环境管理-环境化学污染物的生态毒理 精品
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第四章 污染物的生态毒理 (Ecotoxicology of Pollutants)
内容
第一节 毒理学与生态毒理学 第二节 吸收、分布、代谢、排泄 第三节 生物富集、放大与积累 第四节 污染物生物转化 第五节 毒物、毒性
内容
第一节 毒理学与生态毒理学
一、毒理学 (Toxicology) 二、生态毒理学 (Ecotoxicology)
脂/水分配系数越大，分子越小，不容易离解的分子，扩 散系数越大。被动扩散不需要耗能，不需要载体参与，没有 特异性选择、竞争性抑制及饱和现象。
(3) 被动易化扩散 在高浓度侧与膜上特性性蛋白质结合，通过生物膜，至低
浓度侧解离出原物质。 它受到膜特异性载体及其数量的制约，因此有特异性选择，
一、毒理学
Toxicology Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicos and logos) is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms [1]. It is the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people.
二、生态毒理学
Ecotoxicology The term "ecotoxicology" was coined by Truhaut in 1969, who defined it as "the branch of toxicology concerned with the study of toxic effects, caused by natural or synthetic pollutants, to the constituents of ecosystems, animal (including human), vegetable and microbial, in an integral context” (Truhaut, 1977). Ecotoxicology is alleged to be the integration of toxicology and ecology or, as Chapman (2002) suggested “ecology in the presence of toxicants”. It aims to predict the effects upon natural populations, communities, or ecosystems - ‘the ecosystem’- of stressors, be they anthropogenic in origin or otherwise.
2. 物质通过生物膜的方式
(1) 膜孔过滤
直径小于膜孔的水溶性物质，可借助膜两侧的静水压
及渗透压经膜孔滤过。
(2) 被动扩散 脂溶性物质从高浓
度向低浓度侧扩散。扩 散速率服从费克定律。
dQ DA C
dt
x
x 膜厚度；
C 膜两侧物质浓度梯度；
A 扩散面积；
D 扩散系数；
一、物质通过生物膜的方式
内容
第二节 吸收、分布、代谢、排泄
一、物质通过生物膜的方式 二、ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu污染物质在生物体内的转运
一、物质通过生物膜的方式
ADME ADME is an acronym in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, and describes the disposition of a pharmaceutical compound within an organism.
Relationship Between Dose and Toxicity Toxicology studies the relationship between dose and its effects on the living organism. The chief criterion regarding the toxicity of a chemical is the dose, i.e. the amount of exposure to the substance. Almost all substances are toxic under the right conditions.
1. 生物膜的结构 70年代(Singer and Nicholson, 1972)提出的液态镶嵌模型： 磷脂双分子层构成细胞膜的骨架(75-100Å)，亲水基团排 列于内外两面；蛋白质分子覆盖、镶嵌、贯穿(物质转运 的载体，酶；膜孔)。
一、物质通过生物膜的方式
生物膜脂质双分子层结构
一、物质通过生物膜的方式
一、毒理学
Toxicity of Metabolites Many substances regarded as poisons are toxic only indirectly. An example is "wood alcohol," or methanol, is chemically converted to formaldehyde and formic acid in the liver. It is the formaldehyde and formic acid that cause the toxic effects of methanol exposure. Many drug molecules are made toxic in the liver, a good example being acetaminophen (paracetamol), especially in the presence of alcohol.
内容
第一节 毒理学与生态毒理学 第二节 吸收、分布、代谢、排泄 第三节 生物富集、放大与积累 第四节 污染物生物转化 第五节 毒物、毒性
内容
第一节 毒理学与生态毒理学
一、毒理学 (Toxicology) 二、生态毒理学 (Ecotoxicology)
脂/水分配系数越大，分子越小，不容易离解的分子，扩 散系数越大。被动扩散不需要耗能，不需要载体参与，没有 特异性选择、竞争性抑制及饱和现象。
(3) 被动易化扩散 在高浓度侧与膜上特性性蛋白质结合，通过生物膜，至低
浓度侧解离出原物质。 它受到膜特异性载体及其数量的制约，因此有特异性选择，
一、毒理学
Toxicology Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicos and logos) is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms [1]. It is the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people.
二、生态毒理学
Ecotoxicology The term "ecotoxicology" was coined by Truhaut in 1969, who defined it as "the branch of toxicology concerned with the study of toxic effects, caused by natural or synthetic pollutants, to the constituents of ecosystems, animal (including human), vegetable and microbial, in an integral context” (Truhaut, 1977). Ecotoxicology is alleged to be the integration of toxicology and ecology or, as Chapman (2002) suggested “ecology in the presence of toxicants”. It aims to predict the effects upon natural populations, communities, or ecosystems - ‘the ecosystem’- of stressors, be they anthropogenic in origin or otherwise.
2. 物质通过生物膜的方式
(1) 膜孔过滤
直径小于膜孔的水溶性物质，可借助膜两侧的静水压
及渗透压经膜孔滤过。
(2) 被动扩散 脂溶性物质从高浓
度向低浓度侧扩散。扩 散速率服从费克定律。
dQ DA C
dt
x
x 膜厚度；
C 膜两侧物质浓度梯度；
A 扩散面积；
D 扩散系数；
一、物质通过生物膜的方式
内容
第二节 吸收、分布、代谢、排泄
一、物质通过生物膜的方式 二、ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu污染物质在生物体内的转运
一、物质通过生物膜的方式
ADME ADME is an acronym in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, and describes the disposition of a pharmaceutical compound within an organism.
Relationship Between Dose and Toxicity Toxicology studies the relationship between dose and its effects on the living organism. The chief criterion regarding the toxicity of a chemical is the dose, i.e. the amount of exposure to the substance. Almost all substances are toxic under the right conditions.
1. 生物膜的结构 70年代(Singer and Nicholson, 1972)提出的液态镶嵌模型： 磷脂双分子层构成细胞膜的骨架(75-100Å)，亲水基团排 列于内外两面；蛋白质分子覆盖、镶嵌、贯穿(物质转运 的载体，酶；膜孔)。
一、物质通过生物膜的方式
生物膜脂质双分子层结构
一、物质通过生物膜的方式
一、毒理学
Toxicity of Metabolites Many substances regarded as poisons are toxic only indirectly. An example is "wood alcohol," or methanol, is chemically converted to formaldehyde and formic acid in the liver. It is the formaldehyde and formic acid that cause the toxic effects of methanol exposure. Many drug molecules are made toxic in the liver, a good example being acetaminophen (paracetamol), especially in the presence of alcohol.