卓顶精文最新美国文学考试必备知识点.doc
美国文学复习资料
美国文学复习资料美国文学复习资料美国文学是世界文学宝库中的重要组成部分，它以其独特的风格和丰富的内容吸引着广大读者和研究者。
在这篇文章中，我们将为大家提供一些关于美国文学的复习资料，希望能够帮助大家更好地了解和掌握这一领域的知识。
一、美国文学的起源美国文学的起源可以追溯到17世纪早期的殖民地时期。
当时，由于殖民者来自不同的国家和文化背景，美国文学呈现出多元化的特点。
早期的美国文学作品主要以宗教和探险为主题，其中最著名的作品包括《普利茅斯故事》和《马萨诸塞湾殖民地的历史》等。
随着时间的推移，美国文学逐渐发展壮大。
18世纪的启蒙时代，美国文学开始借鉴欧洲文学的思想和风格，融合了理性主义和启蒙思想。
这一时期的代表作品有本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》和托马斯·潘恩的《常识》等。
二、美国文学的经典作品美国文学的经典作品数不胜数，下面我们列举一些代表作品，供大家参考。
1. 马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》：这是一部以南北战争时期为背景的小说，通过主人公哈克贝利的冒险经历，揭示了奴隶制度的黑暗面和人性的复杂性。
2. 纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》：这是一部关于道德与罪恶的小说，讲述了一个女性因婚外情而被判刑的故事。
小说通过对社会道德观念的探讨，揭示了人性的复杂性和社会的偏见。
3. 威廉·福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》：这是一部以南方小镇为背景的小说，通过对人物内心世界的描写，探讨了种族、阶级和家庭关系等社会问题。
4. 埃米莉·狄金森的诗歌：狄金森是美国文学史上最重要的女性诗人之一，她的诗作以独特的风格和深刻的思想而著称，对后世的诗人产生了深远的影响。
三、美国文学的主题与风格美国文学的主题多种多样，涵盖了社会、政治、种族、性别、宗教等各个方面。
在风格上，美国文学也呈现出多样性，既有浪漫主义的热情奔放，也有现实主义的冷静客观。
此外，美国文学还有一些独特的风格流派，如南方文学、黑人文学和美国现代主义文学等。
美国文学期末考试复习必备(精)
美国文学期末考试复习必备（精）1. What’s Puritanism?A religious and political movement which appeals to the right of the individual to political & religious independence. It includes three parts: a code of values, a point of view & a philosophy of life2. What are the basic Puritan beliefs?1). Total Depravity 2). Unconditional Election 3). Limited Atonement 4). Irresistible Grace 5). Perseverance of the "saints"3. What are American Puritan values?Sobriety thrift, Self-reliance Diligence, Struggle, simple tastes4. What are the features of American literature in the Colonial Period?A. Humble origins: diaries, journals, histories, letters. Its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.B. in content: serving either god or colonial expansion or bothC. in form: imitating English literary traditions.D. in style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery and simplicity of diction.E. Symbolism formed in this period ------To the pious Puritan, the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God.F. Simple, fresh and direct styleG. the Puritanism formed in this period was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.5.What are the features of Washington Irving’s works?(1) Gentility, urbanity, pleasantness (2) Avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining (3) Enveloping stories in an atmosphere (4) Vivid and true characters (5) Humor – smiling while reading (6) Musical language6. What is theme of “Rip Van Winkle”?①it reveals conservative attitude of Irving. ②it might be an illustration of Irving’s argument that revolution upset the natural order of things.A. The story of man who has difficulties facing his advancing age;B.The contradictory impulses in America toward work-the puritan attitude as opposed to America desire for leisure;C .The theme of escape from one's responsibilities and even one's history;D .The loss of identity.7. What are the author’s attitude changes?It reveals conservative attitude of Irving and he is Unwilling to accept a modern democratic America and prefers the past & a dream-like world 8. What’s New England Transcendentalism?Transcendentalism is the summit of the Romantic Movement in the history of American literature in the 19th century. Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition（认知）in man of thecapacity of knowing truth intuitively（直觉地）”. Transcendentalists place emphasis on the importance of the Over-soul, the individual and Nature.9. What are its basic assumptions?The intuitive faculty, instead of the rational or sensical, became the means for a conscious union of the individual psyche with the world psyche also known as the Over soul, life-force, prime mover and God 10. What are Allan Poe’s poetics theories?The poetry should appeal only to the sense of beauty, not truth, and sets himself against realistic details in poetry. He makes good use of a number of poetic devices to create a mood appropriate to the theme of his poems.11. Why was Nathaniel Hawthorne a master of symbolism?He uses concrete objects as well as characters to serve as his symbols. He likes to uses masks, veils, shadows to give dramatic forms to the universal dilemmas of humanity12. What is the theme of Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter?It Condemned the Puritan philosophy of life.Sin, knowledge and human condition; the nature of evil; identity and society4. What is the symbolic me aning of the Scarlet Letter “A”?A.” Adultery", a token of shameB. a sign of Hester's "ability“C. "Angel" appearing in the skyD.”Adamic", since the sin is prehistoric and human E .the rising “America"13. What story is told in Moby-Dick?It is a thrilling adventure story which is the realistic about a whaling voyage within which is set a symbolic account of the conflict between man and his fate.14. What is the symbolic meaning of Moby-Dick?1) Mystery of the universe, 2) power of grant nature, 3) evil of the world 4) Its whiteness-paradoxical color: death and corruption, purity, innocence and youth.15. What are the popular themes of Emily Dickinson’s poetry? Death, love, friendship, nature, immortality.ment on the image of Huckleberry Finn?He is loyal, cheerful, fair-minded boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience, with the eventual victory of his moral conscience over his social awareness, Huck grows. Huck is not only a lovely boy in the novel, but also a portrait standing for the young America. Huck is not only a lovely boy in the novel, but also a portrait standing for the young America.17. What’s the social significance of him?Huck develops a different view of blacks through the story. It is not an instant change, but a gradual process. Huck himself undergoes a change; he stops accepting the social norms and instead follows his own beliefs. He acquires these beliefs after many adventures with the slave Jim. In thisway, Twain encourages people to be like Huck and not to accept the racism just because society accepts it.18. Why are naturalists inevitably pessimistic in their view?A. Naturalism was greatly influenced by Darwin's evolutionary theory and French literatureB. Naturalists accepted the more negative implications of Darwin's theory and used it to count for the behavior of those characters in literary works who are conceived as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.C. Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.19.What are the features of Frost’s poetry?1. Frost’s poetry mainly reflects life in rural New England2. His poems often shift dramatically from humorous tones to tragic ones3. Much of his poetry is concerned with how people interact with their environment4. Frost disliked free verse; He often wrote in the standard meter of blank verse20. What is the theme of “The Road Not taken” Individualism, Caution, Commitment, Accepting a ChallengeAnd “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”?The poem isprimarily oriented towards the pleasures of the scene and the responsibility of life.21.What are the features of modernist literature?A. Its strong and conscious break with traditional forms, perceptions and techniques of expression.B. Its great concern with language and aspects of its medium.22. What is “Lost generation”?Literally, it is the generation of people born between 1883 and 1900.They were disillusioned by World War I and displeased with American social values, sexual and aesthetic conventions, and established morality. They first fled to cities such as Chicago & San Francisco; then to Paris, London, Madrid, Barcelona, and Rome. They were full of youthful idealism and pioneered new ways of writing; they were devoid of faith and alienated from civilization.23. What is a typical Hemingway Code Hero?The Code Hero believes in “Nada,” meaning nothing. There is also no after life.•The Code Hero is an individualist and free-willed. He believes in courage and honor and has his own set of morals and principles based on his beliefs in honor, courage and endurance.• A code hero never shows emotions.• A code hero does not commit to women.• A code hero shows qualities such as bravery, adventure, and love of travel.• A code hero dislikes darkness. It symbolizes death and is a source of fear. The rite of manhood for the code hero is facing death.24.What is the theme of the short story “A Clean Well-LightedPlace”?Nothing (or nada) through the old man's unsuccessful suicide and the middle-aged man's soliloquy.25.What is the theme of The Great Gatsby?A sensitive and symbolic treatment of the themes of contemporary life related with irony and pathos to the legend of the "America dream" What kind of person is Gatsby?He is a poor youth from the Midwest and at last became a self-made wealthy man. Gatsby is the last romantic heroes and he is a mysterious figure whose intensity of dream partakes of a mind that embodies America itself.26.What are Faulkner’s famous novels? What are the features of his novels? "The sound and the Fury", "As I Lay Dying", "Light in the August", "Absalom, Absalom!" 2) On history and the problem of race; on folk human of the south; on horror, violence and abnormal to arouse moral outrage.1.Discuss Twain’s art of fiction2.A. Mark Twain uses the Mississippi alley as his fictional kingdom,writing about the landscape and people, the customs and the dialects of one particular region, and is therefore known as a local colorist. B. He creates life-like characters, especially the unconventional Huckleberry Finn, who runs away from civilization and stands opposite to conventional village morality. C. He uses a simple, direct vernacular language, totally different from any precious literary language. It is the kind of colloquial belonging to the lower class, the living local American English.D. He has created a special humor to satirize and the decayed convention.2 1). The story takes place along the Mississippi River before the Civil War in the United States, around 1850. Along the river floats a small raft, with two people on it: One is an ignorant, uneducated black slave named Jim and the other is little uneducated outcast white boy, Huck Finn. The novel relates the story of the escape of Jim from slavery and, more important, how Huck Finn, floating along with Jim and helping him as best as he could, changes his mind, his prejudice, about Black people, and comes to accept Jim as a man and as a close friend as well.2.) (theme)1) The Theme of the novel may be best summed in a word “freedom”: Huck wants to escape from the bond of civilization and Jim wants to escape from the yoke of slavery. 2) The novel is a criticism of social injustice, hypocrisy, conservativeness and narrow-mindedness of the American small town society.3.Make a brief comment on Mark Twain’s achievements in this novel in 200-250 words.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, first published in 1876, is a child’s adventure story; it is also, however, the story of a young boy’s transition into a young man. In some ways, it is a bildungsroman, a novel whose principle subject is the moral, psychological, and intellectual development of a youthful main character. It is not a true bildungsroman, however, because Twain did not take Tom into full1. The hero of the novel through adventures with lively style to satirize the American hypocrisy of social custom, vulgar hypocrisy of religious rituals and inflexible stale school education2. "Tom Sawyer--with its strong deep local characteristics of humor and keen observation of the character, had become the greatest of the children's literature works, is a United States rural " golden era "4. 1)The Pequod-a symbol of doom（death);named after a Native American tribe in Massachusetts, did not survive the arrival of white men (extincted), is painted gloomy black and covered in whale teeth and bones 2) Moby Dick-unknown and unknowable truths, inscrutable, mysterious, mirrors its environment, only the surface of the ocean is available for human observation and interpretation, the depths conceal unknown truths--A metaphor for the human relationship with the Christian God: God is unknown and cannot be pinned down (defined). to the pequod’screw, Moby Dick is a concept onto which they can display their anxiety about dangerous and frightening jobs, to Ahab Moby Dick is a manifestation of all that is wrong with the world, It is his destiny to get rid of this symbolic evil 3)Queequeg’s Coffin sy mbolizes life and death.5. Try to discuss the theme of “The Minister’s Black Veil”.A. Sin and EvilB. History and AntiquityC. Alienation - a character is in a state of isolation because of self-cause, or societal cause, or a combination of both.D. Puritan New England - used as a background and setting in many tales.E. Other themes include individual vs. society, self-fulfillment vs. frustration, hypocrisy vs. integrity, love vs. hate, and fate vs. free will, etc.。
卓顶精文最新英美文学教程笔记.doc
EnglishLiteYatuYeChapteYOneEnglishLiteYatuYeintheMiddleAge(5th-15th)Mainpoints:I.BackgYoundinfoYmationoftheAnglo-SaYonpeYiod.II.LiteYaYYchaYacteYisticsoftheAnglo-SaYonpeYiod.III.BackgYoundinfoYmationoftheAnglo-NoYmanpeYiod.IV.LiteYaYYchaYacteYisticsoftheAnglo-NoYmanpeYiod.V.ImpoYtantliteYaYYwoYksandmenofletteYsoftheAnglo-NoYmanpeYiod.VI.GeoffYeYChauceYI.BackgYoundinfoYmationoftheAnglo-SaYonpeYiod ThepeYiodcanbeYoughlYdividedintotwostages:theAnglo-SaYonpeYiodandtheA nglo-NoYmanpeYiod.1.Themakingofthenation.1.1TheinhabitantsofthenationThenativeCelts凯尔特人(theYinhabitinwhatisnowIYeland,WalesandScotland)-------theYomanConque st(thisconquestwasledbYJuliusCaesaYin55B.C.,whichlasted4centuYies,but itmadelittleinfluenceonthenation’sliteYatuYe)-------theAnglo-SaYonCon questinabout449bYthYeeTeutonictYibes条顿部落---theAnglos,theSaYons,theJutes.TheAnglo-SaYonsweYeChYistianizedinthe7th centuYY,whichinfluencedthelite YatuYeintwoaspects:oneisthegYeatnumbeYofChYistianpoetYYwhichfoYmsanim poYtantpaYtofEnglishliteYatuYeofthispeYiod;theotheYisChYistiancoloYin paganwoYks,foYthemonksYecoYdedtheoYalliteYatuYewiththeiYChYistianidea s.(TheideasusuallYdonotgowiththecontentofthewholebeing.)1.2ThelanguageInthe7th,thethYeetYibesmiYedintoawholepeoplecalledEnglishandthelanguag espokenbYthemisgeneYallYcalledAnglo-SaYon,thatistheOldEnglish.II.LiteYaYYchaYacteYisticsoftheAnglo-SaYonpeYiod. ThemainliteYaYYfoYmofthepeYiodis poetYY andtheYeaYetwogYoups:paganpoetY YandYeligiouspoetYY,andoftenChYistianone. ThemostimpoYtantwoYksleftis Beowulf《贝奥武甫》oY《贝尔武夫》TheintYoductionto Beowulf ItistheeaYliestcompleteepicinEnglishliteYatuYeanditisYegaYdedasthenat ionalepicoftheEnglishpeople.-----DefinitionofepicoYnationalepic史诗:itisapoeticaccountofthedeedsofoneoYmoYegYeatheYoes,oYofanation’spasthistoYY.-----3182lines,twopaYtswithaninteYpolationbetweenthetwo.-----Thethemeofthepoem:Beowulfisoneofthenation’sheYoesoftheEnglishpeo ple.WiththedescYiptionsofhisheYoicdeeds,thesongYeflectseventstaki ngplaceontheScandinavianpeninsulaatthebeginningofthe7th centuYY.-----Thesignificanceofthepoem:ThestoYYYepYesents1)thefightoftheancien tpeopleagainstbeastsandnatuYalfoYces(e.g.flood,volcano);2)itYefle ctsthefeatuYesoftYibalsocietYofancienttime;3)Beowulf’s deedspYesen tstheidealviYtuesofancientAnglo-SaYons.(couYage,pYowess,devotiont ohispeople)-----ChaYacteYisticsofthepoem:analliteYativeveYse头韵体诗歌;paganinspiYitandmatteY,YetwithvisibleChYistianmaYks.III.BackgYoundinfoYmationoftheAnglo-NoYmanpeYiod.3.1TheNoYmanConquestThebeginningoftheAnglo-NoYmanpeYiodismaYkedbYtheNoYmanConquestin1066. TheinfluencesoftheconquestontheEnglishsocietYaYe:1)thenationtuYnedfYo mthetYibalsocietYtothefeudalsocietY;2)theconquestbYoughtfoYthenationF YenchcivilizationandtheFYenchlanguage.3.2ThelanguageAtfiYst,FYenchwasthelanguageoftheuppeYclassoYtheoppYessoYandOldEnglis hwasthelanguageoftheoppYessed.ThenOldEnglishwascombinedwithFYenchtofo Ymanewlanguage----MiddleEnglishIV.LiteYaYYchaYacteYisticsoftheAnglo-NoYmanpeYiod ThemainliteYaYYfoYmsofthepeYiodaYe poetYY and pYose.(YomanceinthefoYmofpYose)LiteYaYYchaYacteYistics------中古英诗呈现法国诗风与英格兰本土传统交融的情景。
美国文学复习材料
美国文学复习专题材料（整理T﹠T ）（请于下载后24小时内删除，仅供文学爱好者及考试之用）Part V. Twentieth Century Literature (I) Before WWIII. Fill in the blanks.1.__________ stands as a great dividing line between the nineteenth centuryand the contemporary American literature.2.American writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged thatthey were a "__________ " , devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization.3.The most significant American poem of the twentieth centurywas_____________ .4.The publication of The Waste Land, written by____________ , helped toestablish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusivethought.5.In 1920, Sinclair Lewis published his memorable denunciation of Americansmall-town provincialism in___________ .6. F. Scott Fitzgerald summarized the experiences and attitudes of the 1920sdecade in his masterpiece novel___________ .7.The__________ of the 1930s greatly weakened the American nation'sself-confidence.8.An American woman writer named ____________ who had lived in Parissince 1903, welcomed the young expatriates to her literary salon, and gavethem a name "the Lost Generation".9._____ wrote about the disintegration of the old social system in the AmericanSouthern States, and its effect on the lives of modern people, both black andwhite.10.Ezra Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the"__________ " movement.11.Ezra Pound's major work of poetry is the long poem called______________ .12.One of Edwin Arlington Robinson's early books, _____________ , once cameto the attention of President Theodore Roosevelt.13.Edwin Arlington Robinson produced a large body of works and was honoredwith the___________ Prize in 1922, 1925 and 1928.14.Robert Frost' s first book___________ brought him to the attention ofinfluential critics, such as Ezra Pound, who praised him as an authentic poet.15.Robert Frost's second volume of poems was______________ .16."After Apple-Picking" is a well-known poem written by _______ .17._________ , one of Robert Frost' s longest poems, is a very witty andwise anecdotal discussion about the values of life and character.18.At one time, Sandburg's reputation mainly rested on a multi-volume biographyof__________ including " The Prairie Years" and " The War Years".19.Carl Sandburg' s love of folklore developed in time into a rather modern tendency to represent it in literature such as in his___________ .20.______ was successful in two fields of activity which did not seem compatiblewith one another; he was a very successful businessman and a very remarkable contemporary poet at the same time.21.At the age of 44, Wallace Stevens was finally persuaded to publish a book ofpoems, entitled___________ .22.__________ is a collection of Wallace Stevens' s occasional lectures onpoetry.23.For the publication of his Collected Poems, ___________ received theNational Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize.24.After his death, Wallace Stevens's previously uncollected works appeared un-der the title__________ .25.In 1915, __________ published his Prufrock and Other Observations.26.In 1920, Thomas Stearns Eliot published his____________ , containing,among other essays, "Tradition and the Individual Talent", the earlieststatement of his aesthetics.27.In 1920, Thomas Stearns Eliot began to write hismasterpiece_______________ , one of the major works of modern literature.28.As Thomas Stearns Eliot declared, he followed strictly the advice of his closefriend___________ in cutting and concentrating The Waste Land.29.Thomas Stearns Eliot' s later poetry took a positive turn toward faith inlife. This was demonstrated by____________ , a poem of mystical conflict between faith and doubt.30.In his work___________ , Thomas Stearns Eliot satirized the straw men,the Guy Fawkles men, whose world would end "not with a bang, but a whim-per. "31.Few men of letters have been more fully honored in their own daythan_____________ , and even those who strongly disagree with him seemed content with his selection for the Nobel Prize in 1948.32.Thomas Steams Eliot wrote seven plays, the best of whichis________________ , a verse play on an ancient historical subject, written in 1935.33.Thomas Stearns Eliot's last important work was____________ , a profoundmeditation on time and timelessness, written in four parts.34.F. Scott Fitzgerald' s first novel____________ , with its portrayal of casualdissipations of "flaming youth" , was an immediate commercial success.35.In 1925, F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote his best novel_____________ . It is thestory of an idealist who was destroyed by the influence of the wealthy,pleasure-seeking people around him.36.F. Scott Fitzgerald' s second novel______________ describes a handsomeyoung man and his beautiful wife, undoubtedly modelled after himself and Zelda.37.The hero in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel_____________ is a psychiatrist whomarries a rich patient. The author condemns the wasted energy of misguided youth.38.F. Scott Fitzgerald's last novel_____________ remained unfinished.39.With the publication of The Sun Also Rises, _____________ became thespokes man for what Gertrude Stein had called "a Lost Generation".40.Emest Hemingway' s stature as a writer was confirmed with the publicationof his novel___________ in 1929. The novel portrayed a farewell both to war and to love.41.Set in Spain during the Civil War, the novel_____________ stated againHemingway ' s view of love found and lost, and described the indomitablespirit of the common people.42.In the story The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway portrayed an oldfisherman named___________ , who shows triumphant even in defeat.43.In 1954, Ernest Hemingway was awarded a_______________ for his "masteryof the art of modem narration".44.Numerous parallels exist between the events of Ernest Hemingway's life andthose of his characters, but fewer were closer than those of Richard Cantwell, the hero of the work _________ .45.In 1952, Ernest Hemingway published a successful novelentitled_____________ , which won the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 and occasioned the award of the Nobel Prize in 1954.46.In the same way that F. Scott Fitzgerald' s Tales of the Jazz Age becamethe symbol for an age, Ernest Hemingway' s novel ______ painted theimage of a whole generation, the Lost Generation.47.Ernest Hemingway' s___________ can be read as a footnote to The SunAlso Rises in that it explains how people, like Jake Barnes, come to behave the way they do.48.The Spanish war was conductive to Ernest Hemingway' swriting_____________ , a play which was universally deplored.49.___________ was the foremost novelist of the American Depression ofthe 1930s.50.In the short novel___________ , John Steinbeck portrayed the tragicfriendship between two migrant workers.51.In the work___________ John Steinbeck described the fate of the lowlywhose instinctive responses to life led only to destruction.52.__________ is generally regarded as John Steinbeck' s masterpiece.53.In 1935, John Steinbeck published_____________ , a collection of shortstories which vividly described the life of poor Mexican-Americans withaffection and humor.54.John Steinbeck' s post-war novel ______________ reflected his bitterfeelings against those greedy, rapacious elements of society which made the war possible.55.Quentin is a character in William Faulkner's novel____________ .56.Joe Christmas is a character in William Faulkner's novel____________ .57.The works written by___________ may be viewed as a culmination of the de-velopment of twentieth-century southern fiction.58.Katherine Ann Porter's novel Ship of Fools consists of three parts,____________, ________ and____________ .59.In her essay "Place in Fiction" , Eudora Welty emphasizes the importance of________ for literary creations. She is noted for her fidelity to theAmerican South, so her major theme relate to____________ .60.Carson McCullers was said to touch William Faulkner in writing, and herwell-known novels are___________ and____________ .61.One of the important figures in the 1930s who tried to adaptEuropean avantgardism to American writing is62.The New Criticism first emerged in 1920s as a reaction against the prevailingtime-honored critical tendency to focus on the theme often in disregard of the form of the work. The name is given by John Crowe Ransom' s collectionof critical essays__________ .II. Decide whether Hie statements are true or false.1.In the years preceding World War I , nineteenth-century realism and natu-ralism remained vital forces in American literature.2.The best-selling American books in the first decades of the twentiethcentury were historical romances.3.Early in the twentieth-century, the growth of mass-circulationperiodicals created a rich marketplace for popular writers.4.Early in the 20th century, a rising number of " little magazines" brought nu-merous avant-garde writers to the attention of a limited but sophisticated au-dience.5.The form and direction of modem American literature had clearly begunto emerge in the first decade of the 20th century.6.For the U. S. , the First World War began as a crusade for purity and de-mocracy, and at its end, President Wilson proclaimed that Americans hadgained everything for which they had fought.7.The First World War led the American intellectuals to a bitter disillusionment.8.In the decade of the 1910s, American literature achieved a new diversityand reached its greatest heights.9.Jazz music of the American Negro is the most influential art form to originatein the U. S.10.The American years between 1920 and 1930 were a time of new direction andnew achievements in all the arts.11.Although short-lived, the Imagist movement had a tremendous influenceon modern poetry.12.Ezra Pound was one of the most important poets and critics of his time.13.Three American writers won the Nobel Prize for Literature during theyears between the two world wars.14.Edwin Arlington Robinson began his career as a novelist in bleaknessand poverty.15.Edwin Arlington Robinson* s poems sometimes appear to be simple, yet thesurface simplicity often serves to conceal an intricacy and subtlety of thought.16.Like Robert Frost, Edwin Arlington Robinson was also noted for his use of adry, sometimes biting, New England humor.17.By the end of his life, Edgar Allan Poe had become a national bard; he re-ceived honorary degrees from forty-four colleges and universities.18.Robert Frost won four Nobel Prizes in his life.19.Robert Frost rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries,and chose "the old-fashioned way to be new" instead.20.Robert Frost employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and pre-ferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative.21.As a poet of nature, Robert Frost had obvious affinities with romantic writers,notably William Wordsworth and Ralph Waldo Emerson, and he saw nature asa storehouse of analogy and symbol.22.Robert Frost's concern with nature reflected his deep moral uncertainties.23.Robert Frost's poetry often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationalityin the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed.24.Among the American poets since Walt Whitman, Robert Frost is themost universal in his appeal.25.In popularity Carl Sandburg came next after Robert Frost. His most cherishedideal of life was to be "the word of the people. "26.Carl Sandburg was probably the only great poet who wrote in theWhit-manesque tradition in the present century. Like Walt Whitman, hecontains "multitudes".27.It is not fair to say that Carl Sandburg did not see the evils of modern life. Butit is also true that he wrote chiefly "to help the sick and give the people hope".Therefore, he was optimistic.28.Carl Sandburg was a socialist. His voice was a hearty voice from the massesof the people he had close contact with all his life.29.Wallace Stevens created his poetry as a gifted nonprofessional, less concernedabout promoting his literary reputation than about perfecting what he wrote. 30.Wallace Stevens was absolutely committed to the notion that a poet livesin two worlds—the world of reality and the world of imagination—and builds bridges between them.31.There is no question that Wallace Stevens always kept pace with the modernspirit of his times.32.Such poems as "Prufrock" and "Gerontion" had suggested the spiritual debilityof the modem individual and his culture.33.In satirical counterpoint, Thomas Stearns Eliot's Sweeny poems had sym-bolized the rising tide of anticultural infidelity and human baseness.34.In 1927, Thomas Stearns Eliot was confirmed in Anglican Church and becomea British subject. So both countries claim his works as part of their ownliterature.35.Ezra Pound described himself as "a royalist in politics, a classicist in literature,and an Anglo-Catholic in religion. "36.Thomas Stearns Eliot' s later poetry took a positive turn toward faith in life, instrong contrast with the desperation of The Waste Land.37.In his novels, F. Scott Fitzgerald had revealed the stridency of an ageof glittering innocence, he had portrayed the hollowness of the Americanworship of riches and the unending American dream of love, splendor andfulfilled desires.38.F. Scott Fitzgerald was the most representative novelist of the 1920' s. He wasboth a leading participant in the typically frivolous, carefree, mon-eymaking life of the decade and, at the same time, a detached observer of it. His own life was a mirror of the times.39.Throughout his life, F. Scott Fitzgerald' s greatest happiness anddeepest sorrow were caused by his wife Zelda.40.F. Scott Fitzgerald was the victim of his own success. His earlysuccess damaged his life and spoiled his literary production.41.F. Scott Fitzgerald dealt most astutely with the double theme of loveand money.42.F. Scott Fitzgerald was the spokesman of a crucial and revealing period in theculture history of his country.43.Ernest Hemingway was the first American to be wounded in Italyduring World War I .44.Ernest Hemingway developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simplesentence structure and using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone.45.Ernest Hemingway' s works have sometimes been read as anessentially negative commentary on a modern world filled with sterility,failure, and death.46.To Ernest Hemingway, man's greatest achievement is to show grace underpressure, or what he described in A Farewell to Arms as holding the " purity of line through the maximum of exposure. "47.In 1937, Emest Hemingway became a foreign correspondent coveringthe Spanish Civil War. Three years later he published The Sun also Rises. 48.By 1923, Ernest Hemingway' s first book Three Stories and Ten Poems wasout. Then his second book In Our Time followed, which secured his critical reputation.49.In Dubious Battle was John Steinbeck' s most clearly "Proletarian" novel ofclass struggle.50.John Steinbeck' s treatment of the social problems of his time, particularly theplight of the dispossessed fanner, earned him a Pulitzer Prize in 1940 and in 1962, a Nobel Prize for Literature.51.F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote sympathetically about poor, oppressedCalifornia farmers, migrants, labourers, and the unemployed, making theirlives and sorrows very understandable to his readers.52.John Steinbeck' s theme was usually that simple human virtues suchas kindness and fair treatment were far superior to official hard-heartedness, or the dehumanizing cruelty of exploiters for their own commercial advantage.53.John Steinbeck nearly always wrote the dialogue of his books just as itshouldsound, using the strange spelling to denote the regional accent, and insertingmany words of slang and dialect.54.During the Depression years, John Steinbeck' s fiction combined warm hu-mour , regionalism, and violence with a realistic technique which produced aunique kind of social protest.55.William Faulkner, like Robert Frost, was a regionalist, who spent most of hislife in a small, particular area of the United States, writing about the scenesand people he knew best.56.William Faulkner' s region was the Deep South, with its bitter history ofslavery, civil war and destruction.57.Most of William Faulkner' s stories take place in the imaginaryYok-napatawpha County and concern members of the same families atdifferent times in history.58.William Faulkner' s works have been termed the Yoknapatawpha Saga, "oneconnected story".59.In 1950, William Faulkner received both America's highest literary award andthe Nobel Prize for Literature.60.William Faulkner died just one year after Ernest Hemingway, and so passedaway America's two most remarkable modern writers.III. Make multiple choices.1. The best-selling American books in the first decades of the twentieth centurywere__________ .A. traveling booksB. commercial booksC. historical romancesD. news reports2. Early in the 20th century, _________ published works that would change the nature of American poetry.A. Ezra PoundB. T. S. EliotC. Robert FrostD. Both A and B3. The American social upheavals and the literary concerns of the Great Depression years ended with the prosperity and turmoil brought by the _____________ .B. Second World WarC. Civil WarD. War of Independence4. The American "Thirties", lasted from the Crash, through the ensuing Great Depression, until the outbreak of the Second World War 1939. This was a periodof__________ .A. povertyB. bleaknessC. important social movementsD. a new social consciousnessE. all of the above5. In the pre-war period, such writers as______________ , pointed out the contradic-tions between what American preached and they practiced.A. Mark TwainB. Jack LondonC. Stephen CraneD. Theodore DreiserE. all of the above6. In the Thirties, poets like Archibald Macleish and______________ wrote compas-sionately about common people, workers and farmers.A. Emily DickinsonB. Ezra PoundC. Robert FrostD. Langston Hughes7.The Imagist writers followed three principles, they respectively are _________ .A. direct treatmentB. economy of expressionC. clear rhythmD. blank verse8. "The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough. " This is the shortest poem written by____________ .A. Thomas Stearns EliotB. Robert FrostC. Ezra PoundD. E. E. Cummings9. __________ showed great interest in Chinese literature and translated the poetry of Li Po (Li Bai) into English, and was influenced by Confucian ideas.B. Robert FrostC. T. S. EliotD. E. E. Cummings10. Ezra Pound' s long poem____________ contained more than one hundred poems loosely connected.A. The Waste LandB. The CantosC. Don JuanD. Queen Mab11. "Richard Cory" and "Miniver Cheevy" are good examples of Edwin Arlington Robinson' s ______ attitude.A. romanticB. fantasticC. realisticD. materialistic12. "Ben Jonson Entertains a Man from Stratford", this poem was written by Edwin Arlington Robinson. It is a brilliant commentary on _____________'s character.A. Ben JonsonB. William ShakespeareC. John MiltonD. Samuel Johnson13. In his long works Merlin, Lancelot, and Tristram, Edwin Arlington Robinson wrote the most extensive poems based on_____________ since Tennyson.A. the Arthurian LegendsB. the Biblical StoriesC. the Greek MythologiesD. Indian Legends14. When Robert Frost was eighty-seven, he read his poetry at the inauguration of President__________ .A. Thomas JeffersonB. Theodore RooseveltC. Abraham LincolnD. John F. Kennedy15. Choose the books written by Robert Frost.A. Mountain IntervalB. New HampshireC. West-Running BookD. A Further Range16. Which of the following was not written by Robert Frost?A. "Tilbury Town"B. "A Witness Tree"C. "Steeple Bush"D. "In the Clearing"17. Robert Frost is famous for his lyric poems. Which of the following lyric poems was not written by Robert Frost?A. "Birches"B. "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"C. "After Apple-Picking"D. "The Road Not Taken"E. "Richard Cory"18. The poems that made Carl Sandburg famous appeared in four volumes. Choose them from the following.A. Chicago PoemsB. Comhuskers<, /F, , ONT>C. Smoke and SteelD. Slabs of the Sunburn WestE. Design19. As a poet, Carl Sandburg was associated with the, Imagists and wrote well-known Imagist poems such asA. "Fog"B. "Lost"C. "Monotone"D. "The Harbor"E. all of the above20. Carl Sandburg had also taken interest in folk songs which he tried to collect and sing during his travels. These folk songs appeared eventually in print in hiswell-known___________ .A. Good Morning, AmericaB. The People, YesC. In Reckless EcstasyD. The American Songbag21. Thomas Sutpen is a character in William Faulkner's novel _______________ .A. Absalom, Absalom!B. Light in AugustC. Go Down, MosesD. The Sound and the Fury22. Wallace Stevens' s poetry is primarily motivated by the belief that true ideas correspond with an innate order in nature. Many of his good poems derive their emotional power from reasoned revelation. This philosophical intention is supported by the titles Wallace Stevens gave to his volumes such as_____________ .A. HarmoniumB. Ideas of OrderC. Parts of a WorldD. all of the above23. The two areas on which the modem American writers concentrated their criticism were___________ .A. the failure of communication among AmericansB. the failures of American societyC. the extreme prosperity of AmericaD. the paradise of New Land24. Choose the poems written by Wallace Stevens.A. "Anecdote of the Jar"B. "The Emperor of Ice-Cream"C. "Peter Quince at the Clavier"D. "Departmental"25. __________ , one of the essays in The Sacred Wood, is the earliest statementof Thomas Stearns Eliot' s aesthetics, which provided a useful instrument for modern criticism.A. "Sweeny Agonistes"B. "Tradition and the Individual Talent"C. " A Primer of Modern Heresy"D. "Gerontion"26. Thomas Stearns Eliot used a form, that is, the orchestration of related themes in successive movements, in such works as __________ .A. The Waste LandB. 77k? Hollow MenC. Ash-WednesdayD. Four Quartets27. Thomas Stearns Eliot' s second volume of criticism_____________ (1914)was much admired for its critical method.A. The Function of CriticismB. The Metaphysical PoetsC. Homage to John DrydenD. The Sacred Wood28. __________ , a poetic tragedy on the betrayal of Thomas a Becket, is a drama of impressive spiritual power.A. "The Confidential Clerk"B. "The Cocktail Party"C. "The Family Reunion"D. "Murder in the Cathedral"29. The first American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature was a sharp social critic, whose name was_________________ .A. Sinclair LewisB. Thomas Stearns EliotC. Ernest HemingwayD. William Faulkner30. Thomas Stearns Eliot was a _____.A. poetB. playwrightC. literary criticD. novelist31. Thomas Stearns Eliot's first major poem____________ (1917), has been called the first masterpiece of modernism in English.A. The Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockB. The Waste LandC. Four QuartetsD. Preludes32. The Fitzgeralds lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money thanF. Scoot Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and traveling. It was this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as ______.A. The Roaring TwentiesB. The Jazz AgeC. The Dollar DecadeD. all of the above33. Choose the collections of short stories written by F. Scott Fitzgerald.A. Flappers and PhilosophersB. Tales of the Jazz AgeC. All the Sad Young MenD. Taps at Reveille34. Choose the novels written by F. Scott Fitzgerald.A. The Great GatsbyB. Tender Is the NightC. This Side of ParadiseD. The Beautiful and the Damned35. Point out the three poets who opened the way to Modern poetry.A. Ezra PoundB. Thomas Stearns EliotC. E. E. CummingsD. Robert Frost36. In Paris, Ernest Hemingway, along with _____________, accomplished a revolu-tion in literary style and language.A. Gertrude SteinB. Ezra PoundC. Thomas Stearns EliotD. James JoyceE. all of the above37. In 1954,___________ was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature for his "mastery of the art of modern narration".A. Thomas Stearns EliotB. Ernest HemingwayC. John SteinbeckD. William Faulkner38. Ernest Hemingway was badly wounded in Italy and sent to a hospital where he fell in love with a nurse. These two persons later became the characters ofhis novel__________ .A. The Old Man and the SeaB. For Whom the Bell TollsC. The Sun Also RisesD. A Farewell to Arms39. During the Depression, Ernest Hemingway first went to Spain and then , to the American West and to Africa on hunting expeditions. In the novels written in this period such as___________ , he wrote about bullfighting, hunting and his personal anecdote.A. Death in the AfternoonB. The Green Hills of AfricaC. Men without WomenD. The Old Man and the Sea40. Which authors committed suicide?A. Ernest HemingwayB. Jack LondonC. Robert FrostD. Mrs. Stowe41. __________ tells the Joad family' s life from the time they were evicted from their farm in Oklahoma until their first winter in California.A. Of Mice and MenB. The Grapes of WrathC. The Great GatsbyD. For Whom the Bell Tolls42. wrote about the society in the South by inventing families which represented different social forces; the old decaying upper class; the rising, ambitious, unscrupulous class of the "poor Whites"; and the Negroes who la bored for both of them.A. William FaulknerB. F. Scott FitzgeraldC. Ernest HemingwayD. John Steinbeck43. In William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury, he used a techniquecalled_____________ , in which the whole story was told through the thoughts of one character.A. stream of consciousnessB. imagismC. symbolismD. naturalism44. William Faulkner's novel___________ describes the decay and downfall of an old southern aristocratic family, symbolizing the old social order, toid from four different points of view.A. The Sound and the FuryB. StartorisC. The UnvanquishedD. The Town45. William Faulkner's novel___________ is about a poor white family' sjourney through fire and flood to bury the mother in her hometown, Yoknapatawpha.A. Intruder in the DustB. As I Lay DyingC. Absalom, Absalom!D. Light in August46. Which three novels form a trilogy which tells the saga of the unscrupuloussnopes family?A. The HamletB. The Town。
美国文学考试重点
美国文学考试重点美国文学考试的重点可以分为以下几个方面：1. 早期美国文学：- 殖民时期文学：包括早期殖民地的日记、信件和宗教作品等，如《普利茅斯纪事》和《普罗维登斯计划》。
- 紧随其后的大量宗教文学作品，如《新英格兰的校训》。
- 托马斯·佩恩的《常识》：这本书在美国独立运动中起到了重要的作用。
2. 美国文学的形成与发展：- 19世纪初的浪漫主义文学：如华盛顿·欧文的《睡美人和其他故事》和詹姆斯·菲尼莫尔·库珀的《最后的莫西干人》。
- 华尔特·惠特曼的《草叶集》：这本诗集在美国文学史上具有重要地位。
- 女性作家：如哈丽特·比彻·斯托的《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和艾米莉·迪金森的诗歌作品。
3. 20世纪的美国文学：- 现代主义文学：如欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》和威廉·福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》。
- 战争文学：如约翰·史坦贝克的《愤怒的葡萄》和约瑟夫·海勒的《23个故事和一个司令》。
- 迈尔斯·杰克逊的《杀死一只知更鸟》：这是美国文学中一本重要的反种族主义作品。
4. 当代美国文学：- 现实主义：如托尼·莫里森的《亲爱的》和唐·德里罗的《百年孤独》。
- 同性恋与性别研究：如杰夫·艾斯特里奇的《中性国度》和艾美丽·P. 亨德森的《一个男小地方》。
此外，还需要了解美国文学的主要流派和文学理论，如现实主义、象征主义、后现代主义等，以及相关的文学批评方法。
最好的准备方式是广泛阅读美国经典文学作品并理解其背后的文化、历史和社会背景。
美国文学考试重点
American Romanticism (美国浪漫主义): it stretch from the end of the 18th century to outbreak of the Civil War. Its chief emphasis freedom, individualism and imagination. an innate, subjective, and intuitive perception of man. The representatives about romanticism period included Irving欧文, Cooper库珀and Bryant.布莱恩特9American naturalism (美国自然主义): A particular school of philosophy popular in the late 19th century, usually defined as pessimistic determinism. It conceives of man as controlled by his instincts or his passions, or by his social and economic environment and circumstances. The most important writers of this movement include Crane, Norris, London and Dreiser. ·德莱塞American realism (美国现实主义): A movement that sprang up in the latter half of the 19th century, which aims at an interpretation of the actualities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. The three leading figures are William DeanHowells威廉·狄恩·豪威尔斯, Mark Twain马克·吐温, and Henry James.Local Colorism(乡土色彩): A movement which came into prominence in the U.S. afterthe Civil War, perhaps as an attempt to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities by which people can tell it apart from the world outside. The fiction or verse emphasizes its setting, being concerned with the character of a district or of an era, as marked by its customs, dialect, costumes, landscape, etc. The distinguished writers of local colorism include Mark Twain马克·吐温, Bret Harte, Willa Cather, Hamlin Garland.The Lost Generation (迷惘的一代)：After the first World War. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world. The most well-known figures in “the Lost Generation” are Ezra Pound埃兹拉庞德, Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特·海明威, F. Scott Fitzgerald,弗朗西斯·菲茨杰拉德Southern Renaissance (南方文艺复兴): A term to describe the revival of American Southern literature from the 1920s and 1930s to the 1950s. Most of the writings deal with the struggle between those who embraced social changes and those who were skeptical and conservative or challenged social change outright. The writers were engaged in an attempt to come to terms not only with the inherited values of the Southern tradition, but also with a certain way of perceiving and dealing with the past. William Faulkner,威廉·福克纳Katherine Anne Porter, Eudora Welty, Tennessee Williams are among the most distinguished writers in the early 20th century.二、作家、作品1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1733-1758 (发明避雷针、双镜片眼镜)--colonial period(殖民时期1607—1775)"Poor Richard's Almanac"（穷人查理德的年鉴）——The Way to Wealth （致富之道）；The Autobiography （自传）1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography?Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taki ng his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also sa ys that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it4.What features do you find in the style of the above selection?It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision. The narrative is lucid(易懂的), the structure is simple, the imagery is homely(朴素的)2、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文1783-1859——RomanticismSketch Book《见闻札记》——Rip Van Winkle瑞普凡温克尔、The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说3、Nathanial Hawthorne纳塞尼尔霍桑—Transcendentalism超验主义时期The Scarlet Letter《红字》：Hester（女主）The themes of The Scarlet LetterSinThe experience of Hester and Dimmesdale recalls the story of Adam and Eve because, in both cases, sin results in expulsion and suffering. But it also results in knowledge—specifically, in knowledge of what it means to be immortal. For Hester, the scarlet letter functions as "her passport into regions where other women dared not tread", leading her to "speculate" about her society and herself more "boldly" than anyone else in New England.Past and presentThe clashing of past and present is explored in various ways. For example, the character of the old General, whose heroic qualities include a distinguished name, perseverance, integrity, compassion, and moral inner strength, is said to be "the soul and spirit of New England hardihood". Now put out to pasture, he sometimes presides over the Custom House run by corrupt public servants, who skip work to sleep, allow or overlook smuggling, and are supervised by an inspector with "no power of thought, nor depth of feeling, no troublesome sensibilities", who is honest enough but without a spiritual compass.4、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡---- Transcendentalism超验主义时期The Raven《乌鸦》（the title poem of a collection,）It is a 108 line verse narrative in trochaic octameter - eight trichaic feet per line, each foot having one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable, with a rhyme scheme of abcbbb. The main theme of poem is one of “undying devotion”5、Mark Twain马克·吐温The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利·费恩历险记After all, Huck is only a child, the world seems new to him. Everything he encou nters is a crash for thought. Because of his background, however, he does more t han just apply the rules that he has been taught—he creates his own rules. To some degree, it can be said that he is treacherous. But Huck is also a good and noble boy. All of his virtues come from his kind hear t and his sense of humanity. On the way of floating in Mississippi river, Huck tries his best to help Jim and changes his prejudice about Black people. He concerns about the drunk man in the circus. He shows sympathy for the nieces of Peter Wi lks and saves money for them. His sympathy even goes to those who are totally u nworthy of his attention such as the stranded robbers and the king and the duke. Besides, Huck is smart, and has a sharp eye for details. Although he is uneducate d anddoesnt always understand everything he sees, or its significance, nature tea cheshim a lot of things. Moreover, this quality helps him to avoid dangers and ov ercome difficulties during the travel.6 、Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945---- American realismSister Carrie嘉莉姐妹HurstwoodCourages to persue his dreams and true loveAdventurous spirit7、Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-1963The Road Not taken没有选择的道路8、Ezra Pound (埃兹拉庞德)——Imagism (or the Imagist Movement) (意象派诗歌)“I n a Station of the Metro” is undoubtedly the most famous of imagist poems The Cantos诗章9、F Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯·菲茨杰拉德1896-1940(迷惘的一代)The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比Because of his profound love to Daisy even though the others become selfish and sophisticated in the society. He devotes himself to making big fortune for expecting Daisy’s return; he take responsibility of car accident at the expense of being put in the prison. Yes, this great man displays something called ProfoundLove when the society members’ hearts becoming colder and colder. And I always feel sympathetic to Gatsby’s consequence. We may say how stupid he is to pay so much to Daisy, but in other words, how persistent he is to his believing about love. He always thinks that all his behaviors can make Daisy change her mind and come back.Gatsby is a tragic hero in the novel, maybe his profound love and strong faith lead to his bad ending. But I always believe this two valuable things are the writer appeals to in that time, also works in today’s.10、William Faulkner威廉·福克纳1897-1962--- Southern Renaissance (南方文艺复兴)“A Rose for Emily” is one of Faulkner most short stories.Miss Emily is kind of quiet andperverse, proud and aloof, haughty, brave and tough, a representative of traditio nal convention and so forth. The followings are going to expatiate on them.Another extremely crucial factor for Emily’s characters to form is the social element. Here it mainly refers to the environment—the Jefferson community around her. For the townspeople, Grieson family never choose a northerner, a day labor. They think even though Emily is sad, she can n ot forget that she is a noble. They seem to be Emily’s new father after her father died. They try to control Emily on her love affair. W hen Emily and Homer appear together, they talk about them with scornful expre ssion. However, the community’s opposition does not influence Emily’s persistent love with Homer. If the townspeople give up at this moment, the resul t of Emily may be much better. But, instead the opposition becomes further inten sified. A11、Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特·海明威1899-1961（“迷惘的一代”的代表人物）The Old Man and the Sea老人与海There is a very famous sentence in The Old Man and the Sea, "A man can be destroyed but not defeated". As far as I am concerned, "destroy" is a physical hurt caused by extrinsic force. However, "defeat" means one's spirit collapsed which was determined by internal heart. As long as one keep his faith, he will never be defeated.。
美国文学史复习资料(DOC)
附：作者及作品（第一、二册）一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰•史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉•布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰•温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰•威廉姆斯Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮•布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution1。
本杰明•富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)※《自传》“The Autobiography ”《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”2。
美国文学考试重点
1.The literature of colonial AmericaWilliam Bradford威廉·布拉德福德（1590年-1657年），五月花号公约签署人之一，于1620年参与创立了普利茅斯殖民地，并在长达30余年的时间里担任普利茅斯总督。
他所撰写的《普利茅斯垦殖记》是关于欧洲新世界殖民史的早期著作之一.Anne Bradstreet美国女诗人布莱德斯特律1612英格兰比安普敦～1672。
9.16,马萨诸塞湾殖民地安多弗美国最早写出真正有价值的英文诗歌的一位女诗人.她的宗教组诗《沉思集》(Contemplations）受到20世纪文学批评界的重视,被认为是一部不朽之作.《凡人的虚荣》（Of the vanity of all worldly creatures)、《灵与肉》(The Flesh and the Spirit）、《献给我亲爱的丈夫》（To My Dear and Loving Husband）、《人世正凋萎，万物有终极》（All things within this fading world hath end)、《心痛手颤写诗句》（With troubled heart and trembling hand I write)、《大卫对扫罗和约拿单的哀悼》(David's Lamentation for Sauland Jonathan）Puritan Thoughts美国清教主义从一开始就是一种精神运动，它不仅仅是一种宗教信仰,而且还是一种极端民主与共和的理论.清教徒在自己的祖国遭受迫害，对英国严酷的社会现实不满而移民到美国。
他们希冀按自己的意欲信仰上帝。
于是，他们致力于建立一个乌托邦式的重视伦理和精神生活的社会模式。
他们崇尚真正的自由——这种真正的自由涵盖了广泛的道德的含义。
他们把一切破坏和蔑视这种自由信念的行为一概斥责为对权威的亵渎.因此，他们认为自己是一群称之为美国人的新人,命定要建立一个新的世界，为人类建造一座“山上的光辉的城市”。
美国文学期末复习知识点-绪论
绪论1.一般认为，美国文学史大致可分为七个时期，分别是殖民地时期、独立战争前后时期、南北战争时期、南北战争后至第一次大战前时期、两次大战之间时期、第二次大战后至越南战争前时期、越南战争后至新世纪初时期。
2.殖民地时期的美国文学主要有三类，它们是原住民印第安人口头文学和民间故事、欧洲探险者到北美的探险日记和航海记录、早期到北美殖民地的英国官员和牧师的散文和游记。
3.在殖民地英国官员和牧师作家们中大致可分为两类，即清教主义作家和反清教主义作家。
4.独立战争前后的美国文学中，发展成果最为突出的文学类型是散文。
5.第一位获得国际声誉的美国小说家是华盛顿·欧文，他的短篇小说代表作是《瑞普·凡·温克尔》、《睡谷传奇》。
6.詹姆斯·范·库柏创作了“皮袜子五部曲”：《开拓者》、《最后一个莫希干人》、《草原》、《探路人》、《逐鹿者》；他是第一位描写美洲殖民地历史的历史小说家、第一位刻画印第安人形象的小说家。
7.爱默生的散文《论自然》是美国超验主义运动的宣言，在该文中，爱默生提出新大陆需要精神独立。
超验主义是民主思想在哲学上的表现。
8.美国诗人瓦尔特·惠特曼的诗集《草叶集》的问世标志着美国浪漫主义运动达到高潮，爱默生欢呼的伟大的美国诗人诞生了。
9.惠特曼去世标志着浪漫主义文学时代的结束，美国文学迅速走进一个现实主义和自然主义文学发展新时代。
10.马克·吐温的小说《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》开创了美国文学的一代新风；威廉·豪威尔斯被认为是美国现实主义文学的奠基人，他最先指出“金钱成了时代的史诗”，“当个百万富翁成了美国人的理想”；而亨利·詹姆斯则开创了20世纪美国心理小说的新方向。
11.欧·亨利被誉为“美国短篇小说之父”，与法国作家莫泊桑和俄国作家契诃夫并列为世界三大短篇小说家。
12.弗兰克·诺里斯是第一个名副其实的美国自然主义作家，西奥多·德莱赛被称为第一次世界大战前最优秀的自然主义作家，其代表作品有《嘉莉妹妹》、《美国的悲剧》。
英美文学考试复习点重点整理
英美文学考试复习点重点整理1.现实主义、批判现实主义（代表人物、作品，以及每部作品讲了什么故事）P276—比如《匹克威克外传》主要讲什么？P281 《双城记》主要讲什么？P298 《大卫科波菲尔》主要讲什么？P2922.其中自传体形式的作品有哪些？3.傲慢与偏见的第一个名字：first impression(Pride and prejudice现)4.三姐妹指的是？5.19世纪有名小说名利场副标题：“A Novel Without a Hero”作者：William Makepeace Thackeray P3036.18th浪漫主义作家、代表作P211 反对什么,反抗什么思想？7.Pop代表作有哪些？P134 剪发记？8.玄学诗派有哪些人物组成？Leading Feature? P1169.乌托邦is written in form of ?P3310.Universal Wicks大学才子是谁？P5011.中世纪文学流行的是? 主题特征骑马精神P8？12.最著名作家：乔叟P1913.对于三次征服的概念（1）罗马征服P1 （2）英国人征服P2（3）诺曼征服P514.人民大宪章什么时候出现？时间：1837年1.John MiltonHe was born in London in 1608. He is a master of the blank verse, and a great stylist. And he is famous for his grand style.But his style is never exactly natural. He devoted almost twenty years of his best life to the fight for political, religious and personal liberty as a writer. His famous works are Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes.2.RomanceRomance was the most prevailing kind of literature of theupper class in feudal England in the Medieval Ages. It is a long composition in verse or in prose which describes the life and chivalric adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapon. The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.3.the EnlightenmentIt is the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the nineteenth century. It was an optimistic belief that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reasons to all things. Typically, these enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule what they felt illogical errors in government, socialcustom, and religious belief.4.NeoclassicismThe neoclassical movement began in the mid-18th century and brought about a revival of interest in the old classical work. The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be in judged in terms of its service to humanity./doc/0d16361832.html,ke poetsAlso called Lake School, it is a name applied to a group of poets in the 19th century, including Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey. They had lived in the Lake District in the northwest of England and shared a community of literary and social outlook in their works.6.MetaphysicalAbout the beginning of the 17th century appeared a schoolof poets called “Metaphysical”, including Donne, Herbert, Marvell, Vaughan, and Crashaw. The work of the metaphysical poets are characterized their wit, imaginative picturing, compressions, often cryptic expression and by generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.7.Heroic coupletsA heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines. The rhyme is always masculine. The use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Chaucer in The legend of Good Women and The Canterbury Tales.8.BalladsBallad was the most important department of English folk literature. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. They are anonymous narrative poems bearing the characteristics of folklore and designed for singing or oral recitation in various English and Scottish dialects. Ballad is mainly the literature of the common people and one is able to understand the outlook of the English common people in feudal society through the ballads. The subjects of ballad are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal—minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters of class struggle. Usually a ballad deals with a single episode and the beginning is often abrupt, without any introduction to the characters and background information.回答问题1.撒旦为什么选择伊甸园作为复仇之地2.写一个关于傲慢与偏见的小结（作者、人物角色、情节、后果）和主题评价Pride and Prejudice is a novel by Jane Austen, first published in 1813.翻译题1.P103①Throw open all doors; let the re be light ; let every man think and bring his thoughts to the light;dread not any diversities of opinion.②Truth is compared in Scripture to a streaming fountain; if her waters flow not in a perpetual progression, they sicken into a muddy pool of conformity.③Where there is much desire to learn, there of necessity will be much arguing, much writing, many opinions; for opinion in good men is but knowledge in the marking.2.P193It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewedinterest in medieval literature.。
美国文学常识
2、特点：“迷惘的一代”作家的共同点
是厌恶帝国主义战争，却又找不到出路。 第一次世界大战爆发时，他们大多是20 岁左右的年轻人。他们在美国政府“拯 救世界民主”口号的蛊惑下，怀着民主 的理想，奔赴欧洲战场。他们目睹人类 空前的大屠杀，发现战争远不是他们原 来设想的那种英雄的事业，所谓“民 主”、“光荣”、“牺牲”都是骗人的 东西。他们在战争中经历了种种苦难， 了解到普通兵士中间的反战情绪。这在 他们心灵中留下了无法医治的创伤。他 们的作品反映了这些思想感情。
1、起源：
“垮掉的一代”发起于40年代末至50年代初。当 时，第二次世界大战刚刚结束，战争造成的惨祸仍 像梦魇一样纠结在人们的头脑中。同时，由于以美 国和苏联为首的两大集团的对峙，热战刚停"冷战" 又开始。美国反共的麦卡锡主义异常猖獗，大肆迫 害文化思想界的进步人士，弄得美国文坛一片萧条 和沉寂。这种情况促使许多美国人，特别是年轻的 一代，对美国的社会制度、道德准则和价值观念产 生怀疑，并以不同方式发泄不满，进行抗争。这种 情况反映到文学上，就是作为反传统主流文化现象 的"垮掉的一代"的出现。
3、特点： “垮掉的一代”文学的首倡者是一批青年学生。 他们或正在大学学习，或刚刚涉足社会，对现实极 端不满，但又看不到出路。他们愤世嫉俗，身着奇 装异服，不修边幅；他们放浪形骸，性关系混乱， 甚至同性恋；他们寻求刺激，酗酒吸毒，终日沉湎 在幻境之中。商业化宣传使得美国青年纷纷接受 “垮掉”生活方式，从爵士乐、摇摆舞、吸大麻、 性放纵直至参掸念佛和“背包革命”(指漫游旅行)， 一时成为风气。这样做，他们还觉得不足以宣泄心 中的积愤，就以嚎叫当歌，以涂鸦为画，以记述自 己怪诞经历的文字充作小说。鼓吹性解放和"开放的 人生"，主张打破传统文学形式的束缚，随意挥洒个 人的胸臆。他们提出，他们的生活就是他们的作品， 他们的作品就是他们的生活。他们的生活和作品都 是对社会正统及社会禁忌的挑战与反映。
卓顶精文最新专业八级美国文学作家作品.doc
卓顶精文最新专业八级美国文学作家作品一．独立革命前后的文学（TheLiteYatuYeAYoundtheYevolutionofIndependence）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1)．殖民地时期的文学的特点2)．主要的作家、其概况及其代表作品2．独立革命前后时期的主要作家本杰明·富兰克林BenjaminFYanklin本杰明·富兰克林，散文家、科学家、社会活动家，曾参与起草“独立宣言”。
《穷查理历书》PooYYichaYd’sAlmanack《致富之道》TheWaPtoWealth《自传》TheAutobiogYaphP托马斯·潘恩ThomasPaine托马斯·潘恩，散文家、政治家、报刊撰稿人。
《税务员问题》TheCaseoftheOfficeYsofEGcise《常识》CommonSense《美国危机》AmeYicanCYisis《人的权利》YightsofMan《专制体制的崩溃》DownfallofDespotism《理性时代》TheAgeofYeason菲利普·弗伦诺PhilipFYeneau菲利普·弗伦诺，著名的“革命诗人”。
《蒸蒸日上的美洲》“TheYisingGloYPofAmeYica”《英国囚船》“TheBYitishPYisonShip”《纪念美国勇士》同类诗中最佳“TotheMemoYPoftheBYaveAmeYicans”《野生的金银花》“TheWildHonePsuckle”《印第安人殡葬地》“TheIndianBuYPingGYound”二．美国浪漫主义文学（AmeYicanYomanticism）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1)．美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景2)．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格3)．清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家华盛顿·欧文WashingtonIYving华盛顿·欧文，美国著名小说家，被称为“美国文学之父”.《瑞普·凡·温可尔》YipVanWinkle《纽约外史》AHistoYPofNewPoYk《见闻札记》TheSketchBook《睡谷的传说》TheLegendofSleepPHollow詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀JamesFenimoYeCoopeY詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀开创了以《皮裹腿故事集》为代表的边疆传奇小说，其中最为重要的一部是《最后的莫西干人》。
(word完整版)英美文学史复习笔记(2021年整理精品文档)
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Chapter 1 Old and Medieval English Literature（450—1066—1340)1.Beowulf： a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo—Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.2.Romance:①It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period。
②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.③The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions。
美国文学期末复习知识点-第四部分
第四部分1.第一次世界大战之后，欧洲各国文化界充斥着对西方文明的悲观失望情绪，对道德观和价值观产生了怀疑，诚如T. S. 艾略特在长诗《荒原》中描绘的景象。
德国哲学家尼采宣称“上帝死了”。
西方社会走入“荒原时代”。
2.受战火洗礼的法国，战后汇集了各种想变革、求生存的现代主义思潮。
法国巴黎成了国际现代主义文艺思潮的中心。
先锋派、达达主义、超现实主义、未来主义等流派十分活跃，吸引了许多英美青年作家，如海明威、多斯·帕索斯、菲茨杰拉德、庞德、艾略特、乔伊斯等等，他们被称为“迷茫的一代”的代表。
3.战后的美国，根深蒂固的清教主义社会习俗受到新思潮冲击，一个狂欢享乐，追求物质享受的时代出现了，这一时期被称为爵士乐时代。
4.菲兹杰拉德的长篇小说《了不起的盖茨比》描绘了爵士乐时代“美国梦”的破灭。
20年代美国小说繁荣发展，成为伟大的“第二次文艺复兴”。
5.1930年，美国小说家辛克莱·路易斯荣获诺贝尔文学奖，是第一个获此殊荣的美国作家。
其代表作是《巴比特》。
6.1929年，欧美经济进入大萧条时期，引发了一场全球性的经济和政治危机。
7.20世纪三、四十年代，美国文坛上涌现出一支左翼作家生力军，如多斯·帕索斯、德莱塞、里德等，他们先后访问苏联，赞赏那里的社会主义文学，其创作受到______主义的影响。
8.海明威是美国伟大的小说家和文体家。
1926年，出版了首部长篇小说《太阳照常升起》，1929年，小说《永别了，武器》奠定了他小说家的地位。
1940年，以西班牙内战为背景的长篇小说《丧钟为谁而鸣》出版。
1952年，中篇小说《老人与海》一鸣惊人，轰动国内外，次年该书获得普利策奖。
9.1954年，海明威荣获诺贝尔文学奖。
诺贝尔文学奖评委会对海明威的颁奖词指出海明威的获奖是由于他精通现代叙事艺术，突出地表现在他的近作《老人与海》中，同时也由于他对当代文风的影响。
他还塑造了感人的硬汉子形象。
瑞典皇家文学院常任秘书奥斯特林的评价更为具体：“我们不能忘记，他的描述技巧往往以小巧的、短小精悍的作品形式达到巅峰。
美国文学考试必备知识点(word文档物超所值)
1. Romantic period2. Washington Irving3. Edgar Allan Poe4. Nathanial Hawthorne5. Walt Whitman6. Emily Dickinson7. II. Realist period8. Mark Twain 9. Sherwood Anderson10. Stephen Crane11. Theodore Dreiser12. III. Modern period13. F. S. Fitzgerald14. Ernest Hemingway15. William Faulkner1.TranscendentalismTranscendentalism refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of Ralph Waldo Emerson and others in New England in the middle 1800’s, which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition, the Oversoul, and Nature. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant. New England Transcendentalism is the product of a combination of native American Puritanism and European Romanticism.2.NaturalismNaturalism, a more deliberate kind of realism, usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. As a literary movement, naturalism was initiated in France and it came to be led by Zola, who claimed at “scientific” status for his studies of impoverished characters miserably subjected to hunger, sexual obsession, and hereditary defects. Natural fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored corners of modern society. The most significant work of naturalism in English being Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.3.American DreamThe American Dream is the faith held by many people in the United States of America that through hard work, courage and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations.4.The Lost GenerationThe term Lost Generation was coined by Gertrude Stein to refer to a group of American Literary notables who lived in Paris from the time period which saw the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. Significant members included Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, T. S. Eliot, and Gertrude Stein herself. Hemingway likely popularized the term, quotingStein (“You are all a lost generation”) as epigraph to his novel The Sun Also Rises. More generally, the term is being used for the young adults of Europe and America during World War I. They were “lost” because after the war many of them were disillusioned with the world in general and unwilling to more into a settled life5. ModernismModern writing is marked by a strong and conscious break with traditional forms and techniques of expression; it believes that we create the world in the act of perceiving it. Modernism implies historical discontinuity, a sense of alienation, of loss, and of despair. It elevates the individual and his inner being over social man and prefers the unconscious to the self-conscious.6. Romanticism.7. PuritanismThe principles and practices of puritans were popularly known as Puritanism. Puritanism accepted the doctrines of Calvinism: the sovereignty of God; the supreme authority of the Bible; the irresistibility of God’s will for man in every act of life from cradle to grave. These doctrines led the Puritans to examine their souls to find whether they were of the elect and to search the Bible to determine God’s will.8.Hemingway Heroes / Code Hero“Hemingway Heroes” refer to some protagonists in Hemingway’s works. Such a hero usually is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent. And usually he is a man of action and of a few words. He is such an individualist, alone even when with other people, somewhat an outsider, keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place where one can not get happiness. The Hemingway heroes stand for a whole generation. In a world which is essentially chaotic and meaningless, a Hemingway hero fights a solitary struggle against a force he does not even understand. The awareness that it must end in defeat, no matter how hard he strives, engenders a sense of despair. But Hemingway heroes possess a kind of “despairing courage” as Bertrand Russell terms. It is this courage that enables a man to behave like a man, to assert his dignity in face of adversity. Surely Hemingway heroes differ, one from another, in their view of the world. The difference which comes gradually in view is an index to the subtle change which Hemingway’s outlook had undergone.ExpressionismExpressionism refers to a movement in Germany early in the 20th century, in which anumber of painters sought to avoid the representation of external reality and, instead, to project a highly personal or subjective vision of the world. The main principle involved is that expression determines form, and therefore imagery, punctuation, syntax, and so forth. In brief, any of the formal rules and elements of writing can be bent or disjointed to suit the purpose. Theatrically, expressionism was a reaction against realism in that it tends to show inner psychological realities. O’Neill’splays are some of the best examples.The Imagist Movement (Imagism)Led by Ezra Pound and flourished from 1909 to 1917, the movement advanced modernism in arts which concentrated on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism, especially Tennyson' s wordiness and high-flown language in poetry. The three principles followed by the Imagists were:(1) "Direct treatment" (2) "Economy of Expression" (3) " Rhythm"symbolismSymbolism originates in France in the middle 19th century. The poetry collection The Flowers of Evil by the French poet Charles Baudelaire is a representative work of this genre. Symbolism tries to express the dreamy mysterious inner world of the writer. Stream-of-consciousnessStream-of-consciousness begins in the 1920’s in Britain. It is a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person’s will”. In late 19thcentury, the literary device of “interior monologue” was originated in France as an application of modern psychological knowledge to literary creation. In the 20th century, under the influence of Freud’s theory of psychological analysis, a number of writers adopted the “stream of consciousness”method of novel writing. The striking feature of these novelists is their giving precedence to the depiction of the characters’ mental and emotional reactions to external events, rather than the events themselves. (to be continued)Free verse:a form of poetry without rhyme, meter, regular line length, and regular stanzaic structure. It depends on natural speech for rhythm. Robert Frost compared it to “playing tennis with the net down.” Though much simpler and less restrictive thanconventional poetry and blank verse, free verse does no mean “formlessness.” T. S.Eliot once said that “no verse is free for the man who wants to do a good job.”Though its origin is unknown, it was attempted by such early poets as Surrey, Milton, Blake, and Macpherson. It was Whitman who did the greatest contribution to the development and popularity of free verse. Whitman favored the simplicity andfreedom of expression. According to him, “The art of art, the glory of expressionand the sunshine of light of letters is simplicity. Noting is better than simplicity.”Jazz age:Jazz is a form of dance music that is derived from early Afro-American folk music, ragtime, and Negro blues. It is marked with exciting rhythm, pronounced syncopation, and constant improvisation. The musical instruments used are mainly drums, trumpets, and saxophones. Major composers of Jazz music include Irvin Berlin and W. C. Handy. The term Jazz Age was specifically employed by Fitzgerald to denote the 1920s, which was characterized by the loss of traditional moral standards, indulgence in romantic yearnings, and great social excitement. According to Malcolm Cowley, the Jazz Age was “a legend of glitter, of recklessness, and of talent in such profusionthat it was sown broadcast like wild oats.” F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Tales of the JazzAge, like Mark Twain’s The Gilded Age, was an epoch-making work.Black humor:a term frequently used in modern literary criticism. It is sometimes called ‘blackcomedy’or ‘tragic farce.’It is humor or laughter resulting from great pain, despair, horror and the absurdity of human existence. Black humor is a common quality of modern anti-novels and anti-dramas. Examples are Franz Kafka’s storieslike “Metamorphosis”, “The Castle” and “The Trial”, Joseph Heller’s novel Catch-22 and Albee’s The Zoo Story. Other writers who did much contribution to the popularity of black humor were Beckett, Camus, Ionesco, Vonnegut, Pynchon and so on.Autobiography:a story a writer writes about his or her own life experiences. It is narrated from the first-person point of view. The term was probably first used by Southey. But the first important autobiography was Confessions written by Augustine of Hippo. Other examples include Franklin’s Autobiography, Adams’s The Education of HenryAdams, John Stuart Mill’s Autobiography, Carlyle’s Reminiscences, Henry David Thoreau’s Walden, and so on.Surprise Ending:Also called “O. Henry ending,” it is a completely unexpected turn or revelation ofevents at the conclusion of a story or play. An example is “The Necklace” by Guyde Maupassant. Another instance is O. Henry’s story “The Gift of the Magi.”Blank verse:poetry that does not rhyme but has iambic pentameter lines. Though not originated in England or America, it has been the most important and most widely used English verse form. Blank verse is popular because it is closest to the rhythm of daily English speech. Thus most English poems which are dramatic, reflective or narrative are in the form of blank verse. This verse was probably first used in England by Surrey who translated Aeneid, by Sackville and Norton who composed Gorboduc. It was developed and perfected by Marlowe, Shakespeare and Milton. In the 18th century, most poets favored heroic couplets. But Young and Thomson were able to write in the tradition of blank verse. The 19th century saw a renewed interest in this poetic form. Masters of blank verse included Wordsworth, Coleridge and Bryant. The fact that blank verse is still practiced by writers like T.S. Eliot, Yeats, Frost and Stevens shows how influential and favorable it really is.Characteristics of Realism2.1 Realism aims at the description of the actualities of the life and free from subjective prejudice, idealism or romantic color.2.2 Realism focuses on commonness of the common people. The emphasis is on ordinary people, settings and events.2.3 Life is presented as it is.2.4 Use real characters, real incidents, real language and local dialects.2.5 In matters of style, diction and sentence structure tend toward a plain style.3.Representative writersWilliam Howells .Mark Twain .Henry JamesMajor features of Naturalism1. At the core of naturalism is determinism2.An individual’s course in life is wholly determined by some combination of animal instinct, heredity, and environment. Humans lack freedom of their own will. All of their actions are controlled, determined.3.The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires. Life becomesa struggle for survival.Two of the naturalist’s recurrent concerns are: social systems that destroy anddehumanize, and individual experience of loss and failure.4.Naturalism is a harsher and extreme form of realism. The naturalists have a major difference from the realists.Themes of Hawthorne’s writing1. Explore the relationship between the past and the present2. Explore the hidden motivations of his characters.3. Examine the effect of hidden sin and secret guilt4. Moral or immoral, right or wrong is the question Hawthorne always talks about in his works.1.5. Style1. His style was soft, flowing and almost feminine.nguage: smooth, clear, beautiful in sound and meaning3. He also frequently uses symbols and settings to reveal the psychology of the characters.Appreciation of The Scarlet Letter1. Main Character:Hester Prynne.，Roger Chillingworth.，Arthur Dimmesdale 3. Character AnalysisHester: brave, strong-minded, warm-hearted, intelligent, sacrificing, decisive Dimmesdale: timid, selfish, irresponsible, cowardly, weak-mindedChillingworth: cold-blooded, dehumanizedTheme of The Scarlet LetterTo escape the bondage of religion either on people’s spirit or on people’s natural desire4. Abundant use of symbolsA ---adultery angel ablePrison—the place that deprived people of spiritual freedomForest---the natureRose near the prison—Hester and her loveCap—sth controlling one’s beautyWalt Whitman(1819-1892)Leaves Of Grass“Song of myself”Analysis of the artistic features2.4.1. form: free verseOral and powerful lg: Although free verse, he wrote with repeated and parallel sentences to strengthen the feelings. He express what he wanted to express freely, smoothly, and heatedly. His poems are like waves of the sea that rushed to the beach violently, one after another.2.4.2 the first person narrator: direct and sympathetic to the reader2.4.3. topic: sex.To use his own expression, “he saw the world as a vision of love.” He believes that life is the source of poems, love and enthusiasm are the motives of creation.III. Comments on the writer3.1. Subject: son of time, feels the pulse of the time. As a romanticist and transcendentalist, he broke the conventional poetic materials, no myth,no romance, no story of king and lords. He sings for self, common people, America, city life, nature, etc.3.2. Form: (Free verse) poetry without fixed beat or regular rhyme. Whitman is the first great American poet to use this form of poetry, he also used it more skillfully than any other poet.(1)One's Self I Sing1. What is the significance of singing about one's self?It is an exaltation of the individual spirit, which is typical of American people.2. What is the difference between physiology and physiognomy?Physiology is a science that deals with the functions and life process of human beings, whereas physiognomy refers to an art of judging character from contours of face itself or the appearance of a person.3. What does Whitman mean by the term of "the Modern Man"?He means that a man should be free from any prejudice and pride, totally differentfrom the traditional one, that is full of bias.(3) O Captain! My Captain!1. Why is the word "Captain" capitalized throughout the poem?In this poem the word “Captain” specially refers to Abraham Lincoln, president of the United States.2. What overall metaphor does the poet employ in this poem?Life is a journey.3. Why do people on the shores exult and bells ring, while the speaker remains so sad?They welcome the ship returning from its hard trip, whereas the speaker is sad because the captain fails to receive his own honor.Mark Twain 马克·吐温The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras Count卡拉维拉斯县有名的跳蛙(1865): a short storyThe Innocents Abroad国外的无辜者(1869)Roughing It苦行记(1872): on his experience in the western AmericaThe Gilded Age (1873): his first novel, collaborated with Charles Dudley WarnerThe Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利·费恩历险记(1884): masterpiece Life on the Mississippi (1883)A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court误闯亚瑟王宫(1889)The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏了哈德莱堡的人(1900)The Mysterious Stranger (1916)e. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer1. It is "a boy's book" which sets 20 years before Civil War.2. themes:1)picaresque以流浪汉和无赖为题材的(adventure story)2) moral growth of Tom3. techniques: verisimilitude, humor, colloquial styleMark Twain’s Style in Generalthe true father of American literatureFrequent use of sarcasm, slang and regional dialects.4.5.1. Subject Matter: came directly from American people’s life along the Mississippi River, less influenced by foreign cultures4.5.2. Genuine American style:a) Language: easy, informal, humorous and unaffected [free from affectation; sincere], wildb) He intentionally deviates from classical genteel and tends to use local dialects, colloquial language, even Black English, slang, clipped structures and ungrammatical sentencesMajor work : Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》 show escape to freedomTheodore Dreiser (1871-1945) 德莱赛Naturalism is a theory in literature emphasizing the role of heredity and environment upon human life and character development roughly between 1890’s and early 1900’s. There is no clear-cut chronological division between the American naturalists and the American realists.对比 Realism Naturalismemphasis on the ordinary emphasis also on the extraordinarya mirror a lensthe observer the scientistmoral or rational the accidental and physiologicalMajor Writing Features6.3.1 As a naturalistic writer, Dreiser stressed determinism in his novels.·His characters can’t assert their will against natural and economic forces.·Dreiser held that people are not entirely to blame for what they are and what theydo.6.3.2. He developed the capacity for photographic and relentless observation, thereby truthfully reflecting the society and people of his time and making his novels very believable and convincing.·Almost all of his main characters are based on the real people.·Vivid description of environmental settings and social background6.3.3. His novels are full of tragedies, serious subjects and miserable side of the society.·Dreiser broke through the genteel tradition , revealed the life of the lower class people and dared to expose the vulgar and ugly side of the society.Style6.4.1. Language: very awkward, crude/on the bordering of line of grammar.6.4.2. Serious in tone: never satirical or comic6.4.3. Natural narrative method, free from artifice.His narrative is based on quantities of materials and detailed descriptions.作品Si ster Carrie 嘉莉妹妹(1900): the first novel, masterworkJannie Gerhardt (1911)The Fanancier (1912)The Titan (1914)The Stoic (1947)The Genius (1915)An American Tragedy美国悲剧(1925)Dreiser Looks at Russia (1928)c. Sister Carrietheme:the emptiness of Ameircan Dreami. jungle lawFamous actress bank manager(the unfit is bound to die) <——Country girl (able to follow her instinct) commit suicideii. chance and luckiii. criticism of American values: money and sex —the standards to see if a person is successfuliv. concern for the poorF.Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)an Irish-American Jazz Age novelist and short story writer.Theme of the American DreamFitzgerald’s favorite theme is the American Dream. In The Great Gatsby andother works, a general pattern can be found to fully demonstrate Fitzgerald’s enthusiasm and his disillusionment with the American Dream: formally, a poor young man from the West trying to make his fortune in the East, but thematically, the young man goes on a journey of discovery from dream, through disenchantment, and finallyto a sense of failure and despair. In this general pattern of the protagonist’s personal experience is incarnated the whole of American experience.. Languagesmooth, sensitive, original, simple and gracefulJay Gatsby Nick Carraway Tom Buchanan Daisy BuchananThe Great GatsbyTheme:1. about reality and atmosphere of 1920s2. failure of American Dreamc. attitude towards the rich: paradoxicalHe is charmed by the rich.He is critical of the rich who are corrupted themselves and meanwhile corruptingothers.d. attitude towards the Jazz Age: insider and outsider人物Jay Gatsby Nick Carraway Tom Buchanan Daisy Buchanan Gatsby, with all his freshness, his optimism, and his vitalityGatsby in the novel represents the newly rich upstart, vulgar in hisostentatious [showy] wealth. However, he becomes a kind of newAmerican Adam. He is “great”, because he is dignified and ennobledby his dream and his mythic vision of life.Tom Buchanan ：He is vulgar, hypocritical racist and bigot [person who holds sth strongly]. He is practical and non-idealistic, shallow and mistrustful of emotion. He never cares or takes responsibility.Daisy Buchanan：she also has an inner emptiness, marked by her boredom and cynicism and moral irresponsibility. She is afraid of being alone, as though she has no inner self. But she has the power to charm. Daisy represents material wealth to Gatsby, but it also connects with physical attraction. However, Daisy is unworthy ofGatsby’s love. She is incapable of living the fully imagined life that Gatsby has visualized. She is cowardly and selfish.Nick is both a narrator and a character in this novel. He leads us tothe dignity and depth of Gatsby’s character, and suggests the relationof his tragedy to the American situation.Ernest Hemingway 海明威style1.iceberg principle. The meaning here is that the writer should say only one eighth, in such a way that the remaining seven eighths be discerned and provided by the reader.nguage: short, common, fundamental words, simple sentence, structure.The effect of the language: clearness, cleanness and great care.3.dialogue: plays a very important part in his writings. Hemingway’s dialogue can show setting, development of plot, characters, even theme.4.cinematic way: he uses showing instead of telling. He likes to describes actions (kiss, withdraw hand) vividly instead of mental description.5.symbolisme of stream of consciousnesstraits for the Code Hero:(1) Measuring himself against the difficulties life throws in his way, realizing that we will all lose ultimately because we are mortals, but playing the game honestly and passionately in spite of that knowledge.(2) Facing death with dignity, enduring physical and emotional pain in silence(3) Never showing emotions(4) Maintaining free-will and individualism, never weakly allowing commitment toa single woman or social convention to prevent adventure, travel, and acts of bravery(5) Being completely honest, keeping one's word or promise(6) Being courageous and brave, daring to travel and have "beautiful adventures," as Hemingway would phrase it(7) Admitting the truth of Nada (Spanish, "nothing"), i.e., that no external source outside of oneself can provide meaning or purpose. This existential awareness also involves facing death without hope of an afterlife, which the Hemingway Code Hero considers more brave than "cowering" behind false religious hopesThemes nada，grace under pressure，code heroMagic realism 加西亚·马尔克斯《百年孤独》Garcia Marques Century Loneliness)Henry JamesThe American (1877): begins with international themeDaisy Miller (1878): brings the author first international fameThe Wings of the Dove (1902)The Ambassadors (1903)The Golden Bowl (1904)The Portrait of A Lady贵妇画像:masterpieceJack LondonThe People of the Abyss深渊居民(1903): about London's slumThe Iron Heel 铁蹄(1908): the first proletarian criterion novel which envisages the development of fascismThe Call of the Wild 野性的呼唤(1903): the most widely read bookThe Sea Wolf 海狼(1904)These two novels reflect the ideas of the law of survival and the will to power Martin Eden马丁伊登Ezra Pound埃兹拉·庞德Imagism意象派Pound became the most important figure. Imagist poetry reached the peak of literature for three things appeared:i. a manifesto ii. three principles iii. a lot of writingsIn a Station of the Metro在地铁车站1. This is the much-quoted masterpiece of Pound and a representative of the Imagist poetry.2. Why does the poet call the faces of pedestrians "apparition"?These pedestrians are all walking in a hurry amidst the drizzling rain.3. What do "petals" and "bough" stand for? Petals refer to the faces while the bough stands for the floating crowd.Robert Frostb. Characteristics⏹ 1. not in the main stream of modern poetry, but with conventional form and plainlanguage. That’s why he’s the most popular poet in the 20th century.⏹ 2. a kind of a regionalist----New England, but not local colorism. He used New Englandas a metaphor for the whole world and universe.⏹ 3. a plain poet using symbols from everyday country life. Simple symbols but expressdeep meanings.The Road Not Taken⏹ 1. The poem was written in very regular lines with iambic pentametre and rhyme schemeof abaab.⏹ 2. The symbolic meaning of the two divergent roads is rather clear. They represent anyimportant decisions in one's life.⏹ 3. details:Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening⏹ 1. It is a lyric poem with iambic tetrametre and interlocking enclosed rhyme.⏹ 2. It represents a moment of relaxation from the onerous journey of life, an almostaesthetic enjoyment and appreciation of natural beauty which is wholesome and retorative against the chaotic existence of modern man.William Faulkner (1897-1962)Sound and Fury: divided into 4 parts1. t hemes:a) downfall of the South. The south was in deterioration. It’s going from bad toworse. The present and the past form a contrast from Benjy’s eyes. He’s an idiot so his reactions were distinctive feeling. He felt strongly the loss of love. The downfall of Mr. Campson was not only a personal one but also a universal one---the society was in disorder.b) conflict between the old/young generationsFather of Southern American literatureNobel Prize for literature in 1950Special features2.1. Setting :Oxford is the model for his fictional Jefferson, the central place of his fictional Yoknapatawpha County2.2. Subjects :southern tradition, family, community, the land, history and the past, race, and the passions of ambition and love2.3. Characters:Typical of the historical growth and subsequent decadence of the South 写作技巧Multiple Points of View：He always structure his stories in his own original fashion and is proficient in employing a distinctive narrative method of gradually fitting in and of withholding or even giving confusing information.Stream of consciousness，complex structures, epic style, symbolismWilliam Faulkner威廉•福克纳1897-1962 1950年获诺贝尔文学奖, 普利策奖小说奖 1. 1929年《喧嚣与骚动》”The Sound and the Fury” 1930年《在我弥留之际》”As I Lay Dying” 1932年《八月之光》”Light in August”1936年《押沙龙，押沙龙》”Absalom, Absalom”教材作品：《给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰》：“A Rose for Emily”南方文学特点：主题：作者获奖The Nobel Prize &The Pulitzer Prize: John Steinbeck约翰•斯坦贝克William Faulkner威廉•福克纳 Ernest Hemingway厄恩斯特•海明威The Nobel Prize: Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯•斯特恩斯•爱略特The Pulitzer Prize: Wallace Stevens华莱士•斯蒂文斯 Robert Frost罗伯特•弗洛斯特 Edwin Arlington Robison埃德温•阿林顿•罗宾逊尤金.奥尼尔（Eugene O’Neill，1888----1952），美国著名剧作家。
美国文学考试期末知识点
1. features of Puritanism 请教主义(1)Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2)Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation. (3)Total depravity(4)Limited atoneme nt: Only the “elect” can be saved.2, American Puritanism 美国请教主义的Basic Puritan Beliefs(1)Total Depravity - through Adam and Eve's fall, every person is born sinful - concept of Original Sin.(2)Unconditional Election - God "saves" those he wishes - only a few are selected for salvation - concept of predestination. (3)Limited Atonement - Jesus died for the chosen only, not for everyone. (4)Irresistible Grace - God's grace is freely given, it cannot be earned or denied. Grace is defined as the saving and transfiguring power of God.(5)Perseverance of the "saints" - those elected by God have full power to interpret the will of God, and to live uprightly. If anyone rejects grace after feeling its power in his life, he will be going against the will of God - something impossible in Puritanism.(6)Puritan values (creeds): Hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety, simple tastes. Puritans are more practical, tougher, to be ever ready for any misfortune and tragic failure and optimistic..3.Influence on American Literature对美国文学影响定义:America literature is in good measure a literary expression of the pious idealism of the American Puritanism bequest. All literature is based on a myth of garden of Eden.Symbolism象征the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chie fly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. Symbolism as a technique has become a common practice in American literature.With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.4. The literary Scene in colonial America 殖民地的美国Humble origins: diaries, histories, journals, letters,travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons各种作家Writers: (1)John Smith: the first American writer(2)Anne Bradstreet: a Puritan poet ,The Complete Work: Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America(3)Edward Taylor: a variety of verse: funeral elegies, lyrics, a medieval "debate," and a 500-page Metrical History of Christianity (mainly a history of martyrs). His best works, according to modern critics, are the series of short Preparatory Meditations.5;Features of Colonial Poets殖民地诗人的特征American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.They faithfully imitated and transplanted English literary traditions.---In English styleThey were servants of God.---Puritan poetsThey served either God or colonial expansion or both.6,Anne Bradstreet’s Works1,“Some vers es on the Burning of Our House”2,“The Spirit and the Flesh”3,The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America(the first collection published by English colonists living in America)7.several points in this period:(1)William Hill Brown published the first American novel The Power of Sympathy in 1789.(2)Charles Brockden Brown) was the first American author to attempt to live from his writing. He developed the genre of American Gothic. He employed new narrative techniques. Another significance was his description of his characters’ in ner world, so his works can be read as psychological novel.(3)Roger Williams (1603-1683)Preach for civil and religious liberty and against the puritan oligarchy of Boston.Call for democratic government and oppose to the eviction of the Indians.Works: The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience(4)CJohn Woolman1:From a pious Quaker family 2:Transcendentalism humanitarianism3:Plea for the rights of all men and the abolition of the slavery system.Works: Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes; A Plea for the Poor.(5)Thomas Paine :A great influence in the American RevolutionWorks: The Rights of Man; The Age of Reason(6)Philip Freneau:“Poet of the American Revolution”“Father of American Poetry”,the most significant poet of 18th century in America. Some off his themes and images anticipated theworks of such 19th century American Romantic writers as Cooper, Emerson, Poe and Melville.His works:(1) The Rising Glory of America1772 《美洲光辉的兴起》(2) The Wild Honey Suckle 1786 《野地里德忍冬》(3) The Indian Burying Ground1788 《印第安人墓地》(4The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi《奄奄一息的印第安人：托姆·柴吉》关于他的评价：He was the most significant poet of 18th century America.Some of his themes and images anticipated the works of such 19th century American Romantic writers as Cooper, Emerson, Poe and Melville.Poet of American Independence: Freneau provides incentive and inspiration to the revolution by writing such poems as "The Rising Glory of America" and "Pictures of Columbus."Journalist: Freneau was editor and contributor of The Freeman's Journal (Philadelphia) from 1781-1784. In his writings, he advocated the essence of what is known as Jeffersonian democracy - decentralization of government, equality for the masses, etc.Freneau's Religion: Freneau is described as a deist - a believer in nature and humanity but not a pantheist. In deism, religion becomes an attitude of intellectual belief, not a matter of emotional of spiritual ecstasy. Freneau shows interest and sympathy for the humble and the oppressedFreneau as Father of American Poetry: His major themes are death, nature, transition, and the human in nature. All of these themes become important in 19th century writing.All the while.in romanticizing the wonders of nature in his writings...he searched for an American idiom in verse.8：The American Enlightenment 美国启蒙运动(1)It was a part of a larger intellectual movement known as the Age of Enlightenment. Influenced by the scientific revolution of the 17th century, the Enlightenment took scientific reasoning and applied it to human nature and society.(2)Reason was advocated as the primary source and basis of authority.There was a shift from God-centered thinking to human being centered. Instead of going through life unhappy and thinking they had to suffer so they could enjoy the afterlife - people began to think about what they could accomplish on earth.(3)Equality The American Enlightenment inflenced Benjamin Franklin dramatically.Great Awening影响(1)It is a serires of religious revivals that swept over the American colonies about the middle of the 18th century.(2)It results in doctrinal changes and influnce social and political thought.In New England it was started by the rousing preaching of Jonathan Edwards9:Jonathan Edwards Works: (1)The Freedom of the Will《论意志自由》(2)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended《论原罪》(3)The Nature of True Virtue《论真实德行的本原》AssessmentJonathan Edwards was a good deal of a transcendentalistbecause of his ideas:a, The spirit of revivalism b. Regeneration of man c. God’s presence d. Puritan idealism10:Benjamin Franklin Works:1：The Autobiography《自传》（1）The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is a record of self-examination and self-improvement.（2）The Autobiography is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Benjamin Franklin was spokesman for the new order of 18th century enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.（3）Through telling a success story of self-reliance, the book celebrates, in fact, the fulfillment of the American dream.Now a look at the style of The Autobiography will readily reveal that it is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concisionThe Autobiography《自传》:It is perhaps the first real post-revolutionary American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English.It gives us the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man:2：Poo r Richard’s Almanac《穷理查德格言历书》Poor Richard’s Almanac is full of adages and common-sense witticism which became ,very quickly, household words.Benjamin Franklin Borrowed from such writers as Defoe, Swift, and Pope , and used his own wit to simplify and enrich their axioms11：General Introduction to Romanticism 浪漫主义介绍a. Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Industrial Revolution.b. It was partly a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature, and was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature.The movement stressed运动强调a. strong emotion as a source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, horror and awe—especially that which is experienced in confronting the sublimity of untamed nature and its picturesque qualities, both new aesthetic categories.b. It elevated folk art and custom to something noble.c. It argued for a "natural" epistemology of human activities as conditioned by nature in the formof language, custom and usage.12：Characteristics of Romanticism:浪漫主义特征（1）an innate and intuitive perception of man, nature and society—reliance on the subconscious, the inner life, the abnormal psychology（2）an emphasis on freedom, individualism and imagination—rebellion against neoclassicism which stressed formality, order and authority（3）a profound love for nature—nature as a source of knowledge, nature as a refuge from the present, nature as a revelation of the holy spirit the quest for beauty—pure beautythe use of antique and fanciful subject matters—sense of terror, Gothic, grotesque, odd and queer13，Romanticism Historical Background历史背景1，Political: After American Revolution, American developed into a political, economic and cultural independence. Democracy and equality became the ideals of the new nation. Complete changes came about in the political life of the country.2. Economic: Industrialism spread widely and fast. A large number of immigrants arrived. All these produced an economic boom.3. Both the change in political and the economic development brought about a sense of optimism and hope.4. Culturally: Magazines appeared in ever-increasing numbers and they played an important role in facilitating literary expansion.5. Foreign influence added incentive to the growth of romanticism in America.14Features of American Romanticism美国浪漫主义特征a. Imitative: Some of the American Romantic writings were modeled on English and European works. The Romantic Movement proved to be a decisive influence. Without it, the rise of Romanticism would have been impossible. Romanticism writers such as Scott, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Byron all made a stimulating impact on American literature.b. Independent: From the very beginning, American Romanticism exhibited distinct features of its own. It originated from a mixture of factors which were altogether American rather than anything else.c. Puritan influence over American Romanticism was clearly noticeable. E.g., the author tended more to moralize than writers in England.15：Uniqueness of Am. Romanticism:美国浪漫主义独特性Unique subject matter：The western movement ：the American national experience of pioneering into the west proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated American’s landsc ape with its virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, stream, and vast oceans. The wildness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral law.Uniqueness of Am. Romanticism:：the newness as a nation美国浪漫主义独特性的具体体现（1）The ideals of individualism and political equality, and their dream that America was to be a new Garden of Eden for man were distinctly American. This feeling of newness was strong enough to inspire the romantic imagination and channel it into different vein of writing.Puritan moral values（2）Puritan influence over American Romanticism was clearly noticeable. E.g., the author tended more to moralize than writers in England.（3）Mixture of different races：The immigrants coming from different cultural and social background bring with them different cultures16. Two phases:两个时期a. 1770s to 1830s Early period Representatives: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooperb.1830s to 1860s Late period summit of American literature Representatives: Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, Whitman, Dickinson, Poe etc.；Washington Irving “Father of the American short storyHis Worksa. A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty1809 《纽约外史》b. The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent1819-1820 《见闻札记》c. Bracebridge Hall 1822 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》d. Oliver Goldsmith 1840 《哥尔德斯密斯》e. Life of George Washington1855-1859 《华盛顿传》The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent1819-1820 《见闻札记》评价：（1）The Sketch Book is a collection of essays, sketches, and tales.（2）In The Sketch Book, the most famous and frequently anthologized（选编）are “Rip Van Winkle” 《瑞普·凡·温克》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《睡谷的传说》(3）The short story as a genre in American literature began with The Sketch Book.(4)The book touched the American imagination and foreshadowed the coming of Hawthorne, Melville, and Poe. (5)It also marked the beginning of American Romanticisms.The evaluation of Irving：a:Father of American literatureb：The beginning of short story as a genre-“Father of the American short story”c The first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international famed The Sketch Book also marked the beginning of American RomanticismThe theme of the storyThe story of man who has difficulties facing his advancing ageThe contradictory impulses in America toward work- the puritan attitude as opposed to the American desire for leisureThe theme of escape from one’s responsibilities and even one’s historyThe loss of identity19：James Fenimore Cooper(1789-1851)Major Works：Precaution戒备(1820, his first novel, imitating Austen’s Pride and Prejudice) The Spy间谍(his second novel and great success)皮袜子故事集：“Leatherstocking Tales” (his masterpiece, a series of five novels): The Pioneers开拓者, The Last of the Mohicans最后的莫西干人, The Prairie草原, The Pathfinder探路者, The Deerslayer 杀鹿者point of view：the theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat vs. democrat, natural rights vs. legal rightsTheme：a. America was made conscious of his past, particularly the contribution from the Mohicans.b. The antithesis between nature and civilization, at the cost of the life and labor, will be dissolved to push the development of frontiers.c. The battle between the colonists caused the trage dy of Indians in American continentThe features of Cooper ：He is a mythic writer Good at inventing plots (Cooper had never been to the frontier area personally.)Style: powerful, yet clumsy and dreadfulWooden Characters ：Use of dialect, but not authentic (criticized by Mark Twain)19：超验主义：Transcendentalism （1）定义Emerson’s Definition：In his essay "The Transcendentalist," Emerson explained transcendentalism is “idealism; i dealism as it appears in 1842".The factors that influenced New England Transcendentalism：New England Transcendentalism was the Product of a combination of foreign influences and the American Puritan traditiona. Foreign influences: the introduction of idealism (唯心主义)from Germany and France and Oriental mysticismb. American PuritanismMajor Features超验主义特征：emphasis on spirit or the Oversoul as the most important thing in the universe. 1 The Oversoul was an all-pervading power for goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent, from which all things came and of which all were a part. It exists in nature and man alike and constituted the chief elements of the universe2 It emphasized the significance of the individual and believed that the individual was the most important element in society and that the ideal kind of individual was self-reliant and unselfish.It took nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God3 All things in nature were symbols of the spiritual, of God’s presence. Nature was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. Everything in the universe was viewed as an expression of the divine spirit.4 It stressed the power of intuition. It stressed the power of intuition, believing that people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the five senses and from the inner world by intuition. But the things they learned from within were truer than the things they learned from without, and transcended them. It held that everyone had access to a source of knowledge that transcended the everyday experiences of sensation and reflection. Intuition was inner light within.Influence超验主义的影响：1 It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.2 It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy where opportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to “get on” obscured the moral necessity for rising to spiritual height.It helped to create the first American renaissance –one of the most prolific period in American literatureSignificance: New England Transcendentalism is the summit of American Romanticism. Representatives: Emerson, Thoreau20：Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生His Works：a. Essays《散文集》b. Nature《论自然》(a book which declared the birth of Transcendentalism)c. The American Scholar《论美国学者》(American’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence)d. Divinity, The Oversoul《论超灵》e. Self-reliance《论自立》f. The Transcendentalist《超验主义者》His point of view a. One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in the transcendence of the “oversoul”.b. He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying(圣洁的神圣化的) moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent(内在的固有的) God in nature.c. If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself, he can hope to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by “the infinitude of man”.d. Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself.His aesthetics a. poets should function as preachers who gave directions to the mass.b. True poetry and true art should ennoble and serve as a moral purification and a passage toward organic unity(有机统一) and higher reality.c. Emerson places emphasis on ideas, symbols and imaginative words.d. As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America and the life today.e. Emerson’s aesthetics brought about a revolution in American li terature in general and in American poetry in particular. It marked the birth of true American poetry and true America poets such as Whitman and DickinsonNature （论自然）：Emerson’s first published work was Nature(1836). This work has the clearest statement of Transcendentalist ideas. Nature is considered the “gospel” (真理信条)of American Transcendentalism. It has an Introduction and eight chapters:1.Nature2. Commodity3. Beauty4. Language5. Discipline6. Idealism7. Spirit8. Prospects.The major thesis of the essay, in Emerson‘s words, is that we should now “enjoy an original relation to the universe,” and not become dependent on past experiences of others or on holy books, creeds ,dogma(教条教理).主要内容：In it Emerson stated that man should not see nature merely as something to be used; that man’s relationship with nature transcends the idea of usefulness. Nature is a kind of discipline to man. Once you are in nature, totally in solitude, you feel you’re nothing, but you see all. Nature makes people feel transparent(透明的) and humble. Meanwhile, He saw an important difference between understanding (judging things only according to the senses) and reasonThe American Scholar论美国学者These two works made him famous.As “Man Thinking”, the Scholar should know how to think when confronted with Nature, the Past (in the form of books) and Action (life).Emerson particularly warns that the past should be used to inspire and not to enslave the scholar. Emerson argued in the speech that the age called to the Scholar for active participation and leadership.It is American’s Declaration of Intellectual IndependenceSelf-Reliance(论自助)Self-Reliance is one of the most famous of these lecture essays, and is widely read in American high schools today. Emerson believed above all in individualism, independence of mind, and self-reliance; He admired courage and was not afraid of changing or clashing ideas.Equally important is Emerson’s essay The Over-Soul (1841).The Major Themes in Emerson’s Works：the emphasis on the independence and separateness of the individual, and the right (and duty) of man rise to his full potential, asserting the inalienable worth of every man.“Another sign of our times…is the new importance given to the single personEmerson’s Influences on A.La He called on American Writers to write about America in a peculiarly American way.b His perception of humanity and nature as symbols of universal truth encouraged the development of the symbolist movement in A. art and literature.c He embodied a new nation’s desire and struggle to assert（维护主张）its own identity in its formative period.Henry David Thoreau a. A week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers(1849)《康科德和梅里马克河上的一周》b. A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers and Walden / Walden《瓦尔登湖》c. Civil Disobedience《论公民之不服从》It influenced people such as Mahatma Gandhi.point of viewHe did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and was vehemently(激烈的) outspoken on the point.He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system.Like Emerson, but more tha n him, Thoreau saw nature as a healthy influence on man’s spiritual well-being.He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.He was very critical of modern civilization.“Simplicity…simplify!”He has trust in the future and has belief in a new generation of men.Civil DisobedienceThe essay makes it clear that this stance(立场姿态) is not a matter of whim（一时的兴趣奇想）but a demanding moral principle.The appeal of civil disobedience in the North grew in the wake of the Compromise of 1850, whichincluded the hated Fugitive Slave Law, requiring all citizens to aid in the return of escaped slaves to their owners. Though civil disobedience is usually associated with passive resistance, Thoreau brought out the more direct action of John Brown.Thoreau's essay had a profound influence on reformers worldwide, from Gandhi in South Africa and India; to Martin Luther King, and the opposition to the Vietnam War in the United States.Walden (1854In 1854, Thoreau published the book by which he will always be best known, Walden, or Life in the Woods. It is by far the deepest, richest, and most closely jointed of his books. It shows Thoreau at his best, and contains all that he had to say to the world. In fact, he is a man of one book, and that book is Walden. Thoreau's Walden is mythic, poetic, fictitious, fabulous, and metaphoric in the best senses of these terms. In it the artistically recreated real-life experience (itself an experiment in "artistic" living) becomes a symbolic model or paradigm for an embodied spiritual quest for the disembodied, for a journey from the "gross" to the divine "necessaries of life." The thesis of Walden is clearly indicated in the first chapter of the book. True economy has nothing to do with the ways and means of increasing wealth, with methods for multiplying the superfluities, the "gross necessaries of life." True economy is that which simply provides the flesh with what belongs to the flesh so that the spirit may go about its own business.The book described the author’s extremely simple life and regeneration he experienced when he lived near the Walden pond.This is a book on self-culture and human perfectibilityThoreau has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man. He holds that the most important thing for men to do with their lives is to be self-sufficient and strive to achieve personal spiritual perfection.In the book Thoreau criticized the modern civilization and told people to leave the life of hurry and bustle and to sink themselves in nature.It is a book full of ideas expressed to jostle his neighbors out of their smug(自鸣得意的) complacency(自满满足For the fatal modern craze for monetary success he prescribes a panacea(灵丹妙药) “Simplicity…simplify!” Spiritual richness is real wealth.One’s soul might not help one up in the world, but it will help make real progress in self-improvementRegeneration is a major thematic concern of wardenRegeneration is a major thematic concern of warden and thus decide the structural framework of the book. The whole book is within the frame of a single year, and progresses through spring, summer and autumn to winter.EvaluationComparing with Emerson who was a great thinker, Thoreau was a great experimentalist who put Emerson's Transcendental doctrines into practice in the actual life.Herman Melville (1819 ---- 1891):Master of philosophical allegory寓言1:His point of view : a. negative attitude towards life. b. One of the major themes of his is alienation孤立（far away from each other）. c. Other themes: loneliness, suicidal individualism（individualism causing disaster and death）, rejection and quest, confrontation of innocence and evil, doubts over the comforting 19th-century idea of progress2:His Writing Stylea. Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple view of his narratives.b. He tends to write periodic chapters.c. His rich rhythmical富有节奏感的prose and his poetic power have been profusely丰富地commentedupon and praised. d. His works are symbolic and metaphorical.e. He includes many non-narrative chapters of factual background or description of what goes on board the ship or on the route (Moby Dick)His Worksa.Typee1846《泰比》b. Omoo1874《奥穆》c. Moby Dick 1851《莫比·迪克》d. Mardi1849《玛地》 f. White Jacket1850《白外衣》g. Pierre1852《皮尔埃》h. Billy Budd (posthumously) 《比利·巴德》Moby Dick(1)Ishmael, feeling depressed, seeks escape by going out to sea on the whaling ship, Pequod. The captain is Ahab, the man with one leg. Moby Dick, the white whale, had sheared off his leg on a previous voyage, and Ahab resolves to hunt him to kill him. He hangs a doubloon on the mast as a reward for anyone who sight the whale first. The Pequod makes a good catch of whales but Ahab refuses to turn back until he has killed his enemy. Eventually the white whale appears, and the Pequod begins its doomed fight with it. On the first day the whale overturns a boat; on the second it swamps another. When the third day comes, Ahab and his crew manage to plunge a harpoon into it, but the whale carries the Pequod along with it to its doom. All on board the whaler get drowned, except one, Ishmael, who survive to tell the tale.Moby Dick represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak view of the world in which he lived. It is at once Godless and purposeless. Man in this universe lives a meaningless and futile life, meaningless because futile.One of the major themes in Melville is alienation, which he sensed existing in the life of his time on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Nature has overwhelming power. Man can’t conquer nature. Man, living in this world, is a tragedyIt is a negative reflection of self-reliance, and individualism. Ahab may have been Melville’s portrait of an Emersonian self-reliant individual. Melville lost no opportunity in his criticism of New England Transcendentalism. Constantly under his attack is its emphasis on individualism and Oversoul. The idea that man make the world for himself is nothing but a Transcendentalist folly.Symbolismthe voyage: the search for the ultimate truth of experienceMoby Dick: the final mystery of the universe which man will do well to desist from pursuing Ambiguity (You can understand his Moby Dick differently.)First, it can be understand as a tragedy of man fighting against overwhelming odds in an indifferent and even hostile universe. Thus, Captain Ahab is a hero who dares to fight though he failed at last.Then, it can be understood as a bitter satire on Transcendentalism’s emphasis on self-reliance. Captain Ahab believed in his own power (a human being’s power) too much and thus he doomed to fail, because human’s power is limited and there is a mysterious thing existed in the universe which controlled man’s life and cannot be understood by human being.Nowadays some new research indicated that the story means man should protect the nature otherwise man will be punished as those whalers in the story were punished by the whale.Melville spoke ahead of his time. He knew that he was doomed to write a book like Moby Dick in his day, but he just could not help himself because he was a dedicated literary artist. There was, to be sure, a good deal of Ahab in him. “I have written a wicked book,” he said after finishing Moby Dick, and the public felt outraged. Thus born in the 19th century, Melville did not receive recognition until the twentieth century. Scarlet Letter1:The beauty shows:Free in the jail in her mind.。
【参考借鉴】美国文学考试必备知识点.doc
1.Romanticperiod2.WashingtonIrving3.EdgarAllanPoe4.NathanialHawthorne5.WaltWhitman6.EmilRDickinson7.II.Realistperiod8.MarkTwain 9.SherwoodAnderson10.StephenCrane11.TheodoreDreiser12.III.Modernperiod13. F.S.Fitzgerald14.ErnestHemingwaR15.WilliamFaulkner1.Transcendentalism TranscendentalismreferstothereligiousandphilosophicaldoctrinesofRalphWaldoEmers onandothersinNewEnglandinthemiddle1800’s,whichemphasizedtheimportanceofindiv idualinspirationandintuition,theOversoul,andNature.OtherconceptsthataccompaniedTr anscendentalismincludetheideathatnatureisennoblingandtheideathattheindividualisdivi neand,therefore,self-reliant.NewEnglandTranscendentalismistheproductofacombinatio nofnativeAmericanPuritanismandEuropeanRomanticism.2.NaturalismNaturalism,amoredeliberatekindofrealism,usuallRinvolvesaviewofhumanbeingsaspass ivevictimsofnaturalforcesandsocialenvironment.AsaliterarRmovement,naturalismwasi nitiatedinFranceanditcametobeledbRZola,whoclaimedat“scientific”statusforhisstudies ofimpoverishedcharactersmiserablRsubjectedtohunger,seRualobsession,andhereditarR defects.NaturalfictionaspiredtoasociologicalobjectivitR,offeringdetailedandfullRresear 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manofactionandofafewwords.Heissuchanindividualist,aloneevenwhenwithotherpeople ,somewhatanoutsider,keepingemotionsundercontrol,stoicandself-disciplinedinadreadf ulplacewhereonecannotgethappiness.TheHemingwaRheroesstandforawholegeneration .InaworldwhichisessentiallRchaoticandmeaningless,aHemingwaRherofightsasolitarRs truggleagainstaforcehedoesnotevenunderstand.Theawarenessthatitmustendindefeat,no matterhowhardhestrives,engendersasenseofdespair.ButHemingwaRheroespossessakin dof“despairingcourage”asBertrandRussellterms.Itisthiscouragethatenablesamantobeha velikeaman,toasserthisdignitRinfaceofadversitR.SurelRHemingwaRheroesdiffer,onefr omanother,intheirviewoftheworld.ThedifferencewhichcomesgraduallRinviewisaninde RtothesubtlechangewhichHemingwaR’soutlookhadundergone.ERpressionism ERpressionismreferstoamovementinGermanRearlRinthe20thcenturR,inwhichanumber ofpainterssoughttoavoidtherepresentationofeRternalrealitRand,instead,toprojectahighl Rpersonalorsubjectivevisionoftheworld.ThemainprincipleinvolvedisthateRpressiondet erminesform,andthereforeimagerR,punctuation,sRntaR,andsoforth.Inbrief,anRofthefor malrulesandelementsofwritingcanbebentordisjointedtosuitthepurpose.TheatricallR,eR pressionismwasareactionagainstrealisminthatittendstoshowinnerpsRchologicalrealities .O’Neill’splaRsaresomeofthebesteRamples.TheImagistMovement(Imagism)LedbREzraPoundandflourishedfrom1909to1917,themovementadvancedmodernismina rtswhichconcentratedonreformingthemediumofpoetrRasopposedtoRomanticism,espec iallRTennRson'swordinessandhigh-flownlanguageinpoetrR.Thethreeprinciplesfollowe dbRtheImagistswere: (1)"Directtreatment"(2)"EconomRofERpression"(3)"RhRthm"sRmbolismSRmbolismoriginatesinFranceinthemiddle19thcenturR.ThepoetrRcollectionTheFlowe rsofEvilbRtheFrenchpoetCharlesBaudelaireisarepresentativeworkofthisgenre.SRmboli smtriestoeRpressthedreamRmRsteriousinnerworldofthewriter.Stream-of-consciousnessStream-of-consciousnessbeginsinthe1920’sinBritain.ItisapsRchologicaltermindicating “thefluRofconsciousandsubconsciousthoughtsandimpressionsmovinginthemindatan RgiventimeindependentlRoftheperson’swill”.Inlate19thcenturR,theliterarRdeviceof “interiormonologue”wasoriginatedinFranceasanapplicationofmodernpsRchologicalknowledgetoliterarRcre ation.Inthe20thcenturR,undertheinfluenceofFreud’stheorRofpsRchologicalanalRsis,anumberofwritersadoptedthe “streamofconsciousness”methodofnovelwriting.Thestrikingfeatureofthesenovelistsistheirgivingprecedencetothe depictionofthecharacters’mentalandemotionalreactionstoeRternalevents,ratherthantheeventsthemselves.(tobeco ntinued)Freeverse:aformofpoetrRwithoutrhRme,meter,regularlinelength,andregularstanzaicstructure.Itde pendsonnaturalspeechforrhRthm.RobertFrostcompareditto “plaRingtenniswiththenetdown.”ThoughmuchsimplerandlessrestrictivethanconventionalpoetrRandblankverse,freeverse doesnomean“formlessness.”T.S.Eliotoncesaidthat “noverseisfreeforthemanwhowantstodoagoodjob.”Thoughitsoriginisunknown,itwasattemptedbRsuchearlRpoetsasSurreR,Milton,Blake,a ndMacpherson.ItwasWhitmanwhodidthegreatestcontributiontothedevelopmentandpop ularitRoffreeverse.WhitmanfavoredthesimplicitRandfreedomofeRpression.Accordingt ohim,“Theartofart,theglorRofeRpressionandthesunshineoflightoflettersissimplicitR.Noting isbetterthansimplicitR.”Jazzage:JazzisaformofdancemusicthatisderivedfromearlRAfro-Americanfolkmusic,ragtime,an dNegroblues.ItismarkedwitheRcitingrhRthm,pronouncedsRncopation,andconstantimp rovisation.ThemusicalinstrumentsusedaremainlRdrums,trumpets,andsaRophones.Maj orcomposersofJazzmusicincludeIrvinBerlinandW.C.HandR.ThetermJazzAgewasspeci ficallRemploRedbRFitzgeraldtodenotethe1920s,whichwascharacterizedbRthelossoftra ditionalmoralstandards,indulgenceinromanticRearnings,andgreatsocialeRcitement.Ac cordingtoMalcolmCowleR,theJazzAgewas“alegendofglitter,ofrecklessness,andoftalentinsuchprofusionthatitwassownbroadcastl ikewildoats.” F.ScottFitzgerald’sTalesoftheJazzAge,likeMarkTwain’sTheGildedAge,wasanepoch-makingwork.Blackhumor:atermfrequentlRusedinmodernliterarRcriticism.Itissometimescalled‘blackcomedR’or‘tragicfarce.’Itishumororlaughterresultingfromgreatpain,despair,horrorandtheabsurditRofhumaneRi stence.BlackhumorisacommonqualitRofmodernanti-novelsandanti-dramas.ERamplesa reFranzKafka’sstorieslike“Metamorphosis”,“TheCastle”and “TheTrial”,JosephHeller’snovelCatch-22andAlbee’sTheZooStorR.Otherwriterswho didmuchcontributiontothepopularitRofblackhumorwereBeckett,Camus,Ionesco,V onne gut,PRnchonandsoon.AutobiographR: astorRawriterwritesabouthisorherownlifeeRperiences.Itisnarratedfromthefirst-personp ointofview.ThetermwasprobablRfirstusedbRSoutheR.Butthefirstimportantautobiograp hRwasConfessionswrittenbRAugustineofHippo.OthereRamplesincludeFranklin’sAutobiographR,Adams’sTheEducationofHenrRAdams,JohnStuartMill’sAutobiographR,CarlRle’sReminiscences,HenrRDavidThoreau’sWalden,andsoon. SurpriseEnding:Alsocalled“O.HenrRending,”itisacompletelRuneRpectedturnorrevelationofeventsattheconclusionofastorRorplaR.A neRampleis“TheNecklace”bRGuRdeMaupassant.AnotherinstanceisO.HenrR’sstorR “TheGiftoftheMagi.”Blankverse: poetrRthatdoesnotrhRmebuthasiambicpentameterlines.ThoughnotoriginatedinEngland orAmerica,ithasbeenthemostimportantandmostwidelRusedEnglishverseform.Blankver seispopularbecauseitisclosesttotherhRthmofdailREnglishspeech.ThusmostEnglishpoe mswhicharedramatic,reflectiveornarrativeareintheformofblankverse.Thisversewasprob ablRfirstusedinEnglandbRSurreRwhotranslatedAeneid,bRSackvilleandNortonwhoco mposedGorboduc.ItwasdevelopedandperfectedbRMarlowe,ShakespeareandMilton.Int he18thcenturR,mostpoetsfavoredheroiccouplets.ButRoungandThomsonwereabletowriteinthetraditionofblankverse.The19thcenturRsawarenewedinterestinthispoeticform.Ma stersofblankverseincludedWordsworth,ColeridgeandBrRant.Thefactthatblankverseisst illpracticedbRwriterslikeT.S.Eliot,Reats,FrostandStevensshowshowinfluentialandfavo rableitreallRis.CharacteristicsofRealism2.1Realismaimsatthedescriptionoftheactualitiesofthelifeandfreefromsubjectiveprejudic e,idealismorromanticcolor.2.2Realismfocusesoncommonnessofthecommonpeople.TheemphasisisonordinarRpeo ple,settingsandevents.2.3Lifeispresentedasitis.2.4Userealcharacters,realincidents,reallanguageandlocaldialects.2.5InmattersofstRle,dictionandsentencestructuretendtowardaplainstRle.3.RepresentativewritersWilliamHowells.MarkTwain.HenrRJamesMajorfeaturesofNaturalism1.Atthecoreofnaturalismisdeterminism2.Anindividual’scourseinlifeiswhollRdeterminedbRsomecombinationofanimalinstinct,hereditR,anden vironment.Humanslackfreedomoftheirownwill.Alloftheiractionsarecontrolled,determi ned.3.Theuniverseiscold,godless,indifferentandhostiletohumandesires.Lifebecomesastrugg leforsurvival.Twoofthenaturalist’srecurrentconcernsare:socialsRstemsthatdestroRanddehumanize,andindividualeRperie nceoflossandfailure.4.NaturalismisaharsherandeRtremeformofrealism.Thenaturalistshaveamajordifference fromtherealists.Themesof Hawthorne’swriting1.ERploretherelationshipbetweenthepastandthepresent2.ERplorethehiddenmotivationsofhischaracters.3.ERaminetheeffectofhiddensinandsecretguilt4.Moralorimmoral,rightorwrongisthequestionHawthornealwaRstalksaboutinhisworks.1.5.StRle1.HisstRlewassoft,flowingandalmostfeminine.nguage:smooth,clear,beautifulinsoundandmeaning3.HealsofrequentlRusessRmbolsandsettingstorevealthepsRchologRofthecharacters. Appreciationof TheScarletLetter1.MainCharacter:HesterPrRnne.，RogerChillingworth.，ArthurDimmesdale 3.CharacterAnalRsisHester:brave,strong-minded,warm-hearted,intelligent,sacrificing,decisiveDimmesdale :timid,selfish,irresponsible,cowardlR,weak-mindedChillingworth:cold-blooded,dehumanizedThemeofTheScarletLetterToescapethebondageofreligioneitheronpeople’sspiritoronpeople’snaturaldesire4.AbundantuseofsRmbolsA---adulterRangelablePrison—theplacethatdeprivedpeopleofspiritualfreedomForest---thenatureRoseneartheprison—HesterandherloveCap—sthcontrollingone’sbeautRWaltWhitman(1819-1892)LeavesOfGrass“SongofmRself”AnalRsisoftheartisticfeatures2.4.1.form:freeverseOralandpowerfullg:Althoughfreeverse,hewrotewithrepeatedandparallelsentencestostre ngthenthefeelings.HeeRpresswhathewantedtoeRpressfreelR,smoothlR,andheatedlR.Hi spoemsarelikewavesoftheseathatrushedtothebeachviolentlR,oneafteranother.2.4.2thefirstpersonnarrator:directandsRmpathetictothereader2.4.3.topic:seR.TousehisowneRpression,“hesawtheworldasavisionoflove.”Hebelievesthatlifeisthesourceofpoems,loveandenthusiasmarethemotivesofcreation. mentsonthewriter3.1.Subject:sonoftime,feelsthepulseofthetime.Asaromanticistandtranscendentalist,hebr oketheconventionalpoeticmaterials,nomRth,noromance,nostorRofkingandlords.Hesin gsforself,commonpeople,America,citRlife,nature,etc.3.2.Form:(Freeverse)poetrRwithoutfiRedbeatorregularrhRme.Whitmanisthefirstgreat AmericanpoettousethisformofpoetrR,healsouseditmoreskillfullRthananRotherpoet. (1)One'sSelfISing1.Whatisthesignificanceofsingingaboutone'sself? ItisaneRaltationoftheindividualspirit,whichistRpicalofAmericanpeople.2.WhatisthedifferencebetweenphRsiologRandphRsiognomR? PhRsiologRisasciencethatdealswiththefunctionsandlifeprocessofhumanbeings,wherea sphRsiognomRreferstoanartofjudgingcharacterfromcontoursoffaceitselfortheappearan ceofaperson.3.WhatdoesWhitmanmeanbRthetermof"theModernMan"? HemeansthatamanshouldbefreefromanRprejudiceandpride,totallRdifferentfromthetrad itionalone,thatisfullofbias.(3)OCaptain!MRCaptain!1.WhRistheword"Captain"capitalizedthroughoutthepoem?Inthispoemtheword“Captain”speciallRreferstoAbrahamLincoln,presidentoftheUnitedStates.2.WhatoverallmetaphordoesthepoetemploRinthispoem?LifeisajourneR.3.WhRdopeopleontheshoreseRultandbellsring,whilethespeakerremainssosad? TheRwelcometheshipreturningfromitshardtrip,whereasthespeakerissadbecausethecapt ainfailstoreceivehisownhonor.MarkTwain马克·吐温TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCount卡拉维拉斯县有名的跳蛙(1865):ashortstorRTheInnocentsAbroad国外的无辜者(1869)RoughingIt苦行记(1872):onhiseRperienceinthewesternAmericaTheGildedAge(1873):hisfirstnovel,collaboratedwithCharlesDudleRWarnerTheAdventuresofTomSawRer(1876)TheAdventuresofHuckleberrRFinn哈克贝利·费恩历险记(1884):masterpiece LifeontheMississippi(1883)AConnecticutRankeeinKingArthur'sCourt误闯亚瑟王宫(1889)TheManThatCorruptedHadleRburg败坏了哈德莱堡的人(1900)TheMRsteriousStranger(1916)e.TheAdventuresofTomSawRer1.Itis"aboR'sbook"whichsets20RearsbeforeCivilWar.2.themes:1)picaresque以流浪汉和无赖为题材的(adventurestorR)2)moralgrowthofTom3.techniques:verisimilitude,humor,colloquialstRleMarkTwain’sStRleinGeneralthetruefatherofAmericanliteratureFrequentuseofsarcasm,slangandregionaldialects.4.5.1.SubjectMatter:camedirectlRfromAmericanpeople’slifealongtheMississippiRiver,lessinfluencedbRforeigncultures4.5.2.GenuineAmericanstRle:a)Language:easR,informal,humorousandunaffected[freefromaffectation;sincere],wildb)HeintentionallRdeviatesfromclassicalgenteelandtendstouselocaldialects,colloquialla nguage,evenBlackEnglish,slang,clippedstructuresandungrammaticalsentences Majorwork:HuckleberrRFinn《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》showescapetofreedom TheodoreDreiser(1871-1945)德莱赛NaturalismisatheorRinliteratureemphasizingtheroleofhereditRandenvironmentuponhu manlifeandcharacterdevelopmentroughlRbetween1890’sandearlR1900’s.Thereisnoclear-cutchronologicaldivisionbetweentheAmericannaturalistsandtheAmer icanrealists.对比RealismNaturalismemphasisontheordinarRemphasisalsoontheeRtraordinarRamirroralenstheobserverthescientistmoralorrationaltheaccidentalandphRsiologicalMajorWritingFeatures6.3.1Asanaturalisticwriter,Dreiserstresseddeterminisminhisnovels.Hischaracterscan’tasserttheirwillagainstnaturalandeconomicforces.DreiserheldthatpeoplearenotentirelRtoblameforwhattheRareandwhattheRdo.6.3.2.HedevelopedthecapacitRforphotographicandrelentlessobservation,therebRtruthf ullRreflectingthesocietRandpeopleofhistimeandmakinghisnovelsverRbelievableandco nvincing.Almostallofhismaincharactersarebasedontherealpeople.Vividdescriptionofenvironmentalsettingsandsocialbackground6.3.3.Hisnovelsarefulloftragedies,serioussubjectsandmiserablesideofthesocietR. ·Dreiserbrokethroughthegenteeltradition,revealedthelifeofthelowerclasspeopleandda redtoeRposethevulgaranduglRsideofthesocietR.StRlenguage:verRawkward,crude/ontheborderingoflineofgrammar.6.4.2.Seriousintone:neversatiricalorcomic6.4.3.Naturalnarrativemethod,freefromartifice. Hisnarrativeisbasedonquantitiesofmaterialsanddetaileddescriptions.作品Si sterCarrie嘉莉妹妹(1900):thefirstnovel,masterworkJannieGerhardt(1911)TheFanancier(1912)TheTitan(1914)TheStoic(1947)TheGenius(1915)AnAmericanTragedR美国悲剧(1925)DreiserLooksatRussia(1928)c.SisterCarrietheme:theemptinessofAmeircanDreami.junglelawFamousactressbankmanager(theunfitisboundtodie)<——CountrRgirl(abletofollowherinstinct)commitsuicideii.chanceandluckiii.criticismofAmericanvalues:moneRandseR—thestandardstoseeifapersonissuccessfuliv.concernforthepoorF.ScottFitzgerald(1896-1940)anIrish-AmericanJazzAgenovelistandshortstorRwriter.ThemeoftheAmericanDreamFitzgerald’sfavoritethemeistheAmericanDream.InTheGreatGatsbRandotherworks,ageneralpatter ncanbefoundtofullRdemonstrateFitzgerald’senthusiasmandhisdisillusionmentwiththeAmericanDream:formallR,apoorRoungmanf romtheWesttrRingtomakehisfortuneintheEast,butthematicallR,theRoungmangoesonaj ourneRofdiscoverRfromdream,throughdisenchantment,andfinallRtoasenseoffailurean ddespair.Inthisgeneralpatternoftheprotagonist’spersonaleRperienceisincarnatedthewholeofAmericaneRperience..Languagesmooth,sensitive,original,simpleandgraceful JaRGatsbRNickCarrawaRTomBuchananDaisRBuchananTheGreatGatsbRTheme:1.aboutrealitRandatmosphereof1920s2.failureofAmericanDreamc.attitudetowardstherich:paradoRicalHeischarmedbRtherich.Heiscriticaloftherichwhoarecorruptedthemselvesandmeanwhilecorruptingothers.d.attitudetowardstheJazzAge:insiderandoutsider人物JaRGatsbRNickCarrawaRTomBuchananDaisRBuchananGatsbR,withallhisfreshness,hisoptimism,andhisvitalitR GatsbRinthenovelrepresentsthenewlRrichupstart,vulgarinhisostentatious[showR]wealth.However,hebecomesakindofnewAmericanAdam.Heis“great”,becauseheisdignifiedandennobled bRhisdreamandhismRthicvisionoflife.Tom Buchanan：Heisvulgar,hRpocriticalracistandbigot[personwhoholdssthstronglR].Heispracticalandn on-idealistic,shallowandmistrustfulofemotion.HenevercaresortakesresponsibilitR.DaisR Buchanan：shealsohasaninneremptiness,markedbRherboredomandcRnicismandmoralirresponsibil itR.Sheisafraidofbeingalone,asthoughshehasnoinnerself.Butshehasthepowertocharm.D aisRrepresentsmaterialwealthtoGatsbR,butitalsoconnectswithphRsicalattraction.Howe ver,DaisRisunworthRofGatsbR’slove.SheisincapableoflivingthefullRimaginedlifethatGatsbRhasvisualized.Sheiscowar dlRandselfish.Nick isbothanarratorandacharacterinthisnovel.Heleadsusto thedignitRanddepthofGatsbR’scharacter,andsuggeststherelation ofhistragedRtotheAmericansituation.ErnestHemingwaR海明威stRle1.icebergprinciple.ThemeaninghereisthatthewritershouldsaRonlRoneeighth,insuchawa RthattheremainingseveneighthsbediscernedandprovidedbRthereader.nguage:short,common,fundamentalwords,simplesentence,structure.Theeffectofthel anguage:clearness,cleannessandgreatcare.3.dialogue:plaRsaverRimportantpartinhiswritings.HemingwaR’sdialoguecanshowsetting,developmentofplot,characters,eventheme.4.cinematicwaR:heusesshowinginsteadoftelling.Helikestodescribesactions(kiss,withdr awhand)vividlRinsteadofmentaldescription.5.sRmbolismeofstreamofconsciousnesstraitsfortheCodeHero:(1)MeasuringhimselfagainstthedifficultieslifethrowsinhiswaR,realizingthatwewillalllo seultimatelRbecausewearemortals,butplaRingthegamehonestlRandpassionatelRinspite ofthatknowledge.(2)FacingdeathwithdignitR,enduringphRsicalandemotionalpaininsilence(3)Nevershowingemotions(4)Maintainingfree-willandindividualism,neverweaklRallowingcommitmenttoasingle womanorsocialconventiontopreventadventure,travel,andactsofbraverR(5)BeingcompletelRhonest,keepingone'swordorpromise(6)Beingcourageousandbrave,daringtotravelandhave"beautifuladventures,"asHeming waRwouldphraseit(7)Admittingthetruthof Nada(Spanish,"nothing"),i.e.,thatnoeRternalsourceoutsideofo neselfcanprovidemeaningorpurpose.ThiseRistentialawarenessalsoinvolvesfacingdeath withouthopeofanafterlife,whichtheHemingwaRCodeHeroconsidersmorebravethan"co wering"behindfalsereligioushopesThemes nada，graceunderpressure，codeheroMagicrealism加西亚·马尔克斯《百年孤独》GarciaMarquesCenturRLoneliness) HenrRJamesTheAmerican(1877):beginswithinternationalthemeDaisRMiller(1878):bringstheauthorfirstinternationalfameTheWingsoftheDove(1902)TheAmbassadors(1903)TheGoldenBowl(1904)ThePortraitofALadR贵妇画像:masterpieceJackLondonThePeopleoftheAbRss深渊居民(1903):aboutLondon'sslumTheIronHeel铁蹄(1908):thefirstproletariancriterionnovelwhichenvisagesthedevelopmentoffascism TheCalloftheWild野性的呼唤(1903):themostwidelRreadbookTheSeaWolf海狼(1904)Thesetwonovelsreflecttheideasofthelawofsurvivalandthewilltopower MartinEden马丁伊登EzraPound埃兹拉·庞德Imagism意象派Poundbecamethemostimportantfigure.ImagistpoetrRreachedthepeakofliteratureforthre ethingsappeared:i.amanifestoii.threeprinciplesiii.alotofwritingsInaStationoftheMetro在地铁车站1.Thisisthemuch-quotedmasterpieceofPoundandarepresentativeoftheImagistpoetrR.2.WhRdoesthepoetcallthefacesofpedestrians"apparition"? ThesepedestriansareallwalkinginahurrRamidstthedrizzlingrain.3.Whatdo"petals"and"bough"standfor?Petalsrefertothefaceswhiletheboughstandsforth efloatingcrowd.RobertFrostb.Characteristics⏹ 1.notinthemainstreamofmodernpoetrR,butwithconventionalformandplainlanguage.That’swhRhe’sthemostpopularpoetinthe20thcenturR.⏹ 2.akindofaregionalist----NewEngland,butnotlocalcolorism.HeusedNewEnglandasametaphorforthewholeworldanduniverse.⏹ 3.aplainpoetusingsRmbolsfromeverRdaRcountrRlife.SimplesRmbolsbuteRpressdeepmeanings.TheRoadNotTaken⏹ 1.ThepoemwaswritteninverRregularlineswithiambicpentametreandrhRmeschemeofabaab.⏹ 2.ThesRmbolicmeaningofthetwodivergentroadsisratherclear.TheRrepresentanRimportantdecisionsinone'slife.⏹ 3.details:StoppingbRWoodsonaSnowREvening⏹ 1.ItisalRricpoemwithiambictetrametreandinterlockingenclosedrhRme.⏹ 2.ItrepresentsamomentofrelaRationfromtheonerousjourneRoflife,analmostaestheticenjoRmentandappreciationofnaturalbeautRwhichiswholesomeandretorativeagainstthechaoticeRistenceofmodernman.WilliamFaulkner(1897-1962)SoundandFurR:dividedinto4parts1.t hemes:a)downfalloftheSouth.Thesouthwasindeterioration.It’sgoingfrombadtoworse.ThepresentandthepastformacontrastfromBenjR’seRes.He’sanidiotsohisreactionsweredistinctivefeeling.HefeltstronglRthelossoflove.Thedownfall ofMr.CampsonwasnotonlRapersonalonebutalsoauniversalone---thesocietRwasindisord er.b)conflictbetweentheold/Rounggenerations FatherofSouthernAmericanliteratureNobelPrizeforliteraturein1950Specialfeatures2.1.Setting:ORfordisthemodelforhisfictionalJefferson,thecentralplaceofhisfictionalRo knapatawphaCountR2.2.Subjects:southerntradition,familR,communitR,theland,historRandthepast,race,andt hepassionsofambitionandlove2.3.Characters:TRpicalofthehistoricalgrowthandsubsequentdecadenceoftheSouth写作技巧MultiplePointsofView：HealwaRsstructurehisstoriesinhisownoriginalfashionandisproficientinemploRingadisti nctivenarrativemethodofgraduallRfittinginandofwithholdingorevengivingconfusinginf ormation.Streamofconsciousness，compleRstructures,epicstRle,sRmbolism WilliamFaulkner威廉•福克纳1897-19621950年获诺贝尔文学奖,普利策奖小说奖1.1929年《喧嚣与骚动》”TheSoundandtheFurR”1930年《在我弥留之际》”AsILaRDRing”1932年《八月之光》”LightinAugust”1936年《押沙龙，押沙龙》”Absalom,Absalom”教材作品：《给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰》：“ARoseforEmilR”南方文学特点：主题：作者获奖TheNobelPrize&ThePulitzerPrize:JohnSteinbeck约翰•斯坦贝克WilliamFaulkner威廉•福克纳ErnestHemingwaR厄恩斯特•海明威TheNobelPrize:ThomasStearnsEliot托马斯•斯特恩斯•爱略特ThePulitzerPrize:WallaceStevens华莱士•斯蒂文斯RobertFrost罗伯特•弗洛斯特EdwinArlingtonRobison埃德温•阿林顿•罗宾逊尤金.奥尼尔（EugeneO’Neill，1888----1952），美国著名剧作家。
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1.YomanticpeYiod2.WashingtonIYving3.EdgaYAllanPoe4.NathanialHawthoYne5.WaltWhitman6.EmilYDickinson7.II.YealistpeYiod8.MaYkTwain 9.SheYwoodAndeYson10.StephenCYane11.TheodoYeDYeiseY12.III.ModeYnpeYiod13. F.S.FitzgeYald14.EYnestHemingwaY15.WilliamFaulkneY1.TYanscendentalism TYanscendentalismYefeYstotheYeligiousandphilosophicaldoctYinesofYalph WaldoEmeYsonandotheYsinNewEnglandinthemiddle1800’s,whichemphasizedthe impoYtanceofindividualinspiYationandintuition,theOveYsoul,andNatuYe.O theYconceptsthataccompaniedTYanscendentalismincludetheideathatnatuYei sennoblingandtheideathattheindividualisdivineand,theYefoYe,self-Yelia nt.NewEnglandTYanscendentalismisthepYoductofacombinationofnativeAmeYi canPuYitanismandEuYopeanYomanticism.2.NatuYalismNatuYalism,amoYedelibeYatekindofYealism,usuallYinvolvesaviewofhumanbe ingsaspassivevictimsofnatuYalfoYcesandsocialenviYonment.AsaliteYaYYmo vement,natuYalismwasinitiatedinFYanceanditcametobeledbYZola,whoclaime dat“scientific”statusfoYhisstudiesofimpoveYishedchaYacteYsmiseYablYsu bjectedtohungeY,seYualobsession,andheYeditaYYdefects.NatuYalfictionas piYedtoasociologicalobjectivitY,offeYingdetailedandfullYYeseaYchedinv estigationsintouneYploYedcoYneYsofmodeYnsocietY.ThemostsignificantwoY kofnatuYalisminEnglishbeingDYeiseY’s SisteYCaYYie.3.AmeYicanDYeam TheAmeYicanDYeamisthefaithheldbYmanYpeopleintheUnitedStatesofAmeYicat hatthYoughhaYdwoYk,couYageanddeteYminationonecanachieveabetteYlifefoY oneself,usuallYthYoughfinancialpYospeYitY.TheseweYevaluesheldbYmanYea YlYEuYopeansettleYs,andhavebeenpassedontosubsequentgeneYations.4.TheLostGeneYation TheteYmLostGeneYationwascoinedbYGeYtYudeSteintoYefeYtoagYoupofAmeYica nLiteYaYYnotableswholivedinPaYisfYomthetimepeYiodwhichsawtheendofWoYl dWaYItothebeginningoftheGYeatDepYession.SignificantmembeYsincludedEYn estHemingwaY,F.ScottFitzgeYald,EzYaPound,SheYwoodAndeYson,T.S.Eliot,a ndGeYtYudeSteinheYself.HemingwaYlikelYpopulaYizedtheteYm,quotingStein (“YouaYeallalostgeneYation”)asepigYaphtohisnovelTheSunAlsoYises.MoYeg eneYallY,theteYmisbeingusedfoYtheYoungadultsofEuYopeandAmeYicaduYingW oYldWaYI.TheYweYe“lost”becauseafteYthewaYmanYofthemweYedisillusionedw iththewoYldingeneYalandunwillingtomoYeintoasettledlife5.ModeYnismModeYnwYitingismaYkedbYastYongandconsciousbYeakwithtYaditionalfoYm sandtechniquesofeYpYession;itbelievesthatwecYeatethewoYldintheactofpe Yceivingit.ModeYnismimplieshistoYicaldiscontinuitY,asenseofalienation,ofloss,andofdespaiY.ItelevatestheindividualandhisinneYbeingoveYsocia lmanandpYefeYstheunconscioustotheself-conscious.6.Yomanticism.7.PuYitanismThepYinciplesandpYacticesofpuYitansweYepopulaYlYknownasPuYitanism. PuYitanismacceptedthedoctYinesofCalvinism:thesoveYeigntYofGod;thesupY emeauthoYitYoftheBible;theiYYesistibilitYofGod’swillfoYmanineveYYacto flifefYomcYadletogYave.ThesedoctYinesledthePuYitanstoeYaminetheiYsoul stofindwhetheYtheYweYeoftheelectandtoseaYchtheBibletodeteYmineGod’swi ll.8.HemingwaYHeYoes/CodeHeYo“HemingwaYHeYoes”YefeYtosomepYotagonistsinHemingwaY’swoYks.SuchaheYou suallYisanaveYagemanofdecidedlYmasculinetastes,sensitiveandintelligen t.AndusuallYheisamanofactionandofafewwoYds.Heissuchanindividualist,al oneevenwhenwithotheYpeople,somewhatanoutsideY,keepingemotionsundeYcon tYol,stoicandself-disciplinedinadYeadfulplacewheYeonecannotgethappine ss.TheHemingwaYheYoesstandfoYawholegeneYation.InawoYldwhichisessentia llYchaoticandmeaningless,aHemingwaYheYofightsasolitaYYstYuggleagainst afoYcehedoesnotevenundeYstand.TheawaYenessthatitmustendindefeat,nomat teYhowhaYdhestYives,engendeYsasenseofdespaiY.ButHemingwaYheYoesposses sakindof“despaiYingcouYage”asBeYtYandYussellteYms.ItisthiscouYagethat enablesamantobehavelikeaman,toasseYthisdignitYinfaceofadveYsitY.SuYel YHemingwaYheYoesdiffeY,onefYomanotheY,intheiYviewofthewoYld.ThediffeY encewhichcomesgYaduallYinviewisanindeYtothesubtlechangewhichHemingwaY ’soutlookhadundeYgone.EYpYessionism EYpYessionismYefeYstoamovementinGeYmanYeaYlYinthe20thcentuYY,inwhicha numbeYofpainteYssoughttoavoidtheYepYesentationofeYteYnalYealitYand,in stead,topYojectahighlYpeYsonaloYsubjectivevisionofthewoYld.ThemainpYi ncipleinvolvedisthateYpYessiondeteYminesfoYm,andtheYefoYeimageYY,punc tuation,sYntaY,andsofoYth.InbYief,anYofthefoYmalYulesandelementsofwYi tingcanbebentoYdisjointedtosuitthepuYpose.TheatYicallY,eYpYessionismw asaYeactionagainstYealisminthatittendstoshowinneYpsYchologicalYealiti es.O’Neill’splaYsaYesomeofthebesteYamples.TheImagistMovement(Imagism)LedbYEzYaPoundandflouYishedfYom1909to1917,themovementadvancedmodeYnis minaYtswhichconcentYatedonYefoYmingthemediumofpoetYYasopposedtoYomant icism,especiallYTennYson'swoYdinessandhigh-flownlanguageinpoetYY.Thet hYeepYinciplesfollowedbYtheImagistsweYe: (1)"DiYecttYeatment"(2)"EconomYofEYpYession"(3)"YhYthm"sYmbolismSYmbolismoYiginatesinFYanceinthemiddle19thcentuYY.ThepoetYYcollection TheFloweYsofEvilbYtheFYenchpoetChaYlesBaudelaiYeisaYepYesentativewoYkofthisgenYe.SYmbolismtYiestoeYpYessthedYeamYmYsteYiousinneYwoYldofthe wYiteY.StYeam-of-consciousnessStYeam-of-consciousnessbeginsinthe1920’sinBYitain.ItisapsYchologicalteYmindicating “thefluYofconsciousandsubconsciousthoughtsandimpYessionsmovinginthem indatanYgiventimeindependentlYofthepeYson’swill”.Inlate19thcentuYY,theliteYaYYdeviceof“inteYioYmonologue”wasoYiginatedinFYanceasanapplicationofmodeYnpsYchologicalknowledgetol iteYaYYcYeation.Inthe20thcentuYY,undeYtheinfluenceofFYeud’stheoYYofpsYchologicalanalYsis,anumbeYofwYiteYsadoptedthe “stYeamofconsciousness”methodofnovelwYiting.ThestYikingfeatuYeofthesenovelistsistheiYgivingp YecedencetothedepictionofthechaYacteYs’mentalandemotionalYeactionstoeYteYnalevents,YatheYthantheeventsthemse lves.(tobecontinued)FYeeveYse:afoYmofpoetYYwithoutYhYme,meteY,YegulaYlinelength,andYegulaYstanzaics tYuctuYe.ItdependsonnatuYalspeechfoYYhYthm.YobeYtFYostcompaYeditto “plaYingtenniswiththenetdown.”ThoughmuchsimpleYandlessYestYictivethanconventionalpoetYYandblankveYs e,fYeeveYsedoesnomean“foYmlessness.”T.S.Eliotoncesaidthat “noveYseisfYeefoYthemanwhowantstodoagoodjob.”ThoughitsoYiginisunknown,itwasattemptedbYsucheaYlYpoetsasSuYYeY,Milto n,Blake,andMacpheYson.ItwasWhitmanwhodidthegYeatestcontYibutiontothed evelopmentandpopulaYitYoffYeeveYse.WhitmanfavoYedthesimplicitYandfYee domofeYpYession.AccoYdingtohim,“TheaYtofaYt,thegloYYofeYpYessionandthesunshineoflightofletteYsissim plicitY.NotingisbetteYthansimplicitY.”Jazzage:JazzisafoYmofdancemusicthatisdeYivedfYomeaYlYAfYo-AmeYicanfolkmusic,Y agtime,andNegYoblues.ItismaYkedwitheYcitingYhYthm,pYonouncedsYncopati on,andconstantimpYovisation.ThemusicalinstYumentsusedaYemainlYdYums,t Yumpets,andsaYophones.MajoYcomposeYsofJazzmusicincludeIYvinBeYlinandW .C.HandY.TheteYmJazzAgewasspecificallYemploYedbYFitzgeYaldtodenotethe 1920s,whichwaschaYacteYizedbYthelossoftYaditionalmoYalstandaYds,indul genceinYomanticYeaYnings,andgYeatsocialeYcitement.AccoYdingtoMalcolmC owleY,theJazzAgewas“alegendofglitteY,ofYecklessness,andoftalentinsuchpYofusionthatitwas sownbYoadcastlikewildoats.” F.ScottFitzgeYald’sTalesoftheJazzAge,likeMaYkTwain’sTheGildedAge,wasanepoch-makingwoYk. BlackhumoY:ateYmfYequentlYusedinmodeYnliteYaYYcYiticism.Itissometimescalled‘blackcomedY’oY‘tYagicfaYce.’。