11月18日托福写作机经真题回忆

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11月28日-11月29日托福写作机经—环球教育

♍♎1关于机经，浅尝辄止，非正道也！你的文笔和流畅度，都不会因为仅知道这个话题而改变。

2 机经仅解决破题问题，看过不准备，中了也没用——准备好答案，背熟，实属正道也!3最后，奉劝各位托福小主，温馨提示不要把机经当投机，否则，too young too simple,sometimes naive.♌♋目录独立写作 (2)综合写作 (64)独立写作1.What is the most important action for the government to take for the protection ofenvironment problems?(1)Fund researches on new energy sources such as solar and wind power;(2)Protect forests and natural wildlife species;(3)Pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollutionScore 5:Nowadays, human beings are facing more challenges and environmental issues, such as the scarcity of traditional energy sources, global warming, and pollution as well. Some people believe that the primary task for the government is to invest more on researching new energy sources, such as solar and wind power; whereas others argue that protecting forests and natural wildlife species should be the government’s top priority. To my understanding, the most important action for the government to take to protect our environment is to pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollution.Indeed, in order to protect the environment, funding research studies on new energy sources is important because the pervasion of clean energy could help reduce the emission of waste gas and other types of pollution in the future. However, scientific research usually takes years or even decades. It will be too late to make use of those scientific achievements if the problem of pollution continues to become too severe to solve. Similarly, protecting forests and natural wildlife species cannot solve the most urgent problem of pollution either. Though the government should spend money and effort on forests and wildlife preserves as a long-term practice to protect the earth, this action cannot handle the most serious pollution problem immediately.In fact, the main cause of the pollution problem’s threatening our life is that there lacks strong laws and supervisions to reduce the pollution. In order to minimize the amount of pollution, the most urgent need is to enforce laws and make sure that large-scale industries and individuals follow the laws. Take the air pollution in Beijing for example. Beijingers have been suffering from the haze, also known as PM 2.5 for a long time. According to a recent survey, the haze is mainly caused by the waste gas emission from vehicles and large-scale industries in areas surrounding the city. If there could be laws and supervisions to limit the number of cars and the amount of waste that factories are allowed to produce per day, I believe that the air pollution problem could be solved to a large extent, which definitely contributes the most to our environment, at least for now.Based on the above discussion, the most important action for the government to take to protect our environment is to pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollution.Score 4:Nowadays, human beings are facing more challenges and environmental issues, such as the scarcity of traditional resource, global warming, and pollution as well. Some people believe that the most urgent problems for the government to solve is to invest more on researching new energy sources, such as solar and wind power; whereas others argue that protecting forests and natural wildlife species should be the government’s primary task. To my understanding, the most important action for the government to take to protect our environment is to pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollution.Indeed, in order to protect the environment, funding research studies on new energy sources is important because the pervasion of clean energy could help reduce the emission of waste gas and other types of pollution in the future. However, scientific research usually takes years or even decades. It will be too late to make use of those scientific achievements if the problem of pollution continues to become too severe to solve. Similarly, protecting forests and natural wildlife species cannot solve the most urgent problem of pollution either. Though the government should spend money and effort on forests and wildlife preserves as a long-term practice to protect the earth, this action cannot handle the most serious pollution problem immediately.In fact, the main cause of the pollution problem’s threatening our life is that there lacks strong laws and supervisions to reduce the pollution. In order to minimize the amount of pollution, the most urgent need is to enforce laws and make sure that large-scale industries and individuals follow the laws. Take the air pollution in Beijing for example. Beijingers have been suffering from the haze, also known as PM 2.5 for a long time. If there could be laws and supervisions to limit the number of cars and the amount of waste that factories are allowed to produce per day, I believe that the air pollution problem could be solved to a large extent, which definitely contributes the most to our environment, at least for now.Based on the above discussion, the most important action for the government to take to protect our environment is to pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollution.2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: people should not spend a lot oftime on communication by technologies, such as through social media or with text messages.Score 5:With the development of modern technologies, people today are enjoying communicating through social media and text messages, which is convenient compared to scheduling face-to-face meetings. However, some people argue that people should not spend too much time on communication using technological devices. I totally agree with this viewpoint for the following reasons.To begin with, communicating through social media reduces the time people meet in real life.Convenient it might seem, in fact, this type of communication could isolate people from each other. To illustrate, while chatting through social media, we usually choose to type and send text messages, which lacks tones, intonations, and facial expressions to show our feelings.Even if we could use emoji, the emoji still fails to express our true feelings because those symbols and pictures are identical in everyone’s computer screens or cellphones. Gradually, people will not consider seriously the feelings conveyed by texts and emoji and thus the communications become less effective. For example, some people only “like” others’ picturesand sharing on Facebook without any comments. It is inevitable that people feel more and more isolated from each other by simply “liking” each other’s postings online without meeting in person.Moreover, always sticking to our cellphones or sitting in front of computers is harmful to our physical health. For instance, many people have found themselves suffering from muscle pain because of a sedentary lifestyle. On the contrary, if people meet in person, they might hang out and take a walk while taking to each other. Though different from doing exercises in gyms, this in person meeting at least enables people to relax and even sweat a little bit.In addition, during spare time, people could choose to schedule a short trip, do some exercises, or simply read some books that they are interested in. The above types of activities are beneficial for our physical health, and could help broaden our horizons. In order not to become addicted to social media, it is necessary for us to limit the time we spending on our cell phones as well as the Internet.Based on the above discussion, people should not spend a lot of time on communication by technologies, such as through social media or with text messages. On the contrary, we could meet in person, which could help us maintain social relationship with others. Besides, we should make use of our leisure time to do some beneficial activities instead of staring at the screen of our cellphones or computers all the time.Score 4:With the development of modern technologies, people today are enjoying communicating through social media and text messages, which is convenient compared to scheduling face-to-face meetings. However, some people argue that people should not spend too much time on communication using technological devices. I totally agree with this viewpoint for the following reasons.To begin with, communicating through social media reduces the time people meet in real life. Convenient it might seem, in fact, this type of communication could isolate people from each other. To illustrate, while chatting through social media, we usually choose to type and send text messages, which lacks tones, intonations, and facial expressions to show our feelings. Even if we could use emoji, the emoji still fails to express our true feelings because those symbols and pictures are identical in everyone’s computer screens or cellphones. Gradually, people will not consider the feelings conveyed by texts and emoji seriously and thus the communications become less effective.Moreover, always sticking to our cellphones or sitting in front of computers is harmful to our physical health. For instance, many people have found themselves suffering from muscle pain because of a sedentary lifestyle. On the contrary, if people meet in person, they might hang out and take a walk while taking to each other. Though different from doing exercises in gyms, this in person meeting at least enables people to relax and even sweat a little bit.In addition, during spare time, people could choose to schedule a short trip, do some exercises, or simply read some books that they are interested in. The above types of activities are beneficial for our physical health, and could help broaden our horizons. In order not to become addicted to social media, it is necessary for us to limit the time we spending on our cell phones as well as the Internet.Based on the above discussion, people should not spend a lot of time on communication by technologies, such as through social media or with text messages. On the contrary, we couldmeet in person, which could help us maintain social relationship with others.3.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Technology designed to makeour life simpler actually makes our life more complicated.Score 5:It cannot be denied that technology enables people to live a better and more convenient life today. People have been enjoying high-tech products such as smart phones, car navigation system, and laptops, to name a few. However, it does not mean that those high-tech tools make our life easier now than in the past. In fact, technology makes our life far more complicated today as illustrated in the following parts.High-tech tools can save lots of labor work, but sometimes they are not as “smart” as we expect. I would like to use car navigation system as an example. In the past, people could only refer to printed maps to find ways to their destinations. Nowadays, car navigation system can automatically find the right path for us. It seems that car navigation system is far more convenient than printed maps. However, in order to install the system, we need to download the digital maps before ahead and make sure that our destinations are recognizable.If the system fails to recognize the destination, it sometimes does not stop navigating, but lead us to somewhere else. Once I was driving from California to a Native American Reservation in Arizona, the car navigation failed to find the right path and led me to a small town that I had never heard of. Fortunately, I found a gas station and the employees there showed me the correct way. My own experience shows that high-tech products might not be always as reliable as we expect.Another example of how technology has made our life more complicated is online shopping.Nowadays, more and more people choose to shop clothes online, so to save time and efforts.Admittedly, shopping online is convenient to some extent compared with going to a shopping mall, because we could stay at home and check out with several clicks. All we need to do then is to wait until our new clothes are delivered to us. However, many people had terrible shopping experience in that the colors and designs of those clothes are not exactly the same as they are described online. Moreover, the size might not fit us, which is not expected either.In this case, we need to follow a complicated returning process, completing forms needed for returning and going to the local express service to send the clothes back. The process of returning is extremely daunting, which usually takes a long time for us to get our money back.Based on the above discussion, it could be concluded that sometimes technology is not as convenient as we expect. Should we just refuse to use high-tech products? I do not think so. I believe that modern technology is still developing, and it will definitely make our life more and more comfortable and convenient in the future.Score 4:It cannot be denied that technology enables people to live a better and more convenient lifetoday. However, it does not mean that those high-tech tools make our life easier now than in the past. In fact, technology makes our life far more complicated for the following reasons.High-tech tools can save lots of labor work, but sometimes they are not as “smart” as we expected. I would like to use car navigation system as an example. In the past, people could only refer to printed maps to find ways to their destinations. Nowadays, car navigation system can automatically find the right path for us. However, in order to use the navigation system, we need to download the digital maps before ahead and to make sure that our destinations are recognizable. Once when I was driving from California to a Native American Reservation in Arizona, the car navigation failed to find the right path. Luckily, I found a gas station and the employees there showed me the way. My own experience shows that high-tech products might not be always as reliable as we expect.Another example of how technology has made our life more complicated is online shopping.Nowadays, more and more people choose to shop clothes online, so to save time and efforts.Admittedly, shopping online is convenient to some extent compared with going to a shopping mall because we could stay at home and check out with a several clicks. All we need to do then is to wait until our new clothes are delivered to us. However, many people had terrible shopping experience in that the colors and designs of those clothes are not exactly the same as they are described online. Moreover, the size might not fit us, which is not expected either.In this case, we need to follow a complicate returning process, completing forms needed for returning and going to the local express service to send the clothes back. The process of returning is extremely daunting and sometimes it takes a long time for us to get our money back.Based on the above discussion, it could be concluded that sometimes technology is not as convenient as it should be. Should we just refuse to use high-tech products? I do not think so.I believe that technology is still developing, and it will definitely make our life more andmore comfortable and convenient in the future.4.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: people now are more interestedin improving the neighborhood (the area that they live) than in the past.Score 5:There is an old saying in Chinese that our neighbors could offer us greater help than our relatives when we are in trouble. This saying shows that neighbors have been playing an indispensible part of people’s life in China. Nowadays, some people still beli eve that the majority of us are interested in improving the neighborhood. However, in my opinion, people today neither have the time nor the willingness to maintain their relationship with neighbors.To begin with, people today have intensive schedule of study or work, thus they have little time to spend on improving the neighborhood. For workers who need to financially support their families, they need to complete demanding assignments during workdays; sometimes they even need to work overload and overtime. Therefore, workers will be exhausted after five days of working, and might simply relax at home during the weekends. In terms ofstudents, they usually do not hang out with friends as students in the past did, because they need to write numerous papers in order to earn credits and prepare for the college entrance exam. This phenomenon is especially true in Asian where students’ academic performance is referred to as the standard of good students or bad students. In this sense, students do not have time to play with their peers, let alone maintain relationship with neighbors.Moreover, even if people have the spare time to do something, they prefer to develop their own interests or travel with friends rather than improving the neighborhood. With the development of the society and modern technology, people could enjoy different types of entertainments, such as playing online games, traveling, shopping, to name a few. Those activities occupy most of people’s leisure time today; on the contrary, entertainment activities were very limited in the past, and people then did not have too many choices to kill time except for visiting their neighbors. Based on the above discussion, it could be seen that people today are less interested in improving the neighborhood.To sum up, because of the busy life and the pervasion of various types of entertainment activities, people today lack the time and the willingness to maintain their relationship with neighbors.Score 4:There is an old saying in Chinese that our neighbors could offer us greater help than our relatives when we are in trouble. This saying shows that neighbors have been playing an indispensible part of people’s life in China. Nowadays, some people still believe that the majority of us are interested in improving the neighborhood. However, in my opinion, people today neither have the time nor the willingness to maintain their relationship with neighbors.To begin with, people today have intensive schedule of study or work, thus they have little time to spend on improving the neighborhood. For workers who need to financially support their families, they need to complete demanding assignments during workdays; sometimes they even need to work overload and overtime. Therefore, workers will be exhausted after five days of working, and might simply relax at home during the weekends. In terms of students, they usually do not hang out with friends as students in the past did, because they need to write numerous papers in order to earn credits and prepare for the college entrance exam. In this sense, students do not have time to play with their peers, let alone maintain relationship with neighbors.Moreover, even if people have the spare time to do something, they prefer to develop their own interests or travel with friends rather than improving the neighborhood. With the development of the society and modern technology, people could enjoy different types of entertainments. Those activities occupy most of people’s leisure time today; on the contrary, entertainment activities were very limited in the past, and people then did not have too many choices to kill time except for visiting their neighbors. Based on the above discussion, it could be seen that people today are less interested in improving the neighborhood.To sum up, because of the busy life and the pervasion of various types of entertainment activities, people today lack the time and the willingness to maintain their relationship with neighbors.5.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In order for a business tosucceed, it must put more money in advertising.Score 5:In order to gain profits and occupy a larger portion of market, companies have developed many ways to increase their market share, including spending money on advertising. Some people believe that a company cannot achieve success unless they invest more money on advertising. However, the effectiveness and influence of an advertisement does not solely depend on how much money was put in it; also, there are several circumstances that a business should cut down its budgets on advertising and invest more on other projects.To begin with, low-cost advertisements could be attractive enough for customers and help companies to occupy a large portion of the market. For instance, there are advertisements of Coca-Cola everywhere around the world, and Coca-Cola seems to be the most competitive brand among companies selling beverages. Coca-Cola’s advertisements are perceived as more interesting and attractive than the ones of Pepsi and other companies of the same kind. It is the idea and content of Coca-Cola’s advertisem ent matter instead of how much money being put into the advertisement. A simple cartoon with fancy ideas which come from ordinary people instead of a celebrity designer may have greater influence than scenes that got shot on famous spots with post-processing.Moreover, some small companies in lack of the money to create widespread advertisements need to invest on other things first such as the quality of their products and marketing. When it comes to shops that sell cookies, for example, they should improve the flavors of their products first. Then, letting customers taste their free samples may be a better strategy than those posters on walls for advertising. In addition, sometimes companies suffering from crisis should put more money on human resources and adjusting the configuration of different departments within the companies. Unless they have solved the crisis, they have no reason to emphasize too much on advertising.Based on the above discussions, a company has many choices other than investing more on advertising to make a business to be successful. Admittedly, advertising investment is so important that it is often a decisive factor to the success of a company; however, it is not always the predominant factor.Score 4:In order to achieve profits, companies have developed many ways to increase their market share, including spending money on advertising. Some people believe that a company must put more money into advertising in order to achieve success. However, there are several circumstances that a business should cut down its budgets on advertising and invest more on other projects.To begin with, low-cost advertisements could be attractive enough for customers and help companies to occupy a large portion of the market. For instance, there are advertisements of Coca-Cola everywhere around the world, which seem to be the most competitive brand among companies selling beverages. Coca-Cola’s advertisements are perceived as more interesting and attractive than the ones of Pepsi and other companies of thesame kind. It is the idea and content of the advertisement matter instead of how much money being put into the advertisement. A simple cartoon with fancy ideas which come from ordinary people instead of a celebrated designer may have greater influence than scenes that got shot on famous spots with all kinds of post-processing.Moreover, some small companies in lack of the money to create widespread advertisements need to invest on other things first such as the quality of their products and marketing. When it comes to shops that sell cookies, for example, they should improve the flavors of their products first. Then, letting customers taste their free yummy cookies may bea better strategy than those posters on walls printed with yummy samples. In addition,sometimes companies suffering from crisis should put more money on human resources and adjusting the configuration of different departments within the companies. Unless they have solved the crisis, they have no reason to focus their attention and pay more on advertising.Based on the above discussions, a company has many choices other than investing more on advertising to make a business to be successful. Admittedly, advertising investment is so important that it is often a decisive factor to the success of a company; however, it is not always the predominant factor.6.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Workers would be muchhappier if they are doing different types of tasks during their workday than doing the same task.Score 5：In today’s workplace, employees are assigned with more demanding tasks than in the past. It is common that workers sometimes need to complete multiple types of task rather than to repeat the same type of task. Despite the fact that doing repeated works is easier for most employees, I believe that employees would be happier if different types of tasks are distributed to them.Working on different types of tasks could help workers develop a sense of belonging in the company, which will make workers become more self-motivated to do their assignments, and thus become much happier. While working on multiple types of tasks, workers could develop varied skills, meet with colleagues from different departments, and learn about the company’s cu ltures and values as well. During this process, it is very likely that workers find themselves an indispensible part in the company, and then develop a sense of belonging. As a result, workers become more self-motivated and more willing to devote themselves to their work. In this sense, workers will definitely feel much happier because they are self-driven when doing their assignments.Furthermore, working on various types of tasks, workers have more opportunities to get promoted and therefore earn higher salaries, which will undoubtedly lead to happiness. As it is mentioned in the previous paragraph, employees’ skills related to differe nt types of tasks could be improved if they continue working on those tasks. Once employees become professionals in multiple fields, the company will offer them more promotion opportunities,compared with those who are simply skillful in a single field. In this sense, employees could earn higher salaries and become much happier.Admittedly, it is easier for one to repeat one type of task all the time. However, if workers keep repeating the same task everyday, they will feel bored and less motivated soon. It seems that workers have to meet with the same group of people and follow the same procedure.There is little hope to receive more training and develop new skills, let alone to get promoted.It is not difficult to imagine that workers will become unhappy in this situation.To sum up, working on different types of tasks could enable workers to become more motivated and to earn higher salaries in the future. Therefore, workers would be much happier while doing those tasks, compared with repeating the same task all the time.Score 4：Nowadays, employees are assigned with more difficult tasks than in the past. Sometimes, workers need to complete multiple types of task rather than repeat the same type of task.Although doing repeated works is easier for most employees, I believe that employees would be happier if different types of tasks are assigned to them.Working on different types of tasks could help workers develop a sense of belonging in the company, which will make workers become more self-motivated to do their assignments.While working on those tasks, workers could develop varied skills, meet with different colleagues, and learn about the company’s cultures and values as well. During this process, workers will find themselves an indispensible part in the company, and develop a sense of belonging. Thus, workers become more self-motivated and will definitely feel happy.Furthermore, doing various types of tasks, workers have more opportunities to get promoted and therefore earn higher salaries. As it is m entioned in the previous paragraph, employees’ skills of different types of tasks could be improved if they keep working on those tasks. Once they become professionals in completing those tasks, the company will offer them more promotion opportunities, compared with those who are simply skillful in a single field. In this sense, employees could earn higher salaries and become much happier.Admittedly, it is easier for one to repeat one type of task all the time. However, if workers keep repeating the same task everyday, they will feel bored and less motivated soon. It seems that workers have to meet with the same group of people and follow the same procedure everyday. There is little hope to receive more training and develop new skills, let alone to get promoted. It is not difficult to imagine that workers will become unhappy in this situation.To sum up, working on different types of tasks could enable workers to become more motivated and to earn higher salaries in the future. Therefore, workers would be much happier while doing those tasks, compared with doing the same task all the time.7.The opinions of celebrities, such as entertainers and athletes, are more important to theyounger people than they are to the older people.Score 5:Today’s celebrities, suc h as entertainers and athletes, usually show up on TV or post their。

2017年11月18日托福独立写作预测机经

2017年11月18日托福独立写作预测机经2017年11月18日托福考试日已悄然来临，不知大家是否都已做好了充分准备，信心十足。

在考试前，文都国际教育小编为大家奉上托福独立写作预测机经，希望大家可以参考。

2017年11月18日托福独立写作预测机经：1.你是否同意以下观点：学生根据自己的意愿选择阅读材料与教师安排的阅读材料一样重要，或者比教师安排的更重要。

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Students do reading by their own personality is as important as, or more important than reading assigned by teachers.2.你是否同意以下观点：对于大学来说，有先进的教学器材比拥有更多的著名的教师更重要。

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important for a university to have advanced facilities rather than hire more famous teachers.3.哪种教育对孩子更好：9个月的学习，3个月的休息还是11个月的学习，1个月的休息？Which is better for children's education: 9-month study and 3-month break or 11-month study and 1-month break?4.孩子们应该把大部分的时间用在学习和玩山，而不应该被家长要求做像煮饭或者打扫房间一样的家务活。

Children should spend most of the time playing and studying, and they should not be required to do household chores, like cooking or cleaning.5.高中生应该在上大学之前至少花一年时间去工作或者旅行。

2019年11月18日托福阅读机经真题回忆

2019年11月18日托福阅读机经真题回忆
第一套
阅读
第一篇：北极的住民原来被认为是从加拿大迁徙过去的，但是后来发现说他们其实起源就在北极，有的迁徙到加拿大有的留在了那里，并拥有了抗冻的水平。

他们有冰刀之类的工具和冰房子。

这些原住民因为气候而导致的动物稀少所以需要去海边捕捞食物。

有几个原因在当时影响了原住民，第一个是气温升高后迫使他们要改变一些捕鱼方式;还有就是爱莫斯基人移民进来，他们有更为发达的捕鱼业所以人数暴增...不过没有证据表明他们和原住民有战争活动.. 然后他们可能有和原住民接触，因为他们的工具和房屋都是一样的。

第二篇：一种海星的暴增
先讲了reef以前的reef和现在的reef的形成不同 (此处有题)
一些物理的自然灾害，比如台风暴雨
第二段讲海星暴增的原因，但是海星出现不知道是自然，还是人为的就有了两个理论一个理论是人抓海星的predatory但是没有证据另一个是大雨导致水土流失使得浮游生物多浮游生物是海星幼虫的捕食对象但是没有证据
第三篇：植物shading就是把一些枝条脱掉一个是因为有限枝消耗掉碳物质比生产的多另一个是有时候很干减少耗水
第四篇：说专家以为小孩子要到7、8岁才能有认知水平但是其实4岁就有然后说了两个协助他们make conclusions的理论一个是specific 一个是general。

211月18日托福阅读真题解析

2012年11月18日托福阅读真题解析2012年11月18日托福考试阅读部分重复北美2011年8月27日考题。

Topic1: personal trait一篇是心理学说PERSONAL TRAIT的。

说人们觉得性格决定人的行为吧。

然后一个科学家叫Walter Mischel，他做了一些研究，发现性格和人的行为之间的关系没有人们以前认为的那么大，人们在特定的环境下表现出来的行为不一样。

通过儿童实验，Mischel认为人的行为其实更主要的是由当时的SITUATION决定的，性格的作用很小。

Mischel的研究成果挑战了心理学家的研究和心理学在现实生活中的应用（这个是句子改写，要注意一个是挑战了研究，一个是挑战了现实中的应用，看清了可能会少选。

）然后其他科学家就批评Mischel的研究成果，这里有个括号，括号说，但是Mischel也赢得了行为学家的掌声，问为什么提这帮人，我答给出支持Mischel理论人的例子。

批评一指出Mischel的研究局限在LAB中，和EVERYDAY LIFE有距离（有题）。

还有一个批评，暂时想不起来。

但同时，大家也会认可Mischel的研究。

说他至少提出了SITUATION的重要性，可以让人具体情况具体分析吧。

后来大家认为，其实心理学家着重是要分析人们总体的表现，即性格决定这个人在处理事情上的一个总的态度，AGGREGATE BEHAVIOR。

而根据不同的SITUATION，又有不同的INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR。

所以心理学家的研究没有问题，还是有用的。

Trait Theory ①Personality consists of broad dispositions, called traits, that tend to lead to characteristic responses. People can be described in terms of the basic ways they behave, such as whether they are outgoing and friendly, or whether they are dominant and assertive.Basic Five Factors:oEmotional stability - Being calm rather than anxious, secures rather then insecure, self-satisfied than self-pitying.oExtraversion - Sociable instead of retiring, fun-loving instead of sober, and affectionate instead of reserved.oOpenness - Imaginative rather than practical, preferring variety to routine, and being independent rather than conforming.oAgreeableness - Being softhearted, not ruthless, trusting, not suspicious, and helpful not uncooperative.oConscientiousness - Being organized rather than disorganized, careful rather then careless, and disciplined, not impulsive.Criticism to Trait Theory(Walter Mischel (1968))oPersonality and AssessmentoCriticized the trait view of personality, as well as the psychoanalytic approachoBoth emphasis the interval organization of personalityoPersonality often changes according to a given situation - response to personality as consisting of broad, internal traits that are consistence across situations and timeoTrait measure do a poor job of predicting actual behavioroSituationism - personality often varies considerably from one context to another.Trait Situation Interaction TheoryoThey believe that both trait (person) and situation variables are necessary to understand personality. They also agree that the degree of consistency in personality depend on the kinds of persons, situations, and behaviors sampled. (Pervin, 1993, Mischel, 1995)oThe link between traits and situations has been more precisely specified.oThe narrowing and more limited trait is, the more likely it will predict behavior.oSome people are consistent on some traitsoPersonality traits exert a stronger influence on an individual's behavior when situational influence is less powerful.Walter Mischel (1968) - Personality and Assessment, criticized trait view of personality and psychoanalytic approach. Said personality often changes according tosituations, unlike the previous approaches which show consistency. Said trait measures poorly predict actual behavior. Made view of situationism - personality varies considerably from one context to another.Most psychologists today are interactionists, believing in both trait and situation ideas to describe personality. Link between traits and situations specified: more limited and narrower a trait is, more likely it will predict a behavior; not everyone consistent on the same trait; traits give a strong influence on an individual's behavior when situational influences are less likely to affect personality.Walter Mischel ②Walter Mischel (born 1930) is an American psychologist specializing in personality theory and social psychology. He is the Robert Johnston Niven Professor of Humane Letters in the Department of Psychology at Columbia University.Contributions to personality theoryIn 1968, Mischel published the now classic monograph, Personality and Assessment, which created a paradigm crisis in personality psychology that changed the agenda of the field for decades. The book touched upon the problem in trait assessment that was identified by Allport back in 1937. Mischel showed that study after study failed to support the fundamental traditional assumption of personality theory, that an individual's behavior with regard to a trait (e.g. conscientiousness, sociability) is highly consistent across diverse situations. Instead, Mischel's analyses revealed that the individual's behavior, when closely examined, was highly dependent upon situational cues, rather than expressed consistently across diverse situations that differed in meaning.Mischel maintained that behavior is shaped largely by the exigencies of a given situation. That people act in consistent ways across different situations, reflecting an underlying consistency of personality traits, is a myth.[4]Mischel made the case that the field of personality psychology was searching for consistency in the wrong places. Instead of treating situations as the noise or "error of measurement" in personality psychology, Mischel's work proposed that by including the situation as it is perceived by the person and by analyzing behavior in its situational context, the consistencies that characterize the individual would be found. He argued that these individual differences would not be expressed in consistent cross-situational behavior, but instead, he suggested that consistency would be found in distinctive but stable patterns ofif-then, situation-behavior relations that form contextualized, psychologically meaningful "personality signatures" (e.g., "she does A when X, but B when Y").These signatures of personality were in fact revealed in a large observational study of social behavior across multiple repeated situations over time (Mischel&Shoda, 1995). Contradicting the classic assumptions, the data showed that individuals who were similar inaverage levels of behavior, for example in their aggression, nevertheless differed predictably and dramatically in the types of situations in which they aggressed. As predicted by Mischel, they were characterized by highly psychologically informative if-then behavioral signatures. Collectively, this work has allowed a new way to conceptualize and assess both the stability and variability of behavior that is produced by the underlying personality system, and has opened a window into the dynamic processes within the system itself (Mischel, 2004).Topic2: 昆虫的优势还有一篇讲昆虫的。

英语考试作文-18日托福独立写作真题解析

英语考试作文18日托福独立写作真题解析2017年的托福考试已经接近尾声了，不知道大家2017年有没有成功与托福考试分手。

如果你仍然奋战在托福考试的第一线，那么今天为大家整理的2017年11月18日托福考试托福独立口语的题型分析及范文相信对你会很有帮助。

下面就跟一起来看看吧。

写作上周六(11月18日)考的独立写作题又是一道“三选一”的题，本题在16年6月25日的大陆考场曾经考过。

题目如下：The government can take a variety of actions to help protect the environment. Which one of the following do you think is the most important for the nation’s government to take to protect the environment?1. Fund the research to develop environmentally friendly energy sources such as solar and wind energy.2. Preserve the natural places like forests and protect the animals that live there.3. Enforce laws to prevent the pollution of air and water by large companies.中文翻译：政府可以采取各种行动来帮助保护环境。

你认为国家政府采取以下哪一项措施对于保护环境是最重要的?1. 资助研究开发太阳能和风能等对环境无害的能源。

2. 保留像森林这样的自然栖息地, 并保护住在那里的动物。

3. 实施法律, 防止大公司对空气和水的污染。

“三选一”类的题具体可以分为“三留一”类和“三去一”类。

#2#012年11月18日托福口语真题解析

2012年11月18日托福口语真题解析Task 1Talk about an organization or a club that you would like to join. Explain why you would like to join this organization? Please include reasons and details in your response. Begin your response after the beep.A school organization I would like to join is the orchestra. I have played violin for my high school orchestra for almost four years, and I would like to continue playing for the orchestra in college. I like playing in the orchestra, because I truly enjoy music. I especially like how powerful the music sounds when it is played by more than thirty instruments at once. I also love to perform in front of people. There is something so moving about live music. Most importantly, I would like to join the orchestra at my university, because it is a great way to meet friends. Some of my best friends from high school also play with me in the orchestra. I think the easiest way to meet people who share the same interests with me will be to join the orchestra. (Anna)Task 2Some students prefer to study only once for a long period during the week. Others students prefer to study for a short period several times during a week. Which do you prefer and why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice. Begin your response after the beep.When I study, I prefer to study in short increments many times a week. I find that this method is a more efficient use of my time. I used to study in one long sitting the day before the exam, but I always did poorly on my exams. If I just sit and study for several hours at a time, I have trouble concentrating and easily get distracted. So for every hour of studying, I would probably waste half an hour with distraction. I also find that if I study a little bit every day, I remember things more easily. Instead of cramming a bunch of information into my head in one sitting, I can slowly review the material. In addition, I find studying in short periods several times a week better fits into my schedule. (Anna)Task 3【个人倡议】：一个学生给学校写信给校报建议学校应add a three-day fall break just before midterm in each fall semester。

2017年11月18日托福考试阅读真题最新解析

2017年11月18日托福考试阅读真题最新解析阅读部分考试回忆如下：1. Preventing Overgrowth among Tree Branchesshedding剪枝的意义。

一个是因为有些树枝消耗掉的碳物质比生产的多，另一个原因是有时候气候很干，剪枝减少水的消耗。

词汇题补充：exposed = unprotectedwith no warning = without any indication beforehandcongestion = overcrowding2. Crown of Thorns Starfish and Coral Reefs冠状棘海星，话题重复2011.01.08珊瑚的消失和一种海星的数量猛增有关系，主要说的是导致猛增的原因(环境+人)词汇题补充：outbreak = sudden increaseaccompany = occur along withconverge = come togetherseverity = seriousness原题重现：The crown of thorns starfish, Acanthaster Tlanci, is large, twenty-five to thirty-five centimeters in diameter, and has seven to twenty-one arms that are covered in spines. It feeds primarily on coral and is found from the Indian Ocean to the west coast of Central America, usually at quite low population densities. Since the mid-1950s, population outbreaks at densities four to six times greater than normal have occurred at the same time in places such as Hawaii, Tahiti, Panama, and the Great Barrier Reef. The result has often been the loss of a fifty percent to nearly one hundred percent of the coral cover over large areas.A single Acanthaster can consume five to six square meters of coral polyps per year, and dense populations can destroy up to sixsquare kilometers per year and move on rapidly. Acanthasters show a preference for branching corals, especially Acroporids. After anoutbreak in a particular area, it is common to find that Acroporids have been selectively removed, leaving a mosaic of living and dead corals. In places where Acroporids previously dominated the community devastation can be almost complete, and local areas of reefs have collapsed.Areas of dead coral are usually colonized rapidly by algae and often are later colonized by sponges and soft corals. Increases in abundance of plant-eating fish and decreases in abundance of coral-feeding fish accompany these changes. Coral larvae settle among the algae and eventually establish flourishing coral colonies. In ten to fifteen years the reefs often return to about the same percentage of coral cover as before. Development of a four-species diversity takes about twenty years.Two schools of thought exist concerning the cause of these outbreaks. One group holds that they are natural phenomena that have occurred many times in the past, citing old men's recollections of earlier outbreaks and evidence from traditional cultures. The other group maintains that recent human activities ranging from physical coral destruction through pollution to predator removal have triggered these events.One theory, the adult aggregation hypothesis, maintains that most species is more abundant than we realize when a storm destroys coral and causes a food shortage. The adult Acanthasters converge on remaining portions of healthy coral and feed hungrily. Certainly there have been outbreaks of Acanthaster following large storms, but there is little evidence that the storms have caused the enough reef damage to create a food shortage for these starfish.Two other hypotheses attempt to explain the increased abundance of Acanthaster after episodes of high terrestrial runoff following storms. The first hypothesis is that low salinity and high temperatures favor the survival of the starfish larvae. The second hypothesis emphasizes the food web aspect, suggesting that strong fresh water runoff brings additional nutrients to the coastal waters, stimulating phytoplankton production and promoting more rapid development and better survival of the starfish larvae.Those favoring anthropogenic (human influenced) causes have pointed to the large proportion of outbreaks that have been nearcenters of human populations. It has been suggested that coral polyps are the main predators of the starfish larvae. Destruction of coral byblasting and other bad land use practices would reduce predation on the starfish larvae and cause a feedback in which increases in Acanthaster populations cause still further coral destruction. Unfortunately, there are too few documented instances of physical destruction of coral being followed by outbreaks of Acanthaster for these hypotheses to be fully supported.Another group of hypothesis focuses on removal of Acanthaster's predators. Some have suggested that the predators might have been killed off by pollution whereas others have suggested that the harvesting of vertebrate and invertebrate predators of Acanthaster could have reduced mortality and caused increased abundance of adults. The problem with this group of hypothesis is that it is difficult to understand how reduced predation would lead to sudden increases in Acanthaster numbers in several places at the same time in specific years. It seems probable that there is no single explanation but that there are elements of the truth in several of the hypotheses. That is there are natural processes that have led to outbreaks in the past, but human impact has increased the frequency and severity of the outbreaks.3.Dorset Culture格林兰岛Dorset Culture的起源，首先是由于气候变冷，一部分人迁走了，另一部分留下来的人创立了文明。

2018年11月4日托福机经真题回忆

2018年11月4日托福机经真题回忆托福考试结束之后，很多同学们都在迫不及待的等着看真题回忆。

无忧考网为大家整理了2018年11月4日托福机经真题回忆，希望对还没参加托福考试的同学们有一定的帮助。

【听力】Conversation一个学生去聊跳舞的时候听音乐的事情(求补充~)Lecture细菌的抗药性及解决方法达芬奇发明的一个帮助飞行的装置一个科学的原则和一个化学家的实践lizard蜥蜴逃跑的付候要发出巨大的噪音的原因艺术史：文艺复兴鼎盛时期艺术家和buyers如何下订单【口语】T ask 1学校获得了毕业生的捐助。

你觉得用于建设以下哪三种设施比较好：看比赛的运动场剧院，还可以开音乐会游戏中心T ask2同意不同意it is easier to be an adult than to be a childT ask3大学让艺术生暑假的时候装饰学校楼梯，理由是让学生有地方展示作品，而且是永久的。

听力同意，本来只有一年一次的艺术展有机会展示自己的艺术作品，这样一来可以让更多人看到，而且是永久的;大学把这个装饰的事情放在暑假很好，因为放假的时候，没有人打扰。

T ask4pseudoscience伪科学。

商家在广告中用貌似真实的实验说明他们产品有什么样的功能，让产品更吸引人。

举例是一个游戏公司说玩他们的游戏可以更intelligent，但心理学家说这个广告采用的研究基础都没有说服力。

T ask5女生的工作时间与读书俱乐部的讨论时间相冲突，解决方法：1.工作完大概晚上10点再去俱乐部与其他人讨论;2.不去俱乐部，自己读书，然后发邮件给大家【阅读】考古的遗失变色的水母早先农业社会的性别差异美国文学章鱼green crab青蟹中国钱币发展画廊/博物馆灯光控制Attempts at determining earth's age 确定地球年龄的尝试讲地球板块怎么分开的北美人的动物驯化heavy plow重型犁，有很多插图始祖鸟清洁剂的发展落叶林和针叶林的比较英国对美洲的殖民统治与美国经济【写作】独立写作现在人们对跟上时代的技术发展有困惑，政府spend money on trainingcourses给25岁以上的adult，是否effective。

2018年11月托福真题回忆及解析

2018年11月托福真题回忆及解析不积跬步，无以至千里；不积小流，无以成江海。

对于托福考试而言，每天进步一点点，基础扎实一点点，通过考试就会更容易一点点。

无忧考网搜集整理了2018年11月托福真题回忆及解析，希望对大家有所帮助。

2018年11月举行了6场考试，时间分别是11月4日、11月10日、11月11日、11月17日、11月24日、11月25日。

以下内容仅供参考。

11月4日托福口语真题回忆：Task 1大学从毕业校友获得一笔钱，应该用于哪个活动：1、screen movie2、outdoor music concert3、video gamesTask 2Do you agree that it is easier to be an adult than a child?Task 3变化：murals show on the wall of the stairs , an opportunity for artstudents to display their works。

1、地方很好，因为过往人多，有更多人能欣赏他们的作品；2、时间很好，那个时候没什么课，人少，交通不拥挤。

男生：支持理由 1：地方很好，因为过往人多，有更多人能欣赏他们的作品；理由 2：、时间很好，那个时候没什么课，人少，交通不拥挤。

Task 4术语：pseudoscience 伪科学解释：一些公司利用伪科学来给产品打广告，用一些看似科学的外表欺骗消费者，让他们相信这些产品对他们很有用。

听力里面教授举例说电子产品公司请一些所谓的专家来设计游戏，用一些小研究来证明产品有用，所以消费者相信这些游戏能帮助他们变聪明，思考更快，就会花钱买。

但是心理学家证明这种东西没有有力的证据，这些研究不可靠。

Task 5问题：时间冲突了，约好了周三去跟朋友讨论葡萄牙语的一本书，同时健身馆的工作因为一个员工辞职了，调整了她的上班时间，周三有班。

解决方法 1：下班后晚上 11 点再去更朋友汇合。

11月08日_大陆托福机经回忆

2009年11月08日大陆托福机经回忆第一部分、阅读：第1篇、关于fungi和plant的根部的共生关系。

（1）10分钟14道题目。

内容，真菌与植物共生的关系。

想说历史上的误区－认为真菌都是有害的，原因是案例都是针对危害植物的。

德国植物学家，某某教授（我只能屏记忆，因为没有带稿纸回来），因为黑块菌的经济价值（luctive，考点），应德国政府的研究在针对德国黑块菌的研究实时发现——真菌与橡树的根系均有供盈关系。

真菌分解某些植物掺杂而得到养分、矿物质，其中一部分分给植物所用；另一方面职务的光合作用的部分养分转给真菌。

同时这些关系在针叶树中也发现——在贫瘠的地方尤为重要，因为真菌可以吸收更广泛的矿物质有益于共生关系的植物（考点），所以共生关系是有益的——补充相关生物知识的不足。

第2篇、关于古希腊的马的雕塑的发展演变，有个单词sleek .会问什么意思雕像：1200BC－900BC的地中海地区雕像主题是马，一般是宗教所用（考点）。

但是雕像较小且用陶瓷做成，后在800BC以后用铜为主。

期间早期造型与陶瓷阶段类似，简单，只是茎部能辨出是马！（考点），随着时间推移，工艺进化（考点）。

其用途在罗马期间因为马不是经济动物（牛），主要用途是运输、和战争（考点）。

作为宗教图腾马主要表明马主人借着马的宗教意义在战争中的获得保佑（考点）。

第3篇、关于恐龙和鸟的相似形比较。

恐龙和鸟在很多方面相似，第一有羽毛恐龙化石发现，第恐龙下蛋，并且会孵化。

恐龙的体积增加迅速，这个只见于温血动物，类似于鸟。

有一种恐龙以前人们以为它偷蛋，但是后来发现其实它不过是在像鸟一样孵化蛋。

加试1、苏美尔文化加试2、达尔文进化论第二部分、听力：第1篇、一个男的到教授那里问一个television research的事情。

这个学生想参加，但是时间都冲突了。

最后教授说她认识那男生工作地方 Fox diner的老板，她会打电话给那个老板让他通融一下。

第2篇、 human brain functionpsychology, about your dream, music dream, elements, brain function work第3篇、生物：植物的花与气候和广造光的关系。

2019年11月18日托福口语机经真题回忆

2019年11月18日托福口语机经真题回忆
口语
Task1：你会选以下哪个活动：
1：用电脑协助别人找书
2：给小朋友读书
3：把书在书架上摆好整理
Task2：学校要把大的lecture录下来放在学校的网站上是否同意
Task3：学校要取消jazz的合唱团因为参与度很低，而且学校会安排其他的合唱团供学生参加女生不同意。

1：她觉得人太少的原因是排课时间太密了一周三次，如果减少次数的话人就会来了
2：其他的合唱团是classical女生不喜欢很多学生也不喜欢
Task4：人类的需求对于植物数量的影响，比如一种有毒的植物亚分类，animal domestication 比较稀少的，动物和人们会domestic 教授用omens (不会拼)来举看最初omens的seeds有毒后面就没毒了，人类和动物不需要不喜欢它们就没有被破坏很多;动物觉得挺好吃的人也觉得挺好吃的人就开始种了，并且防止动物吃后面omen的数量开始thrive了
Task5：女生踢足球弄伤了 foot不巧的是他的房子电梯不能用只能走楼梯方案1：回家能够吃爸妈做的饭了但是离学校特别远他每天要好早出门很晚回去方案2：住在 rebeca的家里在学校里上课很方便，但是是个单身公寓特别小
Task6：打折对商家的drawbacks
1：花好多钱并且不能吸引重复的顾客，是在一个餐厅人们第一次会去享受折扣但是有些人住的很远他们就不会再来了
2：不能一次handle大量的顾客还是餐厅的例子，服务员很少人们要等很久会不开心，然后会给他们的朋友说就不来了。

11.8号托福阅读真题答案解析

11.8号托福阅读真题答案解析本文关于20XX年11月18日阅读真题回忆，有利于考生备考。

让我们回忆一下最近考试的内容：环境类，类，词汇题等，请考生们要认真的阅读哦，来学识网会给你不一样的精彩内容，学识网会在考试后第一时间更新。

11.8号托福解析阅读部分考试回忆如下：1. Preventing Overgrowth among Tree Branchesshedding剪枝的意义。

一个是因为有些树枝消耗掉的碳物质比生产的多，另一个原因是有时候气候很干，剪枝减少水的消耗。

词汇题补充：exposed = unprotectedwith no warning = without any indication beforehandcongestion = overcrowding2. Crown of Thorns Starfish and Coral Reefs冠状棘海星，话题重复20XX.01.08珊瑚的消失和一种海星的数量猛增有关系，主要说的是导致猛增的原因(环境+人)词汇题补充：outbreak = sudden increaseaccompany = occur along withconverge = come togetherseverity = seriousness原题重现：The crown of thorns starfish, Acanthaster Tlanci, is large, twenty-five to thirty-five centimeters in diameter, and has seven to twenty-one arms that are covered in spines. It feeds primarily on coral and is found from the Indian Ocean to the west coast of Central America, usually at quite low population densities. Since the mid-1950s, population outbreaks at densitiesfour to six times greater than normal have occurred at the same time in places such as Hawaii, Tahiti, Panama, and the Great Barrier Reef. The result has often been the loss of a fifty percent to nearly one hundred percent of the coral cover over large areas.A single Acanthaster can consume five to six square meters of coral polyps per year, and dense populations can destroy up to six square kilometers per year and move on rapidly. Acanthasters show a preference for branching corals, especially Acroporids. After an outbreak in a particular area, it is common to find that Acroporids have been selectively removed, leaving a mosaic of living and dead corals. In places where Acroporids previously dominated the community devastation can be almost complete, and local areas of reefs have collapsed.Areas of dead coral are usually colonized rapidly by algae and often are later colonized by sponges and soft corals. Increases in abundance of plant-eating fish and decreases in abundance of coral-feeding fish accompany these changes. Coral larvae settle among the algae and eventually establish flourishing coral colonies. In ten to fifteen years the reefs often return to about the same percentage of coral cover as before. Development of a four-species diversity takes about twenty years.Two schools of thought exist concerning the cause of these outbreaks. One group holds that they are natural phenomena that have occurred many times in the past, citing old men's recollections of earlier outbreaks and evidence from traditional cultures. The other group maintains that recent human activities ranging from physical coral destruction through pollution to predator removal have triggered these events.One theory, the adult aggregation hypothesis, maintains that most species is more abundant than we realize when a storm destroys coral and causes a food shortage. The adult Acanthasters converge on remaining portions of healthy coral and feed hungrily. Certainly there have been outbreaks of Acanthaster following large storms, but there is little evidence that the storms have caused the enough reef damage to create a food shortage for these starfish.Two other hypotheses attempt to explain the increased abundance of Acanthaster after episodes of high terrestrial runoff following storms. The first hypothesis is that low salinity and high temperatures favor the survival of the starfish larvae. The second hypothesis emphasizes thefood web aspect, suggesting that strong fresh water runoff brings additional nutrients to the coastal waters, stimulating phytoplankton production and promoting more rapid development and better survival of the starfish larvae.Those favoring anthropogenic (human influenced) causes have pointed to the large proportion of outbreaks that have been near centers of human populations. It has been suggested that coral polyps are the main predators of the starfish larvae. Destruction of coral by blasting and other bad land use practices would reduce predation on the starfish larvae and cause a feedback in which increases in Acanthaster populations cause still further coral destruction. Unfortunately, there are too few documented instances of physical destruction of coral being followed by outbreaks of Acanthaster for these hypotheses to be fully supported.Another group of hypothesis focuses on removal of Acanthaster's predators. Some have suggested that the predators might have been killed off by pollution whereas others have suggested that the harvesting of vertebrate and invertebrate predators of Acanthaster could have reduced mortality and caused increased abundance of adults. The problem with this group of hypothesis is that it is difficult to understand how reduced predation would lead to sudden increases in Acanthaster numbers in several places at the same time in specific years. It seems probable that there is no single explanation but that there are elements of the truth in several of the hypotheses. That is there are natural processes that have led to outbreaks in the past, but human impact has increased the frequency and severity of the outbreaks.3.Dorset Culture格林兰岛Dorset Culture的起源，首先是由于气候变冷，一部分人迁走了，另一部分留下来的人创立了文明。

2017年11月18日托福考试写作真题最新解析

2017年11月18日托福考试写作真题最新解析独立写作：题目：The government can take a variety of actions to help protect the environment. Which one of the following do you think is the most important for the nation's government to take to protect the environment.1. Fund the research to develop environmentally friendly energy sources such as solar and wind energy.2. Preserve the natural places like forests and protect the animals that live there.3. Enforce laws to prevent the pollution of air and water by large companies.题目分析：三选一题目，以及环境类开始转为复习重点。

这篇TOEFL独立写作为2016年6月25日考题。

范文语料：Intro：Demo openingHuman activities have been jeopardizing most animals’ lives and have accelerated the rate at which natural environment exacerbates. Thus, governments and environmentalists have been working on the front line to protect the fragile planet where we live by listing a few options for us citizens to take, such as exploiting solar energy, establishing natural resources conservation and enforcing laws to prevent air and water pollution by large companies, of all three possible solutions, I believe national governments should invest financial support in developing new energy sources..论点1：首先，投入资金 in discovering new energy 可以 radically 解决various environmental problems. As is common sense,日益恶化的deteriorating环境 environment 是由于化石燃料的过度的开采overexploitation of fossil fuels。

2010年11月27日雅思写作机经回忆

以下是2010年11⽉27⽇雅思写作回忆，希望对⼤家有所帮助，，祝所有考⽣考试顺利，顺利出国！ Task1-Bar charts Children aged 5-14 who took part in organised cultural and sport activities, dividing into 2 groups (boys and girls) Task2 回忆⼀：More and more centre-town stores are replaced by out-of-town big stores. As a result, more and more people have to by cars in order to get to those 'far away’ stores. Do you think the disadvantages of this development outweigh the advantages? 回忆⼆：In some countries, small town-centre shops are out of business because people are driving to large out-of-town stores. As a result, people without cars have limit access to shops, so more and more people buy cars. Do you think the disadvantages of this development outweigh the advantages? 回忆三： In some countries, the small town-centre stores are removed out of town. However, some people think this limit the people access to it, and may result to increase the use of car. What do you think the disadvantage of this development outweigh the advantage? 以上⽂章来⾃颜炜⽼师，祝⼤家考试顺利！。