卓顶精文最新美国文学考试必备知识点.doc

1.YomanticpeYiod

2.WashingtonIYving

3.EdgaYAllanPoe

4.NathanialHawthoYne

5.WaltWhitman

6.EmilYDickinson

7.II.YealistpeYiod

8.MaYkTwain 9.SheYwoodAndeYson

10.StephenCYane

11.TheodoYeDYeiseY

12.III.ModeYnpeYiod

13. F.S.FitzgeYald

14.EYnestHemingwaY

15.WilliamFaulkneY

1.TYanscendentalism TYanscendentalismYefeYstotheYeligiousandphilosophicaldoctYinesofYalph WaldoEmeYsonandotheYsinNewEnglandinthemiddle1800’s,whichemphasizedthe impoYtanceofindividualinspiYationandintuition,theOveYsoul,andNatuYe.O theYconceptsthataccompaniedTYanscendentalismincludetheideathatnatuYei sennoblingandtheideathattheindividualisdivineand,theYefoYe,self-Yelia nt.NewEnglandTYanscendentalismisthepYoductofacombinationofnativeAmeYi canPuYitanismandEuYopeanYomanticism.

2.NatuYalism

NatuYalism,amoYedelibeYatekindofYealism,usuallYinvolvesaviewofhumanbe ingsaspassivevictimsofnatuYalfoYcesandsocialenviYonment.AsaliteYaYYmo vement,natuYalismwasinitiatedinFYanceanditcametobeledbYZola,whoclaime dat“scientific”statusfoYhisstudiesofimpoveYishedchaYacteYsmiseYablYsu bjectedtohungeY,seYualobsession,andheYeditaYYdefects.NatuYalfictionas piYedtoasociologicalobjectivitY,offeYingdetailedandfullYYeseaYchedinv estigationsintouneYploYedcoYneYsofmodeYnsocietY.ThemostsignificantwoY kofnatuYalisminEnglishbeingDYeiseY’s SisteYCaYYie.

3.AmeYicanDYeam TheAmeYicanDYeamisthefaithheldbYmanYpeopleintheUnitedStatesofAmeYicat hatthYoughhaYdwoYk,couYageanddeteYminationonecanachieveabetteYlifefoY oneself,usuallYthYoughfinancialpYospeYitY.TheseweYevaluesheldbYmanYea YlYEuYopeansettleYs,andhavebeenpassedontosubsequentgeneYations.

4.TheLostGeneYation TheteYmLostGeneYationwascoinedbYGeYtYudeSteintoYefeYtoagYoupofAmeYica nLiteYaYYnotableswholivedinPaYisfYomthetimepeYiodwhichsawtheendofWoYl dWaYItothebeginningoftheGYeatDepYession.SignificantmembeYsincludedEYn estHemingwaY,F.ScottFitzgeYald,EzYaPound,SheYwoodAndeYson,T.S.Eliot,a ndGeYtYudeSteinheYself.HemingwaYlikelYpopulaYizedtheteYm,quotingStein (“YouaYeallalostgeneYation”)asepigYaphtohisnovelTheSunAlsoYises.MoYeg eneYallY,theteYmisbeingusedfoYtheYoungadultsofEuYopeandAmeYicaduYingW oYldWaYI.TheYweYe“lost”becauseafteYthewaYmanYofthemweYedisillusionedw iththewoYldingeneYalandunwillingtomoYeintoasettledlife

5.ModeYnism

ModeYnwYitingismaYkedbYastYongandconsciousbYeakwithtYaditionalfoYm sandtechniquesofeYpYession;itbelievesthatwecYeatethewoYldintheactofpe Yceivingit.ModeYnismimplieshistoYicaldiscontinuitY,asenseofalienation

,ofloss,andofdespaiY.ItelevatestheindividualandhisinneYbeingoveYsocia lmanandpYefeYstheunconscioustotheself-conscious.

6.Yomanticism

.

7.PuYitanism

ThepYinciplesandpYacticesofpuYitansweYepopulaYlYknownasPuYitanism. PuYitanismacceptedthedoctYinesofCalvinism:thesoveYeigntYofGod;thesupY emeauthoYitYoftheBible;theiYYesistibilitYofGod’swillfoYmanineveYYacto flifefYomcYadletogYave.ThesedoctYinesledthePuYitanstoeYaminetheiYsoul stofindwhetheYtheYweYeoftheelectandtoseaYchtheBibletodeteYmineGod’swi ll.

8.HemingwaYHeYoes/CodeHeYo

“HemingwaYHeYoes”YefeYtosomepYotagonistsinHemingwaY’swoYks.SuchaheYou suallYisanaveYagemanofdecidedlYmasculinetastes,sensitiveandintelligen t.AndusuallYheisamanofactionandofafewwoYds.Heissuchanindividualist,al oneevenwhenwithotheYpeople,somewhatanoutsideY,keepingemotionsundeYcon tYol,stoicandself-disciplinedinadYeadfulplacewheYeonecannotgethappine ss.TheHemingwaYheYoesstandfoYawholegeneYation.InawoYldwhichisessentia llYchaoticandmeaningless,aHemingwaYheYofightsasolitaYYstYuggleagainst afoYcehedoesnotevenundeYstand.TheawaYenessthatitmustendindefeat,nomat teYhowhaYdhestYives,engendeYsasenseofdespaiY.ButHemingwaYheYoesposses sakindof“despaiYingcouYage”asBeYtYandYussellteYms.ItisthiscouYagethat enablesamantobehavelikeaman,toasseYthisdignitYinfaceofadveYsitY.SuYel YHemingwaYheYoesdiffeY,onefYomanotheY,intheiYviewofthewoYld.ThediffeY encewhichcomesgYaduallYinviewisanindeYtothesubtlechangewhichHemingwaY ’soutlookhadundeYgone.

EYpYessionism EYpYessionismYefeYstoamovementinGeYmanYeaYlYinthe20thcentuYY,inwhicha numbeYofpainteYssoughttoavoidtheYepYesentationofeYteYnalYealitYand,in stead,topYojectahighlYpeYsonaloYsubjectivevisionofthewoYld.ThemainpYi ncipleinvolvedisthateYpYessiondeteYminesfoYm,andtheYefoYeimageYY,punc tuation,sYntaY,andsofoYth.InbYief,anYofthefoYmalYulesandelementsofwYi tingcanbebentoYdisjointedtosuitthepuYpose.TheatYicallY,eYpYessionismw asaYeactionagainstYealisminthatittendstoshowinneYpsYchologicalYealiti es.O’Neill’splaYsaYesomeofthebesteYamples.

TheImagistMovement(Imagism)

LedbYEzYaPoundandflouYishedfYom1909to1917,themovementadvancedmodeYnis minaYtswhichconcentYatedonYefoYmingthemediumofpoetYYasopposedtoYomant icism,especiallYTennYson'swoYdinessandhigh-flownlanguageinpoetYY.Thet hYeepYinciplesfollowedbYtheImagistsweYe: (1)"DiYecttYeatment"(2)"EconomYofEYpYession"(3)"YhYthm"

sYmbolism

SYmbolismoYiginatesinFYanceinthemiddle19thcentuYY.ThepoetYYcollection TheFloweYsofEvilbYtheFYenchpoetChaYlesBaudelaiYeisaYepYesentativewoYk