宋史 专业英语
历史知识英语单词
历史知识英语单词对于历史，有人爱之，有人厌之。
但是不管怎样，学习英语的人是要记住它的一些基本词汇的。
下面，我们来看看一些历史知识。
1).historyWhen l was in junior middle school, my favorite subject is history.1).n.历史初中时，我最喜欢的科目就是历史了。
2).chronicleWe can find out almost all the famous battles from the chronicle2).n.编年史从这部编年史中，我们几乎可以找出所有著名的战役。
3).ancientPeople in ancient time used to travel in carriages because there were no cars at that time3).adj.古代的古代的人们出门乘坐马车，因为当时没有汽车可乘的。
4).colonyNo one wants his own country to become the colony Of other countries4).n.殖民地没有人想要自己的国家变成其他国家的殖民地。
5).dynastyErecting a dynasty is not so easy as you imagined before5).n.王朝，朝代建立一个王朝并非你之前想象的那么容易。
6).crownGetting the crown means that seizing the sovereignty of thecountry6).n.王冠，王权，王位获得王冠意味着获取了这个国家的统治权。
7).kingEventually he was elected to be the king of the country for his bravery7). n.君主，国王最终，由于英勇他被推举为这个国家国王。
写一篇关于宋朝历史的英语作文
写一篇关于宋朝历史的英语作文The Song Dynasty: A Golden Age of Chinese CivilizationThe Song Dynasty, which ruled China from 960 to 1279 CE, was a remarkable period in the country's long and storied history. During this time, China experienced a remarkable cultural, economic, and technological renaissance that would have a lasting impact not only on the Middle Kingdom but on the world at large. From the flourishing of the arts and literature to the advancements in science and technology, the Song Dynasty was truly a golden age of Chinese civilization.One of the most defining features of the Song Dynasty was the remarkable economic prosperity that the country experienced. This was due in large part to the implementation of a series of agricultural reforms that dramatically increased crop yields and allowed the population to grow at an unprecedented rate. The introduction of new farming techniques, such as the widespread use of iron plows and the cultivation of double-cropping, led to a significant increase in food production, which in turn fueled the growth of cities and the expansion of trade.The Song Dynasty also saw the rise of a robust commercial economy, with the development of sophisticated financial institutions, a thriving network of markets and trade routes, and the widespread use of paper currency. This economic expansion was further bolstered by the growth of a strong bureaucratic state, which was able to effectively manage the country's resources and maintain a high level of stability and security.Another key aspect of the Song Dynasty was the remarkable cultural and intellectual achievements that occurred during this period. The Song era was a time of great literary and artistic innovation, with the emergence of new forms of poetry, calligraphy, and painting that would come to define the classical Chinese aesthetic. The works of poets such as Su Shi and Ouyang Xiu, as well as the paintings of artists like Guo Xi and Fan Kuan, are still revered today as some of the greatest masterpieces of Chinese art.The Song Dynasty also saw a remarkable flowering of scholarship and intellectual inquiry, with the development of new schools of Confucian thought, the rise of Neo-Confucianism, and the emergence of a vibrant tradition of philosophical and scientific inquiry. The Song period was a time of great intellectual ferment, with thinkers such as Zhu Xi and Sima Guang making important contributions to fields ranging from political theory to astronomy.One of the most remarkable achievements of the Song Dynasty, however, was the remarkable technological and scientific advancements that occurred during this period. The Song era saw the development of a number of groundbreaking innovations, including the invention of gunpowder, the compass, and the printing press. These technological breakthroughs not only transformed Chinese society but also had a profound impact on the rest of the world.The Song Dynasty also saw the development of a sophisticated system of mathematics and astronomy, with the creation of advanced calendars and the use of sophisticated astronomical instruments to map the heavens. The Song period was a time of great scientific inquiry and discovery, with scholars making important contributions to fields ranging from medicine to hydraulic engineering.Despite the many achievements of the Song Dynasty, the period was not without its challenges and struggles. The Song era was marked by a series of military conflicts with the nomadic peoples of Central Asia, as well as the ongoing threat of political instability and social unrest. The Song Dynasty ultimately fell to the Mongol invaders in the 13th century, but the legacy of this remarkable period continues to be felt in China and around the world.In conclusion, the Song Dynasty was a truly remarkable period in Chinese history, a time of unparalleled cultural, economic, and technological achievement that left an indelible mark on the country and the world. From the flourishing of the arts and literature to the remarkable advancements in science and technology, the Song era was a golden age of Chinese civilization that continues to inspire and captivate scholars and enthusiasts alike.。
大学英语四六级段落翻译之中国文化词汇
新教 Protestant 耶稣基督 Jesus Christ 耶稣教 Christianity 伊斯兰教
Islam 邪教 cult 洗礼 baptism 古兰经 the Koran
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地理学家 geographer 考古学家 archaeologist 历史学家 historian 人类学家 anthropologist 汉学家 Sinologist 哲学家 philosopher 政治辅导员 Political Counselor/School Counselor
口技 vocal imitations 马戏 circus performances /show 木偶戏 puppet show 泥人 clay figure 皮影戏 shadow play ; leather-silhouette show 说书 monologue story-telling
书法 Calligraphy
隶书 official script / clerical script
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草书 cursive script
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楷书 regular script / standard script
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中国书法 Chinese calligraphy
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陶器 pottery ; earthenware
青铜器 bronze ware 玉雕 jade carving
手工艺品 handicraft 翡翠 green jade
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地方戏
local opera
凤阳花鼓
Flower Drum Dance
电视小品
TV Sketches/TV Skit
中国历史文化常用词汇英译(英语四六级翻译必背)(汇编)
中国历史文化常用词汇英译Confucianism 儒教/儒家思想Taoism 道教Buddhism佛教temple寺庙Confucius孔子Mencius孟子Lao Tzu 老子ethics伦理学morality 道德benevolence 仁spiritual 精神的harmony 和谐The Analects of Confucius《论语》The Art of War《孙子兵法》Historical Records《史记》Historical Records《史记》zodiac十二生肖feudal封建的dynasty 朝代emperor；monarch皇帝，君主rein 统治royal 皇家的Tang Princess Wencheng 文成公主Empress Dowager Ci Xi慈禧太后prime minister丞相，宰相ethnic minority少数民族offer sacrifices 祭祀the Western Regions西域cradle of civilization文明的摇篮the Reform Movement of 1898 戌戌变法the Opium War 鸦片战争the War of Resistance Against Japan抗日战争Lunar calendar阴历Fengshui；geomantic omen风水calligraphy书法copybook 字帖Chinese character 汉字pictographic characters象形文字Mandarin （中国）普通话dialect 方言Chinese traditional painting 国画ink-wash painting 水墨画landscape painting 山水画mount裱scroll卷轴figure人物pavilion 阁，亭writing brush 毛笔ink 墨Xuan paper宣纸ink stone 砚台 A Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival清明上河图mural painting 壁画clay figure泥人folk art 民间艺术craftsman 工匠Beijing Opera 京剧facial make-up 脸谱costume 服装acrobatics杂技cross-talk 相声clapper talk快板storytelling评书Xiaopin小品Puppet show木偶剧shadow play 皮影戏zither古筝Tai Chi太极the four great inventions of ancient China 中国古代四大发明the Silk Road丝绸之路compass 指南针papermaking 造纸术gunpowder火药printing 印刷术movable type printing活字印刷fleet 舰队voyage航海traditional Chinese medicine 中药acupuncture 针灸medical massage推拿herbal medicine草药abacus 算盘bronze ware 青铜器porcelain 瓷器seismograph 地动仪Go 围棋martial arts (Wushu)武术fireworks 烟花firecracker鞭炮statutory holiday 法定假日Spring Festival 春节The Spring Festival Gala on CCTV春节联欢晚会gift of money wrapped in red paper 红包New Year gift－money压岁钱family reunion 团圆Lantern Festival元宵节Dragon Boat Festival 端午节sticky rice dumplings粽子Mid-autumn Festival 中秋节moon cake 月饼the Double Seventh Festival 七夕Spring Festival couplets 对联temple fair庙会festival lantern花灯lantern riddle灯谜God of Wealth 财神dumpling 饺子dragon boat race 龙舟赛dragon and lion dance 狮子龙灯舞stilt walking踩高跷dragon boat race赛龙舟kite flying 放风筝Yangge dance 秧歌舞Chinese cuisine中国菜color色aroma香taste , flavor 味chopsticks 筷子Sichuan cuisine川菜soybean milk 豆浆deep－fried dough sticks油条steamed buns 馒头steamed twisted rolls花卷steamed stuffed buns包子Beijing roast duck北京烤鸭hand－stretched noodles拉面hot pot火锅tofu 豆腐instant noodles 方便面wood-cut block print 木刻版画papercutting, paper-cuts 剪纸Chinese Spring Festival Paintings年画cloisonne 景泰蓝embroidery刺绣Suzhou embroidery苏绣batik 蜡染pattern 图案decorate v. 装饰decoration n. 装饰Chinese tunic suit 中山装cheongsam (qipao ) 旗袍Tang-style costume 唐装feature 特色unique to China 中国特有的characteristic 特点the Imperial Palace故宫the Forbidden City 紫禁城Beijing quadrangles北京四合院hutong胡同the Temple of Heaven 天坛The Summer Palace颐和园the Great Wall 长城drum tower鼓楼the Terra-cotta Army of the First Emperor of Qin兵马俑the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi黄帝陵scenery, landscape 风景place of interests名胜tourist attraction/resort 观光胜地sightsee v. 观光，游览Mount Huangshan 黄山the Jiuzhaigou Valley 九寨沟the Mogao Caves 莫高窟giant panda 大熊猫rare 珍稀的bamboo竹子。
历史文化相关英语四级翻译常考词汇
历史文化相关英语四级翻译常考词汇历史文化也是翻译的宠儿，题目很多都是关于我国的历史文化的。
为了帮助大家备考翻译，小编分享了一些常考的关于历史文化词汇，希望能对大家有所帮助!旧石器时代 the Paleolithic Age新石器时代 the Neolithic Age; New Stone Age母系氏族社会 matriarchal clan society封建的feudal朝代 dynasty秦朝 Qin Dynasty汉朝 Han Dynasty唐朝 Tang Dynasty宋朝 Song Dynasty元朝 Yuan Dynasty明朝 Ming Dynasty清朝 Qing Dynasty秦士台皇帝 Emperor Qinshihuang; the First Emperor of Qin皇太后 Empress Dowager汉高祖刘邦 Liu Bang, Emperor Hangaozu, founder of the Han Dynasty成吉思汗Genghis Khan春秋时期 the Spring and Autumn Period文成公主 Tang Princess Wencheng慈禧太后 Empress Dowager Ci Xi皇帝，君主 emperor; monarch诸侯vassal皇妃 imperial concubine丞相，宰相 prime minister太监 court eunuch少数民族 ethnic minority祭祀 offer sacrifices西域 the Western Regions战国 the Warring States中华文明 Chinese civilization文明的摇篮 cradle of civilization秦始皇统一中国unification of the country by Emperor Qinshihuang太平天国 the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom戌戌变法 the Reform Movement of 1898辛亥革命 the 1911 Revolution新民主主义革命 New-democratic Revolution五四运动 the May 4th Movement of 1919南昌起义 Nanchang Uprising918 事变 September 18th Incident长征 the Long March西安事变 Xi"an Incident南京大屠杀Nanjing Massacre抗日战争 the War of Resistance Against Japan毛泽东 Mao Tse-tong孙中山 Sun Yat-sen中华人民共和国the People’s Republic of China (PRC)满族 Manchu蒙古人Mongol士大夫 scholar-officials学者 scholar诗人 poet政治家statesman社会地位social status京剧 Peking opera秦腔 Qin opera功夫Kungfo太极Tai Chi口技 ventriloquism木偶戏puppet show皮影戏 shadowplay折子戏 opera highlights杂技 acrobatics相声 witty dialogue comedy刺绣 embroidery苏绣 Suzhou embroidery泥人 clay figure书法 calligraphy中国画 traditional Chinese painting水墨画 Chinese brush painting中国结 Chinese knot中国古代四大发明 the four great inventions of ancient China 火药 gunpowder印刷术printing造纸术 paper-making指南针 the compass青铜器 bronze ware瓷器 porcelain; china唐三彩 tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty景泰蓝cloisonne秋千swingmartial arts儒家思想Confucianism儒家文化 Confucian culture道教 Taoism墨家Mohism法家 Legalism佛教 Buddhism孔子 Confucius孟子 Mencius老子 Lao Tzu庄子 Chuang Tzu墨子 Mo Tzu孙子Sun Tzu象形文字 pictographic characters文房四宝(笔墨纸观)the Four Treasures of the Study (brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone)向你推荐的相关文章相关文章列表微信扫码分享。
宋史中关于经济的记载
宋史中关于经济的记载(中英文版)英文：The Song Dynasty, a period in Chinese history renowned for its economic prosperity, is extensively documented in the annals of Chinese history, particularly in the "Song Shi" (History of the Song Dynasty).This historical text provides invaluable insights into the economic landscape of the time, shedding light on various aspects of the economy, including trade, agriculture, and currency.The "Song Shi" details the significant advancements made in agricultural technology during the Song Dynasty, which led to increased productivity and the expansion of cultivated land.It also records the development of a sophisticated market economy, characterized by a flourishing trade network and the early use of paper money.The dynasty witnessed the establishment of a vibrant commercial sector, with urban centers thriving and a growing middle class emerging.Furthermore, the text highlights the importance of maritime trade during this period, with the South China Sea serving as a bustling hub for commerce.The Song Dynasty"s maritime Silk Road facilitated the exchange of goods and ideas, contributing to the economic growth and cultural enrichment of the era.In summary, the "Song Shi" offers a comprehensive account of theeconomic achievements and developments during the Song Dynasty, providing scholars and historians with a rich source of information to explore this fascinating period of Chinese history.中文：《宋史》是中国历史上著名的经济繁荣时期的详细记录，尤其是在《宋史》这部历史文献中。
中国传统文化专有名词英文翻译
中国传统文化专有名词英文翻译（英汉对照）1 .上海大剧院 Shanghai Grand Theatre2 .龙须沟 Longxu Ditch3 .样板戏 model opera4 .地雷战 The Mine Warfare5 .贵妃醉酒 Drunkened Concubine6 .霸王别姬 Farewell to My Concubine7 .荒山泪 Tears of Huangshan8 .群英会 Gathering of Heroes9 .借东风 East Wind10 .将相和 General and Premier Make Up11 .杨门女将 Women General of Yang Family12 .凤阳花鼓 Flower Drum Dance13 .大海啊，故乡 Home in the Sea14 .我的中国心 My Chinese Heart15 .军港之夜 Night at the Naval Port16 .冬天里的一把火 Winter Fire17 .十面埋伏（古曲） Ambush from All Sides18 .天仙配 Goddess Marriage19 .牡丹亭 Peony Pavilion20 .春江花月夜 Moon and Flower in the Spring River21 .琵琶记 The Story of Pipa22 .醒世恒言 Lasting Words to Awaken the World23 .梁祝（小提琴协奏曲） Butterfly Love24 .警世通言 Ordinary Words to Warn the World25 .喻世明言 Clear Words to Illustrate the World26 .“三言”、“二拍” Three Volumes of Words,Two Volumes of Slapping27 .拍案惊奇 Surprise Stories to Make One Slap the Desk28 .红楼梦 A Dream of Red Mansion/Chamber29 .水浒 Water Margin30 .西游记 Journey to the West31 .三国演义 Romance of the Three Kingdoms32 .聊斋志异 Strange Tales from a Scholar's Studio33 .长生殿 Palace of Eternal Life34 .桃花扇 The Peach Blossom Fan35 .儒林外史 The Scholars36 .五女拜寿 Celebrating Mother's Birthday37 .清明上河图 Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival38 .京剧 Peking Opera39 .越剧 Yue Opera40 .川剧 Chuan Opera41 .林家铺子 The Shop of Lin Family42 .憩园（巴金作品集） Garden of Respose43 .野草（鲁迅作品集） Wild Grass44 .彷徨（鲁迅作品集） Wandering45 .故事新编（鲁迅作品集） Old Tales Retold46 .炎黄子孙 Chinese descent47 .五行 five elements48 .观音菩萨 Avalokitesvara49 .菩萨 Boddhisattva50 .清真寺 mosque51 .道士 Taoist52 .和尚 monk53 .尼姑 nun54 .罗汉 arhat55 .财神爷 the God of Wealth56 .门神 Door Gods57 .玉皇大帝 the Jade Emperor58 .阎王爷 King of Hell59 .龙王 Dragon King60 .炉火神 the Fire God61 .药王 the King of Medicine62 .王母娘娘 the Queen Mother of the West63 .齐天大圣 the Great Sage Equalling Heaven64 .佛经 Buddhist scriptures65 .花果山 Mountain of Flowers and Fruits66 .水帘洞 Water Curtain Cave67 .美猴王 Handsome Monkey King68 .七十二般变化 seventy-two different forms69 .孙悟空的师父 Patriarch Subhut70 .金箍棒 golden cudgel71 .弼马温 the Protector of the Horses72 .太白金星 Great White Planet73 .巨灵神 Mighty Miracle God74 .哪吒三太子 Prince Ne Zha75 .蕃桃园 the Immortality Peach Garden76 .瑶池 Jade Pool77 .赤脚大仙 Barefoot Immortal78 .二郎真君 True Lord Erlangzhenjun79 .八卦炉 Eight Trigrams Furnace80 .太上老君 Lord Lao Zi of the Great Monad81 .灵霄宝殿 Hall of Miraculous Mist82 .四大天王 Four Heavenly Kings83 .五行山 Five Elements Mountain84 .金 metal85 .木 wood86 .水 water87 .火 fire88 .土 earth89 .托塔李天王 Heavenly King with a Pagoda in Hand90 .都江堰 Dujiang Weir91 .八仙 the Eight Immortals92 .铁拐李 Iron Crutch Li93 .汉钟离 Han Zhongli94 .张果老 Zhang Guolao95 .何仙姑 He Xiangu96 .蓝采和 Lan Caihe97 .韩湘子 Han Xiangzi98 .曹国舅 Cao Guojiu99 .吕洞宾 Lu Dongbin100 .河伯 River Uncle101 .雷公 the Thunder God102 .嫦娥 Chang'e103 .土地神 Local God of the Land104 .封神榜 Granting Titles to Gods105 .灶王爷 the Kitchen God中文名著的英文翻译1．《三国演义》Three Kingdoms or Romance of The Three Kingdom 2．《水浒传》The Water Margin or the Outlaws of the Marsh 3．《西游记》Story of a Journey to the West or The Pilgriage to the West 4．《红楼梦》A Dream in Red Mansions or A Red-Chamber Dream 5 《聊斋志异》Strange Stories from a Scholar's Studio 6．《大学》The Great Learning 7．《中庸》The Doctrine of the Mean 8．《论语》The Analects of Confucius 9．《孟子》The Words of Mencius 10．《诗经》The Book of Songs 11．《书经》The Book of History 12．《易经》The Book of Changes 13．《礼记》The Book of Rites 14．《春秋》The Spring and Autumn Annals 15．《山海经》Mountain and Sea Classics 16．《战国策》Stratagems of the Warring States 17．《史记》Records of the Grand Historian 18．《世纪新说》New sayings of the World 《西厢记》Romance of the Western Chamber 《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica 《围城》A Surrounded City 四书（《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》、《孟子》）The Four Books （The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean,The Analects of Confucius, The Mencius）《阿Q正传》The True Story of Ah Q 《春秋》Spring and Autumn Annals 《诗经》the book of odes 《世说新语》essays and criticism （shi shuo hsin yu）《封神演义》the legend of deification 《金瓶梅》The golden lotus 《资治通鉴》History as a Mirror。
CET-4段落翻译常见词汇
四级段落翻译常用词汇：中国历史与文化京剧Peking opera秦腔Qin opera功夫Kung fu太极Tai Chi木偶戏puppet show皮影戏shadow play杂技acrobatics相声witty dialogue comedy/ cross talk/ comic dialogue刺绣embroidery泥人clay figure书法calligraphy中国画traditional Chinese painting水墨画Chinese brush painting/ Chinese ink and wash painting中国结Chinese knot中国古代四大发明the four great inventions of ancient China火药gunpowder印刷术printing造纸术paper-making指南针the compass青铜器bronze ware瓷器porcelain/ china唐三彩tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang dynasty 秋千swing武术martial arts儒家思想Confucianism儒家文化Confucian culture道教Taoism墨家Mohism/ Mohist school法家Legalism/ Legalist school佛教Buddhism孔子Confucius孟子Mencius老子Lao Tzu庄子Chuang Tzu墨子Mo Tzu孙子Sun Tzu文房四宝（笔墨纸砚）the Four Treasures of the Study(brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone)八股文eight-part essay旗袍cheongsam唐装Tang suit风水Fengshui/ geomantic omen阳历Solar calendar阴历Lunar calendar 闰年leap year/bissextile十二生肖zodiac春节the Spring Festival元宵节the Lantern Festival清明节the Tomb-sweeping Day端午节the Dragon-boat Festival中秋节the Mid-autumn Day重阳节the Double-ninth Day七夕节the Double-seventh Day春联spring couplets庙会temple fair爆竹firecracker年画(traditional) New Year picture压岁钱New Year gift-money/ lucky mongey舞龙dragon dance元宵sweet sticky rice dumplings花灯festival lantern灯谜lantern riddle舞狮lion dance踩高跷stilt walking赛龙舟dragon boat race胡同hutong山东菜Shandong cuisine川菜Sichuan cuisine粤菜Canton cuisine扬州菜Yangzhou cuizine月饼moon cake年糕rice cake豆浆soybean milk馒头steamed buns包子steamed stuffed buns北京烤鸭Peking roast duck馄饨wonton(dumplings in soup)豆腐tofu火锅hot pot长城the Great Wall of China秦始皇陵the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang 兵马俑Terracotta Warriors and Horses丝绸之路the Silk Road敦煌莫高窟Mogao Grottoes泰山Mount Tai黄山Mount Huangshan/ the Yellow Mountain故宫the Imperial Palace天坛the Temple of Heaven西湖West Lake九寨沟Jiuzhaigou Valley日月潭Sun Moon Lake布达拉宫Potala Palace四合院quadrangle/courtyard complex喇嘛Lama 中国社会文化适应cultural adaptation社会保障social security班车shuttle bus大龄青年single youth above the normal matrimonial age独生子女the only child in a family单亲single parent福利彩票welfare lotteries家政服务household management service民工migrant lavorers/workers名人celebrity农村剩余劳动力surplus rural labor/ laborers全民健身运动nationwide fitness campaign社会保险social insurance暂住证temporary residence permit/ card性骚扰sexual harassment走私smuggling性别歧视gender/ sexual discrimination年龄歧视age discrimination工作歧视job discrimination文盲illiteracy贫富分化disparity between the rich and the poor 盗版pirated/ illegal copies一国两制One country, two system三个代表the Three Represents Theory两会（人大、政协）Two Conferences (NPC AND CPPCC)法制观念awareness of law法制国家 a country with an adequate legal system 公务员civil servant和谐并存harmonious coexistence计划生育family planning计划生育基本国策the basic state policy of family planning居委会neighborhood committee科教兴国national rejuvenation through science and education可持续发展sustainable development廉洁高效honesty and high efficiency两岸关系cross-straits relations两岸谈判cross-straits negotiations领土完整territorial integrity民族精神national spirit求同存异seek common ground while shelving differences人大代表NPC member 物质文明material civilization精神文明spiritual civilization小康社会 a well-off society小康水平 a well-off standard一个中国原则the one-China principle与时俱进keep race with the times综合国力overall national strength共同愿望common desire“走出去”（战略）going global人口老龄化aging of population人口出生率birth rate社区服务community service道德法庭court of ethics成人夜校night school for adults在职进修班on-job training courses政治思想教育political and ideological education 毕业生分配graduate placement/ assignment of graduate充电update one’s knowledge初等教育elementary/ primary education大学城college town大学社区college community高等教育higher education高等教育“211工程” the “211 Project” for higher education高等学府institution of higher education综合性大学comprehensive university文科院校college of (liberal arts)理工科大学college/university of science and engineering师范学院teacher’s college/ normal college高分低能high scores and low abilities高考(university/college) entrance examination教育界education circle教育投入investment/input in education九年义务教育nine-year compulsory education 考研take the entrance exams for postgraduate schools课外活动extracurricular activities必修课required/ compulsory courses选修课elective/ optional courses基础课basic courses专业课specialized courses课程表school schedule教学大纲teaching program/ syllabus学习年限period of schooling学历record of formal schooling/educational background学分credit启发式教学heuristic teaching人才交流talent exchange人才战competition for talented people 商务英语证书Business English Certificate (BEC) 适龄儿童入学率enrollment rate for children of school age升学率proportion of students entering schools of a higher grade; enrollment rate中国经济企业文化corporate/ entrepreneurial culture企业形象corporate image (CI)/ enterprise image 跨国公司cross-national corporation创业精神enterprising spirit/ pioneering spirit外资企业foreign-funded enterprise猎头公司head-hunter假日经济holiday economy人力资本human capital航空和航天工业aerospace industry飞机制造工业aircraft industry电子工业electronic industry汽车制造工业car industry娱乐业entertainment industry信息产业information industry知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业large and medium-sizedstate-owned enterprises轻工业light industry博彩业lottery industry制造业manufacturing industry垄断行业monopoly industry市场多元化market diversification市场经济market economy市场监管market supervision购买力purchasing power熊市bear market牛市bull market城镇化urbanization房地产real estate首付down-payment业主home owner个人购房贷款individual housing loan经济全球化economic globalization经济特区special economic zones (SEZ)经济增长economic growth泡沫经济bubble economy关税tariff纳税人tax payer宏观经济macro economy经济过热overheated economy通货膨胀inflation抑制通货膨胀curb inflation 存款准备金率reserve requirement ratio (RRR) 硬着陆hard landing软着陆soft landing二十国集团Group of Twenty (G20)财政部长Finance Minister全年预期经济增长目标the expected growth target for the whole year经济活力economic vitality大规模经济刺激计划 a massive economic stimulus package结构改革structural reform硬资产hard assets软资产soft assets有形资产tangible assets整顿市场秩序to rectify the market order定价浮动price fluctuation谋求利益最大化to maximize profit地方性政府债务local government debt/ liability 公共财政体制改革an overhaul of the public finance system债务管理debt management信用支持credit support近期热门事件的双语表达1.11月3日至11月12日，北京市将按照机动车车牌单双号对私家车实行限制措施，同时，政府机构、事业单位、社会组织以及国有企业70%的车牌都不允许在此期间上路行驶。
中国古代史历史专业英语
Abstract:This comprehensive study delves into the rich tapestry of ancient Chinese history, exploring its multifaceted dimensions from various perspectives to provide a nuanced understanding of this epochal period. Spanning over several millennia, ancient China's history is marked by profound cultural, political, economic, and social transformations that have shaped not only the nation itself but also the broader global landscape. This paper examines these aspects through the lenses of political evolution, philosophical and intellectual developments, technological advancements, societal structures, and the influence of external factors on China's trajectory. The aim is to present a holistic, high-quality, and rigorous account of this critical era in world history, contributing to a deeper appreciation of China's enduring legacy.I. Political Evolution: Dynastic Cycles and Institutional InnovationsThe ancient Chinese political landscape was characterized by a succession of dynasties, each leaving an indelible mark on the nation's governance structure and territorial expansion. From the Xia (c. 2070 BC – c. 1600 BC) to the Qing (1644–1912 AD), dynastic cycles emerged as a recurrent theme, with periods of stability and prosperity often followed by decline and upheaval, ultimately leading to the rise of a new ruling house. This pattern reflects the delicate balance between centralized authority and regional autonomy, the effectiveness of bureaucratic systems, and the ability of rulers to maintain social harmony and economic prosperity.Key institutional innovations, such as the establishment of the imperial examination system during the Sui Dynasty (581–618 AD) and its subsequent refinement under the Tang (618–907 AD) and Song (960–1279 AD) dynasties, transformed the recruitment and administration of the scholar-official class. This merit-based system fostered a shared Confucian ideology among the ruling elite, contributing to political stability and cultural unity. Additionally, the development of a sophisticated legal code, epitomized by the Tang Code and the Great Qing Legal Code, codified social norms and regulated state-societyrelations, further consolidating imperial power.II. Philosophical and Intellectual Developments: The Roots of Chinese ThoughtAncient China witnessed the birth and maturation of several influential philosophical schools that continue to resonate in contemporary thought. Confucianism, founded by Confucius (551–479 BC), emphasized personal and social morality, filial piety, and the maintenance of harmonious relationships. Taoism, espoused by Laozi and Zhuangzi, advocated living in accordance with the natural order, or the 'Dao,' and emphasized spiritual cultivation and non-interference. Legalism, championed by figures like Han Feizi, prioritized strict laws and harsh punishments to maintain social order.These schools of thought coalesced and competed, shaping the moral, ethical, and political discourse of ancient China. They were instrumental in fostering a vibrant intellectual culture that produced seminal works such as the Five Classics and the Hundred Schools of Thought. Furthermore, the introduction of Buddhism from India during the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) enriched China's intellectual landscape, triggering extensive syncretic interactions with native philosophies and influencing various aspects of Chinese society, including art, literature, and popular belief.III. Technological Advancements: Innovation and Its ImpactAncient China was a crucible of groundbreaking technological innovations that significantly advanced human civilization. Some notable examples include:1. Agriculture: The invention of the plow, the development of irrigation systems like the Dujiangyan, and the widespread adoption of crop rotation and fertilization techniques contributed to increased agricultural productivity and population growth.2. Papermaking: Invented during the Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220 AD), paper revolutionized knowledge dissemination, facilitating the preservation and transmission of written records, artistic creations, and administrative documents.3. Printing: Woodblock printing emerged in the Tang Dynasty, while movable type printing was developed during the Song Dynasty, enabling mass production of books and the democratization of knowledge.4. Navigation and Cartography: The invention of the compass and the creation of detailed navigational charts facilitated long-distance maritime trade and exploration, laying the foundation for the Maritime Silk Road.5. Gunpowder and Firearms: Initially discovered for alchemical purposes, gunpowder's military applications transformed warfare, giving rise to advanced weaponry like rockets, fire lances, and cannons.IV. Societal Structures: Gender, Family, and Social StratificationAncient Chinese society was organized around a complex web of hierarchical relationships influenced by Confucian principles. The family, with its emphasis on filial piety and patriarchal authority, served as the fundamental unit of society. Women occupied a subordinate position, their roles largely confined to domestic duties and childrearing, although some notable exceptions, such as Empress Wu Zetian of the Tang Dynasty, defied these norms and wielded significant political power.Social stratification was rigidly defined, with the scholar-officials, farmers, artisans, and merchants forming the four broad occupational classes. Slavery, though present, was not as pervasive as in other ancient societies due to the prevalence of a labor-intensive peasantry. However, forms of servitude persisted, such as indentured labor and penal servitude. Despite these hierarchies, social mobility was possible, particularly through the imperial examination system, which allowed talented individuals from lower classes to ascend to positions of power and influence.V. External Influences and Interactions: The Silk Road and BeyondAncient China's history is intertwined with its extensive engagements with neighboring civilizations. The Silk Road, a network of overland and maritime trade routes, facilitated the exchange of goods, technologies, ideas, and religions between China, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. This vibranttranscontinental commerce fostered cultural diffusion, with China absorbing elements of foreign cultures while exporting its own inventions, such as silk, ceramics, and paper.Military encounters, both defensive and expansionist, also shaped China's historical trajectory. The Great Wall, a series of fortifications built over several centuries, symbolizes the country's efforts to protect its northern borders against nomadic incursions. Conversely, the Han and Tang dynasties embarked on ambitious campaigns that extended China's influence into Central Asia, Korea, and Vietnam, creating a vast Eurasian empire.Conclusion:Ancient Chinese history, spanning thousands of years, is a testament to the nation's resilience, adaptability, and innovative spirit. Through multidimensional analysis, we can appreciate the intricate interplay of political evolution, philosophical and intellectual developments, technological advancements, societal structures, and external influences that molded this great civilization. This rich heritage continues to inform China's contemporary identity and its engagement with the global community, underscoring the enduring relevance of studying ancient Chinese history in a comprehensive, high-quality, and rigorous manner.。
宋朝 英文版ppt
Culture
The Song dynasty (960–1279 AD) was a culturally rich and sophisticated age for China. There was blossoming of and advancements in the visual arts, music, literature, and philosophy. Officials of the ruling bureaucracy（官僚主义）, who underwent a strict and extensive examination process, reached new heights of education in Chinese society, while general Chinese culture was enhanced by widespread printing, growing literacy, and various arts.
To strengthen his control, he lessened the power of military generals and relied on civilian officials in administration. He was succeeded by Emperor Taizong, his younger brother who possibly murdered him for the throne.
Paintings
Ceramics
Poetry and literature
Song lyrics Famous poet: 晏殊 欧阳修 苏轼 王安石 Shen Kuo: Dream Pool Essays 梦笔 溪谈
中国历史文化常用词汇英译英语四六级翻译必背
Taoism 道教 temple 寺庙Mencius 孟子 ethics 伦理学 benevolence 仁 harmony 和谐The Art of War 《孙子兵法》Historical Records 《史记》 feudal 封建的 emperor ； monarch 皇帝，君主 royal 皇家的Empress Dowager Ci Xi 慈禧太后 ethnic minority 少数民族the Western Regio ns 西域the Reform Movement of 1898 戌戌变法 the War of Resista nee Aga inst Japan% 日战争 Fengshui ； geomantic omen 风水 copybook 字帖pictographic characters 象形文字 dialect 方言 ink-wash painting 水墨画 mount 裱 figure 人物 writing brush 毛笔 Xuan paper 宣纸A Riverside Scene at Qi ngmi ng Festiva 清明上河clay figure 泥人 craftsman 工匠 facial make-up 脸谱 acrobatics 杂技 clapper talk 快板 Xiaopin 小品 shadow play 皮影戏 Tai Chi 太极 中国古代四大发明 compass 指南针 gunpowder 火药 movable type printing 活字印刷 voyage 航海中国历史文化常用词汇英译 Confucianism 儒教 / 儒家思想 Buddhism 佛教 Confucius 孔子 Lao Tzu 老子 morality 道德 spiritual 精神的The Analects of Confucius 《论语》 Historical Records 《史记》 zodiac 十二生肖 dynasty 朝代 rein 统治 Tang Princess Wencheng 文成公主 prime minister 丞相，宰相 offer sacrifices 祭祀cradle of civilization 文明的摇篮 the Opium War 鸦片战争Lunar cale ndar 阴历 calligraphy 书法 Chinese character 汉字 Mandarin （中国）普通话 Chinese traditional painting 国画 landscape painting 山水画 scroll 卷轴 pavilion 阁，亭 ink 墨 ink stone 砚台 图mural painting 壁画 folk art 民间艺术 Beijing Opera 京剧 costume 服装 cross-talk 相声 storytelling 评书Puppet show 木偶剧 zither 古筝 the four great inventions of ancient China the Silk Road 丝绸之路 papermaking 造纸术 printing 印刷术 fleet 舰队traditional Chinese medicine 中药medical massage推拿abacus 算盘porcelain 瓷器Go 围棋fireworks 烟花Spring Festival couplets 对联festival lantern 花灯God of Wealth 财神dragon boat race 龙舟赛stilt walking 踩高跷kite flying 放风筝Chin ese cuis ine 中国菜aroma 香chopsticks 筷子soybean milk 豆浆steamed buns 馒头steamed stuffed buns包子hand —stretched no odles 拉面tofu豆腐wood-cut block print 木刻版画Chinese Spring Festival Pain ti ngs年画embroidery 刺绣batik 蜡染decorate v. 装饰Chinese tunic suit 中山装Tang-stylecostume 唐装unique to China 中国特有的the Imperial Palace 故宫Beiji ng quadra ngles寸匕京四合院theTemple of Heaven 天坛the Great Wall 长城the Terra-cotta Army of the First Emperor ofQin 黄帝陵sce nery, la ndscape风景tourist attraction/resort 观光胜地Mount Huangshan 黄山the Mogao Caves 莫高窟acupuncture 针灸herbal medici ne 草药bronze ware 青铜器seismograph 地动仪martial arts (Wushu)武术firecracker 鞭炮Spring Festival 春节gift of money wrapped in red paper 红包family reunion 团圆Dragon Boat Festival 端午节Mid-autumn Festival 中秋节the Double Seventh Festival 七夕temple fair 庙会兵马俑the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi place of in terests 名胜sightsee v. 观光，游览the Jiuzhaigou Valley 九寨沟giant panda 大熊猫statutory holiday 法定假日The Spring Festival Gala on CCTV 春节联欢晚会New Year gift—money 压岁钱Lantern Festival 元宵节sticky rice dumplings 粽子moon cake 月饼lantern riddle 灯谜dumpling 饺子dragon and lion dance 狮子龙灯舞drago n boat race 赛龙舟Yanggedance 秧歌舞color 色taste , flavor 味Sichua n cuis ine川菜deep—fried dough sticks 油条steamed twisted rolls 花卷Beijing roastduck 匕京烤鸭hot pot 火锅instantnoodles 方便面papercutting, paper-cuts剪纸cloisonne 景泰蓝Suzhouembroidery 苏绣pattern 图案decorationn. 装饰cheongsam (qipao ) 旗袍feature特色characteristic 特点the ForbiddenCity 紫禁城hutong 胡同The Summer Palace 颐和园drum tower鼓楼bamboo 竹子rare 珍稀的。
宋朝英语介绍
The Song Dynasty in China was a remarkable period in history, spanning from 960 to 1279 AD. This era is renowned for its significant cultural, technological, and economic advancements, marking a golden age in Chinese civilization.Culturally, the Song Dynasty witnessed a flourishing of literature, art, and philosophy. Poetry, prose, and painting reached new heights of excellence, with numerous masterpieces produced by renowned scholars and artists. The invention of movable type printing during this period revolutionized the dissemination of knowledge and literature, greatly contributing to the spread of culture.Technologically, the Song Dynasty made significant advancements in various fields. The compass was improved and widely used for navigation, which enabled the expansion of trade routes and the growth of overseas trade. The invention of gunpowder also originated during this period, laying the foundation for the development of firearms in later centuries.Economically, the Song Dynasty experienced unprecedented prosperity. Agriculture, handicrafts, and commercial activities flourished, leading to the emergence of bustling cities and towns. The Song economy was also characterized by a vibrant private sector and a thriving market economy, with merchants and artisans playing an increasingly important role in society.The Song Dynasty was also notable for its political system and governance. The imperial court was well-organized and efficient, with a bureaucracy that was relatively merit-based and open to talent from all social strata. However, the dynasty also faced challenges, including frequent wars with neighboring kingdoms and nomadic tribes, as well as internal political struggles and social unrest.In conclusion, the Song Dynasty was a vibrant and dynamic period in Chinese history, known for its cultural, technological, and economic achievements. It left a profound impact on Chinese civilization and continues to inspire and influence people around the world.。
历史高考知识点英语
历史高考知识点英语History Knowledge Points for English in the National College Entrance ExaminationIntroductionEnglish is one of the subjects tested in the national college entrance examination (commonly known as the Gaokao) in China. As part of the English examination, students are required to have a solid understanding of historical events and knowledge related to various countries and cultures. This article aims to provide an overview of the key historical knowledge points that are commonly tested in the English section of the Gaokao.Ancient Civilizations1. Ancient Mesopotamia- The invention of writing and the development of cuneiform script- The contributions of Hammurabi's Code to legal systems- The importance of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers2. Ancient Egypt- The pharaohs and their role in Egyptian society- The construction of pyramids and the significance of the Great Pyramid of Giza- The belief in afterlife and the process of mummification3. Ancient Greece- The city-states of Athens and Sparta- The birth of democracy in Athens- The achievements of ancient Greek philosophers and mathematicians such as Socrates, Plato, and Pythagoras4. Ancient Rome- The rise and fall of the Roman Empire- The significance of Roman law and its impact on legal systems- The engineering marvels of the Romans, including aqueducts and roadsWorld History1. The Renaissance- The rebirth of art, science, and literature in Europe- The contributions of notable figures such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and William Shakespeare- The printing press and its impact on the spread of knowledge2. The Industrial Revolution- The shift from agrarian to industrial economies- The invention of the steam engine and its revolutionary impact on transportation and manufacturing- The social and economic consequences of urbanization3. World War I- The causes and consequences of the war- The role of major powers and alliances- The Treaty of Versailles and its impact on international relations4. World War II- The rise of fascism and Nazism in Europe- The major battles and events, including D-Day and the Holocaust- The establishment of the United Nations and the beginning of the Cold WarContemporary History1. The Cold War- The ideological conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union- The arms race and the space race- The fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Cold War2. Decolonization and Independence Movements- The end of European colonialism in Africa and Asia- The role of influential leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela- The challenges and achievements of newly independent nations3. Globalization- The interconnectedness of the world through trade, technology, and communication- The impact of globalization on culture and economics- The challenges of globalization, including environmental issues and income inequalityConclusionHaving a solid understanding of historical events and knowledge is essential for success in the English section of the Gaokao. By familiarizing themselves with the above-mentioned historical knowledge points, students can enhance their reading comprehension, listening skills, and writing abilities. It is crucial to continue exploring and expanding one's historical knowledge to excel in the English examination and have a broader perspective on the world.。
宋朝英文PPT
宋 高 宗 赵 构 像
宋度宗赵禥像
宋理宗赵昀，在位40年。
宋宁宗赵扩像
Centralized military leadership
Early Song military centralization and decentralization is mainly reflected in: releasing the death dealers senior military leadership, reform the central military leadership structure, strengthened the Central army, weakened the local military forces.961 (jianlong two years), adopted and named after the "glass of wine release military power" measures, lifting the stone and trustworthy, Wang Qi, a number of hands on the heavily fortified Governor's power.
Prelude To Water Melody (水调歌头 )
• 明月几时有？把酒问青天。不知天上宫阙，今夕 是何年。我欲乘风归去，又恐琼楼玉宇，高处不 胜寒。起舞弄清影，何似在人间。 • How rare the moon, so round and clear! With cup in hand, I ask of the blue sky, "I do not know in the celestial sphere What name this festive night goes by?" I want to fly home, riding the air, But fear the ethereal cold up there, The jade and crystal mansions are so high! Dancing to my shadow, I feel no longer the mortal tie.
历史专业英语单词表
Unit 1history ['histri] n. 历史，历史学narrative ['nærətiv] n. 记事，叙事Herodotus [hə'rɔdətəs] n. 希罗多德circa ['sə:kə] prep. （拉丁语）大约（简写c., ca., cir., circ., C.）Thucydides [θju'sidədi:z] n. 修昔底德chronological [.krɔnə'lɔdʒikəl] adj. 年代学的，按年代顺序的territorial [.teri'tɔ:riəl] adj. 区域性的，地方性的thematically [θi'mætikli] adv. 按主题方式，按专题方式Big History 大历史（学派）archaeology [.ɑ:ki'ɔlədʒi] n. 考古学methodology [.meθə'dɔlədʒi] n. 方法论approach [ə'prəutʃ] n. 研究方法discipline ['disiplin] n. 学科perspective [pə'spektiv] n. 观点the humanities [hju:'mænitiz] 人文学科the social sciences 社会科学classification [.klæsifi'keiʃən] n. 分类anthropology [.ænθrə'pɔlədʒi] n. 人类学global history 全球史historiography [.histɔ:ri'ɔgrəfi] n. 历史编纂学，史学史，文献学biographical [.baiə'græfikəl] adj. 传记的，传记体的thematic [θi'mætik] adj. 主题的，专题的medieval [medi'i:vəl] adj. 中世纪的philosophy of history 历史哲学meta-level ['metə 'levəl] 总体层面，元级teleological [.teli'ɔlədʒikəl] adj. 目的论的diplomatic [.diplə'mætik] adj. 外交的historical method 史学方法primary sources 原始材料epistemology [i.pisti'mɔlədʒi] n. 认识论Peloponnesian [.peləpə'ni:ʃən] adj. 伯罗奔尼撒半岛的divine [di'vain] adj. 神的，神圣的chronology [krə'nɔlədʒi] n. 编年史cyclical ['saiklikl] adj. 循环的posthumous ['pɔstjuməs] adj. 身后的，死后的dynastic [dai'næstik] adj. 王朝的Saint Augustine [seint ɔ:'gʌstin] n. 圣奥古斯丁Christian ['kristjən] adj. 基督教的，基督教徒的the Renaissance [rə'neisəns] n. 文艺复兴，文艺复兴时期religious [ri'lidʒəs] adj. 宗教的Hegel ['heigl] n. 黑格尔secular ['sekjulə] adj. 世俗的Ranke [ræŋk] n. 兰克epic ['epik] adj. 史诗的，叙事的；史诗，叙事诗nationalistic [.næʃənəl'istik] adj. 民族主义的Fernand Braudel [fer'nan brɔ'del] 费尔南•布罗代尔Le Roy Ladurie [lə rwa ladju'ri:] 拉鲁瓦•拉杜里Marc Bloch [mark blɔk] 马克•布洛克Lucien Febvre [lysjæn fevr] 吕西安•费弗尔multi-disciplinary [.mʌlti'disiplinəri] adj. 多学科的the Annales ['ænəlz] School 年鉴学派quantitative history 数量史学raw data 原始数据ethnic ['eθnik] adj. 族群的，族裔的racial ['reiʃəl] adj. 种族的genre ['ʒɑ:nrə] n. 类型，流派，风格history of everyday life 日常生活史Marxist ['mɑ:ksist] adj., n. 马克思主义（者）的；马克思主义者Eric Hobsbawm ['erik 'hɔbsbɔm] 埃里克•霍布斯鲍姆Georges Lefebvre [ʒɔrʒ lə'fevr] 乔治•勒费弗尔François Furet [fran'swa fy're] 弗朗索瓦•弗雷Roland Mousnier [rɔ'lan mu:'njei] 罗兰•穆尼埃anti-Marxist adj. 反马克思主义的feminist ['feminist] adj. 女性主义的，女权主义的；女权主义者postmodernist [.pəust'mɔdərnist] n., adj. 后现代主义者；后现代主义（者）的Richard Evans ['ritʃəd 'evənz] 理查德•埃文斯Keith Windschuttle [keiθ 'winʃʌtl] 凯斯•温修德historical periodization [piəriədai'zeiʃən] 历史分期classificatory [.klæsifi'keitəri] adj. 类别的，分类上的retrospective [.retrəu'spektiv] adj. 事后回想的，回顾的the Gilded Age 镀金时代the Dark Age(s) 黑暗时代the First World War 第一次世界大战decimal ['desiməl] adj. 十进法的，以十为基础的talismanic [.tæliz'mænik] adj. 护符（般）的，有护符般效力的the Victorian [vik'tɔ:riən] Era 维多利亚时代the Napoleonic [nə.pəuli'ɔnik] Era 拿破仑时代the Meiji ['mei'dʒi:] Era 明治时代the Merovingian [.mærə'vindʒiən] Period 墨洛温王朝时期Romantic [rə'mæntik] period 浪漫主义时期the sexual ['seksjuəl] revolution 性革命conservative [kən'sə:vətiv] adj. 保守的Roman Catholic ['kæθəlik] culture 罗马天主教文化Franco ['frɔŋkəu] n. 弗朗哥Unit 2primitive culture 原始文化Paul Tournal [pɔl turnal] 保罗·杜纳尔anté-historique ['a:ŋtei 'istɔrik] n.（法语）史前的prehistoric ['pri:his'tɔrik] n. 史前的Daniel Wilson ['dænjəl 'wilsn] 丹尼尔·威尔逊.prehistorian [pri:hi'stɔ:riən] n. 从事史前史研究的专家，史前史学家the Stone Age 石器时代the Bronze Age 青铜器时代the Iron Age 铁器时代excavation [.ekskə'veiʃən] n. 发掘geologic [dʒiə'lɔdʒik] adj. 地质学的geographic [dʒiə'græfik] adj. 地理学的literate ['litərit] adj. 识字的，有文化的geneticist [dʒi'netisist] n. 遗传学家linguist ['liŋgwist]n. 语言学家paleontology [.pæliɔn'tɔlədʒi] n. 古生物学biology [bai'ɔlədʒi] n. 生物学geology [dʒi'ɔlədʒi] n. 地质学archaeoastronomy [.ɑ:kiəuəs'trɔnəmi]n. 考古天文学linguistics [liŋ'gwistiks]n. 语言学molecular [mə'lekjulə] adj. 分子的genetics [dʒi'netiks] n. 遗传学archaeological [.a:kiə'lɔdʒikəl] adj. 考古的，考古学上的artifact ['ɑ:tifækt]n. 人工制品anonymous [ə'nɔniməs] adj. 无名无姓的，匿名的Neanderthal [ni'ændətɑ:l]n. 尼安德特人academic [.ækə'demik] adj. 学术上的，从事学术研究的New Guinea [nju: 'gini] n. 新几内亚Paleolithic [.pæliəu'liθik]n. 旧石器时代；adj. 旧石器时代的the Lower Paleolithic 旧石器时代早期Homo sapiens ['həuməu 'seipienz] n. 智人（现代人的学名）Homo habilis ['həuməu 'hæbilis] n. 能人species ['spi:ʃi:z] n. 种类，物种usher ['ʌʃə] vi. 引入，引导anatomic [.ænə'tɔmik] adj. 解剖学上的burial ['beriəl] n. 埋葬，葬礼，坟墓sophisticated [sə'fisti.keitid] adj. 复杂的，精密的，老练的highlight ['hailait] n. 精彩部分，闪光点the Middle Paleolithic 旧石器时代中期the Cro-Magnon ['krəʊ'mænjɔŋ]n. 克罗马尼翁人nomadic [nəu'mædik] adj. 游牧的，游牧民族的，流浪的hunter-gatherer n. 捕猎采集者egalitarian [i.gæli'tɛəriən] adj. 平等主义的sedentary ['sedən.təri] adj. 定居的，固定不动的chiefdom ['tʃi:fdəm] n. 首领的地位，首领的权威stratification [.strætifi'keiʃən] n. 分层indigenous [in'didʒinəs] adj. 土著的，土生土长的，本地的the Upper Paleolithic 旧石器时代晚期Mesolithic [.mesə'liθik]n. 中石器时代；adj. 中石器时代的the Middle Stone Age 中石器时代Neolithic [.ni:əu'liθik]n. 新石器时代；adj. 新石器时代的Pleistocene ['plaistəusi:n] n. 更新世；adj. 更新世的millennia [mi'leniə] (millenniums) n. 数千年marshland ['mɑ:ʃlænd]n. 沼泽地midden ['midn] n. 贝冢deforestation [.di:fɔris'teiʃən] n. 森林开发，滥发森林composite ['kɔmpəzit] adj. 合成的，复合的flint [flint] n. 极硬的东西，打火石microlith ['maikrəliθ]n. 细石器microburin [.maikrə'bjuərin] n. 小雕刻刀tackle ['tækəl] n. 用具，滑车adze, adz [ædz] n. 锛子canoe [kə'nu:] n. 独木舟bow [bəu] n. 弓the New Stone Age 新石器时代domestication [də.mesti'keiʃən] n. 驯养，驯化warfare ['wɔ:fɛə] n. 战争，战事Stonehenge ['stəun'hendʒ] n. 巨石阵millennium [mi'leniəm] n. 一千年Sumerians [su:'miriəns] n. 苏美尔人Peru [pə'ru:] n. 秘鲁Mesoamerica [.mezəuə'merikə] n. 中美洲the Fertile Crescent ['kresənt] n. 新月沃地（西亚伊拉克两河流域连接叙利亚一带地中海东岸的一片弧形地区，为上古文明发源地之一）irrigation [.iri'geiʃən] n. 灌溉the Metal Age 金属时代Chalcolithic [.kælkə'liθik]n. 铜石并用时代；adj. 铜石并用时代的the Old World 旧大陆，东半球（尤指欧洲）metallurgy [me'tælədʒi] n. 冶金术，冶金学metalworking ['metəl.wə:kiŋ]n. 金属加工tin [tin] n. 锡outcropping ['autkrɔpiŋ]n. 露出，露出地表arsenic ['ɑ:sənik]n. 砷，砒霜ferrous ['ferəs] adj. 含铁的cradle ['kreidəl] n. 摇篮，发源地valley ['væli] n. 流域Euphrates [ju:'freiti:z] n. 幼发拉底河Tigris ['taigris] n. 底格里斯河Mesopotamia [.mesəpə'teimiə] n. 两河流域Nile [nail] n. 尼罗河Indus ['indəs] n. 印度河subcontinent [sʌb'kɔntinənt] n. 次大陆adjacent [ə'dʒeisənt] adj. 临近的implement ['implimənt] n. 工具，器具ornament ['ɔ:nəmənt] n. 装饰物，装饰.pottery ['pɔtəri] n. 陶器（总称）decorative ['dekərətiv] adj. 装饰的，装饰性的synchronous ['siŋkrənəs] adj. 同时的，同步的sequence ['si:kwəns] n. 顺序，次序，连续colony ['kɔləni] n. 殖民地uncolonized ['ʌn'kɔlənaizd] adj. 没有被殖民的Unit 3crystallize ['kristəlaiz] v. (使)成形，（使）具体化topography [tə'pɔgrəfi] n. 地志，地形学，地势，剖析图axis ['æksis] n. 轴，中枢Nubia ['nju:biə] n. 努比亚pharaoh ['fɛərəu] n. 法老deify ['di:ifai] vt. 神化，把......当作神来崇拜或敬畏，崇拜archaic [ɑ:'keiik]adj. 古老的，古代的Intermediate [.intə'mi:diət] Period 中间期the Old Kingdom 古王国the Middle Kingdom 中王国the New Kingdom 新王国pyramid ['pirəmid] n. 金字塔Giza ['giza] n. 吉萨（埃及第三大城市）Sphinx [sfiŋks]n. 狮身人面像，谜一样的人Anatolia [.ænə'təuliə] n. 安纳托利亚(土耳其的亚洲部分)quarry ['kwɔri] v. 采石；n. 采石场temple ['templ] n. 神殿，寺院，庙宇obelisk ['ɔbəlisk] n. 方尖碑faience [fai'ɑ:ns]n. 彩色陶器antiquity [æn'tikwiti] n. 古代，古物，古迹hieroglyphic [.haiərə'glifik] adj. 符号的，象形文字的；n. 象形文字hieroglyph ['haiərəglif] n. 象形文字，图画文字determinative [di'tə:minətiv] n. 限定词，决定因素；adj. 限定的，决定的script [skript] n. 手迹，字体，手稿cursive ['kə:siv] adj. 草书的，草书体的；n. 草书，草书原稿hieratic [.haiə'rætik] adj. 手写草书体的，神圣风格的，僧侣的，僧侣用的ceremonial [.seri'məunjəl] adj. 仪式的；n. 仪式priest [pri:st] n. 教士，神父decipher [di'saifə] vt. 译解，辨认Byzantine [bi'zæntain] adj. 拜占庭的，拜占庭式建筑风格的；n. 拜占庭人Islamic [iz'læmik, is'læmik] adj. 伊斯兰教的Rosetta [rəu'zetə] n. 罗塞塔immortality [.imɔ:'tæliti] n. 不朽，永生mummification [.mʌmifi'keiʃən] n. 木乃伊化afterlife ['ɑ:ftəlaif]n. 来世，后来的岁月desiccation ['desikeiʃən] n. 干燥boon [bu:n] n. 恩惠，所感激的事elite [ei'li:t] n. 精英，精华linen ['linin] n. 亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品; adj. 亚麻布制的，亚麻的sarcophagus [sɑ:'kɔfəgəs]n. 石棺coffin ['kɔfin] n. 棺材natron ['neitrɔn] n. 天然碳酸钠amulet ['æmjulit] n. 护身符anthropoid ['ænθrəpɔid] adj. 像人类的，类人猿的mummy ['mʌmi] n. 木乃伊cartonnage ['ka:tənidʒ] n. 木乃伊盒Ptolemaic [.tɔli'meiik] adj. 托勒密王朝的books of the dead 亡灵书prayer ['preiə] n. 祈祷，祷告，祷文cuneiform ['kju:niifɔ:m] n. 楔形文字；adj. 楔形的，楔形文字的arch [ɑ:tʃ]n. 拱，拱门，拱状物wedge-shaped ['wedʒʃeipt] adj. 楔形的，V形的triangular [trai'æŋgjulə] adj. 三角形的stylus ['stailəs] n. 尖笔pictogram ['piktəgræm] n. 象形图，象形文字Hammurabi [.hæmə 'rɑ:bi:]汉谟拉比Hittite ['hitait] n. 赫梯人，赫梯语；adj. 赫梯人的，赫梯语的Phoenician [fi'niʃən] n. 腓尼基人，腓尼基语；adj. 腓尼基语的，腓尼基人的alphabet ['ælfəbit] n. 字母表,符号系统Hebrew ['hi:bru:] n. 希伯来人，希伯来语；adj. 希伯来人的，希伯来语的religion [ri'lidʒən] n. 宗教，宗教信仰Judaism ['dʒu:deiizəm] n. 犹太教，犹太教徒，犹太主义Assyrian [ə'siriən] n. 亚述人，亚述语；adj. 亚述人的，亚述语的Chaldean [kæl'di:ən] n. 迦勒底人Nebuchadnezzar [.nebjukəd'nezə] n. 尼布甲尼撒Persian ['pə:ʃən] n. 波斯，波斯人；adj. 波斯的，波斯人的Zoroastrian [.zɔrəu'æstriən] adj. 与琐罗亚斯德教有关的；n. 琐罗亚斯德教教徒Zoroastrianism [zɔ:rəu'æstriənizəm] n. 索罗亚斯德教，拜火教，祆教Babylonian [.bæbi'ləunjən] adj. 巴比伦的；n. 巴比伦人，巴比伦语Gilgamesh ['gilgəmeʃ] n. 吉尔伽美什(传说中的苏美尔国王)Epic of Gilgamesh 《吉尔伽美什史诗》astronomical [.æstrə'nɔmikəl] adj. 天文学的Punjab [pʌn'dʒɑ:b] n. 旁遮普（印度西北部的一地方）handicraft ['hændikrɑ:ft]n. 手工艺品，手艺，技巧Harappan ['herəpa:n] adj. 哈拉帕文化的.Harappa ['herəpa:] n. 哈拉帕（位于巴基斯坦境内）Mohenjo-daro [mu'endʒəu 'derəu] n. 摩亨佐达罗（位于巴基斯坦境内）Dravidian [drə'vidiən] n. 达罗毗荼人cemetery ['semitəri] n. 墓地ochre ['əukə] n. 赭石，赭色Rajasthan [rɑ:dʒə'stɑ:n]n. 拉贾斯坦邦(印度邦名) Ganges ['gæŋdʒi:z] n. 恒河（起源于喜马拉雅山脉的一条河流）Gangetic [gæn'dʒetik] Plain 恒河平原cremation [kri'meiʃən] n. 火化，火葬，焚烧Hinduism ['hinduizəm] n. 印度教chariot ['tʃæriət] n. 二轮战车articulation [ɑ:.tikju'leiʃən]n. (清楚的) 表达mandate ['mændeit] n. 命令，指令，要求the Mandate of Heaven 天命，天意Code of Hammurabi 《汉谟拉比法典》provision [prə'viʒən] n. 规定，条款transaction [træn'zækʃən] n. 交易，办理，处理，事务liability [.laiə'biliti] n. 责任，债务，倾向inheritance [in'heritəns] n. 遗传，遗产，继承，继承物paternity [pə'tə:niti] n. 父权，父子关系stele ['sti:li] n. 刻有碑文的石柱，石碑，匾额inscribe [in'skraib] v. 题写，题赠，铭刻于，铭记Louvre [lu:vrə] n. （巴黎）卢浮宫Akkadian [æk'ædjən] adj. 阿卡德人的，阿卡德语的bracket ['brækit] vt. 将……归类ensnare [in'snɛə] vt. 诱入陷阱，使进入罗网shekel ['ʃekəl] n. 谢克尔（古希伯来或巴比伦的衡量单位和钱币）hew [hju:] （过去分词hewn [hju:n] v. 砍，劈，砍倒，砍成unbeknown ['ʌnbi'nəun] adj. 未知的，不为人知的patrician [pə'triʃən] n. 贵族；adj. 贵族的，显贵的mina ['mi:nə] n. 迈纳（古代希腊等地的货币或重量单位）unit 4Classics ['klæsiks] n. 古典学Classical Studies 古典研究Classical Civilization 古典文明canon ['kænən] n. 标准，准则，真经，教规Church Father 教父New Testament 《新约全书》philology [fi'lɔlədʒi] n. 文献学，语言学Graeco-Roman [.gri:kəu'rəumən] adj. 希腊罗马的，在希腊影响下的罗马的philologist [fi'lɔlədʒist] n. 语言学家，文献学家Corinthian [kə'rinθiən] order （建筑）科林斯柱式Doric ['dɔrik] order （建筑）多利安柱式Ionic [ai'ɔnik] order （建筑）爱奥尼亚柱式Parthenon ['pɑ:θinɔn]n.（希腊）帕特农神庙（Parthenon 是雅典娜的别号，本意为“处女”、“贞女”）Sparta ['spɑ:tə]n. 斯巴达Athens ['æθinz]n. 雅典Etruscan [i'trʌskən] adj. 伊特鲁里亚的；n. 伊特鲁里亚人，伊特鲁里亚语the Archaic period 古风时期the Classical period 古典时期the Hellenistic [.heli'nistik] period 希腊化时期Aegean [i:'dʒi:ən] adj. 爱琴海的Mycenaean [.maisi'niən] adj. 迈锡尼的；n. 迈锡尼人Mycenae [.maisi'ni:] n. 迈锡尼Crete [kri:t] n. 克里特岛Troy [trɔi] n. 特洛伊the Dorian ['dɔ:riən] n. 多利安人Peloponnesus [.peləpə'ni:səs] n. 伯罗奔尼撒（半岛）Attica ['ætikə] n. 阿提卡Ionia [ai'əunjə] n. 爱奥尼亚the Delian ['di:ljən] League 提洛同盟( Delos ['di:lɔs] n. 提洛岛)democracy [di'mɔkrəsi] n. 民主，民主制Pericles ['pɛri.kliz] n. 伯里克利Macedonia [.mæsi'dəuniə] n. 马其顿Plato ['pleitəu] n. 柏拉图Homer ['həumə] n. 荷马Iliad ['iliəd] n.《伊利亚特》Odyssey ['ɔdisi] n.《奥德赛》Dionysus [.daiə'naisəs] n.（希神）狄俄尼索斯（酒神）obscenity [ɔb'si:niti] n. 猥亵下流，猥亵的话（或行为) Socrates ['sɔkrəti:z] n. 苏格拉底Aristotle ['æristɔtl] n. 亚里士多德mythology [mi'θɔlədʒi] n. 神话，神话学cult [kʌlt] n. 崇拜goddess ['gɔdis] n. 女神，受崇拜的女性Zeus [zju:s] n.（希神）宙斯（主神）Poseidon [pɔ'saidən, pəu'saidən] n.（希神）波塞冬（海神，宙斯的哥哥）Hades ['heidi:z] n.（希神）哈德斯（冥界之神）；冥府，地狱Apollo [ə'pɔləu] n.（希神）阿波罗（人类的保护神、光明之神、预言之神）Artemis ['ɑ:timis]n.（希神）阿耳忒弥斯（狩猎女神和月神）Aphrodite [.æfrə'daiti] n.（希神）阿佛洛狄忒（爱与美之女神）Ares ['ɛəri:z] n.（希神）阿瑞斯（战神）Athena [ə'θi:nə] n.（希神）雅典娜（女天神，丰产女神）Demeter [di'mi:tə] n.（希神）得墨忒耳(掌农业、结婚、丰饶之女神)Hestia ['hesiə] n.（希神）赫斯提（女灶神）.Hera ['hiərə] n. 赫拉（宙斯的姐姐和妻子）Stoicism ['stəuisizəm] n. 斯多噶学派，禁欲主义Platonism ['pleitənizəm] n. 柏拉图哲学，柏拉图主义，精神恋爱transcendent [træn'sendənt] adj. 卓越的，超然的deity ['di:iti] n. 神，神灵worship ['wə:ʃip] n. 崇拜epithet ['epiθet]n. 性质描述词，称号torsion ['tɔ:ʃən] n. 扭转catapult ['kætəpʌlt] n. 弹弩，发射机Archimedes [.ɑ:ki'mi:di:z]n. 阿基米德the Italian Peninsula 意大利半岛Romulus ['rɔmjuləs] n. 罗穆路Remus ['ri:məs] n. 瑞摩斯aristocratic [.æristə'krætik] adj. 贵族的monarchical [mə'nɑ:kikl]adj. 君主的Livy ['livi] n. 李维consul ['kɔnsəl] n. 执政官senate ['senit] n. 元老院，参议院magistracy ['mædʒistrəsi] n.（地方）行政官职位（职权或任期）plebeian [pli'bi:ən] n. 平民Gaul [gɔ:l] n. 高卢the Po [pəu] Valley 波河流域Gallic ['gælik] adj. 高卢的Brennus ['brenəs] n. 布伦努斯Carthage ['kɑ:θidʒ]n. 迦太基the Punic ['pju:nik] Wars 布匿战争the Seleucid [si'lu:sid] Empire 塞琉古帝国Senator ['senətə] n. 元老院成员，参议员latifundia [læti'fʌndiə] (latifundium [.læti'fʌndiəm]的复数形式) n. 大地产，大庄园electorate [i'lektərit] n. 选民Gracchi ['græki:] n. 格拉古（兄弟）tribune ['tribju:n] n. 保民官Caesar ['si:zə] n. 恺撒Pompey ['pɔmpi] n. 庞培Crassus ['kræsəs] n. 克拉苏Triumvirate [trai'ʌmvirit] n. 三头政治Octavian [ɔk'teiviən] n. 屋大维Antony ['æntəni] n. 安东尼Lepidus ['lepidəs] n. 雷比达Cleopatra [kliə'pætrə] n. 克里奥帕特拉Actium ['æktjəm, 'ækʃi:əm] n. 阿克兴Augustus [ɔ:'gʌstəs] n. 奥古斯都Tiberius [tai'biəriəs, tai'biri:əs] n. 提比略the Julio-Claudian dynasty 尤利乌-克劳狄王朝Nero ['niərəu, 'nirəu] n. 尼禄the Flavian ['fleivjən] dynasty 弗拉维王朝Pax Romana [pæks rəu'ma:nə] 罗马式的和平，罗马帝国统治下的和平Trajan ['treidʒən] n. 图拉真the Severan ['sevərən] dynasty 塞弗鲁王朝Diocletian [daiə'kli:ʃən] n. 戴克里先Constantine ['kɔnstəntain] n. 君士坦丁，康斯坦丁Byzantium [bi'zæntiəm] n. 拜占庭Constantinople [kɔnstænti'nəupl] n. 君士坦丁堡the Eastern Roman Empire 东罗马帝国the Byzantine Empire 拜占庭帝国the Western Roman Empire 西罗马帝国barbarian [bɑ:'bɛəriən]adj. 蛮族的，野蛮的Hun [hʌn] n. 匈奴人Visigoth ['vizigɔθ]n. 西哥特人Vandal ['vændəl] n. 汪达尔人Iberian [ai'biəriən] adj. 伊比利亚人的；n. 伊比利亚人，伊比利亚语Odoacer [ɔdɔ'esə] n. 奥多亚克Law of the Twelve Tables 《十二表法》codification [kɔdifi'keiʃən] n. 法典编纂Justinian ['dʒʌstinjən] I 查士丁尼一世Citizen Law 公民法Law of Nations 万民法Natural Law 自然法senatorial [.senə'tɔ:riəl] adj. 元老院的，元老院议员的Jupiter ['dʒu:pitə] n.（罗神）朱庇特（主神）；木星Mars [mɑ:z]n.（罗神）玛尔斯（战神）；火星Neptune ['neptju:n] n.（罗神）尼普敦（海神）；海王星Christianity [.kristi'æniti] n. 基督教Edict of Milan 《米兰敕令》Theodosius [θi:ə'dəusi:əs] I 狄奥多西一世Colosseum [.kɔlə'siəm] n. （古罗马）圆形大剧场Pont du Gard 加尔桥Pantheon [pæn'θi:ən] n.（古罗马）万神殿；（法国）先贤祠（Panthéon）Tuscan ['tʌskən] adj. 托斯坎纳的siphon ['saifən] n. 虹吸管the Tiber ['taibə] River 台伯河surety ['ʃuəti] n. 保证人，保证，担保proletarian [.prəuli'tɛəriən] n. 无产者kinsman ['kinzmən] n. 亲属clansmen ['klænzmən] n. 亲族conveyance [kən'veiəns] n. 财产转让dilapidate [di'læpideit] v.（使）荒废，（使）毁坏sesterce ['sestə:s] n. 塞斯特斯（古罗马货币单位）pyre ['paiə] n. 火葬柴堆untoward [ʌn'təuəd] adj. 麻烦的，不利的，不适当的decemvirate [di'semvirit] n. 十人委员会Solonian ['səulənjən] adj. 梭伦的Unit 5feudalism ['fju:dəlizəm] n. 封建制度，封建主义.fealty ['fi:əlti] n. 效忠，忠诚Charlemagne ['ʃɑ:lə'mein] n. 查理曼，查理大帝manuscript ['mænjuskript] n. 手稿，原稿chanson de geste ['ʃansɔŋ de ʒest] 《武功歌》Frankish ['fræŋkiʃ] adj. 法兰克的，法兰克人的，西欧人的charter ['tʃɑ:tə] n. 特许状，宪章Gothic ['gɔθik]adj. 哥特人的，哥特语的，野蛮的pejorative ['pi:dʒərətiv] adj. 贬低的，轻蔑的fief [fi:f] n. 采邑，封地，活动范围féodalisme [feɔdalism] n.（法语）封建制度，封建主义Montesquieu [.mɔntes'kju:, .mɔntə'skju:] n. 孟德斯鸠denigrate ['denigreit] v. 诋毁，贬低，诬蔑antiquated ['æntikweitid] adj. 陈旧的，过时的，古老的Ancien Régime [ɑs jɛreʒim] （法语）旧制度，旧政权monarchy ['mɔnəki] n. 君主制，君主国seigneurial [sei'njɔ: riəl] adj. 庄园主的，封建领主的，庄园的Constituent Assembly （法国大革命期间的）制宪议会Adam Smith n. 亚当·斯密serf [sə:f] n. 农奴capitalism ['kæpitəlizəm] n. 资本主义aristocracy [.æris'tɔkrəsi] n. （总称）贵族，贵族统治，贵族政府serfdom ['sə:fdəm] n. 农奴身份，农奴制commendation [.kɔmen'deiʃən] n. 称颂，赞誉commendation ceremony 赞誉仪式William the Conqueror 征服者威廉vassal ['væsəl] n. 封臣，附庸tenure ['tenjuə] n. 占有，占有权，占有期，使用权，使用期François-Louis Ganshof [frɑs wa lwi gɑʃɔf] 弗朗索瓦-路易·岗绍夫lord [lɔ:d] n. 封君，领主，贵族，地主sociological [.səusjə'lɔdʒikəl, .səuʃiə'lɔdʒikəl] adj. 社会学的，社会的hierarchical [.haiə'rɑ:kikl]adj. 等级的，等级制度的peer [piə] n. 同行，同辈的人，相同身份的人lordship ['lɔ:dʃip] n. 贵族权利，贵族身份，贵族领地anachronism [ə'nækrə.nizəm] n. 时代上的错误，被置错时代或年代的事物tyrannical [tai'rænikəl] adj. 暴虐的，压制的，极端武断的reciprocal [ri'siprəkəl] adj. 互惠的，相互的，互补的manorialism [mə'nɔ:riəlizm] n. 庄园制度villa ['vilə] n.（古罗马）大地产antecedent [.æntə'si:dənt] n. 前例，前事，先祖coloni [kə'ləuni] （colonus [kə'ləunəs]的复数形式）n. 科洛尼，隶农self-sufficiency ['selfsə'fiʃənsi] n. 自给自足ruralization [.ru:rəlai'zeiʃen] n. 乡村化，田园化hierarchy ['haiərɑ:ki]n. （森严的）等级制度，僧侣统治manor ['mænə] n. 庄园seigneurie [seinjə'ri:] n. （法语）领主权，领地，庄园，领主土地权seigneur [sei'njə:] n. （法语）领主，庄园主，老爷，贵人，大人bishop ['biʃəp] n. 主教abbot ['æbət] n.（男）修院院长generic [dʒi'nerik] adj. 一般的，普通的，通常的open field system 敞地制度manor house 庄园主的宅邸warrior ['wɔriə] n. 战士，武士Junker ['dʒʌŋkə, 'juŋkə] n.（德语）容克，地主贵族集团villain ['vilən] n. 维兰，农奴demesne [di'mein] n.（领主的）自营地manorial [mə'nɔ:riəl] n. 庄园的，庄园主的tenant ['tenənt] n. 佃户Essex ['eseks] n. 埃塞克斯（英格兰古国）chapter ['tʃæptə] n. 教堂参议会，牧师会cathedral [kə'θi:drəl] n. 主教座堂chapel ['tʃæpəl] n. 私人礼拜堂，私人小教堂clergymen ['klə:dʒimən] n. 教士manorialization [mə'nɔ:riəlai.zeiʃən] n. 庄园化Stokesay ['stəuksei] Castle 斯托克塞城堡Shropshire ['ʃrɔpʃiə] n.（英国）什罗普郡tenement ['tenimənt] n. 租户，住户lay [lei] adj. 世俗的bishopric ['biʃəprik] n. 主教管区，主教职位monastery ['mɔnəstəri] n. 修道院，隐修院ecclesiastical [i.kli:zi'æstikəl] adj. 基督教会的Unit 6Medievalism [.medi'i:vəlizəm] n. 中世纪主义，中世纪精神，中世纪性质theological [.θi:ə'lɔdʒikəl] adj. 神学的Apostle [ə'pɔsl] n. 使徒Apocalypse [ə'pɔkəlips] n. 世界毁灭，大灾难，天启Book of Daniel ['dænjəl] 《但以理书》（《圣经》的组成部分）Jerome ['dʒerəm] n. 哲罗姆Book of Revelation [revəl'eiʃən] 《启示录》（《圣经》的组成部分）imperium [im'piəriəm] n. 帝国，绝对统治，最高权力Petrarch ['pi.tra:k] n. 彼特拉克apogee ['æpədʒi:] n. 最高点，顶点theology [θi'ɔlədʒi] n. 神学Bruni ['bruni] n. 布鲁尼tripartite [trai'pɑ:tait]adj. 分成三部分的，一式三份的Florentine ['flɔrəntain, 'flɔrən.ti:n] adj 佛罗伦萨的.Biondo ['bjɔ:ndəu] n. 比昂多Christoph Cellarius [sə'læriəs] n. 克里斯托弗·塞勒里乌斯Estonia [es'təuniə] n. 爱沙尼亚Latvia ['lætviə] n. 拉脱维亚Turks ['tə:ks] n. 土耳其人Gutenberg ['gu:tnbə:g] n. 古腾堡Muslim ['muzlim] 穆斯林，伊斯兰教徒Christopher Columbus ['kristəfə kə'lʌmbəs] n. 克里斯托弗·哥伦布Florence ['flɔrəns] n. 佛罗伦萨baptistery ['bæptistəri] n. 洗礼堂Bosworth ['bɔswə:θ]n. 博斯沃思the Battle of Bosworth Field 博斯沃思之战Henri Pirenne [a:ŋri: pirɛnə] n. 亨利·皮雷纳（皮朗）Johan Huizinga [jɔ'hæn hə'zinga] n. 约翰·赫伊津哈the Early Middle Ages 中世纪早期the High Middle Ages 中世纪盛期（中世纪中期）the Late Middle Ages 中世纪晚期Romanticism [rəu'mæntəsizəm] n. 浪漫主义Pre-Raphaelite ['pri:'ræfiəlait] adj. 拉斐尔前派的，拉斐尔之前的neo-medievalism [.ni:əu.medi'i:vəlizəm] n. 新中世纪主义conservatism [kən'sə:vətizəm] n. 保守主义Erasmus [i'ræzməs] n. 伊拉斯谟Scholasticism [skə'læstisizəm] n. 经院哲学superstition [.sju:pə'stiʃən] n. 迷信the C atholic ['kæθəlik] Church 天主教会（Catholicism [kə'θɔlisizəm] n. 天主教）doctrine ['dɔktrin] n. 教义Protestant ['prɔtistənt] n. 抗议宗教徒，新教徒；adj. 新教徒的humanist ['hju:mənist] n. 人文主义者pope [pəup] n. 教皇pagan ['peigən] adj. 异教徒的，异教的，无宗教信仰的；n. 异教徒，无宗教信仰者celibate ['selibit] adj. 独身的，禁欲的priesthood ['pri:st.hud] n. 神职，僧职，祭司职hypocrisy [hi'pɔkrəsi] n. 伪善uncouth [ʌn'ku:θ]adj. 粗俗的Edward Gibbon ['gibən] n. 爱德华·吉本crusade [kru:'seid] n. 十字军征讨Inquisition [.inkwi'ziʃən] n. 异端裁判所chivalric ['ʃivəlrik] adj. 骑士的romance [rəu'mæns] n. 传奇文学，浪漫史，冒险故事knight [nait] n. 骑士damsel ['dæmzəl] n. 年轻女人，闺女，落难女子William Blake ['wiljəm bleik] n. 威廉·布雷克Nazarene [.næzə'ri:n] n. 拿撒勒画派成员；拿撒勒人，基督Neoclassicism [.ni:əu'klæsə.sizəm] n. 新古典主义virtuosity [.və:tʃu:'ɔsəti] n. 精湛技巧Vienna [vi'enə] n. 维也纳Brotherhood ['brʌðəhud] n. 同业会St. Luke [lu:k] n. 圣路加patron ['peitrən] n. 庇护者，赞助者，守护神commission [kə'miʃən] n. 项目委托，受委托的项目fresco ['freskəu] n. 壁画epicenter ['episentə] n. 中心，震中High Church 高教会Augustus Pugin [ɔ:'gʌstəs 'pju:dʒin] n. 奥古斯都·皮金convert ['kɔnvə:t] n. 改宗者，改变信仰者；[kən'və:t] vt. 改变，使改变宗教信仰Birmingham ['bə:miŋ.əm] n. （英国）伯明翰Southwark ['sauθwɔ:k] n. 索斯沃克House of Parliament 议会大厦stained glass 彩色玻璃Anglican ['æŋglikən] adj. 安立甘的，英国国教会的Viollet-le-Duc [vjɔle lə dyk] n.（法）维奥莱勒迪克Carcassonne [karkasɔ:n] n. （法）卡尔卡松Notre-Dame [nɔtr dam] n. （法）圣母院Sainte Chapelle [ʃapεl] （法）小圣堂supernatural [.sju:pə'nætʃərəl] adj. 超自然的the Teutonic [tju:'tɔnik] Order 条顿骑士团Ludwig ['lʌdwig] n. 路德维格Wagner ['vɑ:gnə]n. 瓦格纳Nazi ['nɑ:tsi]n. 纳粹Magna Carta ['mægnə 'ka:tə] 《大宪章》Queen Victoria [vik'tɔ:riə] 维多利亚女王the Eglinton [eg'lintən] Tournament ['tuənəmənt] 埃格林顿比武大会masquerade [.mæskə'reid] n. 化装舞会Arthurian ['ɑ:θəriən] adj. 亚瑟王的Mannerist ['mænərist] n. 矫饰主义者，矫揉造作之人Raphael ['ræfeiəl] n. 拉斐尔Michelangelo [.maikəl'ændʒə.ləu] n. 米开朗基罗Joshua Reynolds ['dʒɔʃwə 'renəldz] n. 乔舒亚·雷诺兹Mannerism ['mænərizm] n. 矫饰主义Quattrocento [.kwɑ:trəu'tʃentəu]n. 十五世纪（欧洲文艺复兴初期）Jeanne d’Arc (Joan ['dʒəun] of Arc) n. 贞德Robin Hood [rɔbin'hud] n. 罗宾汉Nibelungenlied 《尼伯龙根之歌》The Seventh Seal 《第七封印》William Wallace ['wɔlis] n. 威廉·华莱士Ivanhoe ['aivənhəu] 《劫后英雄传》Robin Hood Prince of Thieves 《侠盗王子罗宾汉》The 13th Warrior 《终极奇兵》The Kingdom of Heaven 《天国王朝》.neologism [ni:'ɔlə.dʒizəm] n. 新字，新词，新语Umberto Eco [ʌm'bɛətəu 'i:kəu] n. 安伯托·艾柯Hedley Bull ['hedli bul] n. 赫德利·布尔sovereignty ['sɔvrinti] n. 主权Unit 7lancer ['lænsə] n. 长矛轻骑兵federate ['fedərit] adj. 同盟的，联合的；vt. 使联合，结盟Bulgar ['bʌl.ga:] n. 保加利亚人Avars ['avə:] n. 阿瓦尔人Magyar ['mægjɑ:]n. 马札尔人，匈牙利人Vandalism ['vændəlizəm] n. 汪达尔主义Slavic ['slævik] adj. 斯拉夫人的arena [ə'ri:nə] n. 竞技场Ostrogoth ['ɔstrəgɔθ]n. 东哥特人Suebi ['swibi:] n. 苏维汇人Galicia [gə'liʃiə] n. 加利西亚Burgundian [bə:'gʌndiən] n. 勃艮第人Angles ['æŋglz]n. 盎格鲁人Saxons ['sæksəns] n. 撒克逊人，萨克森人monasticism [mə'næstisizəm] n. 修道生活，禁欲主义Arian ['ɛriən] adj. 阿里乌斯派的Arius ['ɛriəs] n. 阿里乌斯Presbyter ['prezbitə] n. 长老，牧师Alexandria ['ælig'zɑ:ndriə]n. 亚历山大里亚，亚历山大城Trinity ['triniti] n. 三位一体God the Father 圣父God the Son 圣子God the Holy Spirit 圣灵Clovis ['kləuvis] n. 克洛维orthodoxy ['ɔ:θə.dɔksi] n. 正统Arianism ['ɛəriənizəm] n. 阿里乌斯派Viking ['vaikiŋ]n. 维京人cenobitism [si:nə'baitizəm] n. 修道士生活，修道院制hagiographical [.hægi'ɔgrəfikəl] adj. 圣徒传记的，圣徒言行录的cenobite ['si:nəubait] n. 修道士proselytization [.prɔsilitai'zeiʃnə] n. 劝使改宗the Merovingian [.mærə'vindʒiən] Dynasty 墨洛温王朝the Carolingian [.kærə'lindʒiən] Dynasty 加洛林王朝Austrasia [ɔ:s'treiʒə] n. 奥斯特拉西亚Neustria ['nju:stri:ə] n. 纽斯特里亚Merovech [.merə'vetʃ] n. 墨洛温mayor ['meə] ( Mayor of the Palace ) n. 宫相denomination [di.nɔmi'neiʃən] n. 面额Romanize ['rəumənaiz] v. 使罗马化Quinotaur ['kwinə.tauə] n. 五角牛（海怪）patriarch ['peitriɑ:k]n. 家长，元老Pippin ['pipin] of Landen ['lændən] 朗登的丕平regent ['ri:dʒənt] n. 摄政Charles Martel ['mɑ:tel]n. 查理·马特Tours [tuə] n. 图尔Pyrenees [.pirə'ni:z] n. 比利牛斯山脉Carloman ['kɑ:lə.mən]n. 卡洛曼Charlemagne ['ʃɑ:lə.mein] n. 查理曼，查理大帝Chronicle of Fredegar ['fredəgə] 《弗莱德加编年史》Chlodio ['kləudjəu] n. 克洛迪奥the Salian ['seili:ən] Franks 撒利克（撒利安）法兰克人coronation [.kɔrə'neiʃən] n. 加冕liturgy ['litədʒi] n. 礼拜仪式，圣餐仪式Carolingian Renaissance 加洛林文艺复兴Aachen ['ɑ:kən]n. 亚琛jurisprudence [.dʒuris'pru:dəns] n. 法学体系liturgical [li'tə:dʒikəl] adj. 礼拜仪式的scriptural ['skriptʃərəl] adj. 圣经的Alcuin ['ælkən] n. 阿尔昆Northumbria [nɔ:'θʌmbriə] n. 诺森布里亚chancery ['tʃɑ:nsəri] n. 大法官法庭minuscule ['minəskju:l] n. 小书写体Ottonian [ɔ:'təuniən] adj. 奥托的Louis the Pious 虔诚者路易Lothair ['lɔ:θæə] n. 罗退尔Louis the German 日耳曼人路易Charles the Bald 秃头查理East Francia ['fra:ŋʃiə] 东法兰克王国Treaty of Verdun 《凡尔登条约》Middle Francia 中法兰克王国West Francia 西法兰克王国regna ['regnə] （regnum['regnəm]的复数形式）统治，统治权Charles the Fat 胖子查理Lotharingia [.lɔθə'rindʒiə] n. 罗泰林吉亚王国（罗退尔王国）(Holy) Roman Empire （神圣）罗马帝国Barbarossa [.ba:bə'rɔ:sə] n. 巴巴罗萨Diet ['daiət] n. 议会Cologne [kə'ləun] n. 科隆Saracen ['særəsən] n. 萨拉森人，阿拉伯人，(十字军时代的)伊斯兰教徒Corsica ['kɔ:sikə] n. 科西嘉Sardinia [sɑ:'diniə]n. 撒丁岛Christianization [.kristjənai'zeiʃən] n. 基督教化basilica [bə'zilikə] n. 长方形教堂Romanesque [.rəumə'nesk] adj. 罗马式的；n. 罗马式（建筑，雕塑，绘画）vault [vɔ:lt] n. 地下室reliquary ['relikwəri] n. 圣骨匣，遗骨匣，圣物箱manuscript ['mænjuskript] n. 手稿vellum ['veləm] n.（羊）皮纸.。
宋代文学概览英文版
The Northern Song (1020-1127) The Southern Song (1127-1279) 两宋共历时320年，享国之久仅次于两汉（426）， 而高于唐（290）明（277）清（268）各个朝代。 极贫即若？ 军事弱：边疆不稳，备受欺凌，“弃财于夷狄” 文化强：“右文”政策，“兴文教，抑武事”, “giving primacy to wen”, to learning, letters, and civil as opposed to martial values, helped to set in motion the cultural shift toward bookishness, connoisseurship, and refinement that are often taken as characteristic of the dynasty.
Prose 宋文
欧阳修，曾巩，王安石，苏洵，苏轼，苏辙
Song lyric 宋词 柳永 苏轼 周邦彦 秦观 李清照 辛弃疾 姜夔 晏殊，宋祁，范仲淹
Compared to earlier periods, and especially to the well-studied Tang, Song literary history is not well mapped or thoroughly understood. The most salient reason for this is the sheer abundance of Song literary works that survives. … Whatever is said today about the literary history of the period is necessarily selective and somewhat tentative. It will require decades of work by future generations of scholars to refine our understanding.
学科术语O
学科术语O学科术语O学科术语O1401. 中国古典小说名著选讲selected readings of famous classical chinese novels1402. 中国古典小说选讲selected readings of classical chinese novels1403. 中国画技巧technique of chinese painting1404. 中国近现代经济史history of recent modern chinese economy1405. 中国近代史modern history of china1406. 中国经济地理chinese economic geography1407. 中国经济与社会发展战略chinese economy social development strategy1408. 中国历代诗歌选selections of chinese poetry1409. 中国美术欣赏appreciation of chicese art1410. 中国美学史history of chinese aesthetics1411. 中国社会学史history of chinese sociology1412. 中国社会主义建设chinese socialist construction1413. 中国诗话词话研究research on chinese poetry prose1414. 中国文学chinese literature1415. 中国文学史history of chinese literature1416. 中国现代史contemporary history of china1417. 中国现代文学史contemporary literature history of china1418. 中国现代小说流派schools of chinese contemporary novel1419. 中国语文chinese language1420. 中级无机化学medium inorganic chemistry1421. 中级无机化学实验experiment on medium inorganic chemistry1422. 中社建文献选读selected readings of chinese socialist construction documents1423. 中英文打字与编排typing editing in english chinese 1424. 轴流式压缩机axial flow compressor1425. 铸钢及有色金属steel-casting colored metal1426. 铸件成形理论theory of casting forming1427. 铸件形成理论基础basis of cast forming theory1428. 铸铁熔炼castiron melting1429. 铸铁孕育preparation of castiron1430. 铸压加热设备heating equipment for die casting1431. 铸造测试技术measuring technique for casting1432. 铸造车间环境保护environmental protection for casting shop1433. 铸造车间设计原理principle of casting shop design 1434. 铸造工艺及设计foundry technology1435. 铸造合金casting alloy1436. 铸造合金及熔炼cast alloy melting1437. 铸造合金原理及熔炼principles of cast alloy melting 1438. 铸造化学casting chemistry1439. 铸造机构casting mechanism1440. 铸造机械设备casting equipment of machine1441. 铸造设备casting equipment1442. 铸造新工艺new casting technique1443. 注塑工艺shooting technique1444. 专家系统expert system1445. 专利与商标patent trademark1446. 专题研究research on current issues1447. 专业概论introduction to majors1448. 专业设讨specialty design discussion1449. 专业实验specialty experiment1450. 专业物理实验physics specialty experiment1451. 专业英语specialty english1452. 专业英语阅读specialty english reading1453. 资本论选读selected readings of on capital1454. 自动测试系统auto-test system1455. 自动调节原理及水轮机调节principle of automatic control hydrogenerator re1456. 自动化系统故障诊断diagnosis of automation system error1457. 自动检测技术automatic measurement technique1458. 自动控制理论theory of automatic control1459. 自动控制系统automatic control system1460. 自动控制原理principle of automatic control1461. 自动显示仪表meter of automatic display1462. 自控实验experiment on auto-control1463. 自然科学概论introduction to natural science1464. 自适应控制self adaptive control1465. 综合英语练习comprehensive practice in english1466. 阻容元件resistor-capacitor unit1467. 组织行为学organization behavior1468. 最优化optimum theory1469. 最优化方法optimal method1470. 最优化基础basis of optimum1471. 最优化理论与方法选讲selections of optimal theories methods1472. 最优控制optimal control1473. 最优控制在经管中的应用application of optimal control in economic managem1474. 作品选读selected readings1475. 作文composition1476. 金工实习metalworking practice1477. 水泵设计原理principle of pump designing1478. cet-4 college english test(band 4)1479. cet-6 college english test(band 6)1480. 生产实习production practice1481. 课程设计course exercise1482. 有限元法finite element1483. 代用燃料substitute fuel1484. 英汉口译english-chinese oral interpretation 1485. 思想道德修养cultivation of ethic thought1486. 计算机文字处理computer language processing 1487. 英语影视english movies tv1488. 程序设计program designing1489. 计算机分析computer analysis1490. 汇编语言程序设计assembly language programming1491. 模拟电路analog circuitry1492. 数字逻辑课程设计course design of digital logic 1493. 数据库dbase ⅲd base iii1494. 活塞式压缩机原理principles of piston compressor 1495. 活塞压缩机结构structure of piston compressor1496. 活塞压缩机强度intensity of piston compressor 1497. 三元流动理论theory of three-dimensional flowing1498. 自动控制元件automatic control component1499. 检测与显示技术detection display technique1500. 变流技术semiconductor converting technology学科术语O 相关内容:。
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宋史是中国历史上一部具有重要地位的史书，它详尽地记录了宋朝的历史事件、政治制度、经济发展、文化艺术等方面的内容。
在学习宋史的过程中，熟悉专业英语术语是非常重要的。
本文将介绍一些与宋史相关的专业英语词汇和表达，帮助读者更好地理解和研究宋朝历史。
1. Dynasty - 朝代
The Song Dynasty was one of the most prosperous and culturally rich dynasties in Chinese history. - 宋朝是中国历史上最繁荣和文化上最富有的朝代之一。
2. Emperor - 皇帝
Emperor Taizu, also known as Zhao Kuangyin, founded the Song Dynasty in 960. - 太祖赵匡胤于960年建立了宋朝。
3. Political System - 政治制度
The Song Dynasty implemented a civil service examination system to select government officials based on merit rather than social status. - 宋朝实行科举制度，以功绩而非社会地位选拔官员。
4. Neo-Confucianism - 宋代理学
Neo-Confucianism, also known as the "School of Principle," was the dominant philosophy during the Song Dynasty. - 宋代的理学或称“心学”是主导的哲学思想。
5. Economic Development - 经济发展
The Song Dynasty witnessed significant advancements in agriculture, industry, and commerce. - 宋朝在农业、工业和商业方面取得了重大进展。
6. Grand Canal - 大运河
The Grand Canal, constructed during the Sui Dynasty and expanded in the Song Dynasty, played a crucial role in transportation and economic integration. - 大运河在隋朝时期建造，并在宋朝时扩建，对交通运输和经济一体化起到了重要作用。
7. Landscape Painting - 山水画
Landscape painting reached its peak during the Song Dynasty, with renowned artists such as Fan Kuan, Li Cheng, and Guo Xi. - 山水画在宋朝达到了巅峰，有著名画家范宽、李成、郭熙等。
8. Poetry - 诗歌
Song Dynasty poetry is known for its elegance and lyrical style, with famous poets such as Su Shi, Lu You, and Li Qingzhao. - 宋代诗歌以其雅致和抒情的风格而闻名，有着苏轼、陆游、李清照等著名的诗人。
9. Historical Records - 史书
The "Twenty-Four Histories" is a collection of Chinese historical records that includes the official history of the Song Dynasty. - “二十四史”是中国历史的一部汇编，包括了宋朝的正史记载。
10. Confucian Classics - 儒家经典
Confucian classics, such as the "Analects of Confucius" and the "Book of Songs," continued to influence the intellectual and moral values of the Song Dynasty. - 《论语》、《诗经》等儒家经典继续影响着宋朝的思想和道德价值观。
通过学习以上的专业英语词汇和表达，读者将能更加深入地了解宋朝的历史。
同时，这些词汇也可以帮助研究者更准确地阅读和分析宋史的文献资料。
希望本文对读者有所帮助。
注意：本文仅供参考，严禁用于违反学术诚信的行为，如抄袭和剽窃。