欧洲文化名词解释1
外国文学名词解释(一)
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1、荷马史诗包括《伊利亚特》和《奥德修纪》两部史诗,取材于公元前12世纪发生的特洛亚战争的历史事件,有相当长的民间传唱和吟诵过程。
公元前9世纪左右,相传由行吟诗人荷马编订完成,故名荷马史诗。
公元前6世纪由学者用文字写定。
《伊利亚特》的主题是赞美古代英雄的刚强威武、机智勇敢,讴歌他们英雄主义和集体主义精神。
《奥德修纪》讴歌了古代英雄在同自然力的抗争中所体现出来的机智勇敢和坚强意志,表达了主人公对部落集体和乡土的眷恋之情。
两部史诗结构巧妙、形象鲜明、语言质朴、比喻奇特,并具有各自不同的艺术风格。
荷马史诗真实地反映了古代希腊从原始公社制向奴隶制过渡时期的社会风貌,是认识希腊史前社会的重要文献。
2、普罗旺斯抒情诗,即中世纪骑士抒情诗,最早产生在法国南部的普罗旺斯,作者主要是骑士,以爱情为主要内容,有牧歌、破晓歌、夜歌、怨歌及感兴诗等。
其中破晓歌最著名,描写骑士和贵妇人幽会后在黎明离别的缠绵感情,有现世主义和反禁欲主义的倾向。
骑士抒情诗从民间诗歌中吸取营养,形式多样,诗律严格,语言精练,心理描写细致,曾传遍西欧各国,对欧洲诗歌的发展产生了非常大的影响,是近代欧洲人文主义文学爱情作品的发端。
3、文艺复兴运动是14-17世纪初在复兴古希腊、罗马文化的口号下,文艺复兴实质是一次以复兴古代文化为旗号的资产阶级反封建反教会的思想文化解放运动,借助古代文化精神摧毁以“神”为中心的封建的宗教意识形态,建立以“人”为中心的资产阶级人文主义新的思想文化体系。
人的觉醒,人的发现是文艺复兴运动最本质的特征。
4、人文主义文学是文艺复兴时期欧洲文坛上占主导地位的文学思潮,就其本质而言是反映新兴资产阶级的思想感情和生活理想。
展示人的精神世界、情感特征、欲望要求成为人文主义文学的基本主题。
5、流浪汉小说产生于16世纪中叶的西班牙,这些小说采用第一人称自传体的形式描写主人公所见所闻,主人公的身份多是城市下层人民,常是无业游民,靠个人的机智求得生存,以玩世不恭之态反抗社会不公平现象。
欧洲文化1 greek culture
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Olympic Games
• • • • 776 B.C.—394 A.C. 15th century—1896 1896 till now, It’s a symbol of peace and friendship.
1.3 Homer
Living around 700 B.C., Homer is considered to be the author of the great epics of Ancient Greece—Iliad and Odyssey. ★Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks.
宋朝 北宋 960-1127 赵匡胤 开封 南宋 1127-1279 高宗 临安 辽朝 916-1125 耶律阿宝机 上京 西夏 1038-1227 李元昊 兴庆 金朝 1115-1234 阿骨打 中都
元朝 1271-1368 忽必烈 大都
明朝 1368-1644 朱元璋 南京→北京
亚历山大大帝
• (Alexander, Alexander III of Macedon,Alexander the Great,曾师从古希腊著 名学者亚里士多德,十八岁随 父出征,二十岁继承王位。欧 洲历史上最伟大的四大军事统 帅之一(亚历山大大帝,凯撒 大帝,汉尼拔,拿破仑),马 其顿帝国最富盛名的征服者。 他雄才伟略,勇于善战,领军 驰聘欧亚非大陆,使得古希腊 文明广泛传播,是世界古代史 上最著名的军事家和政治家。
欧洲文化入门1-5章复习题
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Division OneI.有可能出的填空,选择题及判断题的内容:.1.European Culture is composed of _____________ and_____________________ as two major elements.2.Greek culture reached its high point of development/climax in __________ (century).3.All Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, Kingof Macedon in _________(century).4.In _______, the Romans conquered Greece.5.Homer wrote __________ and _____________, twofamous epics.6.______________ is called “Father of History” in GreekCulture, who wrote the wars between ____________ and________________________.7.The famous writer who wrote comedy in Greek culture isnamed ______________.8.“The great historian that ever lived” is said to praise_____________________(name).9.The Dialectal Method is put forward by___________.10.Academy was established by ______________________,whose philosophy is called ____________________.11.Lyceum was established by _______________.12.Leader of the Cynics is ____________________, and“cynic” means _____________.13.The most important thing in life to the Stoics is_________________.14.Elements, a textbook of geometry, was written by___________.15.The famous temples in ancient Greece are____________________ and ______________.16.The Romans enjoyed two hundred years of peaceful time,known as ________________.17.In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved thecapital from Rome to Byzantium, renamed it ____________________(modern _____________).18.After 395, the Roman Empire was divided into_____________ and _________.19.The East Roman Empire fell to the ___________ in 1453.20.“I came, I saw, I conquered” was written by_________________.21.Two famous representatives of Roman architecture are________________ and _________________________.22.________ said, “Captive Greece took her rude conquerorcaptive”.23.Greek Culture has exerted great, positive influence on thelater-on literature, such as Shelly’s ______________ and Byron’s ___________________.24.The languages that were spoken by Greeks and Romansbelong to ___________________(哪个语系).25.The Roman Law, to some extent, protected the rights of______________.26.With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there came______________(什么时代) lasting one thousand years.27._____________’s (whose) “Prometheus Bound”is aparody adapted by _______________ (he wrote “Prometheus Unbound”).28.Freud put forward _________________ based on thework, “Oedipus the King ” written by _____________. 29.The _________ was one of the similarities shared byGreeks and Romans as far as politics is concerned.30.__________’s (whose) political speeches and discoursesare the model of Latin diction.31.The largest amphitheatre in ancient Rome is known as______________.32.________ established the atomic theory.33.________ believed fire to be the primary element of theuniverse.34.________ established the dialectical method.35.________ was the founder of scientific mathematics.36.The humanistic ideas can be traced back to ___(the nameof a philosopher).37.“The master of those who know” was written by Dante topraise ___________ (the name of a philosopher).38.Zeno的介绍II.名词解释democracy of ancient Greece Pax Romana Doric StyleIonic Style the Sophists the Cynics the Scepticsthe Epicureans the Stoics Academy LyceumIII.简答与论述题:1.三种问法:What is the limitation of “Democracy” in ancientGreece?How do you understan d “Democracy” in ancientGreece?What is the difference between “Democracy” in ancientGreece and modern democracy?2.How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?3.How did the ancient Greek philosophy develop?4.How did the ancient Greek science develop?5.What is the difference between Plato and Aristotle interms of their philosophical ideas?Or What is the difference between Plato and Aristotle interms of their philosophical system?6.What is the great significance of Greek Culture on thelater-on cultural development?Or What positive influence did the Greek Culture exerton the world civilization?7.What are difference and similarity between Greekculture and Roman culture?8.How did Roman culture originate and develop?9.How was Roman Empire disintegrated?10.What styles can Greek architecture be classified into?Or How does Greek architecture take different styles?11.Explain Pax Romana.12.What contribution did the Roman make to the rule oflaw?Division TwoI.special Terms Explanation:the Hebrews the Old Testament the New TestamentPentateuch Genesis Exodus Prophets the Book ofDaniel the Historical BookII.有可能出填空,选择题及判断题的内容:1.Judaism and Christianity are closely related because__________________________________.2.The ancestors of the Jews are ________________, whichmeans ___________ in English.3.The history of the Hebrew people is recorded in__________________ of the Bible.4.The Hebrew people came to settle down in Palestine, knownas _____________ at the time.5.The Old Testament is about_____________________, and“Testament” means _______________________________.6.The New Testament is about _______________________.7.The oldest and most important part of the Old Testament iscalled _______________ or ____________.8.It was ______________ who brought Hebrew people safelyback to Palestine.9.It was ______________who united Hebrews.10.It was ______________who had Jerusalem established aspolitical and religious capital.11.The former church in 6th century B.C. is called_______________.12.Pentateuch is also called __________________.13._______________ made Christianity legal, as he issued_____________________ in 313.14.In 392, Emperor _______________made Christianity officialreligion.15.By 300, each local church is called ______________with itsfulltime leader, known as _____________________.16.Several parishes were grounded together into a large unitcalled _______________, which were headed by a_____________.17.The Last Supper is recorded in __________________, andwas put into painting by __________________.18.The Cruxifixion is recorded in _____________________.19.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament isknown as _________________.20.The most extant Latin version of the whole Bible is_______________________ which became the official Bibleof the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.21.The first English version of the whole Bible was translatedby _________________.22.The most important and influential of English Bible is_______________ or _______________________________.23._____________________ and _______________________are called two great reservoirs of Modern English.24.The development of system of landed nobles is recorded in_________________ of the Old Testament.25._________________ deals with the history of the Hebrewpeople from their entry into Palestine around 1200B.C. tillthe fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in586 B.C.26.The New Testament contains _______ (how many) accountswhich tell about the beginning of Christianity.III.论述题:1.三种问法:How did Christianity come into being and develop inEurope?How did Christianity become the official religion ofRoman Empire?How did the relations between Christians and theRoman government change?2.What are the different translation editions of the Bible?3.Why do we say the Bible has shaped western culture more decisively than anything else ever written?4.What are the great influences that the English Bible has on the American and British literature?Division ThreeI.Special Terms Explanation:Age of Faith Feudalism Manor/castle Code of ChivalryMonasticism The Crusades Carolingian RenaissanceScholasticism National Epics Vernacular LanguageGothic Architectural Style the Canterbury TalesII.有可能出选择题,填空与判断题的内容:1.The Middle Ages is also called______________________, __________________ and ____________________________.(考试中,会任选其中一种说法作为选择题来考) 2.The Middle Ages is the period in which three cultures were merged: _____________________, _________________and_____________________________, respectively referring to_____________________________, ____________________and _____________________________.3.Western Roman Empire was overthrown in __________(year).4.__________________(who) gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their services in 732.5.____________________ (who) can be vassals.6.____________________ (when) was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in western Europe.7.People in the western Europe in the Middle Ages were divided into three classes: _____________, _______________ and_________________________.8.Between ______________ century and ________________ century, western Europe was the scene of frequent wars. 9.Feudalism comes from the Latin word, ________________, which means ______________________ in Latin. 10.Knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called ____________________.11.Roger Bacon was one of the earliest advocates of _________________, calling for _________________ and_________________.12._____________(which tribe) swept into Europe from central Asia in the latter part of fourth century, robbing and killing alarge number of the half civilized Germanic tribes. 13.Those who devoted their lands to large-land owners in return for protection, but still had their own freedom were called________________.14.Those who came form cities or towns and devoted their freedom to large-land owners in return for protection werecalled ________________.15.Roman Catholic Church was divided into five classes: _____________, ________________, ______________,_________________ and __________________.16.Opus Maius was written by _____________________. 17.In Roman Catholic Church, “Catholic” means ____________. 18.The monk, St. Benedict founded _______________________ in about 529 A.D.19.In the Middle Ages, the Church even set up their own court called _____________________________.20.In the National Epics, vernacular languages meant _____________________________ with representative works:____________________in early English and _____________in early French.21.In the Divine Comedy, Dante expressed ________________ ideas and foreshadowed the spirit of _________________. 22.Chaucer was regarded as the first _________________ and the first _____________________ with his famous work_____________________, as the representative of______________(英语的哪个发展时期)23. In 1054, Christianity was divided into _____________and___________________________.24.The Middle Ages is a transitional period between ___________ times and ____________.25. The ceremony to grant the title “knight” is called ___________.26. ________________ translated the Old and New Testamentsfrom Hebrew and Greek originals into Latin. His translationwork, _______________, became the official Latin Bible usedby Roman Catholic Church of this day.27. “The Confession” and “the City of the God” were written by___________________.28. Since _____________ (哪个历史事件),Arabic numerals andalgebra were introduced into Europe.29. The mock battles for knight training are known as __________.30. ___________ paved the way for Modern English.31. The language used by Chaucer was _________________.III.间答与论述题:1.Why is the Middle Ages called Age of Faith?Or Why do we say the Middle Ages is a religious age?2.How did feudalism derive and develop in the Middle Ages?Or How did feudalism establish its firm ruling position in Europe?3.What is the great power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Middle Ages?4.What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture?Or What is the great significance of the Crusades?5. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?6.How did literature develop in the Middle Ages?7.What is the importance of using vernacular languages in theMedieval Time?8.What is the difference between the vernacular languagesused in the National Epics during the Middle Ages and thevernacular language used by Mark Twain?9.What was the merit shared by Charlemagne and Alfred theGreat?10.How did the English Language develop and what is therepresentation of each stage?Or What stages did the English Language undergo?11.Why do we say using of vernacular languages in the MiddleAges signifies a transition?Division FourI.Special Terms Explanation:Renaissance Renaissance Art ReformationCounter-Reformation Calvinism the JesuitsProtestantismII.有可能出填空,选择与判断题的内容:1.During Renaissance, humanist thinkers and scholarsintroduced new ideas that expressed the interests of__________________.2.Renaissance stared in ___________ and ______________with the flowering of painting, sculpture and architecture.3.At the heart of Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of_____________________which is also the core ofhumanism.4.Many of Petrarch’s ________________ are written for Laura.5.The most representative painter of humanism was________________________ with his famous painting work____________________ and _______________.6.The statesman, ____________________ of Italy in theRenaissance period has greatly influenced the politicalscience in the west, called “Father of Western PoliticalScience”.7.Under the reign of ______________________, Englishbegan to embark on the road to colonization and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.8.________________ is the birth place of Renaissance.9.Madonna was _______________ (什么性质的油画),paintedby _________________.10.Man with the Glove was painted by __________________.11.Calvinism insisted on constructing a type of governmentknown as ______________________________.12.After Reformation, in England a new form of church wasestablished known as _______________ or _____________.13.During Counter-Reformation, __________________(教派名称) was devoted to defending the Roman Catholic Church with its head, _____________________(首领名字).14.______________ stressed hard work and thrifty way of life.15.Montaigne was a French humanist known for his___________.16.The representative author of Renaissance in Spain was______________________ with his famous literary work, _____________________ with which the European novel entered a new stage17.The most representative author and humanist duringRenaissance in England was ________________________, and his four great tragedies are respectively ____________________,________________________,______________________and______________________ 18.Columbus was the discoverer of ____________________in1492.19.______________ discovered the Cape of Good Hope in1487.20.______________ discovered the route to India round theCape of Good Hope between 1497 and 1498.21.America was named in ______________(whose) honor.22.__________________________put forward revolutionaryideas in astronomy during the Middle Ages, and his theorywas __________________________ proved later by_______________________and _______________________in 17th century.23.As you like it and Twelfth Night are two comedies written by________________.24.The idea that only those specially elected by God are savedwas advocated by ___________(school).25.It was during the reign of _________(whom) that the EnglishBible was adopted by the Church of England.26.The idea that the Bible was the supreme authority and manwas only bound to the law of the world of the God was putforward by _____________(whom).27.During Renaissance, __________(whom) preached in CzechLanguage.28.During Renaissance, With the reign of ___________(whom)England began to embark on the road to _____________ andforeign control.29.William Shakespeare, _________________, Thomas Moreand __________________ were humanist scholars duringRenaissance.30.David is a sculpture done by _____________.III.论述题:1.Why did Renaissance first begin in Italy?2.Why did Renaissance decline in Italy in the end?3.What is Renaissance Art ? What are the characteristicsand features of Renaissance Art?4.How did Reformation develop? (即:发展的四个阶段)5.How did capitalism come into being and develop?Or What are the propositions for Capitalism to rise?6.What is the great significance of Reformation?What are the great influences of Reformation?7.Why did England come later than other countries duringthe Renaissance but reach its climax in England? In whatway was English Renaissance different from that of othercountries?8.What type of culture did Renaissance create?9.What is the great significance of Reformation?10.What are the great geographical discoveries (or ofnavigation) in the Middle Ages?11.From what was the English essay derived?Division FiveI.Special Terms Explanation:Francis Bacon’s practical philosophyDeductive methodInductive methodThe Great InstaurationThomas Hobbes’ Social ContractJohn Lock’s Social Contractthe Natural State of Warthe Laws of NatureThe English Revolution (the English Bourgeoisie Revolution)Descartes’ Theory of KnowledgeDescartes’ DualismFrench ClassicismBaroque ArtII.有可能出填空,选择题与判断题的内容:1._______________ century was the transitional period fromthe Middle Ages to the Modern Times.2. The Modern World begins in __________(century).3. ________________ and _________________proved thatCopernicus’ heliocentric theory is t rue.4. There is the first breakthrough in __________and________________ in the 17th century.5. There was a profound change in the conception of men’splace in the universe in ___________(century).6. _________ looks at men’s position in the universe in a newway.7. Kepler was well known for his discovery of ___________.8. Newton discovered the theory of _________________, and he also invented the method called ___________________.9. ____________ distinguishes three levels of understanding: _______________, _____________________ and _______ _________________.6. ____________________ psychology and ______________ physics originated from Leibniz.7. In December, 1689, __________________________ was enacted by the English Parliament.8. After the English Revolution, _____________________(制度) was established in the Great Britain.9. The event that took place in 1688 in the Great Britain was called ________________.10.The men of the action and the leader in the English Revolution were _____________ and _____________, and the man of thought with his famous literary work _______.11. ____________________ was the representative author of French Classicism.12.The representative painter of Baroque Art was __________ with his famous painting work _______________________ and _____________________.13. ____________________ was the representative painter of Dutch Protestant Art.14. The law of falling bodies is established by __________.15.The importance of acceleration in dynamics is discoveredby ___________.16.__________ sated that there should be a common poweror a government backed by force able to punish.17. __________ believed that government was not createdby God, but by men themselves.18. _________ believed that sensation and reflection makeup experience.19. Paradise Lost was written by ____________, who wasthe man of ___________ in the English Revolution. 20. The Calling of St. Mathew and The Cardsharps werepainted by ______________, which belong to _________________(哪种艺术流派).21. “I doubt, therefore I think: I think, therefore I am.” wasput forward by ______________, which belongs to _______________________(什么理论).22. Both idealism and materialism are included in _______’_______________(谁的,什么理论).23. By the end of 16th century, _______________ had spreadto England. As a result, _______________was staredin England.III.论述题:1.Why do we say the 17th century was a transitional periodfrom the Middle Ages to the Modern World?2.How did science develop in the 17th century?3.What are the two merits shared by the Great Scientists of the17th century?What are the similarities among the 17th -century scientists?4.What is Baconian Materialism?5.What is the difference between Thomas Hobbes and JohnLock in terms of their social contract?6.How many stages did the English Revolution undergo?7.What is the great significance of the English Revolution?8.What is French Classicism? What are the characteristics?9.How did Lock justify rebellion against government?10. What are the causes of the English Revolution?。
欧洲文化入门复习资料
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《欧洲文化入门》复习题(一)Division One:Greek Culture and Roman Culture第一部分: 古希腊和古罗马文化Greek Culture古希腊文化I.填空1.more enduring持久的and they are element and Judeo-Christia犹太教与基督教所共有的element.2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 53.th公元前4世纪的后期, all Greece was brought under the马其顿王国4.攻克Greece.5.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.6.Revived in the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sportscompetition.奥运会由7.荷马to be the author of their epics史诗.8.The Iliad结盟,同盟of the states of the southern特洛伊9.The Odyssey奥德赛奥德赛思after the Trojan 木马war to hishome, island of Ithaca.伊萨卡poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired 赞赏by readers today:品达颂歌celebrating 庆祝the victories 胜利at the athletic games,14.Aeschylus埃斯库罗斯Agamemnon阿伽门农.15.Sophocles索福克勒斯wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King俄狄浦斯王, Electra伊莱克特拉, and Antigone.安提戈涅16.Euripides women in such plays as Andromache安德洛玛克,Medea麦迪edy喜剧also flourished繁荣in the 5阿里斯托芬, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Waspsoften called ―Father of History‖. He wrote about the wars between19.Thucydides修昔底徳and between锡拉库扎, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily西西里岛.20.was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.21.was the founder of scientific mathematics.22.Heracleitue believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything else hadarisen出现.philosophy哲学are andwas one of the earliest philosophical哲学的materialists唯物主义者and speculated推测about the atomic原子的structure结构of matter事件.25.th26.Euclid欧几里得27.To illustrate说明told the king: ―Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.‖给我一个支点,我可以撬动地球。
欧洲文化名词解释
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Division Three The Middle Ages1.the Middle ages(中世纪): 1) In European history, the thousand-year period from the 5th century to 15th century following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.2)The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. 3) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.4) Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years. It shaped people’s lives. That is why the Middle Ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2.Feudalism(封建主义):1)Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. 2)The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3.Fiefs(封地,采邑):1)In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. 2)The subdivisions were called fiefs.4. vassals(诸侯): 1)In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. 2)The subdivisions were called fiefs.3) The owners of the fiefs w call vassals.5. Code of Chivalry (骑士制度): 1) In the Middle Ages of western Europe, as a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. 2) These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.6. dubbing (骑士头衔加冕仪式) : After a knight was successful in his trails and tournaments, there was always a special ceremony to award him with a title, knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing.7. The Manor (庄园):1)The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. 2)Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. 3)By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.8.The Catholic Church(天主教):1) In the medieval “ age of faith”, almost all Europeans belonged to the Cathol ic Church. 2) The word “catholic” meant “universal” 3) The Catholic Church was highly centralized and disciplined international organization and the Pope was the head of the Church. He not only ruled Rome and parts of Italy as a king, he was also the head of all Christian churches in western Europe. Those who opposed the Pope lost their membership and their political right. 4) The Church even set up a church court-the Inquisition to stamp out so-called heresy. 5) Latin was the accepted official language in the Roman CatholicChurch. 6) This Church had great influence on people’s daily life and the western thinking.9.Monasticism (修道院制度): 1)Heeding the spiritual message of Christianity, between 300 and 500 A.D., many men withdrew from worldly contacts to deserts and lonely places. 2) This movement developed into the establishment of monasteries(修道院)and convents (女修道院) for monks and nuns. 3)Some of the hermits were great scholars known as “Father of the Church”, whose work is generally considered orthodox.. 4) Three representatives were St. Jerome, Augustine of Hippo and St. Benedict.10.Benedictine Rule(本尼迪克特教团):1) It was founded by St. Benedict, a great monk in 529 A. D. 2) The monks who followed Benedict’s rule promised to give up all their possession before entering the monastery. 3) wore simple clothes and ate only certain simple foods. 4) They could not marry and had to obey without question the orders of the abbot. 5) They had to attend service seven times during the day and once at midnight.6) In addition, they were expected to work five hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery.11. holy communion(圣餐): 1) It is one of most important sacraments. 2) It helps to remind people that Christ has died to redeem man.12.The Crusades(十字军东征1) In 1071 Palestine fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems who attacked the Christian pilgrims, killing many of them and sold many others as slaves. 2) News of this kink roused great indignation among Christians in western Europe. 3) The result was a series of holy wars called the Crusades which went on about 200 years. 4) All the soldiers going to Palestine wore a red cross on the tunics as a symbol of obedience to God. 5) There were altogether eight chief Crusades from 1096 to 1291. 6) Aothough the Crusades did not achieve their goal to regain the Holy land, they had an important effect on the future of both the East and the West. They brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.13. Carolingian Renaissance(加洛林复兴):1)In early medieval period, the Emperor of the Romans, Charlemagne, encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools, giving support to scholars and setting scribes to work copying various ancient books. Because the scribes performed their tasks well, few of the ancient works that had survived until that time were ever lost. 3) The result of Charle magne’s efforts is usually called the “Carolingian Renaissance”. 4)The term is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. 5) The most interesting side of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture. 14. Alfred the Great(阿尔弗雷德大王)1) As the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, he contributed greatly to the medieval European culture. 2) Heworried about the disappearance of learning and made Wessex the Anglo-Saxon cultural centre by introducing teachers and scholars, founding new monasteries, and promoting translations into the vernacular from Latin works. 3)He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo Saxon Chronicles.15.National Epic(民族史诗):1)The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form. in ancient literature.2)“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. 3)Literary works were no longer all written in Latin.4)It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.16.Beowulf(《贝奥武甫》):1) It is an Anglo-Saxon epic in 8th century. 2) It originates from the collective efforts of oral literature. 3) The story is set in Denmark or Sweden and tells how the hero, Veowulf, defeats the monster Grendel and Grendel’s mother, a sea monster, but eventually receives his own death in fighting with a fire dragon. 4) It marks the beginning of English literature.17. Song of Roland(《罗兰之歌》):1)It is the most well-known of a group of French epics known as La Chanson de Gestes. 2) It tells how Roland, one of Charlemagne’s warriors, fights in Spain and dies defending a pass in the Pyrenees.18. The Divine Comedy(《神曲》):1)It was written by the greatest poet of Italy, Dante. 2) It is one of the landmarks of world literature. 3) The poem itself is the greatest Christian poem with a profound vision of the medieval Christian world, and expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance. 4) It was written in Italian rather than in Latin, which influenced decisively the evolution of European literature away from it origins in Latin culture to a new varied expression.19. The Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》):1) The Canterbury Tales was written by English poet Chaucer. 2) The book contains twenty-four tales bold by a group of pilgrims on their journey to Canterbury. 3) Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing French and Italy writing into the English native alliterative verse(头韵). 4)The Canterbury Tales is the best representative of the middle English, paving the way to Modern English.20. Gothic(哥特式建筑)名词解释 1)The Gothic style. started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe. 2) It flourished and lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. 3) More churches were built in this manner tan in any other style. in history. 4) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque, but it reflected a much more ordered feudal society with full confidence. 5) Gothic cathedrals soared high, their windows, arches and towers reachingheavenward, flinging their passion against the sky. The were decorated with beautiful stained glass windows and sculptures.。
外国文学 名词解释
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外国文学名词解释1.文艺复兴14至l 6世纪欧洲新兴资产阶级反封建、反教会的思想文化运动。
其思想核心是人文主义。
人文主义用人性来反对神权,肯定人的价值和人的力量,反对教会的神权沦;用个性解放、个人幸福来反对禁欲主义,强调幸福在现世人间;用理性来反对教会的蒙昧主义;在政治上,拥护中央集权,反对封建割据。
文艺夏兴运动在哲学、文学、艺术和自然科学的许多领域广泛展开.它是人类思想文化史上的一次伟大革命.对欧洲和世界文学艺术以及自然科学的发展起了巨大的推动作用。
2.人文主义是文艺复兴时期资产阶级反封建斗争的思想武器,也是这一时期资产阶级进步文学的中心思想。
人文主义提出入是宇宙的中心,以此来对抗封建教会以神为宇宙的中心。
人文主义思想的主要内容有:第一,用人性反对神权。
第二,用个性解放反对禁欲主义。
第三,用理性反对蒙昧主义。
第四,拥护中央集权,反对封建割据。
总之,人文主义作为新兴资产阶级的世界观和思想武器,对阻碍生产力发展的封建束缚和宗教观念起着强大的冲击作用,因而起过很大的作用。
人文主义者所肯定的“人”、主要是资产阶级本身,而带有明显的阶级局限性。
3.流浪汉小说在16世纪中叶,西班牙产生了…种新型小说,即流浪汉小说。
作品以流浪的主人公的流浪生涯为线索,描写城市平民的生活,揭露没落中的贵族阶级和教士,讽刺唯利是图的资产阶级观念.慨叹世道的不平和人生的艰辛。
人物性格相当突出,或驾信天命.或玩世不恭,或忍辱求生。
小说多用第一人称、自传体形式,语言流畅,但情节与情节间尚缺乏有机联系c代表作是西班牙无名氏的《小瘤子》。
流浪汉小说对欧洲近代小说的创作影响较大。
4.七星诗社16世纪法国文艺复兴时期的诗人团体,以龙沙等七人组成的“七星诗社”,具有浓重的贵族倾向。
他们肯定生活,歌颂自然与爱情,反对禁欲主义,注重民族语言的统一及民族诗歌的建立,但却轻视民间语言和民间文学,艺术上追求典雅的风格。
5.“大学才子派”英国文艺复兴时期,伦敦出现了一批受过大学教育的剧作家,他们受人文主义思想影响,精通古代和文艺复兴时期的意大利文学,并在戏剧创作上颇有创新,故称“大学才子派”。
欧洲文化入门名词解释题
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欧洲文化入门名词解释题欧洲文化是一个广泛而丰富的主题,包含了许多名词和概念。
以下是一些常见的欧洲文化名词解释:1. 文艺复兴(Renaissance),指15世纪至17世纪期间在欧洲兴起的一场文化运动,标志着中世纪晚期的结束和现代时代的开始。
它在文学、艺术、科学和哲学等领域产生了重要影响。
2. 巴洛克(Baroque),巴洛克是17世纪至18世纪初期的一种艺术和建筑风格,以其复杂、夸张和华丽的特点而闻名。
它在欧洲各地留下了许多宏伟的教堂和宫殿。
3. 文艺复兴人文主义(Renaissance Humanism),文艺复兴时期的一种思想运动,强调人的价值和尊严,以人类中心主义为核心。
人文主义者关注人类的教育、人文科学和个人成就。
4. 启蒙运动(Enlightenment),18世纪欧洲的一场思想运动,强调理性、科学和个人自由。
启蒙运动的哲学家们反对封建主义和宗教教条,主张人民的权利和平等。
5. 文化多样性(Cultural Diversity),欧洲是一个多民族、多语言和多文化的大陆。
文化多样性指的是不同民族和文化群体之间的差异和共存。
欧洲的文化多样性是其独特之处。
6. 民主(Democracy),民主是一种政治制度,强调人民的参与和决策权。
欧洲有许多国家采用民主制度,并且民主原则被认为是现代欧洲社会的基石。
7. 宗教改革(Protestant Reformation),16世纪欧洲发生的一场宗教运动,由马丁·路德等人领导。
它对天主教教会的权威提出了质疑,并导致了新教派别的兴起。
8. 工业革命(Industrial Revolution),18世纪末至19世纪初期,在英国开始的一场经济和技术变革。
工业革命引发了工业化和城市化进程,对欧洲社会和经济产生了深远影响。
9. 现代主义(Modernism),20世纪初期的一种文化和艺术运动,强调创新、个人表达和对传统的反叛。
现代主义在绘画、音乐、文学和建筑等领域都有显著影响。
欧洲文化入门1
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Greek&RomanCulturePlato:the greatest philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. Of the Dialogues he wrote, 27 have survived, including: The Apology, Symposium and the Republic.Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism Plato argued that men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideals”, like beauty, truth and goodness. Only these “ideas” are completely real, while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason, Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism, and Plato was called idealist.The Cynics: The Cynics got their name because Diogenes, one of their leaders, decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic”means “dog”in Greek. Diogenes rejected all conventions and advocated self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life.古Greek society特征:1women, children, foreigners and slaves had no rights, only adult male citizens had real power an citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father. 2The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor. 3 Slaves worked on farms and in workshops and mines owned by their masters.4There was harsh exploitation in Greek society. 5The Greeks loved sports.希腊文化对英国文学的影响:Greek culture exerted the enormous influence on English literature, for example: a) Pindar had imitators, such as the 17th century English poet John Dryden. B) The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Feud’s term “ the Oedipus complex” was derived from Sophocles’s play. C) In the 19th century, the English poetess Elizabeth Browning called Euripides “Euripides human”. D) In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheu s Unbound and Keats’s Ode On a Grecian Urn. E) In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernistmasterpiece Ulysses.Roman CultureJulius Caesar: a successful general who became dictator in Rome for a few years until he was assassinated. He recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns in the work Commentaries, which are models of succinct Latin.the Pax Romana: In the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. The emperors mainly relied on a strong army –the famous Roman legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is known as Pax Romana.希腊文化与罗马文化的异同:A) The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified –Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on –and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland. B) There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire: the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.Virgil: A) The book was the great epic, the Aeneid. B) The book tells the story of Aeneas, one of the princes of Troy, who escaped from that burning city when it fell to the Greeks, to carry on theTrojan cause in a new place, Rome. He didn’t go alone, but, carrying his father on his shoulders and leading his little son by the hand, a family group of three generations moved together. Thus there was continuity from the Greek past. Aeneas is a truly tragic hero: had to betray the great passion of his life, his love for Dido, queen of Carthage to fulfill his history mission. While he gained an empire, he lost something no empire could compensate, happiness in life.。
外国文学史(下)名词解释+简答
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外国文学史(下)名词解释+简答外国文学史(下)名词解释:1. 文艺复兴(Renaissance):指15世纪至17世纪的欧洲,人们对古典文化的重新研究和追求对文艺、哲学和科学产生了巨大影响。
文艺复兴时期的文学作品追求个人独立思考和表达,注重描写人类的尊严和活力。
2. 巴洛克(Baroque):17世纪后期至18世纪初期的艺术和文学风格,特点是丰富、夸张和复杂的形式,着重宏大的叙事、高度感性和矛盾冲突的表现手法。
3. 古典主义(Classicism):17世纪至18世纪欧洲文学的主导风格,追求简洁、平衡和秩序,并以古希腊和古罗马文学为理想。
古典主义文学作品着重规则、理性和正确的表达,反对夸张和感性的表现。
4. 浪漫主义(Romanticism):18世纪末至19世纪初的文学和艺术运动,强调个人情感、幻想和对自然、民族和历史的热爱。
浪漫主义文学作品追求创造性和超越现实的体验,注重独特的个人感受和想象力。
5. 现实主义(Realism):19世纪后期兴起的文学运动,注重真实和客观地描绘社会生活和人物性格。
现实主义文学作品关注社会问题和人类行为,以冷静、客观的态度呈现现实世界。
简答:1. 简要介绍浪漫主义文学的主要特点。
浪漫主义文学强调个人情感、幻想和对自然、民族和历史的热爱。
浪漫主义作品追求创造性和超越现实的体验,注重独特的个人感受和想象力。
其特点包括:强调自我抒发和情感表达、崇尚自然和对自然界的描绘、赋予民族和历史以重要性、追求超脱现实和理想的愿景、关注个体的内心世界和精神追求。
2. 简要介绍现实主义文学的主要特点。
现实主义文学强调真实和客观地描绘社会生活和人物性格。
现实主义文学作品以冷静、客观的态度呈现现实世界,关注社会问题和人类行为。
其特点包括:关注社会问题和人类生活,呈现真实的社会环境和人物性格、注重描绘细节和个体的日常生活、追求客观和客观真实的写作风格、拒绝浪漫主义的幻想和逃避。
西方文论名词解释(1)
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理式:柏拉图哲学中的核心概念,指不依存于人的意识的一种超时空的绝对存在。
根据柏拉图的解释,这类”理式”存在于天外境界,无生无灭,无声无色,不可捉摸。
柏拉图认为,现实中可见的事物,均是以理式为蓝本形成的。
柏拉图对”理式”的解释,虽然比较神秘,但在哲学意义上,实际上是指,事物的本体,事物的真相。
故而在柏拉图的理论中,她有时又用“真实存在”、“真理”,“真理大原”之类术语指称“理式”。
迷狂:指失去正常理智时的精神迷乱状态。
在《斐德若篇》中,柏拉图分析了4种“迷狂”。
一是预言迷狂,即受神感召而能预言的人呈现出的迷狂;二是除灾迷狂,即为了禳除灾祸而祷告神灵时的人陷入的迷狂;三是灵感迷狂,即使人因诗神附体而呈现出的迷狂;似是回忆迷狂,以及那些完全摆脱了现实束缚,一心向往善与美的“理式者”,沉浸于“理式”回忆之境时呈现出的迷狂。
陶冶:亚里士多德在《诗学》中论述悲剧功能时所用的术语。
“陶冶”系罗念先生在《诗学》中的译语,朱光潜先生则将其译为“净化”。
其基本含义是:悲剧所激起的观众的怜悯与恐惧之情,有助于观众原有的此类情感的宣泄,有助于恢复和保持其心理健康。
妥帖得体:贺拉斯所强调的文学创作的总原则。
具体所指的是:从形象塑造到词语安排,从结构设置到人物语言设计,从诗格的运用到材料的选择等,都要合适得当。
判断力:贺拉斯强调的判断力,就是我们通常所说的理性认识能力。
基于文艺创作应妥贴得体的认识,贺拉斯认为写作要成功离不开判断力。
创作主体只有具有相应的判断力,才能真正的认识生活,才能知道如何塑造形象,怎样给人提供教益,以及采用什么样的叙述技巧等,从而做到各个方面的妥帖得体。
崇高:审美范畴之一。
主要指对象以其粗犷博大的感性姿态,雄伟的气势,劲健的物质力量和精神气度等,给人以心灵的震撼,使之受到强烈的鼓舞和激越,促使人们产生敬仰和赞叹的情怀,从而提升和扩大人的精神境界。
朗吉努斯所说的崇高,则主要是就艺术效果而言的,即作品能够带给读者的强烈情感震撼与思想冲击,能够使之产生的雄浑、庄严,激越的情感体验。
欧洲文化知识点
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欧洲文化知识点欧洲是一个拥有悠久历史和丰富多样文化的大陆。
本文将介绍一些关于欧洲文化的重要知识点。
一、古希腊文化古希腊文化是欧洲文化的重要组成部分,被认为是西方文明的源头。
古希腊文化在哲学、政治、文学、艺术等领域都有重要贡献。
例如,苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德等哲学家的思想对西方思想史产生了深远影响。
古希腊的剧院艺术、雕塑和建筑也是欧洲文化的瑰宝。
二、文艺复兴运动文艺复兴是欧洲历史上的一个重要时期,主要发生在15世纪至17世纪。
这一时期欧洲艺术、文学和科学都取得了巨大的突破和进步。
文艺复兴运动的核心思想是人文主义,主张人的尊严、自由和个性的发展。
达芬奇、米开朗基罗和莎士比亚等文艺复兴时期的艺术家和作家为欧洲文化贡献了许多杰作。
三、启蒙运动启蒙运动是欧洲18世纪的一场思想和文化运动,旨在推动人类的自由、平等和知识解放。
启蒙运动的代表人物有伏尔泰、卢梭和弗朗西斯·培根等。
这一时期的文化思潮对欧洲的政治、宗教和社会制度产生了巨大影响,也为后来的民主和人权思想打下了基础。
四、宗教改革宗教改革是指16世纪以来在欧洲发生的一系列宗教思潮和变革。
马丁·路德和约翰·加尔文等人的思想引发了对罗马天主教教会的批评和反抗。
宗教改革的结果之一是形成了新教教派,如路德宗和长老宗。
宗教改革对欧洲的宗教信仰和政治格局产生了深远影响。
五、工业革命工业革命是18世纪末至19世纪初在英国兴起的一场重大社会经济变革。
它以机械工业的兴起和工业化生产方式的建立为特征。
工业革命改变了欧洲的经济结构和社会面貌,从传统农业社会转向了工业化社会。
同时,工业革命也对世界历史产生了深远影响,开启了现代工业文明的时代。
六、两次世界大战20世纪是欧洲历史上最为动荡的时期。
两次世界大战的爆发和战争的破坏使欧洲付出了巨大的代价。
这两场战争对于欧洲的政治、经济和文化产生了深远的影响。
战后,欧洲逐渐走上和平与发展的道路,形成了如今的欧洲联盟。
欧洲文化入门Europe Culture 1 Greek Culture and Roman Culture
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最後,奧德賽得神助,乘坐一艘在一夜之間可到達世界 各地的奇異船,在睡眠中回到故鄉伊他開。在那裡, 奧 德賽得到雅典娜女神的鼓勵,還有兒子和兩位忠實部下的 協助,並得知其妻對其的忠貞,從武器倉庫裡取出古時候 留傳下來的大弓箭,將那些惡劣的求婚者一一射殺。貝尼 蘿蓓亞以為奧德賽在特洛伊陣亡,見丈夫平安歸來驚喜萬 分,一家人終於團圓。
Athens was a democracy
Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”.
Athens was a democracy
Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”.
Athens was a democracy
Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”.
Greeks loved sports
Olympus Mountain---Olympic Games Modern Olympic Games revived in 1896 顾拜旦 (法国)
此時霍克得雖然擔心自己死後國家和妻子的命運,但為了名譽, 單獨出城和阿奇里斯決一死戰。最後,阿奇里斯有雅典娜女神 的幫忙,將霍克得殺死,達到報仇的心願。阿奇里斯並將霍克 得的屍體縛在戰車上拖著走。特洛伊的老王普利亞摩斯,為了 要回兒子的遺體,親自訪問阿奇里斯的營地,於是兩人共嘆命 運的悲哀。老王將兒子的遺體運回充滿悲傷的特洛伊城舉行葬 禮。
希臘方面為了奪回海倫,公元前1194年,亞該亞希臘人組織 一千艘的船對進攻特洛伊,以斯巴達王的長兄邁 錫尼王亞格門 能 (亞金面羅王) 為統帥。經過十年悠久歲月,仍然不能攻下 特洛伊城。「伊里亞德」就是歌 詠這十年當中最後數十天所發 生的事。
欧洲文化
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随笔集 随笔集共三卷,一百余章。《蒙田随笔》于 1580-1588年分三卷在法国先后出版。自此以 后,他的作品就再也没有绝版过。到今天,世 界上所有的书面语言都可以读到它。它与《培 根人生论》《帕斯卡尔思想录》一起,被人们 誉为欧洲近代哲学散文三大经典。
作品行文恣肆汪洋,语言平易流畅,旁征 博引,鉴古知今,开创了随笔这一文学体裁 的先河,奠定了法语作为文学语言的基础, 对后世的西方文学产生了深远的影响。英国 的培根,法国的帕斯卡、卢梭、普鲁斯特、 法朗士等一大批文学巨匠都吸收借鉴了蒙田 随笔的风格,蒙田因此被后人尊奉为随笔这 一文学体裁的鼻祖。
THANK
YOU
《巨人传》的教育问题
拉伯雷认为解放人的力量要通过教育。因此, 教育问题在《巨人传》里占很重要的地位。拉伯雷 强调教育要把体育锻炼包括在内。他批判中古经院 教育窒息“人的天性”,提出新的人文主义的教育 方案,主张使人全面发展,培养“全知全能的人”, 也就是适应当时资产阶级需要的人。他特别强调知 识的作用,以为人类只要掌握了科学,在学问上成 为巨人,就有力量和黑暗势力作斗争,为人类创造 美好光明的幸福世界。
Essais
• 《随笔集》内容丰富,思路开阔, 天文地理、草木虫鱼、人情风俗、 人生哲理,无所不谈。书中对传统 观念进行挑战,探索真理,宣扬解 放人性、尊重理智的人文主义思想 ,同时还表达了人们要求结束内战 的意愿。 • 《随笔集》结构自如随意,笔调轻 松,语言平易。无论在思想内容或 艺术形式上,它对法国和欧洲其他 国家的散文,都产生了深远的影响 。
3.Michel Eyques de Montaigne(蒙田) A French humanist known for his
Essais
The motto in the essays : Que saisje [what do I know ?(何为吾知)] . A man of skepticism. Montaigne had great influence on English literature in later ages.
外国文学(1)名词解释
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外国文学(1)名词解释两希文学:“两希”文化,古希腊—罗马文学和希伯来—基督教文学是欧洲文学的两大源头,文学史上称为“两希”传统。
他们在欧洲文学漫长的历史流变过程中呈冲突和互补之势,欧洲近现代文学的人文观念和艺术精神的基本内核,主要来源于这两大传统。
荷马史诗:荷马史诗包括《伊利昂纪》和《奥德修纪》两部史诗,取材于公元前12世纪发生的特洛伊战争,在民间传唱的过程中加进了许多神话故事。
到公元前9世纪左右,相传由行吟诗人荷马编定成具有完整故事情节和统一风格的两大口头史诗,故名“荷马史诗”。
在公元前6世纪由学者用文字写定,成为欧洲英雄史诗的典范。
表现了战争和当时社会生活的各方各面,塑造了阿基琉斯、赫克托尔、奥德修斯等英雄形象,并使大量希腊神话得以保存,具有很高的认识价值和艺术价值。
普罗米修斯:普罗米修斯,在希腊神话中,是泰坦神族的神明之一,教会了人类很多知识。
宙斯禁止人类用火,他就帮人类从奥林匹斯偷取了火,因此触怒宙斯。
宙斯将他锁在高加索山的悬崖上,每天派一只鹰去吃他的肝,又让他的肝每天重新长上。
埃斯库罗斯的古希腊戏剧《普罗米修斯》三部曲,塑造了普罗米修斯这一位爱护人类、不屈服于暴力的光辉形象。
该作品是古希腊悲剧中主题最崇高、风格最庄重的作品之一,表现了为正义事业而斗争的高尚精神和雄伟气魄。
潘多拉的匣子:灾难和后患无穷的代名词。
在希腊神话中,•宙斯恼恨普罗米修斯盗取天火给人类,在惩罚普罗米修斯的同时,迁怒于人类。
他让火神赫淮斯托斯造了一个名叫潘多拉的漂亮少女,•命神使赫耳墨斯将其送给普罗米修斯在人间的傻弟厄庇墨透斯为妻。
时潘多拉打开了随身带着的金匣子,于是,灾难、祸患、瘟疫疾病、死亡等变成虫子飞向人间,而希望却被关在匣底。
从此,人类开始了苦难而悲惨的生活。
伊卡洛斯:是希腊神话中代达罗斯的儿子,与代达罗斯使用蜡和羽毛造的翼逃离克里特岛时,他因飞得太高,双翼上的蜡遭太阳融化跌落水中丧生,被埋葬在一个海岛上。
欧洲文化名词解释
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Unit one Greek Culture and Roman Culture1. Herodotus: He was one of the great Greek historians. He was called”father of history”. He wrote wars between Greeks and Persians.2. Socrates: he was one of the great philosophers of ancient Greece. His philosophy took the aim to reach the conclusion of oneself. He thought that virtues was knowledge. His thought was recorded in Dialogue by Plato. He devised the dialectical method.3.Aristotle: he was one of the great philosophers of ancient Greece, pupil of Plato. He thought that theory should follow fact. His major works are Ethics, Politics, Poetics and Rhetoric.4. Plato: he was one of the great philosophers of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. He built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. His philosophy is called idealism. Among his Dialogues, the most famous books are the Apology, the Republic and Symposium.5. Dialectical method: It was devised by ancient Greek philosopher Socrates. It is a method of argument, by questions and answers.6. Diogenes: He was one of the Cynic’s leaders in ancient Greece. He decided to live like a dog. The word “cynic”means ”dog” in Greek. He rejected all conventions, advocate self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life.7. Stoics: It was one of four ancient Greek schools of philosophers. To them, the most important thing in life was “duty”. It developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The chief Stoic was Zeno.8. Doric style: It is one of three ancient Greek architecture styles. It is also called the masculine style. It is sturdy, powerful, severe-looking and showing a good sense of proportions and numbers.9. Homer: Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics. He probably lived around 700 BC. His major works are Iliad and Odyssey.Unit two The Bible and Christianity1. The Bible: The Bible is a collection of religious writings, comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ.2. The Old Testament: The Bible was divided into two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about the God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament’ means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.3. The New Testament: The Bible was divided into two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament’ means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.4. Pentateuch: The first five books in the Old Testament are called Pentateuch. The five books are Genesis, Leviticus, Exodus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.5. Genesis: Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch in the Old Testament. It tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man.6. Commandment: After the Hebrews formed into a great nation, they left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai. Moses climbed to the top of the mountain to receive God message, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments.7. Noah’s Ark: People on earth became more and more corrupt, so the God decided to destroy them in a great flood, except Noah who kept faith in God. Noah followed God’s instructions to build an ark to protect him and his kin. 40 days later, only those sheltered in the ark survived.8. The fall of man: God created Adam and Eve, who lived in happiness in the Garden of Eden. One day, at the temptation of the Serpent, Eve and Adam ate fruits from the forbidden tree. Then, they were driven out of Eden. Thus man’s story of misfortune and hardships began.9. The prophets: For more than a thousand years in the Middle East there had been a class of people known as “prophets” or the spokesmen of God. The prophets can be grouped into the Major Prophets and Minor Prophets.10. The four accounts in the New Testament: The four accounts are the first four books in the New Testament. They were written by four of Jesus’ early followers. They tell of the birth, teaching, death and Resurrection of Jesus.11. King James’ version of Bible: It is the most influential English Bible. It is also called the “Authorized ” version. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James, and published in 1611.Unit three the Middle Ages1.The Middle Ages: It refers to the period between the 5th century and 15th century. During this times, there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization united Europe was the Christian church. Thus, the Middle Ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2.Feudalism:In Europe, it was mainly a system of land holding---a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3. Code of Chivalry: In the Middle Ages, as a night, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry.4. Dubbing: After a knight was successful in his trails and tournaments, there was a special ceremony to award him with a title, knight. This ceremony is called dubbing.5. The Catholic Church: In the Middle Ages, almost all Europeans belonged to the Catholic Church. Pope was the head of the Church. The Church had great influence on people’s daily life and the western thinking.6. The Crusades: In 1071,Turkish Moslems attacked the Christian pilgrims in Palestine, killing many of them. This news roused great indignation among Christians in western Europe. The result was a series of holy wars called the Crusades.7. Aflred the Great: He was the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon of Wessex. He contributed greatly to the medieval European culture.8. National epic: It refers to the epic written in vernacular languages. The languages of various national states came into being in the Middle Ages.9. The Divine Comedy: It was written by the greatest poet of Italy, Dante. It is one of the landmarks of the world literature. It is a Christian poem and expresses the idea of humanism.10. Gothic:It started in France and spread through western Europe. It flourished and lasted from the 12th century to 15th century. It was an outgrowth of the Romanesque. The Gothic cathedrals soared high. They were decorated with beautiful stained glass windows.11. Dante: He was the greatest poet of Italy. His masterpiece, the Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of the world literature.Unit four Renaissance and Reformation1. Renaissance: It refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century. “Renaissance” means revival, specifically, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. In this period, Humanists tried to introduce new ideas that expressed the interest of the rising bourgeoisie.2. Humanism:It is the essence of Renaissance. Humanists believed that human beings had rights to pursue wealth and pleasure and they admired the beauty of human body. This belief shifted man’s interest from Christianity to humanity, from heaven to earth, from the beauty of God to beauty of human.3.Leonard da Vinci: he was an Italian painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer and scientist. He was a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word. He had great influence on the painters of his own generation, and generations to follow. His major works are Last Super and Mona Lisa.4. Michelangelo: He was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet. He was a towering figure of the Renaissance. His major works are David, Moses and Sistine Chapel.5. Raphael: He was one of the major painters of the Renaissance. He was best known for his Madonna. Because of his Madonnas with sweet expression, he came to be known as the elegant Raphael.6. Boccaccio: He was a close friend of Petrarch. He devoted himself to reintroduce Greek works. His greatest work was the Decameron.7. Petrarch: He was a great figure in Italian literature and a great humanist. He was a courtier and a diplomat. He was good at not only in lyric poetry but also at prose. He was best known for Canzoniers.8. Reformation: It was a religious movement as well as a socio-political movement in the 16th century. It was led by Martin Luther and swept the whole Europe. It gave a fatal blow to the Roman Catholic Church, and paved the way for capitalism.9. Martin Luther: He was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation. His doctrine marked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church. His held that Bible was the supreme authority, all believers were priests, and all occupations were holy.10. John Calvin: He was a French man, one of the leaders of the Protestant Reformation. His thoughts was called as Calvinism. His made a great influence in England, Scotland and the Netherlands.11. Calvinism: It was established by Calvin. It held the absolute authority of the God’s will. It believed that only those elected by God are saved, and any form of sinfulness was a sigh of damnation, whereas hard word could be a sign of salvation.12. Couter-Reformation: During the Reformation, the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over many places in Europe. The Church introduced reforms to bring back its life. Those improvements did work and the Roman Catholic Church did re-establish itself to some degree. 13. Copernicus: He was a Polish astronomer. He believed that the earth and other planets orbit about the sun and earth is not at the center of the universe. He was known as “father of modern astronomy”. His famous book was14. William Shakespeare: He is the greatest poet and dramatist in English literature. He was a man of the late Renaissance. His works including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth exerted great influence on the world literature.15. Columbus: He was a Italian navigator. Under the patronage of the royal family of Spain, he sailed west to reach the orient. He left Palos in 3 August,1492 with three ships and reached the Bahamas on 12 October 1492.16. Machiavelli: He was an author and a statesman. He was called “father of political science” in the west. By his famous books, Prince and Discourses, he expressed his ideas of liberty and democracy.Unit five The Seventeenth Century1. Galilei: He was a great Italian physicist of the 17th century. He was the first person to apply the telescope to the study of the skies. His discoveries were recorded in his famous book, the Starry Messenger.2. Bacon: He was an English philosopher, essayist and statesman. The famous sentence“knowledge is power”comes from him.His major works are the Advancement of Learning, the New Atlantis, the New Method and Essays.3. Thomas Hobbes: He was an English author. He was best known for Leviathan, one of the most famous political treatises. During the English Revolution, because of his royalist convictions, he took refuge in France.4. John Locke: He was a great English political philosopher. He inherited and developed the materialist views from Bacon and Hobbes. His famous books are Essays Concerning Human Understanding and Treatises of Civil Government.(2007年名词解释)5. Hobbes’ Materialist Views: He held that our knowledge comes from experience, and only material things are perceptible and knowable to us.6. Hobbes’s political thought: He held that men are enemies and at war with each other. In order to get men out of the war, there should be a common power backed by force and able to punish. He preferred monarchy.7. Lock’s Materialist Views: He held that all our ideas are ultimately derived from sensation or from reflection, and all our knowledge comes from experience.8. Lock’s Political Philosophy:treatises of Civil Government, he rejected the theory of divine right of kings, he set forth the true origin of government, he firmly believed in natural rights.9.10. The English Revolution: with the growth of capitalism,in 1642, the Civil War broke out between the king the Parliament. Led by Cromwell, the English bourgeoisie won the victory. Charles I was captured and beheaded in 1649 and a republic was born.11. The Glorious Revolution: Charles II was planing to turn England into a Catholic country. In 1688, the representatives of the Parliament negotiated with the Dutch king William and Mary, who was a member of the English royal family and a Protestant. Thus the English throne was offered to William and Mary and the restoration ended.12. The Bill of Rights: It was enacted by the English Parliament in 1689. It established the supremacy of the Parliament and put an end to divine monarchy. It limited the Sovereign’s power in some directions.13. Descartes: He was a French philosopher, physicist and mathematician. It is believed that modern philosophy begins with Bacon in England and with Descartes in France. His major works are Discourse on Method and Rules for the Direction of the Mind.14. Baroque Art: It flourished in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France, Flander and the Netherlands. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and color. The representatives are Bernini, Borromini and Peter Paul Rubens. Unit six The Age of Enlightenment1. Enlightenment: It was an intellectual movement originating in France and then spread though the Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. It is sometimes called the Age of Reason, because the writers used critical reason to free minds.2. The First Industrial Revolution: It took place in England between 1760 and 1840. It began with the invention of the steam engine. It rapidly changed the face of the world and ushered in a completely new age.3. French Revolution:In 1789, the people in Paris seized the Bastille. This event marked the end of the French monarchy. The guiding document of the revolution called Declaration of the Rights of Man. It established bourgeois democracy.4. Montesquieu: He was a French philosopher in 18th century. He was a great French man of letters associated with the Enlightenment. His famous works are Persian Letters and The Spirit of the Laws.5. The Spirit of the Laws: It was written by French philosopher Montesquieu in 18th century. It believed that the legislative, executive and judicial powers must be confided to different individuals or bodies,acting independently. The book has a great influence in the Western world even to this day.6. Voltaire: He was a French poet, dramatist and philosopher. He was noted for his characteristic wit, satire and critical capacity. His famous works are Letters Anglaise and Candide.7. Rousseau: He was a philosopher, and one of the greatest figures of the French Enlightenment. He glorified human nature and attacked social inequality. He was best known for his works including Emile, The Confessions, and The Social Contract.8. Rousseau’s The Social Contrat: It held that a society able to cultivate the individuals’moral stature without injuring his freedom. He believed that a social contract is established when each individual gave his rights to a general will. The book ended with a claim for social democracy.9. Henry Fielding: He was an English novelist, dramatist and essayist. He was called by Walter Scott the “father of the English novel”. His masterpiece was Tom Jones.10. Diderot: He was a French philosopher of the 18th century and man of letters. His famous works are Encyclopedia, Philosophical Thoughts, Letters on the Blind.11. Rococo Art: It is usually associated with architecture and interior decoration. It is characterized by elaborate ornamentation imitating shellwork. It has a curing and elastic pattern. The representatives are Watteau and Boucher.12. Kant: He was a German philosopher. He was the key figure of the German classical philosophy, and he is sometimes called the “waterhead of modern philosophy”. His famous works are Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason and Critique of Judgment.13. The Viennese School: Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven.Unit seven Romanticism1. Romanticism: It was a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art. It developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th century. It emphasized individual values and aspirations. It gave impetus to the national liberation movement in 19th century Europe.2. The lakers: English Romantic poets Wordsworth and Coleridge were best known as Lakers. The reason why they were called as Lakes is that they lived in the Lake District.Unit eight Marxism and DarwinismHegel: He was a German philosopher. He held that universe is subject to a constant progress of change and that activity is basic; progress is rational and logic is the basic of world progress. Such thoughts were recorded in his book Phenomenology.Darwinism: It refers to Darwin’s theory of evolution, the essence of which is natural selection. This idea had been touched upon by several scientists. Darwinism had great influence on biology, theology and social science.Marxism: It was born in the 19th century from European culture. It was developed from the German classical philosophy, utopia socialism as well as english and french political economy. It can be divided into 3 sections: Marxist philosophy, Marxist political economy and Marxist socialism.Unit night Realism1. Realism: it is a literary movement in Europe and the US in the last half of the 19th century and the early 20th century. It language was usually simple, clear and direct, while the tone was often comic, frequently satiric.2. Balzac: He was a french realist. He has been called “the French Dickens”. He grew up under the regime of Napoleon. The three best-known of his 90 novels in the Human Comedy are Eugenie Grandet, La Cousine Bette and Le Pere Goriot.3. Flaubert: he is one of the great literary artist of the 19th century. Though less fertile and wide-ranging than Balzac, he is much more of a conscious artist whose work constitutes an epoch in the history of the art of fiction. His work is Madame Bovary.4. Zola: He was a french author. He was the founder of the naturalist school. He believed almost blindly scientific determinism. His theory of naturalism was recorded in Les Rougen-Macquarts.5. Tolstoy: He was a Russian realistic novelist. He made the Russian realistic novelist a literary genre that ranks in importance with classical Greek tragedy and Elizabethan drama. His famous works are War and Peace, Anna Karenina, Resurrection.6. Van Gogh: He was a Dutch impressionist painter, who stresses the expression of his subject emotions in his paintings. His famous works are Starry Night, Sunflower, The Night Cafe.Unit ten Modernism1.Modernism: It was a international movement in all the creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century. It was made up of manyfacets, such as symbolism. surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurism, ect.2. Freud: He was an Austrian physician and neurologist. He was “the father of psychoanalysis”. He emphasized the unconscious, Id, Ego and Superego. His books -------has a profound influence on the modernist movement.3. The Lost Generation: It refers to a group of young intellectuals who came back from WWI, were injured both physically and mentally. The best representatives of the lost generation was Ernest Hemingway.4. Hemingway: He was an American novelist short story writer of the 20th century. He was awarded the Noble Prize in 1954. His famous works includes The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, the Old Man and the Sea.5. The Beat Generation: The Beat Generation in America refers to a group of American youngsters who refused to accept “respectability” and conventional social behaviors and who cultivated a rootless manner of living. The representatives are Ginsberg and Keroual.6. Angry Young Men: It was a term referring to a group of English writers who found themselves to be social misfits. It was represented by John Osborne’s play Look Back in Anger and Amis’s novel Lucky Jim.7. The Theatre of the absurd: It is a term referring to the works of some European playwrights of the 1950s and 60s. Their language is often dislocated. The Theatre of the Absurd is represented by Beckett’s Waiting for Godot.8. Black Humor: It is a term derived from Black Comedy. It refers to some Western, especially American Post-World War II writers. Black humor is kind of desperate humor. It was represented by Joseph Heller’s Catch-22.。
欧洲文化知识总括
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《欧洲文化入门》知识总括Introduction1、There are many elements constituting European Culture.2、There are two major elements:Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.Unit 11、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor.3、Olympus mount,Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greek epics were created by Homer.5、They events of Homer‘s own time. (F)(They are not about events of Homer‘s own time,probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon,Hector,Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses(描述一天的生活); in the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师②Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex”(恋母情结)—→David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers)Wordsworth)13、History (Historical writing)※“Father of History”—→Herodotus —→war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peloponnesian wars.只是陈述史实,并没有得出理论。
欧洲文化入门 名词解1
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欧洲文化入门名词解释:1.Pax Romana:in the year 27BC,Octavius took the supreme power as emperor with the title of Augusts. Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent. The emperors mainly relied on a strong army-the famous roman legions-and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in history is known as the “Pax Romana.”2.the Middle ages:In European history,the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. It is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. During the medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unit the Europe was the Christian church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law and art learning for hundreds of years. It shaped people’s lives. That is why the Middle Ages is also called the “age of faith”.3.Renaissance: Generally speaking,Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival (复兴),specifically in this period of history,revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance,in essence (从实质上讲),was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts (试图) to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级),to lift the restrictions (禁忌) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.(权利威信)Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture (雕塑) and architecture.塑家)。
欧洲文化的概念
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欧洲文化的概念欧洲文化是指欧洲大陆上各个国家和民族所共同拥有的价值观、传统、语言、艺术和习俗的综合体。
它是一个多元而丰富的概念,涵盖了各个国家和地区的独特文化特色以及共同的文化元素。
欧洲文化的形成可以追溯到古希腊和古罗马时期,这两个古代文明对欧洲文化的发展产生了重大影响。
希腊哲学、罗马法律和罗马建筑等传统一直延续至今,成为了欧洲文化的基石。
此外,基督教在欧洲的传播也对欧洲文化产生了深远的影响,塑造了欧洲的信仰体系、价值观和社会结构。
欧洲文化的地域性是其特点之一。
欧洲大陆上有众多的文化中心,如希腊的雅典、意大利的罗马和佛罗伦萨、法国的巴黎、德国的柏林等。
这些地方孕育了许多重要的文化运动和思想潮流,对整个欧洲文化产生了广泛的影响。
此外,欧洲各个地区也有自己独特的文化传统,如英国的莎士比亚文化、西班牙的弗朗西斯科·戈雅的艺术和奥地利的维也纳古典音乐等。
欧洲文化的多样性也是其显著的特征之一。
欧洲大陆上有众多的民族和语言,以及各自不同的传统和风俗习惯。
欧洲文化通过不同的方式和程度与各个国家和民族的独特文化相融合和交流,形成了富有活力和创造力的文化场景。
这种多样性也使得欧洲成为了文化交流和相互启发的重要地区,吸引了来自世界各地的艺术家、学者和观光者。
欧洲文化还表现出对知识、艺术和人文学科的重视。
欧洲有着悠久的学术传统,大量的学术机构和研究中心为文化、艺术、科学和哲学的发展提供了支持和平台。
欧洲还有许多世界著名的艺术家和作家,他们的作品被广泛阅读和欣赏。
欧洲文化对历史、哲学、文学、音乐和绘画等领域的贡献不可忽视,这些领域的发展为整个欧洲文化注入了不竭的活力和创造力。
最后,欧洲文化也表现出对自由、人权和民主的追求。
欧洲历史上曾经经历了许多政治和社会变革,这些变革促使了人们对个人自由和平等的追求。
欧洲文化强调对人权的尊重,倡导民主政治和宪政体制,这在一定程度上影响了整个欧洲的文化传统和社会结构。
总而言之,欧洲文化是一个多元而丰富的概念,它涵盖了欧洲大陆上各个国家和民族的独特文化特色以及共同的文化元素。
外国文学史名词解释集锦[1]摘要
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摘要外国文学史明解集锦之一1、希腊神话:2、荷马史诗:3、希腊戏剧:4、但丁:5、《圣经》:6、塞万提斯:堂吉诃德形象分析:7、莎士比亚:8、古典主义戏剧:9、卢梭:10、歌德:感伤主义文学:《浮士德》:浮士德形象分析:11、湖畔派:12、拜伦:13、雨果:5、斯丹达尔:16、巴尔扎克:《人间喜剧》的现实主义思想内容:17、福楼拜:18、波德莱尔:19、果戈理:20、陀斯妥耶夫斯基:中心人物是穷大学生拉斯柯尼科夫《罪与罚》的艺术特色:21、惠特曼:22、左拉:23、莫泊桑:莫泊桑短篇小说的基本主题和艺术特色24、哈代:25、易卜生:26、帕斯捷尔纳克:27、劳伦斯:28、海明威:29、卡夫卡:30、存在主义文学:31、意识流小说:3、《俄底浦斯王》4、《埃涅阿斯纪》11、《失乐园》17、感伤主义文学18、哲理小说五、简答题1、中世纪欧洲文化和文学的主要思想特点。
2、欧洲中世纪文学的艺术特征。
3、中世纪英雄史诗的分类4、神曲的艺术特点。
1、在描绘不同的境界时,但丁采用了不同的色彩。
2、但丁在写人绘景时,常常喜欢采用来源于日常生活的自然界的极其通俗的比喻,产生极不寻常的艺术效果。
3、《神曲》的韵律形式是民间诗歌中流行的一种格律三韵句,即第三行为一音节,隔行押韵,连锁循环,贯穿全诗始终。
4、《神曲》是用俗语写成的。
5、人文主义文学的思想特征6、人文主义文学的艺术特征7、《十日谈》的思想内容。
8、《十日谈》的艺术特点。
9、莎士比亚创作的分期及各阶段的作品基调10、莎士比亚喜剧的风格特征11、古典主义文学的思想特征。
12、古典主义文学的艺术特征。
13、莫里哀喜剧的思想内容。
14、启蒙文学的特征15、列举18世纪英国启蒙文学的成就16、卢梭创作的艺术特色。
六、论述题1、荷马史诗的思想内容2、荷马史诗的艺术成就3、列举古希腊三大悲剧诗人及其代表作品,比较各自的艺术特点。
4、分析《神曲》的思想5、分析堂•吉诃德的形象。
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Ziggurat
Ziggurats were built by the Sumerians, Babylonians, Elamites, Akkadians, and Assyrians for local religions. Each ziggurat was part of a temple complex which included other buildings. The precursors of the ziggurat were raised platforms that date from the Ubaid period during the fourth millennium BC. The earliest ziggurats began near the end of the Early Dynastic Period. The latest Mesopotamian ziggurats date from the 6th century BC.
The Code of Hammurabi
The Code of Hammurabi is a well-preserved Babylonian law code of ancient Mesopotamia, dating back to about 1754 BC. It is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world. The sixth Babylonian king,Hammurabi, enacted this code. The Code adjust"an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" as graded depending on social status.
Alexander the Great
He was a King of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon, member of the Argead dynasty. Born in Pella in 356 BC. He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa, until by the age of thirty he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to Egypt and into northwest ancient India. He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history's most successful military commanders. Hippocrates
Hippocrates was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles. And he is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is referred to as the father of western medicine in recognition of his contributions that found the Hippocratic School of Medicine. This intellectual school revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields that it had traditionally been associated with theurgy and philosophy, thus establishing medicine as a profession.
Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar was a Roman general, statesman, Consul, and notable author of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed a political alliance that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Caesar's victories in the Gallic Wars,extended Rome's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine. Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both when he built a bridge across the Rhine and conducted the first invasion of Britain.。