语言学整理

1.①“哎，几点了”②“不好意思，打搅一下，请问您戴表了吗”1）the first is a direct speech act; in a casual way;/a little impolite or even rude by using the word “哎”to attract my attention.2）the second is an indirect speech act; inquires time by using the question“请问您戴表了吗”,denoting the implicature that what he wants to know is not whether I wear a watch but time./uses an appropriate pragmatic strategy and presents strong communicative competence. eg:不好意思，打搅一下The crucial distinction in the use of these two types of speech acts is based on the fact that indirect commands or requests are simply considered more gentle or more polite in our society than direct commands.2. Statement: In studying other cultures, we do so from the perspective of our own culture.考点：language and culture. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis1) What this hypothesis suggests is like this: our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different language may probably express our unique ways of understanding the world.2) Two important points could be captured in this theory. On the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns; on the other hand,similarity between languages is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. Therefore, the hypothesis has alternatively been referred to as linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity.3) The notion that language determines thought may be partially correct, in some extremely limited way, but it fails to take into account the fact that users of a language do not inherit a fixed set of patterns to use. They inherit the ability to manipulate and create with a language, in order to express their perceptions.4) Therefore, we can say that in studying other cultures, we do so to some extent from the perspective of our own culture. 例子：cousin in English 对应中文的“表兄弟”“堂兄弟”“姐妹”“表姐妹”wife in English 对应“妻子，老婆，内人”3. Drills of the following sentences:Do you know where my book is?Do you know what time it is?But the students still came up to the teacher and asked, Do you know where is Mrs. Smith?What do you think is the reason for the misuse? Was the lesson a waste of time? Why or why not?考点：Error Analysis1)The reason for this misuse can be explained with structuralist view toward learning and error. The structuralist linguists follow the bahavioristic view that to learn is to change old habits and build new habits. In their opinion, errors occur when the learners fails to respond correctly to a particular stimulus in the second language because the features of the second language differ from those of the native language and the learner tends to carry over features of the native language into the second language. In other words, the learner fails to change his old habits so as to acquire new habits of the second language. Since an error may serve as a negative stimulus which reinforces bad habits, so it should not be allowed to occur.2) Therefore, the student does not form the English habits to use indirect questions under the influence of his native language habits.3) The disadvantages of the drill practiceViewed as a kind of input and it plays an important role in the process of forming a new habit, so not a waste of time;but it is performed out of real situation and fails to develop student’s communicative competence;other approaches: communicative approach, grammar-translation; direct approach; etc4. What do you think the differences between a good language learnerand a poor language learner? If we know what strategies good language learners use, does it follow that teaching so-called poor language learners to use those strategies will result in their successful language learning? Why or why not?(Other than learning strategies, other factors that make a good language learner)考点：learning strategies of a good learner:小红书P171 一共14条Other factors:1）affective factors (empathy, anxiety, inhibition, risk-taking, motivation, attitude and personality)2）cognitive factors (the mechanics of how an individual learns something)3）social factors(instruction, environmental and feedback)4）age differences5）the role of the first language(inference)5. The differences between linguistic competence and communicative competence1) Linguistic competence originally comes from Noam Chomsky. It refers to the grammatical knowledge of the ideal language user and has nothing to do with the actual use of language in concrete situations. However, itdid not, according to Hymes, account sufficiently for the social and functional rules of language.2)①Hymes’ communicative competence, then, is the aspect of competence that enables the speakers to convey and interpret messages and to negotiate meanings interpersonally within specific contexts.②Communicative competence is relative, not absolute, and depends on the cooperation of all the participants involved.③Communicative competence includes not only the ability to form correct sentences but to use them at appropriate times.④The basic idea of communicative competence is the ability to use language appropriately, both receptively and productively, in real situations.eg. The two forms of “you” in Chinese, he may draw special attention to different contexts in which they are used.3) Communicative competence can be defined, in terms of three components. The first is grammatical competence, which involves the accurate use of words and structures. The second is sociolinguistic competence, which enables the learner to know to speak properly according to the social context. The third is called strategic competence, the ability to overcome potential communication problems in interaction.6. Sense, Denotation and Reference考点：①小红书P71 Sense & Reference②Sense has conceptual meaning. The distinction between sense and reference can be comparable to that between connotation and denotation. The former refers to the abstract properties of an entity, which the latter refers to the concrete entities having these properties.③To some extent, we can say every word has a sense; otherwise we will not be able to use it or understand it; but nor every word has a reference. Words like ghost or dragon refer to imaginary things, which do not exist in reality.7.给出六个句子，分成两组形成对比，即间接表达与直接表达的区别。