日本北九州“绿色之都”建设中的环保产业集群发展研究

日本北九州“绿色之都”建设中的环保产业集群发展研究

Study on the development of environmental industry cluster in Kitakyushu Japan in the context of the construction of Green Capital

Shao Mianli1Teng Tangwei2

(1 The Center for Modern Chinese City Studies, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China；2The Center for Modern Chinese City Studies, Institute of China Innovation, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China)

Abstract With the steering of global ecological, environmental industry is developing into a worldwide sunrise industry. Environmental industry plays an important role in the construction of urban ecological civilization as well as the regional sustainable development. Kitakyushu, Japan, was once a typical environmental polluting city. After a series work of environment management, it becomes a beautiful city. Thus far, it has successfully transformed into the “Foundation of environmental technology”, possessing the most advanced technology and experience of environmental governance in the word. This essay, we studied the nurturing and the developing process of Kitakyushu environmental industry. We discussed the government-industry-academia networks of the environmental industry of Kitakyushu, as well as the international expansion effect. The results showed that: ⑴As the lack of natural resource, environmental industry took the place of heavy chemical industry. Hence, Kitakyushu achieved win-win between environmental protection and economic development. ⑵Without the division、integrated cooperation network of industry and global linkages of industrial clusters, Kitakyushu environmental industry could not make great progress. Local buzz and global pipeline both supplement each other. Only in this way, can environmental industry achieve qualitative leap of technology. This study will not only provide sustainable development to the resource-based city in China, but also provide the rode how to become eco-civilized cities. It is important to enhance regional competitiveness and create an international brand.

Key words environmental industry; industry cluster; government-industry-academia network;

Kitakyushu; Japan;

摘要随着全球生态化转向，环保产业正发展成为世界性的朝阳产业，对城市与区域生态文明建设与可持续发展发挥着重要的作用。日本北九州作为一个由环境重度污染型城市转向绿色之都的典型案例，现已成功建设成为“环境技术的基地”，拥有世界先进的环境治理技术和经验。本文以北九州环保产业为实证分析的对象，探讨北九州环保产业集群中官产学的运作机理，以及集群的海外扩展效应。研究发现：北九州实现环境保护和经济发展的共赢，离不开日本资源匮乏推动传统加工工业向环保产业的转型；北九州环保产业的发展及其国际品牌的形成离不开产业集群内部官产学精细分工、一体化的合作网络，以及产业集群的全球联系。本地交流和全球联系二者相辅相成才能实现本地环保产业技术上质的飞越。本研究将为我国资源型城市的可持续发展、走生态文明城市道路提供有益借鉴，对提升区域竞争力，创造国际性的品牌有重要指导意义。

关键词环保产业；产业集群；官产学网络；北九州；日本

1 引言

伴随着全球化的深入和全球绿色新政（Global Green New Deal, UNEP, 2009）的实施，许多国家将环保产业作为战略新兴产业加以大力扶持，日本环保产业的国际市场占有量在未来10年有望达到当前的2倍（日本经济产业省、九州经济产业局，2010）。九州作为著名的环保产业聚集地，被称之为日本的“10%的经济”，现已建成北九州、大牟田和水俣三大生态城，成为因环保产业而崛起的水上花园城市。其中北九州位于九州半岛的北部隶属福冈县，最先获得日本政府批准建立生态园—北九州生态城。北九州生态城现有实证研究区、响滩再使用园区、综合环境联合企业区、响滩回收园区等多个产业园区，并在资源回收利用领域开展了基础研究、技术开发到标准化生产的综合发展模式。北九州在环境保护与治理方面的成就，使得北九州成功实现资源型城市向“绿色之都”的转型，并且树立国际影响力的环保产业品牌。1987年，日本环境厅授予北九州“星空之城”称号；之后又分别获日本“全球500佳”城市、“环境的模范城市”等称号；2012年入选为“绿色亚洲国际战略综合特区”。在城市的转型过程中，北九州不仅通过产业结构的优化升级，建立起资源节约、环境友好、创新驱动的现代产业体系，克服了生态环境危机，实现了人与自然的高度和谐。而且更为引人注目的是，在转型与生态环境修复的过程中，环保技术、环保产业快速发展成为区域经济发展的新动力。本地官产学的合力作用培育了北九州环保产业集群，并在本地交流（local buzz）