重庆医科大学医学影像学2017年考博真题考博试卷
2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题
2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)略Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have____effects on bones.A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful32.Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body,helping to lubricate joints and___toxinsand impurities.A.screen outB.knock outC.flush outD.rule out33.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical helpto____the problem.A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate34.Generally,vaccine makers_____the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can takefour to six months.A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate35.Danish research shows that the increase in obese people in Denmark is roughly____to theincrease of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.A.equivalentB.temporaryC.permanentD.relevant36.Ted was felled by a massive stroke that affected his balance and left him barely able tospeak____.A.bluntlyB.intelligiblyC.reluctantlyD.ironically37.In a technology-intensive enterprise,computers____all processes of the production andmanagement.A.dominateB.overwhelmC.substituteD.imitate38.Although most dreams apparently happen____,dream activity may be provoked by externalinfluences.A.homogeneouslyB.instantaneouslyC.spontaneouslyD.simultaneously39.We are much quicker to respond,and we respond far too quickly by giving____to our anger.A.ventB.impulseC.temperD.offence40.By maintaining a strong family_____,they are also maintaining the infrastructure of society.A.biasB.honorC.estateD.bondSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.rm the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy.A.uneasyB.sleepyC.guiltyD.fiery42.Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.widespread43.Likewise,soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.A.a matter ofB.a body ofC.plenty ofD.sort of44.Many questions about estrogen’s effects remain to be elucidated,and investigations areseeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.A.implicatedB.impliedC.illuminatedD.initiated45.A network chatting is a limp substitute for meeting friends over coffee.A.accomplishmentB.refreshmentplementD.replacement46.When patients spend extended periods in hospital,they tend to become overly dependent andlose interest in taking care of themselves.A.extremelyB.exclusivelyC.exactlyD.explicitly47.Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of trafficcongestion.A.AmelioratedB.aggregatedC.deterioratedD.duplicated48.It was reported that bacteria contaminated up to80%of domestic retail raw chicken in theUnited States.A.inflamedB.inflictedC.infectedD.infiltrated49.Researchers recently ran the numbers on gun violence in the United States and reported thatright-to-carry-gun laws do not inhibit violent crime.A.curbB.induceC.lessenD.impel50.Regardless of our uneasiness about stereotypes,numerous studies have shown clear differencebetween Chinese and western parenting.A.specificationsB.sensationsC.conventionsD.conservations PartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly.The same branch of research concluded in2005that the1918flu started in birds before passing to humans.Parsing this animal-human51could provide clues to52the next potential super flu,whichalready has a name:H5N1,also known as avian flu or bird flu.This potential killer also has a number:59%.According to the WHO,nearly three-fifths of the people who53H5NI since2003died from the virus,which was first reported54humans in Hong Kong in1997before a more serious55occurred in Southeast Asia between2003and2004.(It has since spread to Africa and Europe.)Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only56cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospitals for treatment.57,compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the1918pandemic;it may have killed roughly50million people,but that was only10%of the number of people infected,according to a2006estimate.H5NI’s saving grace—and the only reason we’re not running around masked up in public right now—is that the strain doesn’t jump from birds to humans,or from humans to humans,easily. There have been just over600cases(and359deaths)since2003.But58its lethality,and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible,one might expect H5NI research to be exploding,with labs59the virus’s molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and60to humans,and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.51.A.rejection B.interface plement D.contamination52.A.be stopped B.stopping C.being stopped D.having stopped53.A.mutated B.effected C.infected D.contracted54.A.in B.on C.with D.from55.A.trigger unch C.outbreak D.outcome56.A.counts B.amounts to C.accounts for D.accumulates57.A.Thereafter B.Thereby C.Furthermore D.Still58.A.given B.regarding C.in spite of D.speaking of59.A.parses B.parsed C.parsing D.to parse60.A.potently B.absolutely C.potentially D.importantlyPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part,there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question,there are four possible answers marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneIf you are reading this article,antibiotics have probably saved your life—and not once but several times.A rotten tooth,a knee operation,a brush with pneumonia;any number of minor infections that never turned nasty.You may not remember taking the pills,so unremarkable have these one-time wonder drugs become.Modern medicine relies on antibiotics—not just to cure diseases,but to augment the success of surgery,childbirth and cancer treatments.Yet now health authorities are warning,in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms,that the era of antibiotics is about to end.In some ways,bacteria are continually evolving to resist the drugs.But in the past we’ve always developed new ones that killed them again.Not this time.Infections that once succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects.Others have become so difficult to treat that they kill some 25,000Europeans yearly.And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic.Regular readers will know why:New Scientist has reported warnings about this for years.We have misused antibiotics appallingly,handing them out to humans like medicinal candy and feeding them to livestock by the tonne,mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper.Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world—not just in medical facilities,but everywhere from muddy puddles in India to the snows of Antarctica（南极洲）.How did we reach this point without viable successors to today’s increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics.Over the past20years,nearly every major pharmaceutical company has abandoned panies must make money,and there isn’t much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly.So researchers have discovered promising candidates,but can’t reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them.This can be fixed.As we report this week,regulatory agencies,worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure.Delinking profits from the volume of drug sold(by adjusting patent rights,say,or offering prizes for innovation)has worked for other drugs,and should work for antibiotics—although there may be a worryingly long wait before they reach the market.One day,though,these will all to resistance too.Ultimately,we need,evolution-proof cures for bacterial infection:treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease,but don’t otherwise inconvenience the little blighters.When resisting drugs confers no selective advantage,drugs will stop breeding resistance.Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment.But they fear regulators will drag their feet over such radical approaches.That,too,can be fixed.We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need,the way we have neglected simple antibiotic R&D.If we do,one day another top doctor will be telling us that the drugs no longer work—and there really will be no help on the way.61.In the first paragraph,the author is tying to_____.A.warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhereB.suggest a course of action to reduce antibiotic resistanceC.tell us a time race between humans and bacteriaD.remind us of the universal benefit of antibiotics62.The warning from health authorities implies that_____.A.the pre-antibiotic era will returnB.the antibiotic crisis is about to repeatC.the wonder drugs are a double-edged swordD.the development of new antibiotics is too slow63.The appalling misuse of antibiotics,according to the passage,_____.A.has developed resistant bacteria worldwideB.has been mainly practiced for health reasonsC.has been seldom reported as a warning in the worldD.has been particularly worsened in the developing countries64.The market failure refers to____.A.the inability to develop more powerful antibioticsB.the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the marketC.the poor management of the major pharmaceutical companiesD.the deprived investment in developing new classes of antibiotics65.During the presentation of the two solutions,the author carries a tone of_____.A.doubtB.urgencyC.indifferenceD.helplessness Passage TwoThis issue of Science contains announcements for more than100different Gorgon Research Conferences，on topics that range from atomic physics to developmental biology.The brainchild（某人的主意）of Neil Gordon of Johns Hopkins University,these week-long meetings are designed to promote intimate,informal discussions of frontier science.Often confined to fewer than125 attendees,they have traditionally been held in remote places with minimal distractions.Beginning in the early1960s,I attended the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference in rural New Hampshire，sharing austere（简朴的）dorm facilities in a private boy’s school with randomly assigned roommates.As a beginning scientist,I found the question period after each talk especially fascinating,providing valuable insights into the personalities and ways of thinking of many senior scientists whom I had not encountered previously.Back then,there were no cellphones and no internet,and all of the speakers seemed to stay for the entire week.During the long,session-free afternoons,graduate students mingled freely with professors.Many lifelong friendships were begun, and—as Gordon intended—new scientific collaborations began.Leap forward to today,and every scientist can gain immediate access to a vast store of scientific thought and to millions of other scientists via the Internet.Why,nevertheless,do in-person scientific meetings remain so valuable for a life in science?Part of the answer is that science works best when there is a deep mutual trust and understanding between the collaborators,which is hard to develop from a distance.But most important is the critical role that face-to-face scientific meetings play in stimulating a random collision of ideas and approaches.The best science occurs when someone combines the knowledge gained by other scientists in non-obvious ways to create a new understanding of how the world works.A successful scientist needs to deeply believe,whatever the problem being tackled,that there is always a better way to approach that problem than the path currently being taken.The scientist is then constantly on the alert for new paths to take in his or her work,which is essential for makingbreakthroughs.Thus,as much as possible,scientific meetings should be designed to expose the attendees to ways of thinking and techniques that are different from the ones that they already know.66.Assembled at Gordon Research Conference are those who____.A.are physicists and biologistsB.just start doing their sciencesC.stay in the forefront of scienceD.are accomplished senior scientists67.Speaking of the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference,the author thinks highly of____.A.the personalities of senior scientistsB.the question period after each talkC.the austere facilities aroundD.the week-long duration68.It can be inferred from the author that the value of the in-person scientific conference_____.A.does not change with timesB.can be explored online exclusivelyC.lies in exchanging the advances in lie scienceD.is questioned in establishing a vast store of ideas69.The author believes that the face-to-face scientific conferences can help the attendeesbetter_____.A.understand what making a breakthrough means to themB.expose themselves to novel ideas and new approachesC.foster the passion for doing scienceD.tackle the same problem in science70.What would the author most probably talk about in the following paragraphs?A.How to explore scientific collaborations.B.How to make scientific breakthroughs.C.How to design scientific meetings.D.How to think like a genius.Passage ThreeBack in1896,the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius realized that by burning coal we were adding carbon dioxide to the air,and that this would warm the Earth.But he mentioned the issue only in passing（顺便地），for his calculations suggested it would not become a problem for thousands of years.Others thought that the oceans would soak up any extra CO2,so there was nothing much to worry about.That this latter argument has persisted to this day in some quarters highlights our species’propensity（倾向）to underestimate the scale of our impact on the planet.Even the Earth’s vast oceans cannot suck up CO2as quickly as we can produce it,and we now know the stored CO2is acidifying the oceans,a problem in itself.Now a handful of researchers are warning that energy sources we normally think of as innocuous could affect the planet’s climate too.If we start to extract immense amounts of power from the wind,for instance,it will have an impact on how warmth and water move around the planet,and thus on temperatures and rainfall.Just to be clear,no one is suggesting we should stop building wind farms on the basis of this risk.Aside from the huge uncertainties about the climatic effects of extracting power from the wind,our present and near-term usage is far too tiny to make any difference.For the moment,any negative consequences on the climate are massively outweighed by the effects of pumping out even more CO2.That poses by far the greater environmental threat;weaning ourselves off fossil fuels should remain the priority.Even so,now it is the time to start thinking about the long-term effects of the alternative energy sources we are turning to.Those who have already started to look at these issues report weary, indifferent or even hostile reactions to their work.That’s understandable,but disappointing.These effects may be inconsequential,in which case all that will have been wasted is some research time that may well yield interesting insights anyway. Or they may turn out to be sharply negative,in which case the more notice we have,the better.It would be unfortunate to put it mildly,to spend countless trillions replacing fossil-fuel energy infrastructure（基础建设）only to discover that its successor（替代物）is also more damaging than it need be.These climatic effects may even be beneficial.The first,tentative models suggest that extracting large amounts of energy from high-altitude jet streams would cool the planet, counteracting the effects of rising greenhouse gases.It might even be possible to build an energy infrastructure that gives us a degree of control over the weather:turning off wind turbines here, capturing more of the sun’s energy there.We may also need to rethink our long-term research priorities.The sun is ultimately the only source of energy that doesn’t end up altering the planet’s energy balance.So the best bet might be invest heavily in improving solar technology and energy storage—rather than in efforts to harness, say,nuclear fusion.For the moment,all of this remains supposition（推测）.But our species has a tendency to myopia.We have nothing to lose,and everything to gain by taking the long view for a change.71.In the first two paragraphs,the author is trying to draw our attention to____.A.the escalating scale of the global warmingB.the division of scientists over the issue of global warmingC.reasons for us to worry about extra CO2for the oceansD.the human tendency to underestimate the harmful effects on the planet72.The author’s illustration of wind-power extraction reflects____.A.the priority of protecting the environmentB.the same human propensity as mentioned previouslyC.the best strategy of reducing the environmental threatD.the definite huge uncertainties about the climatic effects73.The author argues that it would be unfortunate to replace fossil fuels only to find out that____.A.the successors are also damagingB.the countless trillions spent are wastedC.the alternative energy sources don’t workD.the research invites indifferent or even hostile reactions74.According to the author,the best strategy is____.A.to counteract the effects of rising greenhouse gasesB.to develop a degree of control over the weatherC.to extract large amounts of energy from windD.to explore solar energy and its storage75.It can be concluded from the passage that we need to take the long view on____.A.human existence on the planetB.humanity’s energy suppliesC.our environmental threatsD.our tendency to myopiaPassage FourOptical illusions are like magic,thrilling us because of their capacity to reveal the fallibility of our senses But there’s more to them than that,according to Dr.Beau Lotto,who is wowing the scientific world with work that crosses the boundaries of art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.What they reveal,he says,is that the whole world is the creation of our brain.What we see, what we hear,feel and what we think we know is not a photographic reflection of the word,but an instantaneous unthinking calculation as to what is the most useful way of seeing the world.It’s a best guess based on the past experience of the individual,a long evolutionary past that has shaped the structure of our brains.The world is literally shaped by our pasts.Dr.Lotto,40,an American who is a reader in neuroscience at University College London,has set out to prove it in stunning visual illusions,sculptures and installations,which have been included in art-science exhibitions.He explains his complex ideas from the starting point of visual illusions,which far from revealing how fragile our senses are show how remarkably robust they are at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us.For centuries,artists and scientists have noted that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark background than being against a light background.The conventional belief was that it was because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.But Dr.Lotto believes it’s a learnt response;in other words,we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us.“Context is everything,because our brains have evolved to constantly re-define normality,”says Dr.Lotto.“What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past,but also by what the human race has experienced through its history.”This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of the world,conditioned over generations.For example,Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the“R”and the“L”sound.This arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable.“Differentiating between them has never been useful,so the brain has never learnt to do it.It’s not just that Japanese people find it hard to tell the difference.They literally cannot hear the difference.”Dr.Lotto’s experiments are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science.“Yes,mywork is idea-driven,”he says.“But lots of research,such as MRI brain scanning,is technique-driven.I don’t believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environment and looking at it in a laboratory.You have to look at what it evolved to do,and look at it in relationship to its ecology.”76.What does the word“them”in the first paragraph refer to?A.Human senses.B.The fallibility of senses.C.Revealing capacity.D.Optical illusions.77.According to the passage,what is known about Dr.Beau Lotto?A.Though he is a neuroscientist,he has shocked the scientific world with his extensiveresearch in art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.B.Dr.Lotto is a professor at University College Landon who is specialized in a number ofdisciplines such as art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.C.Dr.Lotto has been attempting to exhibit his creative productions in art-science exhibitionsin the hope of proving his idea on optical illusions.D.Dr.Lotto has set out to create visual illusions,sculptures and installations which wellcombined the knowledge of art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.78.Which of the following statements can be inferred from Dr.Lotto’s study?A.People should believe their brains rather than their eyes as the world,to a great measure,iscreated and shaped by human brain.B.People should never believe their senses for what they see,hear,feel,and the truth may becontrary to the photographic image of the world.C.People should never believe their eyes for what they see are only accidental and temporaryforms of the world,which varies in accordance with contexts.D.People should be aware that their eyes can play tricks on them as what they see is actuallycreated by their brains which are shaped by their past experiences.79.According to Dr.Lotto,what is the reason for the fact that a grey dot looks lighter against adark background than being against a light background?A.It is a fact that the dot emerged to be lighter against a dark background than being against alight one.B.Human senses are remarkably robust at providing a picture of the world that serves apurpose to us through what they have learnt from past experiences.C.It is because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.D.Because the context in which the little dot placed has changed to be lighter.80.Which of the following statements is true about the research in neuroscience?A.Investigation on the brain involves scrutinizing a network in which both environment andthe brain itself function together.B.Both idea-driven and technique-driven are popular research methods in research study inneuroscience.C.People cannot carry out research study on brain in laboratory where it is isolated fromhuman body.D.Brain can be investigated in isolation with other faculties and organs as long as the researchis carried out in proper natural context.Passage FiveThe biggest thing in operating rooms these days is a million-dollar,multi-armed robot named da Vinci,used in nearly400,000surgeries nationwide last year—triple the number just four years earlier.But now the high-tech helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems,including several deaths that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system.There also have been a few disturbing,freak incidents:a robotic hand that wouldn’t let go of tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hit-ting a patient in the face as she lay on the operating table.Is it time to curb the robot enthusiasm?Some doctors say yes,concerned that the“wow”factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is at least as good or better than conventional surgeries.Many U.S.hospitals promote robotic surgery in patient brochures,online and even on highway billboards.Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the costly robot.The da Vinci is used for operations that include removing prostates,gallbladders and wombs, repairing heart valves,shrinking stomachs and transplanting organs.Its use has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States.For surgeons,who control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over the patient,these operations can be less tiring.Plus robot hands don’t shake.Advocates say patients sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving large incisions.But the Food and Drug Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic surgeries.Earlier this year,the FDA began a survey of surgeons using the robotic system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely,but FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now“is the increase in number of reports received”about da Vinci.Reports filed since early last year include at least five deaths.Whether there truly are more problems recently is uncertain.Rivers said she couldn’t quantify the increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and hospitals about the need to report problems.Doctors aren’t required to report such things;device makers and hospitals are.Company spokesman Geoff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers who teach surgeons how to use the robot.But they don’t train them how to do specific procedures robotically,he said,and that it’s up to hospitals and surgeons to decide“if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases.”A2010New England Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons must do at least150procedures to become adept at using the robotic system.But there is no expert consensus on how much training is needed.New Jersey banker Alexis Grattan did a lot of online research before her gallbladder was removed last month at Hackensack University Medical Center.She said the surgeon’s many years of experience with robotic operations was an important factor.She also had heard that the surgeon was among the first to do the robotic operation with just one small incision in the belly button,instead of four cuts in conventional keyhole surgery.81.Why did FDA begin to scrutinize da Vinci?A.The number used in operation has been tripled.B.It is too expensive.C.It is reported to have frequent mechanical breakdown.wsuits increase with death case reports.82.According to some doctors,which of the following is NOT the reason to curb the enthusiasmfor da Vinci?A.The high cost causes unreasonable marketing.B.It is not as good as traditional surgeries.C.It needs more statistics to prove its value.D.It is necessary for doctors to consider some problems.83.What does FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers mean?A.Doctors and hospitals should be responsible for those problems.B.It is doctors that think da Vinci robots are problematic.C.There are so many problems reports that FDA has to do an enquiry.D.FDA hasn’t finished the previous enquiry about the surgeons who used robots.84.What is correct about training according to the Geoff Curtis?A.A lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons.B.A lack of sufficient training an the part of company.C.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on specific procedures.D.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on how to use robots.85.What is the best title for this passage?A.Four Hands Better than Two?B.Too Good to Be TrueC.Smart RobotsD.Who Is the Killer?Passage SixIn a poor,inland,gang-infested part of Los Angeles,there is a clinic for people with type1 diabetes.As part of the country health care system,it serves persons who have fallen through all other safety-net options,the poorest of the poor.Although type2diabetes is rampant in this part of。
重庆医科大学病理学2015年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
第5 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（9×4 分=36 分） 1、AIDS 2、干酪样坏死 3、brukitt 淋巴瘤 4、噬神经细胞现象 5、球形血栓 6、假结核结节 7、碎片状坏死 8、克丁病 9、心肌梗死 二、简答题（8×8 分=64 分） 1、羊水栓塞的病理分析以及病理变化。 2、恶性肿瘤局部浸润的步骤。 3、肺肉质变的原因，病理特点。 4、肾病综合症？最常见的原因，病理特点。 5、纤维素性炎的三种常见病变。 6、何为酒精性肝病？病理特点。 7、血源性肺结核的原因以及病理特点。 8、比较急性风湿性心内膜炎及亚急性感染性心内膜炎的异同。
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重庆医科大学外科学(骨外科)2013--2018年考博真题
二、论述题（50分） 1.股骨头坏死分期及治疗。 2.骨不连的原因及骨生长因子的研究进展。 3.脊柱侧弯的分类及治疗。 4.腰椎管狭窄的分类及诊断治疗。
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重庆医科大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（骨外科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释（20分） 1、胸廓出口综合征 2、孟氏骨折 3、单腿直立试验 4、Chance骨折 二、简答题 1、骨折的临床愈合标准。 2、股骨头坏死的X像表现。 3、脊髓损伤的asia分级。 三、论述题 1、颈椎后路手术方式及最新进展。 2、人工关节置换术后感染治疗及进展。 3、骨质疏松症防治的目标、治疗及展望。 4、脊柱矫形截骨的方式及适应症。
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重庆医科大学
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：骨外科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释（5×4分20分） 1、Osteofascial compartment syndrome 2、Hereditary multiple osteochondroma 3、Gaenslen sign 4、LncRNA 5、Smith fracture 二、简答题（4×8分=32分） 1、胫骨平台骨折的Schatzker分型及意义。 2、Rupture of achilles tendon。 3、十级肌力分级。 4、骨及其基质细胞，代谢生化指标。 三、论述题（4选3，3×16分=48分） 1、脊柱结核诊治进展。 2、骨质疏松骨折诊治进展。 3、促进骨折愈合的方法。 4、椎间盘疾病的诊治进展。
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重庆医科大学
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
重庆医科大学内科学(消化内科)2017年考博真题
考
博
真
题
重庆医科大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：消化内科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（全英文）
1.Vip瘤
2.NBI
3.铁过剩综合征
4.吸收障碍综合征
5.轻微肝性脑病
6.卓艾综合征
7.肝纤维化
8.结核性腹膜炎
9.MIT120
二、问答题
1.hp引起胃溃疡的机制。
2.消化道活动性出血的临床判断。
3.溃结和克罗恩的鉴别要点。
4.肝硬化腹水形成机制。
5.急性胰腺炎全身并发症。
三、论述题
1.GERD定义，分型，发生机制炎诊断标准，临床表现。
4.食管静脉曲张破裂出血的治疗。
四、分析题
2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一(精选).doc
2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一（精选）(总分：126.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to______ the problem.（分数：2.00）A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate3.An allergy results when the body have a(n)______reaction to certain substances introduced to it.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneousB.negativeC.adverseD.prompt4.Diabetes is one of the most______and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（分数：2.00）A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.prevalent5.Generally, vaccine makers______the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.（分数：2.00）A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate6.Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body, helping to lubricate jointsand______toxins and impurities.（分数：2.00）A.screen outB.knock outC.flush outD.rule out7.Despite their good service provided, most inns are less expensive than hotels of______standards.（分数：2.00）A.equivalentB.likelyC.alikeD.uniform8.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have______effects on bones.（分数：2.00）A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful9.According to the Geneva______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.（分数：2.00）A.CustomsB.CongressesC.ConventionsD.Routines10.Environmental officials insist that something be done to______acid rain.（分数：2.00）A.curbB.sueC.detoxifyD.condemn11.It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and it will not be a long process.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.principallyD.approximately12.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________13.The patient's condition has worsened since last night.（分数：2.00）A.improvedB.returnedC.deterioratedD.changed14.Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it's lit up .（分数：2.00）A.decoratedB.illustratedC.illuminatedD.entertained15.Because of adverse weather conditions, the travelers stopped to camp.（分数：2.00）A.localB.unfamiliarC.goodD.unfavorablerm the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy .（分数：2.00）A.uneasyB.sleepyC.guiltyD.fiery17.The period from 3, 000 to 1, 000 B. C. E. , when the use of bronze became common , is normally referred to as the Bronze Age.（分数：2.00）A.obviousB.significantC.necessaryD.widespread18.Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（分数：2.00）A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.widespread19.Likewise , soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.（分数：2.00）A.a matter ofB.a body ofC.plenty ofD.sort of20.Many questions about estrogen's effects remain to be elucidated , and investigations are seeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.（分数：2.00）A.implicatedB.impliedC.illuminatedD.initiated21.The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.（分数：2.00）A.faultB.deviationC.discretionD.discrepancy22.The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.（分数：2.00）A.sufficientB.plentifulC.adequateD.countable三、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly. (One theory behind the 1918 version's sudden demise after wreaking so much devastation was that it mutated to a nonlethal form. ) The same branch of research concluded in 2005 that the 1918 flu started in birds before passing to humans. Parsing this animal-human【C1】______could provide clues to【C2】______the next potential superflu, which already has a name: H5N1, also known as avian flu or bird flu. This potential killer also has a number: 59 percent. According to the World Health Organization, nearly three-fifths of the people who【C3】______H5N1 since 2003 died from the virus, which was first reported【C4】______humans in Hong Kong in 1997 before a more serious 【C5】______occurred in Southeast Asia between 2003 and 2004. (It has since spread to Africa and Europe. ) Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only 【C6】______cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospital for treatment【C7】______compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the 1918 pandemic; it may have killed roughly50 million people, but that was only 10 percent of the number of people infected, according toa 2006 estimate. H5N1's saving grace — and the only reason we're not running around masked up in public right now — is that the strain doesn't jump from birds to humans, or from humans to humans, easily. There have been just over 600 cases (and 359 deaths) since 2003. But【C8】______its lethality, and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible, one might expect H5N1 research to be exploding, with labs【C9】______the virus's molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and【C10】______to humans, and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.interactB.interfaceC.connectionD.contamination(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.stoppingB.stoppedC.have stoppedD.stop(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.contactedB.contractedC.concentratedD.infected(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.onB.inC.ofD.with(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.breakoutB.take placeC.happenD.outbreak(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.accountsB.numbersC.countsD.takes(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.MoreoverB.StillC.FurthermoreD.Thereafter(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.givenB.givingC.to giveD.speaking of(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.parsingB.parsedC.to parseD.having parsed(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.presentlyB.potentiallyC.potentlyD.importantly四、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数：6，分数：60.00)If you are reading this article, antibiotics have probably saved your life—and not once but several times. A rotten tooth, a knee operation, a brush with pneumonia; any number of minor infections that never turned nasty. You may not remember taking the pills, so unremarkable havethese one-time wonder drugs become. Modern medicine relies on antibiotics — not just to cure diseases, but to augment the success of surgery, childbirth and cancer treatments. Yet now health authorities are warning, in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms, that the era of antibiotics is about to end. In some ways, bacteria are continually evolving to resist the drugs. But in the past we've always developed new ones that killed them again. Not this time. Infections that once succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects. Others have become so difficult to treat that they kill some 25, 000 Europeans yearly. And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic. Regular readers will know why: New Scientist has reported warnings about this for years. We have misused antibiotics appallingly, handing them out to humans like medicinal candy and feeding them to livestock by the tonne, mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper. Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world — not just in medical facilities, but everywhere from muddy puddles in India to the snows of Antarctica (南极洲) . How did we reach this point without viable successors to today's increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics. Over the past 20 years, nearly every major pharmaceutical company has abandoned antibiotics. Companies must make money, and there isn't much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly. So researchers have discovered promising candidates, but can't reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them. This can be fixed. As we report this week, regulatory agencies, worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure. Delinking profits from the volume of drug sold (by adjusting patent rights, say, or offering prizes for innovation) has worked for other drugs, and should work for antibiotics — although there may be a worryingly long wait before they reach the market. One day, though, these will fall to resistance too. Ultimately, we need, evolution-proof cures for bacterial infection: treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease, but don't otherwise inconvenience the little blighters. When resisting drugs confers no selective advantage, drugs will stop breeding resistance. Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment. But they fear regulators will drag their feet over such radical approaches. That, too, can be fixed. We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need, the way we have neglected simple antibiotic R&D. If we do, one day another top doctor will be telling us that the drugs no longer work—and there really will be no help on the way.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the author is trying to______.（分数：2.00）A.warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhereB.suggest a course of action to reduce antibiotic resistanceC.tell us a time race between humans and bacteriaD.remind us of the universal benefit of antibiotics(2).The warning from health authorities implies that______.（分数：2.00）A.the pre-antibiotic era will returnB.the antibiotic crisis is about to repeatC.the wonder drugs are a double-edged swordD.the development of new antibiotics is too slow(3).The appalling misuse of antibiotics, according to the passage, ______.（分数：2.00）A.has developed resistant bacteria worldwideB.has been mainly practiced for health reasonsC.has been seldom reported as a warning in the worldD.has been particularly worsened in the developing countries(4).The market failure refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.the inability to develop more powerful antibioticsB.the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the marketC.the poor management of the major pharmaceutical companiesD.the deprived investment in developing new classes of antibiotics(5).During the presentation of the two solutions, the author carries a tone of______.（分数：2.00）A.doubtB.urgencyC.indifferenceD.helplessnessWhere one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics. The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them. Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.（分数：10.00）(1).The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children______.（分数：2.00）A.is to send them to clinicsB.offers recapture of earlier experiencesC.is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD.is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced(2).The child in the nursery______.（分数：2.00）A.quickly learns to wait for foodB.doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC.always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD.always feels the world around him is warm and friendly(3).The encouragement of children to achieve new skills______.（分数：2.00）A.can never be taken too farB.should be left to school teachersC.will always assist their developmentD.should be balanced between two extremes(4).Jigsaw puzzles are______.（分数：2.00）A.too difficult for childrenB.a kind of building-block toyC.not very entertaining for adultsD.suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation(5).Parental controls and discipline______.（分数：2.00）A.serve a dual purposeB.should be avoided as much as possibleC.reflect the values of the communityD.are designed to promote the child's happinessFor 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground. With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Sun's output without being impeded by the Earth's atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has been measuring the Sun's output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellite's control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuffle in 1984. Max's observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all. The satellite's instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun's energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0. 05 percent of the Sun's mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Sun's disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun's surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2, 000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Max's instruments registered a 0. 3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0. 6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earth's surface. Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although Solar Max's data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun's output. Some scientists have thought that the satellite's aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing solar Max's observations with data from a similar instrument operating on NASA's Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, scientists believe variations in the solar constant are related to______.（分数：2.00）A.sunspot activityB.unusual weather patternsC.increased levels of dustD.fluctuations in the Earth's temperature(2).Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite?（分数：2.00）A.The Earth is too far from the Sun.B.Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.C.There is not enough sunlight during the day.D.The Earth's atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.(3).Why did scientists think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable information?（分数：2.00）A.Solar Max did not work for the first few years.B.Solar Max's instruments were getting old.C.The space shuttle could not fix Solar Max's instruments.D.Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar Max's detectors.(4).The attempt to describe the solar constant can best be described as______.（分数：2.00）A.an ongoing research effortB.a question that can never be answeredC.an issue that has been resolvedD.historically interesting, but irrelevant to contemporary concerns(5).What does this passage mainly discuss?（分数：2.00）A.The components of the Earth's atmosphere,B.The launching of a weather satellite.C.The measurement of variations in the solar constant.D.The interaction of sunlight and air pollution.Optical illusions are like magic, thrilling us because of their capacity to reveal the fallibility of our senses. But there's more to them than that, according to Dr. Beau Lotto, who is wowing the scientific world with work that crosses the boundaries of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy. What they reveal, he says, is that the whole world is the creation of our brain. What we see, what we hear, feel and what we think we know is not a photographic reflection of the world, but an instantaneous unthinking calculation as to what is the most useful way of seeing the world. It's a best guess based on the past experience of the individual, a long evolutionary past that has shaped the structure of our brains. The world is literally shaped by our pasts. Dr. Lotto, 40, an American who is a reader in neuroscience at University College London, has set out to prove it in stunning visual illusions, sculptures and installations, which have been included in art-science exhibitions. He explains his complex ideas from the starting point of visual illusions, which far from revealing how fragile our senses are show how remarkably robust they are at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us. For centuries, artists and scientists have noted that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark background than being against a light background. The conventional belief was that it was because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired. But Dr. Lotto believes it's a learnt response; in other words, we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us. "Context is everything, because our brains have evolved to constantly re-define normality, " says Dr. Lotto. "What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past, but also by what the human race has experienced through its history, " This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of the world, conditioned over generations. For example, Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the "R" and the "L" sound. This arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable. "Differentiating between them has never been useful, so the brain has never learnt to do it. It's not just that Japanese people find it hard to tell the difference. They literally cannot hear the difference. " Dr. Lotto's experiments are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science. "Yes, my work is idea-driven, " he says. "But lots of research, such as MRI brain scanning, is technique-driven. I don't believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environment and looking at it in a laboratory. You have to look at what it evolved to do, and look at it in relationship to its ecology. "（分数：10.00）(1).What does the word "them" in the first paragraph refer to?（分数：2.00）A.Human senses.B.The fallibility of senses.C.Revealing capacity.D.Optical illusions.(2).According to the passage, what is known about Dr. Beau Lotto?（分数：2.00）A.Though he is a neuroscientist, he has shocked the scientific world with his extensive research in art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.B.Dr. Lotto is a professor at University College London who is specialized in a number of disciplines such as art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.C.Dr. Lotto has been attempting to exhibit his creative productions in art-science exhibitions in the hope of proving his idea on optical illusions.D.Dr. Lotto has set out to create visual illusions, sculptures and installations which well combined the knowledge of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.(3).Which of the following statements can be inferred from Dr. Lotto's study?（分数：2.00）A.People should believe their brains rather than their eyes as the world, to a great measure, is created and shaped by human brain.B.People should never believe their senses for what they see, hear, feel, and the truth may be contrary to the photographic image of the world.C.People should never believe their eyes for what they see are only accidental and temporary forms of the world, which varies in accordance with contexts.D.People should be aware that their eyes can play tricks on them as what they see is actually created by their brains which are shaped by their past experiences.(4).According to Dr. Lotto, what is the reason for the fact that a grey dot looks lighter againsta dark background than being against a light background?（分数：2.00）A.It is a fact that the dot emerged to be lighter against a dark background than being against a light one.B.Human senses are remarkably robust at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us through what they have learnt from past experiences.C.It is because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.D.Because the context in which the little dot placed has changed to be lighter.(5).Which of the following statements is true about the research in neuroscience?（分数：2.00）A.Investigation on the brain involves scrutinizing a network in which both environment and the brain itself function together.B.Both idea-driven and technique-driven are popular research methods in research study in neuroscience.C.People cannot carry out research study on brain in laboratory where it is isolated from human body.D.Brain can be investigated in isolation with other faculties and organs as long as the research is carried out in proper natural context.The biggest thing in operating rooms these days is a million-dollar, multi-armed robot named da Vinci, used in nearly 400, 000 surgeries nationwide last year—triple the number just four years earlier. But now the high-tech helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems, including several deaths that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system. There also have been a few disturbing, freak incidents: a robotic hand that wouldn't let go of tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hitting a patient in the face as she lay on the operating table. Is it time to curb the robot enthusiasm? Some doctors say yes, concerned that the "wow" factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is at least as good or better than conventional surgeries. Many U. S. hospitals promote robotic surgery in patient brochures, online and even on highway billboards. Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the costly robot. The da Vinci is used for operations that include removing prostates, gallbladders and wombs, repairing heart valves, shrinking stomachs and transplanting organs. Its use has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States. For surgeons, who control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over the patient, these operations can be less tiring. Plus robothands don't shake. Advocates say patients sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving large incisions. But the Food and Drug Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic surgeries. Earlier this year, the FDA began a survey of surgeons using the robotic system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely, but FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now "is the increase in number of reports received" about da Vinci. Reports filed since early last year include at least five deaths. Whether there truly are more problems recently is uncertain. Rivers said she couldn't quantify the increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and hospitals about the need to report problems. Doctors aren't required to report such things; device makers and hospitals are. Company spokesman Geoff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers who teach surgeons how to use the robot. But they don't train them how to do specific procedures robotically, he said, and that it's up to hospitals and surgeons to decide "if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases. " A 2010 New England Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons must do at least 150 procedures to become adept at using the robotic system. But there is no expert consensus on how much training is needed. New Jersey banker Alexis Grattan did a lot of online research before her gallbladder was removed last month at Hackensack University Medical Center. She said the surgeon's many years of experience with robotic operations was an important factor. She also had heard that the surgeon was among the first to do the robotic operation with just one small incision in the belly button, instead of four cuts in conventional keyhole surgery.（分数：10.00）(1).Why did FDA begin to scrutinize da Vinci?（分数：2.00）A.The number used in operation has been tripled.B.It is too expensive.C.It is reported to have frequent mechanical breakdown.wsuits increase with death case reports.(2).According to some doctors, which of the following is NOT the reason to curb the enthusiasm for da Vinci?（分数：2.00）A.The high cost causes unreasonable marketing.B.It is not as good as traditional surgeries.C.It needs more statistics to prove its value.D.It is necessary for doctors to consider some problems.(3).What does FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers mean?（分数：2.00）A.Doctors and hospitals should be responsible for those problems.B.It is doctors that think da Vinci robots are problematic.C.There are so many problems reports that FDA has to do an enquiry.D.FDA hasn't finished the previous enquiry about the surgeons who used robots.(4).What is correct about training according to the Geoff Curtis?（分数：2.00）A.A lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons.B.A lack of sufficient training on the part of company.C.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on specific procedures.D.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on how to used robots.(5).What is the best title for this passage?（分数：2.00）A.Four Hands Better than Two?B.Too Good to Be TrueC.Smart RobotsD.Who Is the Killer?Despite Denmark's manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they are to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danes talk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by。
重庆医科大学生理学(专业基础课)2013年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
重庆医科大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：生理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 1.adequete stimulus
第1页 共1页
2.antagonist 3.blind spot 4.brain gut peptide 5.ejection fraction 6.internal environment 7.nystagmus 8.reciprocal inhibition 9.referred pain 10.crystal osmotic pressure 二、问答题 1.机体是如何调节体温的？ 2.心肌细胞动作电位的特点是什么？ 3.胃为何不能消化自身？ 4.CO2和低氧对呼吸的调节？ 5. 三、论述题 1.大量出汗后少喝水或不喝水导致少尿的机制是什么？ 2.何为心力储备，其影响因素有哪些？
第1页 共1页
重庆医科大学神经病学2005年考博真题试卷
5.cortical blindness
6.stupor
7.nominal aphasia
8.stroke
9.Hunt syndrome
10.reffered pain
二、名词解释
1.帕金森病
2.多发性硬化
3.癫痫4.运动神经元病5. Nhomakorabea症肌无力
重庆医科大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
重庆医科大学
2005年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1.Shy-drager syndrome
2.brain death
3.pseudobulbar palsy
6.短暂脑缺血发作
7.偏头痛
8.周期性麻痹
9.格林-巴利综合症
10.阿尔茨海默病
三、问答
1.癫痫状态的临床处理
2.MRN在周围神经病诊断中的应用
3.卒中单元在脑缺血治疗中的意义
4.脊髓压迫症的鉴别诊断
5.单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎的临床处理
重庆医科大学局部解剖学2013年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
重庆医科大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：局部解剖学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（英文)：
十二指肠悬韧带
结肠动脉弓阴部管
动脉导管三角
二、简答题：
1根据胸膜的神经支配，解释胸痛和颈肩痛。
2气管切开的解剖层次，以及小儿气肱骨三段骨折易损伤的神经，分析其原因。
5腓骨颈骨折易损伤的神经和其损伤后表现。
三、病例分析：
腹股沟斜疝相关的解剖层次临床表现，及神经损伤及表现。
重庆医科大学生理学2018年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
重庆医科大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（6*3=18分）
1.红细胞悬浮稳定性
2.去皮层僵直
3.心房利尿钠钛
4.稳态
5.生长抑素
二、简答题（82分）
1.心力储备的。（8分）
2.抑制胃液分泌的因素。（8分）
3.影响肾小管集合管重吸收分泌的因素。（8分）
4.发热为什么会伴随寒战？其机制？（12分）
5.呼吸系统有问题的人，为什么易缺氧，不易CO2储留？（12分）
6.蛙心灌注然停药，原因？（17分）
首都医科大学影像医学与核医学2017年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
第1页 共1页
首都医科大学
2017 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：影像医学与核医学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释（5 个） 1、moyamoya disease 2、半月综合征 3、curve planar reformation 4、椒盐征 5、骨性强直 二、25 个单选 难 三、简答题 1、肝周围型胆管细胞癌的影像表现。 2、视神经胶质瘤与视神经鞘脑膜瘤的区别。 四、论述题（5 选 3） 1、胰腺囊性病变的诊断及鉴别诊断。 2、脑水肿的分型、病生基础及 MRI 表现。 3、眼球突出的诊断思路。 4、股骨头坏死的 MRI 分期及表现。 5、一个儿科呼吸系统的病例分析题。
重医检验考博真题
临床检验诊断学1.病例分析（全英文的病例）去年考的是梗阻性黄疸2.名词解释（1）APTT（2）CTnT CTnI（3）FQ-PCR(4) 增强免疫比浊法（5）DNA芯片/基因芯片（6）TrFIA（7）AG（阴离子间隙）3.简答题，分析题（1）脂蛋白与AS的关系？（2）影响酶促动力学的因素？（3）肾小管与集合管的功能检测？（4）实验室生物安全防护？（5）对一个已知基因序列片段的功能分析（其蛋白质水平上的功能分析），设计你的实验思路分析化学1.名词解释（1）DNA芯片采用光导原位合成或微量点样等方法，将大量生物大分子比如核酸片段、多肽分子甚至组织切片、细胞等等生物样品有序地高密度固化于支持物（如玻片、硅片、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶、尼龙膜等载体）的表面，制成点阵，然后与已标记的待测生物样品中靶分子杂交，通过特定的仪器比如激光共聚焦扫描对杂交信号的强度进行快速、并行、高效地检测分析，从而判断样品中靶分子的数量。
根据芯片上固定的探针不同，生物芯片包括基因芯片、蛋白质芯片、细胞芯片、组织芯片。
如果芯片上固定的是肽或蛋白，则称为肽芯片或蛋白芯片；如果芯片上固定的分子是寡核苷酸探针或DNA，就是DNA芯片。
DNA芯片技术包含四个基本要点：DNA方阵的构建、样品的制备、杂交,杂交图谱的检测及读出。
DNA芯片技术的应用：基因表达分析，基因型和多态性分析，疾病的诊断与治疗，肿瘤检测研究及抗肿瘤药物筛选，临床应用蛋白质芯片(protein array)是近年来蛋白质组学研究中兴起的一种新的方法，它类似于基因芯片，是将蛋白质点到固相物质上，然后与要检测的组织或细胞等进行“杂交”，再通过自动化仪器分析得出结果。
这里所指的“杂交”是指蛋白与蛋白之间如(抗体与抗原)在空间构象上能特异性的相互识别。
此方法与传统的研究方法相比具有如下优点:①蛋白质芯片是一种高通量的研究方法，能在一次实验中提供相当大的信息量，使我们能够全面、准确的研究蛋白表达谱，这是传统的蛋白研究方法无法做到的。
重庆医科大学招收攻读博士学位研究生英语试题(样题)英语样题并答案
重庆医科大学招收攻读博士学位研究生英语试题（样题）考试时间：3小时Part I Vocabulary (10 points)Section A (5 points)Directions: In each item, chose one word that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word. Mark out your choice on the answer sheet with asingle line through the center.1.The public usually regards the theory of public opinion as controversial. ba. practicalb. disputablec. reasonabled. soluble2.The serious illness deprived him of his sight and the use of his leg. aa. robbedb. excludedc. disabledd. gripped3.If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mocking bird initiates a set of actions to protect itsoff-spring. ba. hastensb. triggersc. devisesd. releases4.The flowers on the table were a manifestation of the child’s love for his mother. aa. a demonstrationb. a combinationc. a satisfactiond. an infestation5.Handling preschooler s’ fears is often of understanding their fantasies. da. behaviorb. habitc. hobbyd. imagination6.The devastating earthquake last month caused hundreds of people homeless. ba. unguardedb. overwhelmingc. destructived. evil7.On hearing of the case some time later, Conan Doyle was convinced that the man was notguilty, and immediately went to work to ascertain the truth. ca. exploreb. obtainc. verifyd. search8.Fear of pirate raids caused the Spaniards to fortify their coastline. ba. armsb. invasionsc. shipsd. cruelty9.The poor woman did not sleep all night and was completely worn out. ba. consumedb. exhaustedc. groundd. smashed10.Mountain life produces a strong, tough breed of men. aa. generationb. geniusc. typed. gangSection B (5 points)Directions: In each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark out your choice on theanswer sheet with a single line through the center.11. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can nolonger be satisfactorily ____b____.a. diminishedb. alleviatedc. replacedd. abolished12.In principle, a person whose conduct was caused by mental disorder should not be liable tocriminal ____b____.a. identificationb. punishmentc. investigationd. commitment13.Cut off by the storm, they were forced to ____c____ food for several days.a. go in forb. go overc. go withoutd. go out14.Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for____c____ vitamins.a. exceptionalb. exceedingc. excessd. external15.For some rare cases, the doctor does not base his diagnosis on the patient’s ____d____ onlybut also on the results of tests.a. complaintsb. reportsc. statementsd. symptoms16.The Army and Navy of that country were reformed in ____c____ with western models afterthe Second World War.a. consequenceb. agreementc. accordanced. contact17.Please come and help me with this form because I don’t know how to ____a____ it.a. set aboutb. set asidec. set offd. set up18.The salesman’s ____d____ annoyed the old lady, but finally she gave in.a. enduranceb. assistancec. resistanced. persistence19.Does brain power ____d____ as we get older? Scientists now have some surprising answers.a. collapseb. descendc. deduced. decline20.All experts agree that the most important consideration with diet drugs is carefully____a____ the risks and benefits.a. weighingb. valuingc. evaluatingd. distinguishingPart II Reading Comprehension (40 points)Passage 1Yellow FeverHopes for victory over the disease of yellow fever were raised still further when one of a team of Rockefeller doctors, studying yellow fever in Ghana, scored a major victory in the summer of 1927. Visiting a village where there was an outbreak, the doctor took blood from a goodlooking young African, Asibi by name, who had a mild touch of fever. The doctor now injected some of his blood into four animals including one monkey that had just arrived from India. Only the monkey went down with yellow fever. For the first time the virus of the disease had been passed into an animal other than man. Having animals that could be given the disease opened the way to new lines of experiments.The Asibi virus was kept going from monkey to monkey. In this way they gradually developed a virus whose power to make people ill had been greatly lowered. But still it had enough strength to develop resistance in human beings. So from the blood of a West African a vaccine was finally developed that now protects millions of people from yellow fever.Such, then, was the point reached in 1932. Yellow fever appeared to be on the way out, at least in the Americas. Then there occurred an outbreak in a country district in Brazil. This was strange, since yellow fever had always been believed to be a disease of the city, one that people caught by being bitten in their own homes by the city type of mosquitoes, bred within a hundred yards of their houses. Something much more surprising, however, was in store for the members of the Brazilian Yellow Fever Service, when they reached the area. There was yellow fever in the district, without doubt. The Service found it was present by all the standard tests. But there were no city-type mosquitoes, not one.One morning a doctor went into the jungle with some woodcutters. He wanted to collectmosquitoes, but they weren’t biting. The doctor was just ready to leave, when one of the men shouted that a tree was about to fall. He stood back and watched the great mass come down. Sunlight streamed through the hole made in the roof of the jungle and from the upper branches of the fallen tree rose a cloud of blue mosquitoes which circled around the men.So it was learned that these blue mosquitoes, relatively rare on the floor of the jungle, exist in great numbers in the treetops. There too, the monkeys live. This discovery completed a chain of facts about the way jungle yellow fever is caught and spread. It is mainly a disease of monkeys in the jungle treetops. They are infected by the bites of several kinds of mosquitoes. Blue mosquitoes being one of the most common attackers. The pattern is carried on from monkey to mosquito and back to monkey. But men going into the jungle may also get the disease, particularly if their work disturbs the roof of the jungle. If the man bitten by an infected mosquito then returns to a city where there are mosquitoes of the city type, he may start again the pattern of man to mosquito to man.21. A further advance in the fight against yellow fever was made when it was discovered that thedisease could be passed from ____d____.a. man to mosquitob. animal to manc. animal to mosquitod. man to animal22.Jungle yellow fever can only exist where there are ____d____.a. any type of mosquitoesb. blue mosquitoesc. monkeysd. animals and mosquitoes23.The doctors in this story were interested in discovering ___a_____.a.the pattern of the diseaseb.the signs of yellow feverc.the kind of people who get the diseased.how monkeys stay healthy24.An interesting finding in this story is that ____c____.a.only one type of mosquitoes carries yellow feverb.at least two types of mosquitoes carry yellow feverc.any mosquitoes can carry the diseased.monkeys are necessary in keeping yellow fever goingPassage 2A Leap in ThoughtYou’ve had a problem, you’ve thought about it till you were tired, forgotten it and perhaps slept on it, and then flash! When you weren’t thinking about it suddenly the answer has come to you, as a gift from the gods.Of course all ideas don’t come like that, but the interesting thing is that so many do, particularly the most important ones. They burst into the mind, glowing with the heat of creation. How they do it is a mystery. Psychology does not yet understand even the ordinary processes of conscious thought, but the emergence of new ideas by a “leap in thought” is particularly intriguing, because they must have come from somewhere. For the moment let us assume that they come from the “unconscious”. This is reasonable, for the psychologists use this term to describe mental processes which are unknown to the subject, and creative thought consists precisely in what was unknown becoming know.It seems that all truly creative activity depends in some degree on these signals from the unconscious, and the more highly intuitive the person, the sharper and more dramatic the signals become.But growth requires a seed, and the heart of the creative process lies in the production of the original fertile nucleus from which growth can proceed. This initial step in all creation consists in the establishment of a new unity from disparate elements, of order out of disorder, of shape from what was formless. The mind achieves this by the plastic reshaping, so as to form a new unit, of a selection of the separate elements derived from experience and stored in memory. Intuitions arise from richly unified experience.This process of the establishment of new from must occur in pattern of nervous activity in the brain, lying below the threshold of consciousness, which interact and combine to from more comprehensive patterns. Experimental physiology has not yet identified this process, for its methods are as yet insufficiently refined, but it may be significant that a quarter of the total bodily consumption of energy during sleep goes to the brain, even when the sense organs are at rest, to maintain the activity of the thousand million brain cells. These cells, acting together as a single organ, achieve the miracle of the production of new patterns of thought. No calculating machine can do that, for such machines can “only do what we know how to design them to do”, and these formative brain processes obey laws which are still unknown.Can any practical conclusions be drawn from the experience of genius? Is there an art of thought for the ordinary person? Certainly there is no single road to success; in the world of the imagination each has to find his own way to use his own gifts.25.The description in the first paragraph may imply that ____c____.a.inspiration may come from the godsb.in finding an answer to a problem, inspiration may come only after you have thoughthard about itc.inspiration may come only when you have forgotten the problemd.whenever you thought about the answer to a problem, you would get a flash ofinspiration26.The pronoun “they” in paragraph 2 refers to ___c_____.a. “many people”b. the most important peoplec. “many ideas”d. Psychologists27.In the sentence “This is reasonable, for the psychologists use this term to describe mentalprocesses which are unknown to the subject”. Here “subject” refers to ____a____.a. a school courseb. a topic of a speechc. a person being treated in a certain way or being experimented ond. a citizen28.The writer might want to tell his readers that ____b____.a.successful persons depend on their inspirationsb.we ordinary people had better not blindly count on any practical conclusion fromexperience of genius, but find our own way to use our own giftsc.there is no genius at alld.none of the abovePassage 3Experiments have been carried out on volunteers to see what happens when all sensations are stopped. This can be done in several ways. One method is to put a man inside a completely isolated room. This room is heavily sound-proofed and absolutely dark. There is no light or sound and the person is instructed just to lie motionless on a bed. People have stayed in rooms such as this for as long as four days. The results of sensory deprivation (SD) vary with the individual.Soon after entering the confinement cell most subjects went to sleep and slept almost without interruption for ten to twenty-four hours. These are gross estimates for there was nothing by which the subjects could determine the time which had elapsed. We know for certain that one subject slept for nineteen hours but insisted that he had a nap of less than one hour. According to the monitoring microphone, which was capable of picking up the deep breathing of sleep, it seems more likely that most subjects slept all of the first twenty-four hours.We felt that so much sleeping in the first day wasted the effects of confinement, so we started placing subjects in SD early in the morning. We reasoned that after a night’s sleep our confined subject would be unable to dissipate (驱散) the effects of SD by sleeping. Such was not the case. As far as we could determine they went to sleep just as quickly and slept just as long as the previous subjects. We then started entering the subjects at midmorning, midday, and mid-afternoon. As it turned out, it made no difference when during the day and, presumably, during the night we started the confinement; the initial sleep period was always about the same.We had not expected this extended period of initial sleep. In fact, it had seemed reasonable to expect something of the opposite. SD was a very novel situation for our subjects, and as such, we reasoned, it should have occupied them for some time. I had a similar expectation for astronauts during space flight and was greatly surprised to learn that the Russian astronaut Yuri Gagarin had been able to sleep during his space flight around the earth.Other effects were also noted. With no real sensations to work on, the brain makes up all sorts of false information. Many people experience vivid dreams and hallucinations (幻觉). When they are finally taken out of the room into the real changing world of light and sound, they are in a very strange state of mind, ready to believe anything and not really able to make decisions.29.This passage is mainly about ____c____.a.how to have a sound sleepb.what causes loss of sensationsc.what will happen if sensations were lostd.how to lose sensations30.What does “subjects” Para 3, Line2) mean in this passage? da.Any member of a state except the supreme ruler.b.Something to be talked or written about or studied.c.Person, animal or thing to be treated or dealt with.d.Theme on which a composition is based.31.We can probably infer from the passage that ___c_____.a.most astronauts are unable to fall asleep in spaceb. a period of sensory deprivation would make a person hard to controlc.many people are subject to fantasy while in the sensory deprivation celld.microphones are used to control the breathing of subjects32.All of the following are the results of sensory deprivation except that ___c_____.a.most subjects fell asleep and slept for a long timeb.some subjects didn’t know how many hours they spent sleepingc.it took a long time for the subjects to adapt themselves to sensory celld.many subjects became credulous right after sensory deprivationPassage 4I came across an old country guide the other day. It listed all the tradesmen in each village in my part of the country, and it was impressive to see the great variety of services which were available on one’s own doorstep in the late Victorian countryside.Nowadays a superficial traveler in rural England might conclude that the only village tradesmen still flourishing were either selling frozen food to the inhabitants or selling antiques to visitors. Nevertheless, this would really be a false impression. Admittedly there has been a contraction of village commerce, but its vigor is still remarkable.Our local grocer’s shop, for example, is actually expanding in spite of the competition from supermarkets in the nearest town. Women sensibly prefer to go there and exchange the local news while doing their shopping, instead of queuing up at a supermarket. And the proprietor (店主) knows well that personal service has a substantial cash value.His prices may be a bit higher than those in the town, but he will deliver anything at any time. His assistants think nothing of bicycling down the village street in their lunch hour to take a piece of cheese to an old age pensioner who sent her order by word of mouth with a friend who happened to be passing. The more affluent customers telephone their shopping lists and the goods are on their doorsteps within an hour. They have only to hint at a fancy for some commodity outside the usual stock and the grocer, a red-faced figure, instantly obtains it for them.The village gains from this sort of enterprise, of course. But I also find it satisfactory because a village shop offers one of the few ways in which a modest individualist can still get along in the world without attaching himself to the big battalions of industry or commerce.33.The services available in village nowadays are normally ___a_____.a.fewer but still very activeb.less successful than earlier but managing to survivec.active in providing food for the village, and tourist goodsd.surprisingly energetic considering the little demand for them34.The local grocer’s shop is expanding ___a_____.a.because women spend a lot of their tie there just gossipingb.even though town shops are larger and rather cheaperc.in spite of the fact that people like to shop where they are less well-knownd.for people get frozen food as well as antiques35.How do the village grocer’s assistants feel about giving extra service? da.They tend to forget itb.They will not consider itc.It does not seem worth their whiled.They take it for granted36.Another aspect of personal service available in the village shop is that ____a____.a.there is a very wide range of goods availableb.rare goods are obtained whenever they are neededc.special attention is given to the needs of wealthier customersd.goods are always restocked before they run outPassage 5Until about 200 years ago. Change was so slow that people presumed that the lives of their children and grandchildren would not be very much different from their own.And then came the 20th century, when people went from flying in their first airplane at Kity Hawk to planting their first footsteps on the moon – all in the blink of a lifetime. One group of scientist haws said that the rate of change in our contemporary world is running a million times faster than the rate of humans’ ability to adjust to the new situations.Here is how some futurists say Americans may live in the opening years of the next millennium.The World Future Society, a nonprofit organization in Maryland, predicts that supermarkets may become hydroponics greenhouses where shoppers pick their own produce from the vine. And for those who would not care for such a hands – on experience, groceries could be electronically ordered and automatically delivered into refrigerators that open outside and inside the house.Marvin J. Cetron, founder and president of Forecasting International Ltd., a consulting company in Arlington, Virginia, said he believes that by 2006, people will have personal diagnostic and meal preparation machines. If you eat too much, the diagnostic machine will tell you to exercise.Many experts anticipate advances in biotechnology that could lead to cows that produce low-fat milk, disease-resistant potatoes grown by crossing them with a chicken gene and pork made leaner by introducing a cow gene into the pig’s genetic pool.But if, as expected, the world’s human population doubles in the next 40 years, the pressure to produce food to feed everyone is gong to be immense, said Lester R. Brown, head of the Worldwatch Institute, in Washington, He notes in his book, “Vital Signs 1995” that “the pace of history is accelerating as soaring human demands collide with the Earth’s natural limits.”How about medicine? For many people, particularly aging baby boomers, a big question will be, how can you add years to your life? Many futurists say that will be possible, at least for those who can afford it.By 2020, the complete DNA structure will be mapped. Mr. Cetron said: “Doctors will know a person’s genetic characteristics right from birth, even before birth.”That could guide doctors to tailor life styles and treatments to help patients avoid disorders they are prone to develop. Coupled with genetic medicine, he said, a child born in 2010 could expect to live 120 years.But Mr. Brown of the Worldwatch Institute cautioned that public health and medicine are likely to be challenged by another global trend: the rise in infectious diseases and their increased immunity to antibiotics.Many futurists expect little change in how Americans live in houses in the next few years. “Home behavior changes pretty slowly,”Mr. Millett said. But from 2010 to 2020, he predicts “fundamental change.”37.Which of the following world trends is mentioned in the passage? ba.Futurism is being taken more seriously by more peopleb.Doctors wish to engineer a dramatically different kind of life.c.Diseases capable of being spread will be on the rise.d.Old people will be unwilling to live in nursing houses.38.According to the author, which of the following is NOT true? ca.It took a life time from people’s first flight in the airplane to landing on the moon.b.Changes in the 20th century have come all too soon.c.People are ready to adapt themselves to new conditions.d.People are slow to keep pace with changes in our present world.39.The world Future Society predicts that people will get their vegetables and fruit from whereplants are grown ____d____a. manuallyb. automaticallyc. in good soild. in water40.Which of the following may still be a problem in medicine at the end of the next century? aa.The adaptation of life styles to avoid disorder.b.The mapping of the complete DNA structure.c.The increase of life span beyond 120d.The identification of man’s genetic characteristics.Part III Close (10 points)When the earth was born there was no ocean. The ____traditionally____(41) cooling earth was ____ surrounded ____(42) in heavy ____layers____(43) of cloud, which contained much of the water of the new planet. For a long time its surface was ____ so ____(44) hot that no moisture could fall ____ within ____(45) immediately being reconverted ____ from ____(46) steam. This dense, perpetually renewed cloud covering must have been so thick that ____ no____(47) rays of sunlight could penetrate it. And so the ____rough____(48) outlines of the continents and the empty ocean basins were sculptured out of the surface of the earth in ____ darkness ____(49), in s Stygian (冥界的) world of heated rock and swirling clouds and gloom.As soon as the earth’s ____ surface ____(50) cooled enough, the ____ rains ____(51) began to fall. Never have there been such rains since that time. They fell ____ continuously ____(52), day and night, days passing into months, into years, into centuries. They poured into the waiting ocean basins, or, falling upon the continental masses, ____ran____(53) away to become sea.That primeval ocean, growing ____ all together ____(54) as the rains slowly filled its basins, must have been only ____feebly____(55) salt. But the falling rains were the symbol of the dissolution of the continents. ____ From the moment ____(56) the rains began to fall the lands began to be ____worn away____(57) and carried to the sea, it is an endless, ____inevitable ____(58) process that has never stopped the dissolving of the rocks, the ____ obtaining ____(59) count of their contained minerals, the carrying of the rock fragments and dissolved minerals to the ocean. And ____ for ____(60) the eons of time (极漫长的时期) , the sea has grown ever more bitter with the salt of the continents.41. a. traditionally b. gradually c. contrarily d. incidentally42. a. surrounded b. encircled c. enveloped d. rounded43. a. lines b. coats c. tiers d. layers44. a. very b. so c. too d. as45. a. within b. without c. with d. together with46. a. to b. from c. in d. on47. a. some b. little c. no d. much48. a. thin b. thick c. tough d. rough49. a. daylight b. darkness c. brightness d. moonlight50. a. surface b. plate c. crust d. shell51. a. rocks b. dusts c. clouds d. rains52. a. instantly b. immediately c. continuously d. increasingly53. a. went b. drained c. flowed d. ran54. a. once and all b. in bulk c. in sum d. all together55. a. softly b. fairly c. faintly d. feebly56. a. At the moment b. In a moment c. From the moment d. For a moment57. a. washed down b. torn away c. washed off d. worn away58. a. inexorable b. merciless c. inelastic d. inevitable59. a. separating b. obtaining c. leaching d. gaining60. a. at b. with c. over d. forPart IV Translation: In this part, you are provided with eight passages. Choose one English passage and one Chinese passage at your own wills and translate them into Chinese (10 points) and English (15 points) respectively. (25 points in all)1.Researchers for the first time have directly mapped growing human brains, revealingunsuspected physical changes. The finding, reported in the journal Nature, may help lay the foundations of how best to teach language, mathematics and other crucial mental skills.Every human brain experiences rapid, distinct waves of almost explosive growth that may determine when it is most receptive to learning new skills. Educators have long known that intellectual abilities in language, music and mathematics must be developed before puberty.The researchers followed half a dozen children between the ages of 3 and 15, imaging them repeatedly over the years to create a unique fingerprint of their maturing brains. They found that growth rates in an area of the brain linked to language were slow between the ages of 3 and 6 but speeded up from 7 to 15 years, when children normally fine-tune language skills.研究人员首次通过直接映射成长的人类大脑，揭示了确切的生理变化。