巴旦木等级标准技术文档-Nov 2018-2
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Why California? 为什么是加州?
CROP YEAR 2016/17
Source: Almond Board of California, Almond Board of Australia and International Dried Fruit Council
With ideal Mediterranean climate, California is the most productive almond growing region in the world. 由于有着对巴旦木最理想的地中海型气 候,加州是全球巴旦木生产效率最高的区域
产值贡献达110亿美元
✓Supports 104,000 jobs 相关从业人员达104000人
Production 产能 • 100% of U.S. production 占全美巴旦木产量的100% • 70% export; 30% domestic 70%出口,30%内销 • 80% of worldwide production 占世界巴旦木产量的80% Exports by value 出口产值
Transfer to Huller 运往脱壳处理
• Removes hulls and shells prior to storage or
moving on to processing 在储存或运输然后加工 之前,首先除去果荚和果壳
• Rollers remove the hull and shell as well as any
Harvest 收获期
• Harvest starts when dry almonds shake easily off the
trees – usually August 当干燥的巴旦木能被轻易地从 树上摇下时,收获就开始了
• Mechanical shakers harvest each variety separately
• Winter rains supply the tree in the early spring 冬雨为
早春时的树木提供滋养
Key Considerations 主要考量
– Winter sanitation 冬季清洁 – Insect, disease management 病虫害管理 – Pruning, weed control 修剪,除草 – winter water recharge 冬季地下水补充
use and supplemental bee forage 加州巴旦木协会对 使用不伤害蜜蜂的开花期杀虫剂和用于蜜蜂辅食的其 他作物进行着研究和沟通
Crop growth and cultural practices 作物成长与栽培技法
• Irrigation predominantly micro sprinklers 灌溉主要是微型
In addition to climate, factors including soil, water and water infrastructure, highest standard for environmental, worker, and food safety, as well as innovative technology and research, all contribute to production efficiency在良好的气 候,土壤,水资源及用水设施之外,最严格的 环境、劳工及食品安全标准,以及创新技术和研 究,共同促成了生产的高效
completely 在收获快要开始的时候,果荚会完 全打开
Key Considerations 主要考量 – Important time to minimize insect damage (NOW) by sprays
and timely harvest 是减少虫害的重要时期,方式包括喷洒和快 速收获 – Important for minimizing aflatoxin contamination 同样是减少黄 曲霉毒素污染的重要时期
Presentation Outline 讲题内容
1. California Almond Industry 加州巴旦木产业 2. Growing Almonds 巴旦木生产周期 3. Quality and Food Safety Control 品质及食品安全控制 4. Almond Versatility 巴旦木多样性 5. Shelled Almond USDA Grading Procedure 去壳巴旦木定级步骤 6. Quality Preservation 品质保证
Bloom 开花期
• Warmer weather 天气转暖 • Buds swell and eventually open 花朵膨起
,然后绽放
• Sets size of the crop 决定了收成的多寡
Key Considerations 主要考量 – Fungicide applications to prevent bloom
Scope of the Almond Industry 巴旦木产业的规模
✓ Spanning 500 miles (804 km) 区域长达804公里 ✓ $5.1 billion farmgate value 农场出场加达51亿美
元
✓ $11 billion to California economy 对加州国民
diseases 为了避免花的病害,使用抗真菌剂 – Extent depends on rain amounts 用量取决于雨
水量 – New self-compatible varieties still need bees,
but fewer per acre 即使是自花授粉的新品种也需 要蜜蜂,但需求数量比常规品种要少
Growing Almonds 巴旦木种植
开花
果荚开裂
核果成熟
休眠
巴旦木生长周期
产品形式
储存
加工
收获
Dormancy 休眠期
• Trees to rest 树木的休息期
• About 400 chilling hours for normal crop 正常的产量通常
需要400小时左右的相对低温休眠
• Two “8 frame” bee hives per acre to pollinate crop,10-60,000
bees per hive 每英亩需要两个8格蜂箱,每个蜂巢大约有一万至六 万只蜜蜂
• Optimal weather: dry, > 55˚F/13˚C 最佳的天气是干燥,高于13摄
remaining debris 滚筒除去果荚,果壳以及任何 残留的杂质
• Hulls are used for cattle feed 果荚用于牛饲料 • New opportunities for hulls/shells explored 正在
探索使用果荚果壳的崭新可能性
Key Considerations 主要考量
Hull Split 果荚开裂期
• July onward, varying by variety and region 不
同的品种和地域时期不同,但都在7月之后
• Exposed inshell almond begins to dry 果荚开
裂露出的巴旦木开始在果壳内变得干燥
• Shortly before harvest, the hull opens
applications 产季中的虫害监控,管理和农药使用
Key Considerations 主要考量 – Water quantity and quality an ongoing concern 水量与水质是一个持续的担忧 – Extensive irrigation management research 广泛的灌溉管理研究 – Nitrogen calculator to meet regulatory requirements 基于法规要求的氮量计算器 – Regulations on pesticide application 杀虫剂应用的相关法规
Bees and Pollination 蜜蜂与授粉
• Almonds require cross pollination 巴旦木需要异花授粉才能结果 • Usually at least two different varieties in alternating rows 通常由
至少两个不同的品种间隔种植
California Almonds — Production, Varieties, Grades, Quality Preservation
加州巴旦木— 种植、品种、等级、品质保证
Guangwei Huang
Associate Director, Food Research and Technology来自百度文库Almond Board of California
– Biomass research on opportunities for hulls, shells, twigs 副产品研究关注果荚,果壳,树枝的新用途
– Insect farming an emerging area 一个正在崛起的领域是 昆虫饲料
Storage and Delivery 储存与运输
氏度的天气
Key Considerations 主要考量 – Almonds use over 2/3 of commercial hives in US 加
州巴旦木行业会使用全美2/3的商业蜂巢 – ABC research/outreach on bee safe bloom pesticide
•Top California agricultural export 加州出口产值最高的农作物 •Top U.S. specialty crop export 全美出口产值最高的经济作物
Sources: *USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Pacific Region (NASS/PR) **U.S. Department of Commerce, Foreign Trade Statistics
喷灌
• Almond trees require ~4 acre feet of water a year (rainfall
+ irrigation) 巴旦木树每年需要约4英尺深的水(来自雨水 与人工灌溉)
• In-season pest monitoring, management, and pesticide
旦木最长可储存两年
– roasted, manufactured almonds up to 1
year 经过烘烤与加工的巴旦木最长可储存 一年
Quality and Food Safety Control 品质及食品安全控制
Food Safety and Quality – We Work Across the Production Chain 食品安全及品质 – 全生产链控制
机械摇树机分别对每个不同的品种进行收获
• Almonds naturally dry on the ground for 3-7 days 巴
旦木会在地上自然干燥3到7天
• Sweep almonds into windrows before pick up 巴旦木
会被扫成行列然后收集起来
Key Considerations 主要考量 – Newer low dust equipment 新一代低扬尘设备 – Harvest BMPs 收获的最佳管理实践 (BMP) – Improved tree architecture 改善树型构造
• Controlled storage conditions maintain
quality 通过严格控制的储存条件来保持质量
• Natural antioxidants promote a long storage
life: 天然抗氧化剂有助于延长保质期
– Natural almonds: up to 2 years 未加工的巴
Why California? 为什么是加州?
CROP YEAR 2016/17
Source: Almond Board of California, Almond Board of Australia and International Dried Fruit Council
With ideal Mediterranean climate, California is the most productive almond growing region in the world. 由于有着对巴旦木最理想的地中海型气 候,加州是全球巴旦木生产效率最高的区域
产值贡献达110亿美元
✓Supports 104,000 jobs 相关从业人员达104000人
Production 产能 • 100% of U.S. production 占全美巴旦木产量的100% • 70% export; 30% domestic 70%出口,30%内销 • 80% of worldwide production 占世界巴旦木产量的80% Exports by value 出口产值
Transfer to Huller 运往脱壳处理
• Removes hulls and shells prior to storage or
moving on to processing 在储存或运输然后加工 之前,首先除去果荚和果壳
• Rollers remove the hull and shell as well as any
Harvest 收获期
• Harvest starts when dry almonds shake easily off the
trees – usually August 当干燥的巴旦木能被轻易地从 树上摇下时,收获就开始了
• Mechanical shakers harvest each variety separately
• Winter rains supply the tree in the early spring 冬雨为
早春时的树木提供滋养
Key Considerations 主要考量
– Winter sanitation 冬季清洁 – Insect, disease management 病虫害管理 – Pruning, weed control 修剪,除草 – winter water recharge 冬季地下水补充
use and supplemental bee forage 加州巴旦木协会对 使用不伤害蜜蜂的开花期杀虫剂和用于蜜蜂辅食的其 他作物进行着研究和沟通
Crop growth and cultural practices 作物成长与栽培技法
• Irrigation predominantly micro sprinklers 灌溉主要是微型
In addition to climate, factors including soil, water and water infrastructure, highest standard for environmental, worker, and food safety, as well as innovative technology and research, all contribute to production efficiency在良好的气 候,土壤,水资源及用水设施之外,最严格的 环境、劳工及食品安全标准,以及创新技术和研 究,共同促成了生产的高效
completely 在收获快要开始的时候,果荚会完 全打开
Key Considerations 主要考量 – Important time to minimize insect damage (NOW) by sprays
and timely harvest 是减少虫害的重要时期,方式包括喷洒和快 速收获 – Important for minimizing aflatoxin contamination 同样是减少黄 曲霉毒素污染的重要时期
Presentation Outline 讲题内容
1. California Almond Industry 加州巴旦木产业 2. Growing Almonds 巴旦木生产周期 3. Quality and Food Safety Control 品质及食品安全控制 4. Almond Versatility 巴旦木多样性 5. Shelled Almond USDA Grading Procedure 去壳巴旦木定级步骤 6. Quality Preservation 品质保证
Bloom 开花期
• Warmer weather 天气转暖 • Buds swell and eventually open 花朵膨起
,然后绽放
• Sets size of the crop 决定了收成的多寡
Key Considerations 主要考量 – Fungicide applications to prevent bloom
Scope of the Almond Industry 巴旦木产业的规模
✓ Spanning 500 miles (804 km) 区域长达804公里 ✓ $5.1 billion farmgate value 农场出场加达51亿美
元
✓ $11 billion to California economy 对加州国民
diseases 为了避免花的病害,使用抗真菌剂 – Extent depends on rain amounts 用量取决于雨
水量 – New self-compatible varieties still need bees,
but fewer per acre 即使是自花授粉的新品种也需 要蜜蜂,但需求数量比常规品种要少
Growing Almonds 巴旦木种植
开花
果荚开裂
核果成熟
休眠
巴旦木生长周期
产品形式
储存
加工
收获
Dormancy 休眠期
• Trees to rest 树木的休息期
• About 400 chilling hours for normal crop 正常的产量通常
需要400小时左右的相对低温休眠
• Two “8 frame” bee hives per acre to pollinate crop,10-60,000
bees per hive 每英亩需要两个8格蜂箱,每个蜂巢大约有一万至六 万只蜜蜂
• Optimal weather: dry, > 55˚F/13˚C 最佳的天气是干燥,高于13摄
remaining debris 滚筒除去果荚,果壳以及任何 残留的杂质
• Hulls are used for cattle feed 果荚用于牛饲料 • New opportunities for hulls/shells explored 正在
探索使用果荚果壳的崭新可能性
Key Considerations 主要考量
Hull Split 果荚开裂期
• July onward, varying by variety and region 不
同的品种和地域时期不同,但都在7月之后
• Exposed inshell almond begins to dry 果荚开
裂露出的巴旦木开始在果壳内变得干燥
• Shortly before harvest, the hull opens
applications 产季中的虫害监控,管理和农药使用
Key Considerations 主要考量 – Water quantity and quality an ongoing concern 水量与水质是一个持续的担忧 – Extensive irrigation management research 广泛的灌溉管理研究 – Nitrogen calculator to meet regulatory requirements 基于法规要求的氮量计算器 – Regulations on pesticide application 杀虫剂应用的相关法规
Bees and Pollination 蜜蜂与授粉
• Almonds require cross pollination 巴旦木需要异花授粉才能结果 • Usually at least two different varieties in alternating rows 通常由
至少两个不同的品种间隔种植
California Almonds — Production, Varieties, Grades, Quality Preservation
加州巴旦木— 种植、品种、等级、品质保证
Guangwei Huang
Associate Director, Food Research and Technology来自百度文库Almond Board of California
– Biomass research on opportunities for hulls, shells, twigs 副产品研究关注果荚,果壳,树枝的新用途
– Insect farming an emerging area 一个正在崛起的领域是 昆虫饲料
Storage and Delivery 储存与运输
氏度的天气
Key Considerations 主要考量 – Almonds use over 2/3 of commercial hives in US 加
州巴旦木行业会使用全美2/3的商业蜂巢 – ABC research/outreach on bee safe bloom pesticide
•Top California agricultural export 加州出口产值最高的农作物 •Top U.S. specialty crop export 全美出口产值最高的经济作物
Sources: *USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Pacific Region (NASS/PR) **U.S. Department of Commerce, Foreign Trade Statistics
喷灌
• Almond trees require ~4 acre feet of water a year (rainfall
+ irrigation) 巴旦木树每年需要约4英尺深的水(来自雨水 与人工灌溉)
• In-season pest monitoring, management, and pesticide
旦木最长可储存两年
– roasted, manufactured almonds up to 1
year 经过烘烤与加工的巴旦木最长可储存 一年
Quality and Food Safety Control 品质及食品安全控制
Food Safety and Quality – We Work Across the Production Chain 食品安全及品质 – 全生产链控制
机械摇树机分别对每个不同的品种进行收获
• Almonds naturally dry on the ground for 3-7 days 巴
旦木会在地上自然干燥3到7天
• Sweep almonds into windrows before pick up 巴旦木
会被扫成行列然后收集起来
Key Considerations 主要考量 – Newer low dust equipment 新一代低扬尘设备 – Harvest BMPs 收获的最佳管理实践 (BMP) – Improved tree architecture 改善树型构造
• Controlled storage conditions maintain
quality 通过严格控制的储存条件来保持质量
• Natural antioxidants promote a long storage
life: 天然抗氧化剂有助于延长保质期
– Natural almonds: up to 2 years 未加工的巴