .To fully realize the benefits the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement AFTA , bringing lagging economies and landlocked countries in the region up to median performance levels is key .There is a causal link between connectivity and overall growth in trade , and an even stronger correlation between transportation and logistics infrastructure and export performance .Transportation and logistics-related costs in ASEAN continue to represent a substantial percentage of the actual costs of goods .A country with high logistics costs is far , in an economic sense , frominternational markets . In the study “Towards a Geography of Trade Costs ”Hummel 1999 which compared sales by manufacturers of similar products , exporters with 1 percent lower shipping costs enjoy a 5-8 percent higher market share . In another study conducted by the McKinsey Group , annual GDP for one Asian country is forecasted to increase by 1.5 to 2 percent by 2010 if logistics costs are reduced by 15 to 20 percent . This is in contrast to an ongoing $10 billion infrastructure project which would only generate 0.7 to 1 percent GDP growth over the same period . Indeed , injecting competition into the industry to lower logistics costs can give a significant competitive edge to producers in an open economy . Efficient inter-modal transportation , including the use of EDS , would result in more efficient supply chain management .These efficiencies undoubtedly replicate gains in the export sector .A study conducted by the Economic Strategy Institute conducted that further development and liberalization in the air express industry could result in percentages gains for exports per year from 2004-2008 between 0.386-0.562 percent per year for Singapore : 2.895-4.215 percent per year for Malaysia , Thailand , and the Philippines ；and 3.86-5.62 percent per year for Vietnam and Indonesia .Facilitating FDI and Promoting Regional DevelopmentEDS firms play a critical role in influencing company decisions on how much and where to invest .This is especially applicable to remote markets where EDS firms assist in overcoming problems of geography and weaker transportation infrastructure . Fifty-eight percent of participating companies in a survey conducted for the report “The Economic Impact of Express Carriers in Europe” Oxford Economic Forecasting , 2004 consider easy access to markets , customers or clients , as “absolutely essential”when deciding where to locate .In the EU , the importance of EDS is compelling without EDS , 35percent of those interviewed for a study in Portugal said they would have to relocate ; 15 percent of the UK and 10 percent of the Italian companies surveyed would consider relocating abroad ; and 30 percent ofthe French companies and 10 percent of the Belgian firms surveyed would consider outsourcing . The EDS industry now supports 530000 direct and indirect jobs in the EU . Their presence has injected the much needed downstream investment for creating jobs in the 10 new EU member states . 12000 employees work directly for the four main integrators in new EU countries , and countless more are employed in automotive manufacturing , warehousing , IT support , and service centers .The EDS industry is a dynamic instigator of regional development in two ways .First , it allows for businesses to be located in regions that are not close to their market . Second , the clustering effect businesses wanting to be near hubs to take advantage of the latest pick-up time possible that major express hubs create stimulates regional development . For example , it is estimated that further liberalization of the industry in China will do much to assist with the regional development of its western province . Already , it is export industry over five years .Similar benefits can be expected in ASEAN . The experiences of FedEx and UPS in the Philippines provide an excellent example . FedEx has been located in Subic Bay since 1995 , and UPS has had its intra-Asian hub in Pampanga Clark since 2002 .Both hubs , with dynamic networks to all parts of Southeast Asian ,have been successful in bringing about the clustering of industry , and stimulating development for regions in the Philippines vacate by the U.S. military .快递服务业概述资料来源：美国东盟商业协会 2005年度报告作者：詹姆士.堪培尔1. 快递公司的特征四大巨头：UPS、FedEx、TNT和DHL几乎包揽了世界上85%的快递货物。