秘书论文-外文文献翻译一

秘书文秘相关外文翻译(节选)

中文3000字，1650单词，9500英文字符出处：Institute of Research, Development and Commercialization, UniversitiTeknologi MARA 原文THE DIFFERENCES IN THE SECRETARIAL JOB FUNCTIONS AND COMPETENCIESBETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIV ATE SECTORN Zulkifli，R Hj. Ehsan，Z Abdul RahmanAbstractThis study was conducted to identify the differences of the secretarial job functions and competencies between public and private sectors in Malaysia. Additionally, from the results obtained, the needed changes to improve the implementations of public sector service and productivity are also examined and suggested for improvement. The scope of the study was the secretarial staffs in the public and private sector employed in Ipoh, Kinta Valley, Perak. The secretarial staffs' position in the public sector is under the title Administrative Assistant (Secretarial). A set of questionnaires consisted of close-ended questions were used to gather the needed information. The main instruments used for this study is the questionnaire. The questionnaires were tested for face and content validity. The questionnaires were personally distributed to all the respondents in the public and private sectors in Ipoh, Perak and specific time was given for them to answer the questionnaires. From the results obtained via questionnaires, the finding shows that there are significant differences in the job functions and job competencies aspects between the public sector and private sector. Most of the respondents agreed regarding the essentiality of the job qualification which consists of skills, knowledge and abilities (SKA's) to perform the job functions. It was also found that several aspects such as the secretarial job governance are discussed and emphasized. Finally, the discussion retrieved from the data analysis suggested several recommendations includes the perspective of change to the public sector from the relevant and revised entry level requirements, salary scheme restructuring, career advancement opportunities and the systems to improve and organized the secretarial job functions within the public sector organizations based on the successful story and criteria implemented by the private sector organizations.Background of the StudyWith the advent of office technologies in recent years, the secretarial job functions have widely expanded and showing increase responsibility not only to their job functions and competencies, hence also to their organizational commitment. A lot of articles today elucidate the essentiality of how the title "secretary" has expanded and growing; from the normal office assistant or managers assistant to the office manager and become one of the most important person in the organization.Hellerstein (1995) noted that secretaries working in pools support one or more departments and office technologies act as a bridge to mid-management jobs. Furthermore, their salaries and career opportunities now compete with other executive level positions. It clearly defined that secretarial functions were growing rapidly and encountered enormous changes. Unfortunately, the emergence of changes frequently occurred mostly in the private sectors which enable managers and professionals to operate more independently and the technology redefined the secretary's roles and career path.Enormous comparison can identified with regards to the practices and implementation of the secretarial position between the Malaysia public sectors (i.e. Government Agency) and the privatesectors. The private sectors offered the secretarial staffs with interesting salary schemes and opportunities due to the emerging variety of secretarial functions and tasks involving the office and organizations. Secretarial duties were not only limited to the basic traditional functions such as dictating and typing only, but they also performed managerial functions such as planning, organizing, directing and controlling in assisting the management. However, the Malaysian public sectors still overlook the evolution to these secretarial job functions.The Malaysian public sectors classified the secretarial post as a clerical service with minimum job descriptions which can lead to unprofessional workforce. The entry requirements necessitate for this job is only SPM holder with minimum qualification. In fact the Shorthand/Trengkas speed tests are still the qualifying tests for acceptance into the public sectors. With reference to the .my, the secretarial position still undertaken by the public sectors is Administration Assistant (Secretarial) with low salary scheme. The job specification enlisted dictation, typing and handling records as their main tasks.Statement of the ProblemThe evolution of the secretarial job functions was expanded and they will no longer single-tasking involving secretaries in the organization. The private sector demanded secretaries or executives to function proactively, while the public sector still seeks and used the service of typical secretarial functions. Recently, the demand of labor that is capable of handling, synthesizing and creating new knowledge was increased, while the space for traditional manual work is replaced by automation and mechanization (Pyoria, 2005).The secretarial duties were performed very differently in public and private sectors.The secretarial functions in the public sector were quite insignificant although Aziz Husain (2002)stated the importance of secretaries in the public sector to be professional in their career for the betterment of the organizations and departments. Yet, it is still unaccomplished. In the world towards global agenda and IT concentration, the organizations needed to embrace themselves with a multitalented and knowledgeable workforce, especially in the secretarial position.This study attempted to compare the secretarial job functions and competencies between public and private sectors and to determine whether there is a need for change in the secretarial job functions and competencies in the public sector.Research ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to make a comparison of the secretarial job functions and competencies between public and private sectors in Kinta Valley, Perak and to determine whether changes are needed in the secretarial job functions and competencies in the public sector.The specific objectives were to:1. determine the issues regarding the secretarial job functions in the public and private sectors;2. determine the levels of secretarial competencies required by the public and private sectors;3. identify the levels of secretarial job governance applied by the public and private sector;4. examine the differences in the secretarial job functions between public and private sectors;5. examine the differences in the secretarial competencies between public and privatesectors.Research Questions1. What are the secretarial entry requirements that appear to be relevant in meeting the jobfunctions required by the public and private sectors?2. What are the levels of secretarial job functions among public and private sectors?3. What are the levels of secretarial competencies required by the public and private sectors?4. What are the levels of secretarial job governance applied by the public and private sectors?5. Are there any differences in the secretarial job functions between public and private sectors?6. Are there any differences in the secretarial qualifications between public and privatesectors?Definition of Secretarial Job Functions and CompetenciesSecretarial job functions were defined as the list of tasks to perform the responsible and administrative duties for the supervisors. The secretary and administrative assistant also provide high level of administrative support for an office in the organizations. According to Raja Munirah (2001), the roles of administrative support personnel such as secretaries and administrative assistant have changed significantly recently due to the corporate downsizing, economy politics, workplace diversity and technology. The secretarial job functions have become wider, which several conventional job duties such as dictation and transcription have already diminished. The staffs were encouraged to participate in multiple tasks to reinforce their professionalism and skills. The title "secretary" also is slowly diminished and rise to more standard and high level position in the organization.Meanwhile, secretarial competencies referred to the listed requirements and qualifications that embodied the knowledge, skills and ability performing the secretarial jobs. (NCSC, 2008). The ability to acquire appropriate knowledge, skills and abilities in order to do the jobs has become essential necessity to enhance jobs effectiveness in recent era. However, in Malaysia there were differences in delivering and applying the information regarding job functions and also competencies between public and private sectors. It appeared that the public sectors are having very limited descriptions and demands regarding the functions and requirements of secretarial and administrative functions.It was very contrast with the public sectors in western organizations, whereby they have a very detailed explanation and it was published for public reference. According to Razali Mat Zin (1997) the Malaysian Public Sectors must not only discharge its responsibilities with excellence, but must continue to increase its capabilities to function effectively.FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONSRate of Survey ReturnQuestionnaires were personally distributed to 135 respondents. 65 were the Administrative Assistant (Secretarial) Grade N17, N22 and N32 meanwhile another 70 were the Secretarial staffs in private sectors engaged in legal businesses in Ipoh, Perak. From this number of questionnaire distributed to the respondents of public sector, 30 questionnaires or 46% were received before the due date while another 10 questionnaires or 15% were received after the first follow up. Meanwhile, for the private sector, 45 questionnaires or 64% were received before the due date while another 15 questionnaires 2 1 % were received after first follow up. The total questionnaires analyzed for the public sector were 40 out of 65 (61.5%) which consists of 20 questionnaires from Grade N17 staff, 8 questionnaires from Grade N22 staff and 12 questionnaires from Grade N32 staff. Furthermore, the total questionnaires analyzed for the private sectors were 60 out of 70 (86.5%) from various secretarial job titles.Descriptive Statistics of the Secretarial Job FunctionsTable 4.11 shows the overall summary of the descriptive statistical analysis for all statements involved in the secretarial job functions in the public and private sector. The analysis involved theuse of the minimum, maximum values, the mean, the median and the standard deviation scores. Based on the 5-point scale used, the findings indicated that the range was between 2.00 to 4.56. The mean score for the job functions was 3.5344 (SD=.97022), which represented that the respondents agreed that the secretarial job functions listed are important. From the respondents' opinion, they agreed to the listings of secretarial job functions given in the questionnaire, and majority of the public and private sectors respondents' awareness regarding the implementations and essentiality of the job functions to their daily work schedule are increased.译文公共部门和私营部门中秘书的工作职能和能力方面的差异作者：Zulkifli N, Abdul Rahman Z.摘要本研究旨在识别马来西亚的公共和私营部门中秘书的工作职能和能力之间的差异。

外文文献及翻译

外文文献及翻译1. 文献："The Effects of Exercise on Mental Health"翻译：运动对心理健康的影响Abstract: This article explores the effects of exercise on mental health. The author discusses various studies that have been conducted on this topic, and presents evidence to support the claim that exercise can have positive impacts on mental well-being. The article also examines the mechanisms through which exercise affects mental health, such as the release of endorphins and the reduction of stress hormones. Overall, the author concludes that exercise is an effective strategy for improving mental health and recommends incorporating physical activity into daily routines.摘要：本文探讨了运动对心理健康的影响。

作者讨论了在这个主题上进行的各种研究，并提出证据支持运动对心理健康有积极影响的观点。

该文章还探讨了运动如何影响心理健康的机制，如内啡肽的释放和压力激素的减少。

总的来说，作者得出结论，运动是改善心理健康的有效策略，并建议将体育活动纳入日常生活。

2. 文献： "The Benefits of Bilingualism"翻译：双语能力的好处Abstract: This paper examines the benefits of bilingualism. The author presents research findings that demonstrate the cognitiveadvantages of being bilingual, such as enhanced problem-solving skills and improved attention control. The article also explores the social and cultural benefits of bilingualism, such as increased cultural awareness and the ability to communicate with people from different backgrounds. Additionally, the author discusses the positive effects of bilingualism on mental health, highlighting its role in delaying the onset of cognitive decline and in providing a buffer against age-related memory loss. Overall, the author concludes that bilingualism offers a range of advantages and recommends promoting bilingual education and language learning. 摘要：本文研究了双语能力的好处。

外文文献翻译译稿

外文文献翻译译稿1可用性和期望值来自Willliam S.Green, Patrick W.Jordan.产品的愉悦：超越可用性根据人机工程学会（HFES）的观点，人机工程学着眼于“发现和共享可用于各种系统和设备设计的、关于人的特点的知识”。

人们通常只是把它作为生物力学和人体测量所关注的内容，实际上它是从更广泛的意义上的一种对人（产品用户）的全面和综合的理解。

HFES从二战中有军方从事的系统分析中发展而来。

其中的三种主要研究的是人体测量、复杂信息的解释和管理，以及在部队和装备调配中应用的系统分析。

系统分析在尺度和复杂性方面跨度很大，大的系统分析有类似于诺曼底登陆准备的大型系统规划，小到去理解如何从合理性和规模的角度才最佳的布置和装备人员。

诺曼底登陆是20世纪最复杂的事件之一。

他要求建立一个在战斗开始之前还不确定的庞大的人员和物资的合理分配系统。

在更小的规模上，装备和军事人物的布置意味着如何去组织、训练和安排战士，最大限度的发挥他们的长处。

士兵必须迅速地接受训练，并且能够有效地使用和维护在二战中发展起来的一系列技术装备。

其中，对于飞行员、潜艇人员和坦克驾驶员有神采的限制。

复杂的新装备的开发要求找到最好的税收、密码便医院、破译人员、雷达和声纳操作员、轰炸机驾驶员和机组人员。

在战后，随着公司及其产品在尺度、领域和复杂性方面的增长，很多系统分析人员在商用领域找到了发展机会。

尽管是战后的发展才导致了1957年人机工程协会（HFES）的建立，但人机研究的起源可以追溯到大批量生产方式的成型阶段，是当时提高生产效率的要求。

随着工作方式从手工生产和农业生产中的转移，新的工厂工作的概念逐步发展起来。

福特的流水生产线和泰勒的效率理论开始对生产的规划和教育产生影响。

即使在家庭生活中，妇女们也开始接受了现代家庭管理理论，并运用这些理论来组织和规划家庭。

在20世纪末，一种涵盖面更广的人机工程正在发展之中。

新的人机工程学是为了适应已经被广泛意识到的对用户行为模式更深入的需求而诞生的，它开始应用定型研究方法，并探索人的情感和认知因素。

秘书文秘相关外文翻译(节选)

中文3000字，1650单词，9500英文字符出处：Institute of Research, Development and Commercialization, UniversitiTeknologi MARA 原文THE DIFFERENCES IN THE SECRETARIAL JOB FUNCTIONS AND COMPETENCIESBETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIV ATE SECTORN Zulkifli，R Hj. Ehsan，Z Abdul RahmanAbstractThis study was conducted to identify the differences of the secretarial job functions and competencies between public and private sectors in Malaysia. Additionally, from the results obtained, the needed changes to improve the implementations of public sector service and productivity are also examined and suggested for improvement. The scope of the study was the secretarial staffs in the public and private sector employed in Ipoh, Kinta Valley, Perak. The secretarial staffs' position in the public sector is under the title Administrative Assistant (Secretarial). A set of questionnaires consisted of close-ended questions were used to gather the needed information. The main instruments used for this study is the questionnaire. The questionnaires were tested for face and content validity. The questionnaires were personally distributed to all the respondents in the public and private sectors in Ipoh, Perak and specific time was given for them to answer the questionnaires. From the results obtained via questionnaires, the finding shows that there are significant differences in the job functions and job competencies aspects between the public sector and private sector. Most of the respondents agreed regarding the essentiality of the job qualification which consists of skills, knowledge and abilities (SKA's) to perform the job functions. It was also found that several aspects such as the secretarial job governance are discussed and emphasized. Finally, the discussion retrieved from the data analysis suggested several recommendations includes the perspective of change to the public sector from the relevant and revised entry level requirements, salary scheme restructuring, career advancement opportunities and the systems to improve and organized the secretarial job functions within the public sector organizations based on the successful story and criteria implemented by the private sector organizations.Background of the StudyWith the advent of office technologies in recent years, the secretarial job functions have widely expanded and showing increase responsibility not only to their job functions and competencies, hence also to their organizational commitment. A lot of articles today elucidate the essentiality of how the title "secretary" has expanded and growing; from the normal office assistant or managers assistant to the office manager and become one of the most important person in the organization.Hellerstein (1995) noted that secretaries working in pools support one or more departments and office technologies act as a bridge to mid-management jobs. Furthermore, their salaries and career opportunities now compete with other executive level positions. It clearly defined that secretarial functions were growing rapidly and encountered enormous changes. Unfortunately, the emergence of changes frequently occurred mostly in the private sectors which enable managers and professionals to operate more independently and the technology redefined the secretary's roles and career path.Enormous comparison can identified with regards to the practices and implementation of the secretarial position between the Malaysia public sectors (i.e. Government Agency) and the privatesectors. The private sectors offered the secretarial staffs with interesting salary schemes and opportunities due to the emerging variety of secretarial functions and tasks involving the office and organizations. Secretarial duties were not only limited to the basic traditional functions such as dictating and typing only, but they also performed managerial functions such as planning, organizing, directing and controlling in assisting the management. However, the Malaysian public sectors still overlook the evolution to these secretarial job functions.The Malaysian public sectors classified the secretarial post as a clerical service with minimum job descriptions which can lead to unprofessional workforce. The entry requirements necessitate for this job is only SPM holder with minimum qualification. In fact the Shorthand/Trengkas speed tests are still the qualifying tests for acceptance into the public sectors. With reference to the .my, the secretarial position still undertaken by the public sectors is Administration Assistant (Secretarial) with low salary scheme. The job specification enlisted dictation, typing and handling records as their main tasks.Statement of the ProblemThe evolution of the secretarial job functions was expanded and they will no longer single-tasking involving secretaries in the organization. The private sector demanded secretaries or executives to function proactively, while the public sector still seeks and used the service of typical secretarial functions. Recently, the demand of labor that is capable of handling, synthesizing and creating new knowledge was increased, while the space for traditional manual work is replaced by automation and mechanization (Pyoria, 2005).The secretarial duties were performed very differently in public and private sectors.The secretarial functions in the public sector were quite insignificant although Aziz Husain (2002)stated the importance of secretaries in the public sector to be professional in their career for the betterment of the organizations and departments. Yet, it is still unaccomplished. In the world towards global agenda and IT concentration, the organizations needed to embrace themselves with a multitalented and knowledgeable workforce, especially in the secretarial position.This study attempted to compare the secretarial job functions and competencies between public and private sectors and to determine whether there is a need for change in the secretarial job functions and competencies in the public sector.Research ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to make a comparison of the secretarial job functions and competencies between public and private sectors in Kinta Valley, Perak and to determine whether changes are needed in the secretarial job functions and competencies in the public sector.The specific objectives were to:1. determine the issues regarding the secretarial job functions in the public and private sectors;2. determine the levels of secretarial competencies required by the public and private sectors;3. identify the levels of secretarial job governance applied by the public and private sector;4. examine the differences in the secretarial job functions between public and private sectors;5. examine the differences in the secretarial competencies between public and privatesectors.Research Questions1. What are the secretarial entry requirements that appear to be relevant in meeting the jobfunctions required by the public and private sectors?2. What are the levels of secretarial job functions among public and private sectors?3. What are the levels of secretarial competencies required by the public and private sectors?4. What are the levels of secretarial job governance applied by the public and private sectors?5. Are there any differences in the secretarial job functions between public and private sectors?6. Are there any differences in the secretarial qualifications between public and privatesectors?Definition of Secretarial Job Functions and CompetenciesSecretarial job functions were defined as the list of tasks to perform the responsible and administrative duties for the supervisors. The secretary and administrative assistant also provide high level of administrative support for an office in the organizations. According to Raja Munirah (2001), the roles of administrative support personnel such as secretaries and administrative assistant have changed significantly recently due to the corporate downsizing, economy politics, workplace diversity and technology. The secretarial job functions have become wider, which several conventional job duties such as dictation and transcription have already diminished. The staffs were encouraged to participate in multiple tasks to reinforce their professionalism and skills. The title "secretary" also is slowly diminished and rise to more standard and high level position in the organization.Meanwhile, secretarial competencies referred to the listed requirements and qualifications that embodied the knowledge, skills and ability performing the secretarial jobs. (NCSC, 2008). The ability to acquire appropriate knowledge, skills and abilities in order to do the jobs has become essential necessity to enhance jobs effectiveness in recent era. However, in Malaysia there were differences in delivering and applying the information regarding job functions and also competencies between public and private sectors. It appeared that the public sectors are having very limited descriptions and demands regarding the functions and requirements of secretarial and administrative functions.It was very contrast with the public sectors in western organizations, whereby they have a very detailed explanation and it was published for public reference. According to Razali Mat Zin (1997) the Malaysian Public Sectors must not only discharge its responsibilities with excellence, but must continue to increase its capabilities to function effectively.FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONSRate of Survey ReturnQuestionnaires were personally distributed to 135 respondents. 65 were the Administrative Assistant (Secretarial) Grade N17, N22 and N32 meanwhile another 70 were the Secretarial staffs in private sectors engaged in legal businesses in Ipoh, Perak. From this number of questionnaire distributed to the respondents of public sector, 30 questionnaires or 46% were received before the due date while another 10 questionnaires or 15% were received after the first follow up. Meanwhile, for the private sector, 45 questionnaires or 64% were received before the due date while another 15 questionnaires 2 1 % were received after first follow up. The total questionnaires analyzed for the public sector were 40 out of 65 (61.5%) which consists of 20 questionnaires from Grade N17 staff, 8 questionnaires from Grade N22 staff and 12 questionnaires from Grade N32 staff. Furthermore, the total questionnaires analyzed for the private sectors were 60 out of 70 (86.5%) from various secretarial job titles.Descriptive Statistics of the Secretarial Job FunctionsTable 4.11 shows the overall summary of the descriptive statistical analysis for all statements involved in the secretarial job functions in the public and private sector. The analysis involved theuse of the minimum, maximum values, the mean, the median and the standard deviation scores. Based on the 5-point scale used, the findings indicated that the range was between 2.00 to 4.56. The mean score for the job functions was 3.5344 (SD=.97022), which represented that the respondents agreed that the secretarial job functions listed are important. From the respondents' opinion, they agreed to the listings of secretarial job functions given in the questionnaire, and majority of the public and private sectors respondents' awareness regarding the implementations and essentiality of the job functions to their daily work schedule are increased.译文公共部门和私营部门中秘书的工作职能和能力方面的差异作者：Zulkifli N, Abdul Rahman Z.摘要本研究旨在识别马来西亚的公共和私营部门中秘书的工作职能和能力之间的差异。

外文文献翻译译稿和原文【范本模板】

外文文献翻译译稿1卡尔曼滤波的一个典型实例是从一组有限的，包含噪声的，通过对物体位置的观察序列(可能有偏差）预测出物体的位置的坐标及速度。

在很多工程应用（如雷达、计算机视觉）中都可以找到它的身影。

同时，卡尔曼滤波也是控制理论以及控制系统工程中的一个重要课题。

例如，对于雷达来说，人们感兴趣的是其能够跟踪目标.但目标的位置、速度、加速度的测量值往往在任何时候都有噪声。

卡尔曼滤波利用目标的动态信息，设法去掉噪声的影响，得到一个关于目标位置的好的估计.这个估计可以是对当前目标位置的估计(滤波),也可以是对于将来位置的估计（预测），也可以是对过去位置的估计（插值或平滑).命名[编辑]这种滤波方法以它的发明者鲁道夫。

E。

卡尔曼(Rudolph E. Kalman）命名，但是根据文献可知实际上Peter Swerling在更早之前就提出了一种类似的算法。

斯坦利。

施密特（Stanley Schmidt)首次实现了卡尔曼滤波器。

卡尔曼在NASA埃姆斯研究中心访问时,发现他的方法对于解决阿波罗计划的轨道预测很有用，后来阿波罗飞船的导航电脑便使用了这种滤波器。

关于这种滤波器的论文由Swerling（1958）、Kalman (1960)与Kalman and Bucy（1961）发表。

目前,卡尔曼滤波已经有很多不同的实现.卡尔曼最初提出的形式现在一般称为简单卡尔曼滤波器。

除此以外，还有施密特扩展滤波器、信息滤波器以及很多Bierman, Thornton开发的平方根滤波器的变种.也许最常见的卡尔曼滤波器是锁相环，它在收音机、计算机和几乎任何视频或通讯设备中广泛存在。

以下的讨论需要线性代数以及概率论的一般知识。

卡尔曼滤波建立在线性代数和隐马尔可夫模型(hidden Markov model）上.其基本动态系统可以用一个马尔可夫链表示，该马尔可夫链建立在一个被高斯噪声（即正态分布的噪声）干扰的线性算子上的。

系统的状态可以用一个元素为实数的向量表示.随着离散时间的每一个增加，这个线性算子就会作用在当前状态上，产生一个新的状态,并也会带入一些噪声,同时系统的一些已知的控制器的控制信息也会被加入。

关于秘书工作的外文文献

关于秘书工作的外文文献In capacity, the Secretary should have strong research ability and innovation capability. In amarkct cconomy,cntcrpriscs sccrctarial staff should bc bascd on“busincss - the markct”axisconseientiously carry out extensive investigation and research activities.At the same time,as asocialist market economy under the conditions of the Secretary of enterprises，should alsostrengthen the sense of innovation and enhance innovation capabilities. Not only must have thecourage to facc new compctition conccpts, daring a realistic idea, put forward ahcad of views andenhance the creative thinking, but also have a sensc of commiment to reform, and actively refornand innovalion, the courage to explore and promole the development of enterprises.ln addition，the Secretary should also strengthen the quality of mental training. Increasingcompetition in modern society，business Worse still，Secretary of the psychological need toenhancc thc quality even morc.Huaqiang Group Director Dr. Hu Jun talking about: the futurc ofthe secretarial staf,with a primary law，one hand holding a psychology.Clearly，goodpsychological quality and debug capability is necessary to have the secretary.In short,the secretary of the 21st century to staff the courage to accept this challenge，andcomprehensively enhance service awareness, the ability to work for the development ofentcrpriscs have madeoutstanding contributions.在能力方面,秘书要有较强的调查研究能力和创新能力。

英文论文(外文文献)翻译成中文的格式与方法

英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文关键词：外文，英文，中文，翻译成，文献英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文简介：在撰写毕业设计（论文）或科研论文时，需要参考一些相关外文文献，了解国外的最新研究进展，这就需要我们找到最新最具代表性的外文文献，进行翻译整理，以备论文写作时参考，外文文献中英文文献占绝大多数，因此英文论文准确的翻译成中文就显得尤为重要！一、外文文献从哪里下载1、从知网国际文献总库中找英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文内容：在撰写毕业设计（论文）或科研论文时，需要参考一些相关外文文献，了解国外的最新研究进展，这就需要我们找到最新最具代表性的外文文献，进行翻译整理，以备论文写作时参考，外文文献中英文文献占绝大多数，因此英文论文准确的翻译成中文就显得尤为重要！一、外文文献从哪里下载1、从知网国际文献总库中找，该数据库中包含14,000多家国外出版社的文献，囊括所有专业的英文文献资料。

2、一些免费的外文数据库或网站，为了方便大家查找，编者整理成文档供大家下载：国外免费文献数据库大全下载3、谷歌学术检索工具，检索时设置成只检索英文文献，键入与专业相关的关键词即可检索。

二、英文论文翻译格式与要求翻译的外文文献的字符要求不少于1.5万（或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上）。

字数达到的文献一篇即可。

翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关着作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。

并在每篇中文译文首页用＂脚注＂形式注明原文作者及出处，中文译文后应附外文原文。

需认真研读和查阅术语完成翻译，不得采用翻译软件翻译。

中文译文的编排结构与原文同，撰写格式参照毕业论文的格式要求。

参考文献不必翻译，直接使用原文的（字体，字号，标点符号等与毕业论文中的参考文献要求同），参考文献的序号应标注在译文中相应的地方。

秘书论文-外文文献翻译二

Secretary Of The Modern Practice Of Large And Medium-sized Enterprises AndTheir CharacteristicsFirst, open the event. In the 21st century under the system of market economy, enterprises of all work, we must focus on the market after joining the WTO needs to carry out this axis, corporate secretary and the concept of thinking must be changed according to changes in domestic and foreign markets, with the awareness of market economy Adjust their own behavior. Today’s market economy is competition for the effective functioning of the internal mechanism of survival of the fittest in the competition, to improve efficiency, optimize the allocation of resources. Therefore, the Secretary of enterprises not only need to master in-house production and operation of the various stages of the process and its weak links, but also to their own thinking and actions at the domestic and international market, at any time to participate in foreign economic activities, action to update the way of thinking, grasp market trends, Effective collection of information, do a good job in investigations and studies, leading to timely grasp the market situation to provide the best possible decisions, and assistants to play the best role, leading the ever-changing business ideas and expansion.现代大中型商务秘书实践行为及其特征一是开放性的活动。

论文外文文献翻译流程

论文外文文献翻译流程翻译外文文献是在研究论文撰写过程中非常重要的一步。

下面是一个大致的翻译外文文献的流程：1. 确定翻译的目标和目的。

首先要确定你为什么要翻译这篇文献，是为了理解相关研究领域的最新发现，还是为了引用该文献来支持你的论点。

确立明确的目标可以帮助你更好地理解文献内容并选择合适的翻译方法。

2. 阅读原文。

在开始翻译之前，先通读一遍原文，了解文章的整体内容和结构。

如果你对该领域有一定了解，那么在阅读原文时你可以更好地理解其中的专业术语和概念。

3. 逐句翻译。

在翻译开始之前，先确定翻译的起点。

可以从文章的开头开始逐句翻译，或者从你感兴趣的部分开始翻译。

将原文中的每一句话进行逐字逐句地翻译成中文。

4. 查阅专业词典和研究资料。

在翻译过程中，遇到生词、专业术语或者特殊短语时，可以查阅相关的专业词典、学术论文和翻译资源来帮助你理解和翻译。

5. 确保正确理解作者的意图。

在翻译过程中要尽量保持原文的完整性和准确性，不要对原文的意义进行任意解释或省略。

尽量将作者的论点和观点准确地传递到中文文献中。

6. 做好注释和解释。

在翻译的过程中，有时难免会遇到一些难以理解的地方，这时可以做好注释和解释。

在翻译后的文献中，在原文的附近或者文末加上对该部分内容的注释和解释，以帮助读者更好地理解原文的意义。

7. 校对和润色文献。

在完成初步翻译后，可以进行校对和润色。

检查翻译的准确性、流畅性和连贯性，并进行必要的调整和修改。

还可以请教其他同行或专业人士来帮助你校对和提出建议。

8. 引用文献。

在翻译文献的过程中，注意保留原文的引用和出处信息，避免侵权和误传。

在引用原文时，尽量保持原文的原貌，可以用引号或斜体表示原文。

总之，翻译外文文献是一项需要耐心和细致的工作，需要充分理解原文的意义和目的，并准确地传递到目标语言中。

通过这个流程，希望能够帮助你更好地进行外文文献的翻译工作。

秘书职责外文文献翻译

秘书职责外文文献翻译This XXX。

Perak。

The research was XXX 100 XXX are required to perform a wider range of job XXX compared to those in the public sector。

The study XXX.nThe role of secretaries has evolved over the years from being XXX。

secretaries are employed in both the public and private sectors。

and their job XXX they work for。

This study aims to XXX secretaries in the public and private XXX。

XXX.XXXThe research was XXX 100 XXX。

XXX parts: the first part focused on the job ns of secretaries。

while the second part focused on their XXX data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-tests.ResultsXXX een the public and private XXX are required to perform a wider range of job ns。

such as managing budgets。

preparing reports。

and coordinating events。

compared to those in the public XXX competencies。

secretaries in the XXX of competencies。

毕业设计外文文献翻译【范本模板】

毕业设计（论文)外文资料翻译系别：专业：班级:姓名：学号:外文出处:附件： 1. 原文; 2。

译文2013年03月附件一：A Rapidly Deployable Manipulator SystemChristiaan J。

J。

Paredis, H. Benjamin Brown，Pradeep K. KhoslaAbstract:A rapidly deployable manipulator system combines the flexibility of reconfigurable modular hardware with modular programming tools，allowing the user to rapidly create a manipulator which is custom-tailored for a given task. This article describes two main aspects of such a system，namely，the Reconfigurable Modular Manipulator System （RMMS)hardware and the corresponding control software。

1 IntroductionRobot manipulators can be easily reprogrammed to perform different tasks, yet the range of tasks that can be performed by a manipulator is limited by mechanicalstructure。

Forexample，a manipulator well-suited for precise movement across the top of a table would probably no be capable of lifting heavy objects in the vertical direction. Therefore，to perform a given task,one needs to choose a manipulator with an appropriate mechanical structure.We propose the concept of a rapidly deployable manipulator system to address the above mentioned shortcomings of fixed configuration manipulators。

毕业论文外文文献及翻译

毕业论文外文文献及翻译毕业论文外文文献及翻译在撰写毕业论文的过程中，外文文献的引用和翻译是不可或缺的一部分。

外文文献的引用可以增加论文的可信度和学术性，而翻译则是将外文文献的内容转化为母语读者所能理解的形式。

本文将探讨毕业论文中外文文献的引用和翻译的重要性，并提供一些建议和技巧。

首先，外文文献的引用对于毕业论文的写作至关重要。

引用外文文献可以为论文提供更多的证据和支持，增强论文的可信度。

在引用外文文献时，需要确保文献的来源可靠，作者权威，内容与论文主题相关。

此外，引用外文文献还可以展示作者对国际学术研究的关注和理解，提升论文的学术性。

然而，引用外文文献并不意味着直接复制粘贴原文内容。

在论文中，外文文献的内容需要进行翻译，以确保读者能够理解和接受。

翻译外文文献需要一定的技巧和方法。

首先，翻译者需要确保准确理解原文的意思。

对于一些专业术语和学术用语，可以通过查阅专业词典或咨询专业人士来获得准确的翻译。

其次，翻译时需要注意语言的准确性和流畅性。

翻译应该符合母语读者的语言习惯和表达方式，使得读者能够顺畅地理解文献内容。

最后，翻译后的文献内容应该与论文的整体风格和语言风格保持一致，避免出现突兀的翻译。

在引用外文文献和翻译时，研究者还应该注意一些细节。

首先，引用外文文献时需要标注出处和页码，以便读者查阅原文。

其次，在引用外文文献时可以使用引文的方式，即将原文内容放在引号中，并注明作者和出处。

这样可以明确区分原文和翻译内容，避免产生版权纠纷。

另外，翻译后的文献内容应该与论文的整体结构和逻辑相符，不应该脱离论文的主题和论证。

在进行外文文献的引用和翻译时，还可以借助一些工具和资源。

首先，可以使用文献管理软件来管理和引用外文文献。

这些软件可以帮助研究者整理和管理大量的文献资料，并自动生成引用格式。

其次，可以使用在线翻译工具来辅助翻译。

然而，需要注意的是，机器翻译并不完美，可能存在一些语义和语法错误。

因此，研究者在使用机器翻译时需要仔细校对和修正翻译结果。

涉外文秘英语翻译和作文

Ⅲ. English-Chinese TranslationDirections: Translate the following into Chinese: (20 marks)1. Mr. Graber believed, therefore, that it might be advisable to consider setting up some research into these inspection methods. Several important sales campaigns were about to be launched, and, in addition, it was hoped that a number of trade delegations visiting Switzerland in the near future would place large orders for office equipment with Schweibeur and its associates. So there was a need to reduce poor quality as soon as possible. (7marks)2. Mr. Graber referred to a trip round the world that he would be making within the next twelve months. He would be visiting many Schweibeur associates and subsidiary companies and look forward to seeing all those present once again, in their own countries. (3 marks)3. In the discussion that followed, Mr. Aguirre said that he had also had reports about poor quality in some items. He thought that research into this problem could be very beneficial, and considered that it would probably show that a majority of supervisors were not flexible enough in their methods. Mr. Fox agreed that there was a case for looking into the whole problem in detail, and confirmed that many inspection staff might be rather conservative in their methods. Perhaps because they tended to be older employees. Miss Lachenal agreed that this opinion was probably correct, and suggested some aspects of the problem that might be examined by the research team. Some detailed discussion of these followed. (10 marks)Ⅲ. English-Chinese TranslationDirections: Translate the following into English: (20 marks)1．因此，格雷贝尔先生认为我们应该对检测手段进行研究（1），几种重要的销售方案将被采用（1），而且希望不久来瑞士访问的代表团（1）能与Schweibur 公司及它的合作伙伴（1）签订大批订单购买办公设备（1）。

外文文献及译文模板

文献、资料题目：学专班姓名：张三学号： 2010888888指导教师：翻译日期： ××××年××月××日临沂大学本科毕业论文外文文献及译文，the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been working to develop a new encryption standard to keep government information secure ．The organization is in the final stages of an open process of selecting one or more algorithms ，or data-scrambling formulas ，for the new Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and plans to make adecision by late summer or early fall ．The standard is slated to go into effect next year ．AES is intended to be a stronger ，more efficient successor to Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES)，which replaced the aging DES ，which was cracked in less than three days in July 1998．“Until we have the AES ，3DES will still offer protection for years to come ．So there is no need to immediately switch over ，”says Edward Roback ， acting chief of the computer security division at NIST and chairman of the AES selection committee ．“What AES will offer is a more efficient algorithm ．It will be a federal standard ，but it will be widely implemented in the IT community ．”According to Roback ，efficiency of the proposed algorithms is measured by how fast they can encrypt and decrypt information ，how fast they can present an encryption key and how much information they can encrypt ．The AES review committee is also looking at how much space the algorithm takes up on a chip and how much memory it requires ．Roback says the selection of a more efficient AES will also result in cost savings and better use of resources ．“DES was desig ned for hardware implementations ，and we are now living in a world of much more efficient software ，and we have learned an awful lot about the design of algorithms ，”says Roback ．“When you start multiplying this with the billions of implementations done daily ，the saving on overhead on the networks will be enormous ．”……临沂大学本科毕业论文外文文献及译文- 2 -以确保政府的信息安全。

秘书论文-外文文献翻译三

Secretary Of The Modern Practice Of Large And Medium-sized Enterprises AndTheir CharacteristicsSecond, information and services. In the domestic and international markets under the global environment, enterprises are faced with good opportunities and challenges and the various organs of factors is complex and changeable, production and operation of strategic decisions with greater challenges, risk and flexibility, leading to the decision-making has become More complex and difficult. Therefore, enterprises Secretary of the General Staff of the information is particularly important role. In a sense, information is the role of the General Staff of the leading scientific decision-making essential to the most cost-effective tool for rapid, misuse of information is directly related to leadership and the consequences of the decision-making level. Therefore, under the new situation, the Secretary must be good at business use and learn to play the function of internal and external information networks and the role of accurate understanding of leadership intent, focusing on the central work of “elements of a comprehensive, specific, dynamic, empirical, the question of And feedback of the “depth of the high-level information, leading into the decision-making circle, leading to timely knowledge, inspiring leadership of the correct policy decisions, thereby, leading to assist decision-making to provide satisfactory services.现代大中型商务秘书实践行为及其特征二是信息性的服务。

外文文献及外文翻译 1

The Stereo Garage1.1 An overview of the stereo garageVehicles parked nowhere is the problem of the urban social, economic and transport development to a certain extent the result, Garage Equipment development in foreign countries, especially in Japan nearly 30-40 years. Whether technically or in terms of experience had been a success. China is also in the beginning of the 1990s developed mechanical parking equipment, which was 10 years in the past. Because a lot of new residents in the district with the ratio of 1:1. To address the size of parking spaces for tenants and business areas contradictions 3D mechanical parking equipment with an average size of a small motorcycle's unique characteristics, the majority of users have been accepted.Compared with the traditional natural underground garage, Machinery garage demonstrates its superiority in many respects. First, the mechanical garage has a prominent section of superiority. Past due to the underground garage must elapse enough lanes, the average car will occupy an area of 40 square meters, If the use of double-mechanical garage, which would enable ground to improve the utilization rate of around 80% to 90%, If using ground multi-storey (21 storey), three-dimensional garage, 50 square meters of land area will be placed on the 40 cars, which can greatly save the limited land resources, Civil and save development costs.To underground garage, Mechanical garage can be more effective to ensure personal and vehicle safety in the garage or car kept prospective location, the entire electronic control equipment would not operate. It should be said that the mechanical garage from the management can do a thorough separation of people and vehicles.In the underground garage using mechanical parking, it also can remove the heating ventilation; therefore, Operation of the power consumption than workers in the management of underground garage is much lower. Mechanical garage don't usually do complete system, but as a single machine containers. This will give full play to its small space, the advantages of decentralized, Each of the residential areas or groups downstairs to make a complete circuit can be set up random mechanicalparking building. This garage of the district can solve the shortage of parking difficulty in providing convenient conditions right now.Currently, three-dimensional garage mainly in the following forms: lifting and transferring,aisle stacking garage, vertical garage, vertical cycle, box-level cycle, the level of circulating round.1.1.1 Lifting and transferringLifting and transferring Garage modular design, each module can be designed into two, three, four levels, the five-story, semi-submerged in various forms, such as the number of parking spaces from a few to hundreds. Three-dimensional garage applies to the ground and underground car parks, configuration flexibility and cost is low.1. Product features:1) Save land, the configuration flexibility, and shorter construction period.2) Low prices, firefighting and exterior decoration, with a total investment on small foundations.3) Use automatic control, simple structure, safe and reliable.4) Access to a quick, short waiting time.5) Run a smooth, low noise.6) Applies to commercial, offices, and residential quarters supporting the use of car parks.2. Safety devices: anti-dropping device, a photoelectric sensor, spacing protectors, emergency stop switch.1.1.2 Aisle stacking garageAisle stacking garage used as a stacking machine tool access vehicles. All vehicles are stacking machine access, so the technical requirements for stacker higher, a single stacker cost is higher. So aisle stacking apply to the parking garage needs a few more customers.1.1.3 Vertical GarageVertical Garage Elevator similar to the principle that both sides of the hoist layout spaces. Generally need a ground vehicle rotary tables can be saved by the driver away. Vertical Garage generally higher high (tens of meters), safety equipment, Installation precision machining requirements are very high, high cost, but has the smallest area.1.1.4 Vertical cycleProduct features:1) covers an area of small; two berths area can stop 6-10 vehicles.2) The decoration can be added only roof, fire hydrants available.3) Low prices, foundation, external decoration, fire and other small investment, short construction periods.4) Use automatic control, safe and reliable operation.2.2.1 The stereo garage automatic control systemThe modern large-scale building mainstream is intelligent mansion and community. So, automated parking equipment or garage automatic control system will become intelligent mansion and an important part of community. Simple, fast, easy to use, safe, reliable, and less maintenance, to provide users with a safe, easy to use environment, This is auto-parking feature of the basic equipment. All parking equipment operating conditions, vehicles parked in time, vehicle storage Malaysia, garage storage capacity. Vehicles kept high and low peaks, and other information can be transmitted through the network of intelligent control center through intelligent control center operator, and the broadcasting system and the management office of the Division linked related to early release control, management information, thus achieving all the intelligent management. Building and the Community through the intelligent control of the center could also associate with social networking functions. Information released to the collection coming out or expands utilization of the garage social and economic benefits. This will be the automation of the development direction of the garage. Solid Garage automation control system include the following five major subsystems: automatic toll collection management system automatic access systems for remote diagnosis system, automatic Gate, control security system.Subsystems are more unified control of the central control room, for customers planning Garage form of management, Published garage inventory capacity, traffic control program.2.1.1 Automatic Toll Management SystemAutomatic charge adopts contactless IC card. IC card points long-term card and the stored-card. For fixed users, the issue of long-term cards, the cost of fixed users pays management fees paid together; on the temporary users, issue stored-value cards, namely: the user feespaid cards exist within each parking card reader automatically deducted from the cost.2.1.2 Automatic vehicle access systemAutomatic vehicle access system is generally controlled by small PLC. Including the identification card number and mobile disc contains two cars process. Users enter the garage at the entrance to Swiping cards, reader data automatically transmitted to the PLC control system, PLC system through the judgment card number and automatically set the corresponding site mobile trucks and vehicles to the handover location, the garage door opened, shorten the time access to cars. Truck drivers light signals in accordance with the guidelines created only when vehicles parked in a safe location, Parking will be normal light-Kai. Access car after the completion of the garage doors shut down automatically. Mobile site contains car, the system in strict accordance with the various signal detection mobile state, including long signal detection, Detection in place, the position detection limit, officers hit detection, emergency stop signal detection. If cars are running plate is not in place or vehicle length in excess of the permitted length of the garage, all vehicles disc will contain no action, If detected emergency stop signal to stop all action until the emergency stop signal disappeared. Above signals are hardware signals, in addition, the software can also be installed to control signal protection, such as the protection of the time, to ensure that the damage due to hardware failure to signal equipment and the main guarantee for the safety of vehicles.2.1.3 Remote diagnosis systemControllers can spot card, hubs and other network equipment and control center connected to the LAN, MODEN through remote management, monitoring the operation of the scene, when the scene failure, in the control center can be addressed to facilitate the management, e-office security personnel.2.1.4 Automatic GateIn the garage entrance of the no-contact reader, and the Gate of coil users in the garage entrances Swiping cards, the system automatically discriminates validity of the card, if valid, the Gateopen automatically, through induction coils, Automatic self-closing fence; If invalid, the Gate is not open, and sound and light alarm.2.1.5 Monitoring security systemMonitoring security system is in the central control room for monitoring and controlling the operation of the garage scene conditions. It has motion detection, license plate recognition, network connections, different types of alarm systems linkage, and other functions, can be achieved unguarded.System catalog:Video monitoring function : the garage entrances, and the duty, the main segments within the garage installation focusing cameras, On the larger spaces installation spherical platforms, in order to achieve all-round garage on real-time monitoring. If the garage light conditions of the poor would use black-and-white cameras.Motion Detection functions: setting up the night in the garage of motion detection region, detecting when there are a moving target, Motion Detection and Alarm function remind staffs.LPR functions: it can set up the garage light vehicle license plates, vehicle. When the light vehicles entering the garage regional surveillance, the system automatically cross-referenced with images of a very odd situation, issued a warning signal and automatic switching and record their images.Alarm linkage functions: all can move even the police mainframe, if activated Relay acousto-optic warning issued notice of security personnel to voluntarily disarm Gate interception of vehicular access.Digital video functions : it with a continuous record of what happened in the garage, can be synchronized intervals over images arbitrary choice of the overall image to enlarge and local amplification, recording, playback, backup can be conducted all kinds of information.Reportedly, has begun an increasing number of residential quarters began to use a mechanical garage. Taking into account the cost and maintenance, the majority of the district is a multi-storey lifting and transferring parking equipment, mass storage mechanical garage also rarely. Lifting and transferring Garage Equipment parking flow indicate the following:1、The sense of light yellow instructions garage operationRed lamp was ongoing operating instructions, please wait; Green light is currently no operating instructions, can operate; yellow light instructions were to fail, the garage can not work.2、The operationDrivers of vehicles enter from the garage entrance. At the entrance of non-contact sensors Reader former regional shaken following their IC cards, induction process completed, the fence automatically rises driver drove into the garage. The fence shut down automatically after vehicles entering. Card is the controller to read spaces, corresponding to the parking garage containing cars moved to the site automatically transfer vehicle location, Automatic garage door open units. Car drivers entering and parking in place, Latin hand brake, alighted out of the garage, using IC cards in the garage exit Huang about IC cards Garage door modules to shut down automatically. Completed deposit truck operators.3、Collect the car operationDrivers entering the garage at the entrance to the non-contact sensors Reader former regional shaken following their IC cards Controller automatically read spaces, corresponding to the parking garage containing cars moved to the site automatically transfer vehicle location, Automatic garage door open modules, drivers entering the garage and drive out, in the garage exit of the automatic reader before induction regional dazzle your own IC cards, sensors finished, the reader receive information, Host controller automatically recorded, prepaid, automatically raising the fence, the driver drove the playing field, appeared after fencing to shut down automatically. Meanwhile, Controller automatically read spaces, corresponding to the garage door unit shut down automatically. Vehicle operation finished.The garage has a complete self-protection device in the course of operation. A series of photoelectric switches, proximity switches, trip switches and other vehicles on site contains accurate operation in place to play a decisive role; falling unique defense installations, broken rope warning device, speeding vehicle protection device to protect the security role played. Detection of long vehicles, vehicle parking is not in place detection, and personnel into a detection signal of vehicles and the safety play a decisive role.翻译立体车库1.1 立体车库概述车辆无处停放的问题是城市的社会、经济、交通发展到一定程度产生的结果，立体停车设备的发展在国外，尤其在日本已有近3040年的历史，无论在技术上还是在经验上均已获得了成功。

外文文献翻译（中英文）

外文文献翻译（中英文）专业外语与文献阅读英文原文：NOVEL METHOD OF REALIZING THE OPTIMAL TRANSMISSION OF THE CRANK-AND-ROCKER MECHANISM DESIGN Abstract: A novel method of realizing the optimal transmission of the crank-and-rocker mechanism is presented. The optimal combination design is made by finding the related optimal transmission parameters. The diagram of the optimal transmission is drawn. In the diagram, the relation among minimum transmission angle, the coefficient of travel speed variation, the oscillating angle of the rocker and the length of the bars is shown, concisely, conveniently and directly. The method possesses the main characteristic. That it is to achieve the optimal transmission parameters under the transmission angle by directly choosing in the diagram, according to the given requirements. The characteristics of the mechanical transmission can be improved to gain the optimal transmission effect by the method. Especially, the method is simple and convenient in practical use.Keywords：Crank-and-rocker mechanism, Optimal transmission angle, Coefficient of travel speed variation INTRODUCTIONBy conventional method of the crank-and-rocker design, it is very difficult to realize the optimal combination between the various parameters for optimal transmission. The figure-table design method introduced in this paper can help achieve this goal. With given conditions, we can, by only consulting the designing figures and tables, get the relations between every parameter and another of the designed crank-and-rockermechanism. Thus the optimal transmission can be realized.The concerned designing theory and method, as well as the real cases of its application will be introduced later respectively.1ESTABLISHMENT OF DIAGRAM FOR OPTIMAL TRANSMISSION DESIGNIt is always one of the most important indexes that designers pursue to improve the efficiency and property of the transmission. The crank-and-rocker mechanism is widely used in the mechanical transmission. How to improve work ability and reduce unnecessary power losses is directly related to the coefficient of travel speed variation, the oscillating angle of the rocker and the ratio of the crank and rocker. The reasonable combination of these parameters takes an important effect on the efficiency and property of the mechanism, which mainly indicates in the evaluation of the minimum transmission angle.The aim realizing the optimal transmission of the mechanism is how to find themaximum of the minimum transmission angle. The design parameters are reasonably combined by the method of lessening constraints gradually and optimizing separately. Consequently, the complete constraint field realizing the optimal transmission is established.The following steps are taken in the usual design method. Firstly, the initial values of the length of rocker 3l and the oscillating angle of rocker ? are given. Then the value of the coefficient of travel speed variation K is chosen in the permitted range. Meanwhile, the coordinate of the fixed hinge of crank A possibly realized is calculated corresponding to value K .1.1 Length of bars of crank and rocker mechanismAs shown in Fig.1, left arc G C 2 is the permitted field of pointA . Thecoordinates of point A are chosen by small step from point 2C to point G .The coordinates of point A are02h y y c A -= (1)22A A y R x -= (2) where 0h , the step, is increased by small increment within range(0,H ). If the smaller the chosen step is, the higher the computational precision will be. R is the radius of the design circle. d is the distance from 2C to G .2c o s )2c o s (22c o s 33?θ--+=l R l d (3) Calculating the length of arc 1AC and 2AC , the length of the bars of themechanism corresponding to point A is obtained [1,2].1.2 Minimum transmission angle min γMinimum transmission angle min γ(see Fig.2) is determined by the equations [3]322142322m i n 2)(c o s l l l l l l --+=γ (4) 322142322m a x 2)(c o s l l l l l l +-+=γ (5) m a x mi n 180γγ-?=' (6) where 1l ——Length of crank(mm)2l ——Length of connecting bar(mm)3l ——Length of rocker(mm)4l ——Length of machine frame(mm)Firstly, we choose minimum comparing min γ with minγ'. And then we record all values of min γ greater than orequal to ?40 and choose the maximum of them.Secondly, we find the maximum of min γ corresponding to any oscillating angle ? which is chosen by small step in the permitted range (maximum of min γ is diffe rent oscillating angle ? and the coefficient of travel speed variation K ).Finally, we change the length of rockerl by small step similarly. Thus we3γcorresponding to the different length of bars, may obtain the maximum ofmindifferent oscillating angle ?and the coefficient of travel speed variation K.Fig.3 is accomplished from Table for the purpose of diagram design.It is worth pointing out that whatever the length of rocker 3l is evaluated, the location that the maximum o f min γ arises is only related to the ratio of the length of rocker and the length of machine frame 3l /4l , while independent of 3l .2 DESIGN METHOD2.1 Realizing the optimal transmission design given the coefficient of travelspeed variation and the maximum oscillating angle of the rockerThe design procedure is as follows.(1) According to given K and ?, taken account to the formula the extreme included angle θ is found. The corresponding ratio of the length of bars 3l /4l is obtained consulting Fig.3.+-=18011K K θ (7) (2) Choose the length of rocker 3l according to the work requirement, the length of the machine frame is obtained from the ratio 3l /4l .(3) Choose the centre of fixed hinge D as the vertex arbitrarily, and plot an isosceles triangle, the side of which is equal to the length of rocker 3l (see Fig.4), and=∠21DC C . Then plot 212C C M C ⊥, draw N C 1, and make angleθ-?=∠9012N C C . Thus the point of intersection of M C 2 and N C 1 is gained. Finally, draw the circumcircle of triangle 21C PC ?.(4) Plot an arc with point D as the centre of the circle, 4l as the radius. The arc intersections arc G C 2 at point A . Point A is just the centre of the fixed hinge of the crank.Therefore, from the length of the crank2/)(211AC AC l -= (8)and the length of the connecting bar112l AC l -= (9)we will obtain the crank and rocker mechanism consisted of 1l , 2l , 3l , and 4l .Thus the optimal transmission property is realized under given conditions.2.2 Realizing the optimal transmission design given the length of the rocker (or the length of the machine frame) and the coefficient of travel speed variationWe take the following steps.(1) The appropriate ratio of the bars 3l /4l can be chosen according to given K . Furthermore, we find the length of machine frame 4l (the length of rocker 3l ).(2) The corresponding oscillating angle of the rocker can be obtained consulting Fig.3. And we calculate the extreme included angle θ.Then repeat (3) and (4) in section 2.13 DESIGN EXAMPLEThe known conditions are that the coefficient of travel speed variation1818.1=K and maximum oscillating angle ?=40?. The crankandrockermechanism realizing the optimal transmission is designed by the diagram solution method presented above.First, with Eq.(7), we can calculate the extreme included angle ?=15θ. Then, we find 93.0/43=l l consulting Fig.3 according to the values of θ and ?.If evaluate 503=l mm, then we will obtain 76.5393.0/504==l mm. Next, draw sketch(omitted).As result, the length of bars is 161=l mm,462=l mm,503=l mm,76.534=l mm.The minimum transmission angle is=--+=3698.462)(arccos 322142322min l l l l l l γ The results obtained by computer are 2227.161=l mm, 5093.442=l mm, 0000.503=l mm, 8986.534=l mm.Provided that the figure design is carried under the condition of the Auto CAD circumstances, very precise design results can be achieved.4 CONCLUSIONSA novel approach of diagram solution can realize the optimal transmission of the crank-and-rocker mechanism. The method is simple and convenient in the practical use. In conventionaldesign of mechanism, taking 0.1 mm as the value of effective the precision of the component sizes will be enough.译文：认识曲柄摇臂机构设计的最优传动方法摘要：一种曲柄摇臂机构设计的最优传动的方法被提出。

定稿外文文献原稿和译文

外文文献原稿和译文原稿The Design and Development of the hotel management system Along with economical development in our country, people’s life level has been improving, holiday economy and tour economy have been become hot point of people’s consumption. All the country also regards the tourism as one of the most important stanchion of developing local economy, which promoted the fast development of the hotels and cabaret industry thus. Meanwhile, along with the more and more hotels and cabarets, people’s requests are higher, so the competition in hotel and cabaret industry also becomes more and more violent. The modernized hotel collects the guest room, food and beverage , communication , amusement, commercial culture and other various kinds of services and facilities are the integrated consumption place , the hotel organizes hugely, there are many service items. The amount of information is large It is a problem which every hotel or cabaret must face that how to survive and develop in the violent competition. The service management level of the cabaret play an important part in improving its competition ability. It is a very heavy and baldness job of managing a bulky database by manpower. The disadvantage, such as great capacity of work, low efficiency and long period, exist in data inputting, demanding and modification.How to improve its service management level has been become the urgent task of the hotel and cabaret industry development. In this case, to establish the hotel management information system becomes one of the valid paths that can resolve this problem. The hotel management information system is an information management one kind within system, currently information technique continuously of development, the network technique has already been applied in us extensively nearby of every trade, there is the network technical development, each hotels all make use of a calculator to manage the files, the hotel is operated by handicraft before of the whole tedious affairs all got fast and solvehigh-efficiencily, especially the system had in the hotel industry very big function, all can be more convenient, fast for people coming saying and understand accurately with management everyone noodles information.This thesis takes current state of the development of the hotel industry as the background, has analysis the deficiency under the traditional management mode of my State Guesthouse industry, have explained the necessity of the housekeeping information of the hotel. The thesis introduced the functions and the process of design. The thesis mainly explained the point of the system design, the thought of design, the difficult technique and the solutions. By the investigation with hotels, we have building the organization model of the management information system of guest room of the hotel. Based on that, we have carried on the detailed investigation to the business procedure of the guest room of the hotel, having set up the structure chart of the function, for instance the room reserves, the customers check in, checks out to settle account, charges to account etc., thus makes the management clear. To meet the actual inquire, we have set up concept structure, proposes the systematic design principle and design method, provides Solution Architecture of database. We have developed a practical the management information system. Not only carried on detailed analysis and design to the system of guest room of the hotel in terms of business, but also we appraised to the system.A number of free or very inexpensive Web servers are good for development use or deployment of low-volume or medium-volume Web sites. Thus, with Servlets and Java you can start with a free or inexpensive server and migrate to more expensive servers with high-performance capabilities or advanced administration utilities only after your project meets initial success. This is in contrast to many of the other CGI alternatives, which require a significant initial investment for the purchase of a proprietary package.But, with Servlets and Java, they could start with a free server: Apache Tomcat (either standalone, embedded in the regular Apache Web server, or embedded in Microsoft IIS). Once the project starts to become successful, they could move to a server like Caucho Resin that had higher performance and easier administration but that is not free. But none of their Servlets or Java pages have to be rewritten.The system is in the data from one server and a number of Taiwan formed LANworkstations. Users can check the competence of different systems in different users submit personal data, background database you can quickly given the mandate to see to the content.More and more are also urgent along with hotel automationthe information management when science and technology rapid development,therefore is essential to develop the software system of marks register to assist the hotel industry management.So that can improve the information management,enhance the efficiency of management.译文宾馆管理系统的设计与发展随着我国经济的发展，人们的生活水平有了显著的提高，假日经济和旅游经济已成为人们消费的热点。

08湿度传感器系统毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献 (1)

湿度传感器系统中英文资料外文翻译文献英文:The right design for a relative humidity sensor systemOptimizing the response characteristics and accuracy of a humidity sensor system1 OverviewTo make the right choice when selecting a relative humidity sensor for an application, it is important to know and to be able to judge the deciding factors. In addition to long-term stability, which is a measure on how much a sensor changes its properties over time, these factors also include the measurement accuracy and the response characteristics of the sensor. Capacitive humidity sensors are based on the principle that a humidity-sensitive polymer absorbs or releases moisture as a function of the relative ambient humidity. Because this method is only a spot measurement at the sensor location, and usually the humidity of the surroundings is the desired quantity, the sensor must be brought into moisture equilibrium with the surroundings to obtain a precise measurement value. This process is realized by various transport phenomena (cf. the section titled "The housing effect on the response time"), which exhibit a time constant. Accuracy and response time are thus closely dependent on each other, and the design of a humidity measurement system becomes a challenge.2Measurement accuracyThe term measurement accuracy of a humidity sensor is understood primarily to refer to the deviation of the value measured by the sensor from the actual humidity. To determine the measurement accuracy, references, such as chilled mirror hygrometers, whose own tolerance must be taken into account, are used. In addition to this trivial component, humidity sensors require a given time for reaching stable humidity and temperature equilibrium (the humidity is a function of temperature and decreases with increasing temperature; a difference betweensensor and ambient temperature leads to measurement errors). This response time thus has a significant effect on the value measured by the sensor and thus on the determined accuracy.This time-dependent characteristic is explained in more detail in the following.3Response characteristics and response timeThe response characteristics are defined by various parameters. These are:●The actual response characteristics of the humidity sensor at constant temperature.(1) How quickly the sensitive polymer absorbs or releases moisture until equilibrium is reached (intrinsic response time)(2) How fast the entire system reaches humidity equilibrium (housing effect)●The thermal response characteristics of the humidity sensor at a non-constant temperature●(3) The thermal mass of the sensor(4) The system's thermal mass, which is thermally coupled to the sensor (e.g. printed circuit board)(5) Heat sources in the direct surroundings of the sensor (electronic components)(1) and (3) are determined entirely by the sensor itself, (1) primarily by the characteristics of the sensitive polymer.(2) and (4) are primarily determined by the construction of the entire system (shape and size of housing andreadout circuitry).(5) is determined by heat-emitting electronic components.These points will be discussed in more detail in the following.The intrinsic response time (1)Qualitatively, the response characteristics of capacitive humidity sensors look like the following (Fig. 1).Fig. 1: Typical and idealized response characteristics of capacitive humidity sensors (schematic)Because these response characteristics are especially pronounced at high humidity values, an isothermal humidity jump from 40% to 100% was selected here for illustration. The desired ideal behavior of the sensor is indicated in blue. In practice, however, the sensor behaves according to the red line, approximately according to:RH-t=(E-S)*(1-e)+S（t）Here, the time span 1 is usually very short (typ. 1 – 30 min.), in contrast, the time span 2 is very long (typ. Many hours to days). Here the connection of measurement accuracy and response characteristics becomes clear (t until RH=100% is reached). The value at t4 (Fig. 1) is considered to be an exact measured value. However, this assumes that both the humidity and also the temperature remain stable during this entire time, and that the testing waits until this very long measurement time is completed. These conditions are both very hard to achieve and unusual in practice. For the calibration, there are the following two approaches, which both find use in practice (cf. Fig. 2):1.The measured value at t2 (Fig. 1) is used as a calibration reference.Advantage:The required measurement time for reaching the end value (in the example 100%) is clearly shortened,corresponds to practice, and achieves an apparent short responsetime of the sensor (cf. Fig. 2).Disadvantage:●If the conditions are similar for a long time (e.g., wet periods in outdoor operation),the sensors exceed the correct end value (in the example 100%) undesirably by upto 10% (cf. Fig. 2).2. The measured value at t4 (Fig. 1) is used as a calibration reference.Advantage:●Even for similar conditions over a long time (e.g., wet periods in outdoor operation),an exact measurement result is obtained (cf. Fig. 2).Disadvantage:●For a humidity jump like in Fig. 1, the sensors very quickly deliver the measuredvalue at t2, but reaching a stable end value (about 3-6% higher) takes a long time(apparent longer response time)(cf. Fig. 2).In order to take into account both approaches optimally, the measured values at t3 (cf. Fig. 1) are used as the calibration reference by Sensirion AG.Fig. 2: Response characteristics of different humidity measurement systemsThe housing effect on the response time (2)Here, two types of transport phenomena play a deciding role:●Convection: For this very fast process, the air, whose humidity is to be determined,is transported to the sensor by means of ventilation.●Diffusion: This very slow process is determined by the thermal, molecularself-motion of the water molecules. It occurs even in "stationary" air (e.g., within ahousing), but leads to a long response time.In order to achieve favorable response characteristics in the humidity measurement system, the very fast convection process must be supported by large housing openings and the slow diffusion process must be supported by a small housing around the sensor (small "dead volume") with "stationary" air reduced to a minimum. The following applies:Thermal effects (3), (4), and (5)Because the total thermal mass of the humidity measurement system (sensor + housing) has a significant effect on its response time, the total thermal mass must be kept as low as possible. The greater the total thermal mass, the more inert the measurement system becomes thermally and its response time, which is temperature-dependent, increases. In order to prevent measurement errors, the sensor should not be mounted in the vicinity of heatgenerating components.4Summary –what should be taken into account when designing a humidity measurement systemIn order to achieve error-free operation of a humidity-measurement system with response times as short as possible, the following points should be taken into account especially for the selection of the sensor and for the design of the system.●The selection of the humidity sensor element. It should●be as small as possible,●have a thermal mass that is as low as possible,●work with a polymer, which exhibits minimal fluctuations in measured values duringthe time span 2(cf. Fig. 1); testing gives simple information on this condition,●provide calibration, which corresponds to the requirements (see above), e. g.,SHT11/SHT15 from Sensirion.●The housing design (cf. Formula 1). It should●have air openings that are as large as possible in the vicinity of the sensor or thesensor should be operated outside of the housing à good convection!●enclose a "dead volume" that is as small as possible around the sensor àlittlediffusion!●The sensor should be decoupled thermally as much as possible from other components,so that the response characteristics of the sensor are not negatively affected by the thermal inertia of the entire system.(e.g., its own printed circuit board for the humidity sensor, structurally partitioning the housing to create a small volume for the humidity sensor, see Fig. 3)Fig. 3: Mounting example for Sensirion sensors SHT11 and SHT15 with slits for thermal decoupling●The sensor should not be mounted in the vicinity of heat sources. If it was, measuredtemperature would increase and measured humidity decrease.5Design proposalThe challenge is to realize a system that operates cleanly by optimally taking into account all of the points in section 4. The already calibrated SMD humidity sensors SHT11 and SHT15 from Sensirion are the ideal solution. For optimum integration of the sensors in a measurement system, Sensirion AG has also developed a filter cap as an adapter aid, which takes into account as much as possible the points in section 4 and also protects the sensor against contaminants with a filter membrane. Fig. 4 shows schematically how the sensors can be ideally integrated into a housing wall by means of the filter cap SF1.Fig. 4: Filter cap for SHT11 and SHT15In addition to the advantages mentioned above, there is also the option of building an IP67-compatible humidity measurement device (with O-ring, cf. Fig. 4) with optimalperformance. Detailed information is available on the Sensirion Web site.译文：相对湿度传感器系统的正确设计湿度传感器系统精度及响应特性的优化1.综述为了在相对湿度的应用方面对传感器做出正确的选择，了解和评估那些起决定作用的因素是非常重要的。

秘书论文-外文文献翻译一

秘书论文-外文文献翻译一Secretary Of The Modern Practice Of Large And Medium-sized Enterprises AndTheir CharacteristicsThe beginning of the 20th century, the increasingly competitive market economy under the newsituation, the work of a large and medium-sized enterprises encounter the beginning ofunprecedented complexity, variability and competitive. “Act”, “Services”, “scholar” as thestandard, large and medium-sized enterprises choose the secretary has been far from meeting“WTO accession” the rapidly changing global market economy’s development needs. Secretary ofbusiness leaders the urgent need to work a new model, values, methods of operation, themechanism of change should be followed.To the author’s view, the Secretary of enterprises to adapt to th e new situation of developmentneeds, we must meet the following several characteristics:现代大中型商务秘书实践行为及其特征进入20世纪市场经济日益竞争的新形势下，大中型企业的工作一开头就遇到前所未有的复杂性、多变性和竞争性。