数据库简介英文

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数据库英文解释

Database instance: The collection of information stored in the database at a particular moment.
database schema: The overall design of the database.
File systems: A system of classifying into files (usually arranged alphabetically).
Data inconsistency: The various copies of the same data may no longer agree.
application program: A program that gives a computer instructions that provide the user with tools to accomplish a task
data administrators(DBA): Who is responsible for the management and maintenance of the database server
Query language: The portion of a DML(Data Manipulation language) that involves information retrieval.
Data dictionary : Which is considered t be a special type of table ,which can only be accessed and updated by the database system itself(not a regular user).

常用11大国外数据库详细介绍

常用11大国外数据库详细介绍一、美国(1)Wiley InterScience(英文文献期刊) Wiley InterScience是John Wiely & Sons公司创建的动态在线内容服务，1997年开始在网上开通。

通过InterScience，Wiley公司以许可协议形式向用户提供在线访问全文内容的服务。

WileyInterScience收录了360多种科学、工程技术、医疗领域及相关专业期刊、30多种大型专业参考书、13种实验室手册的全文和500多个题目的Wiley学术图书的全文。

其中被SCI收录的核心期刊近200种。

期刊具体学科划分为：Business,Finance & Management (商业、金融和管理)、Chemistry (化学)、Computer Science（计算机科学）、Earth Science （地球科学）、Education （教育学）、Engineering （工程学）、Law（法律）、Life and Medical Sciences （生命科学与医学）、Mathematics and Statistics（数学统计学）、Physics （物理）、Psychology （心理学）。

(2)美国IEEE (英文文献期刊)IEEE（Institute of Electrical & ElectronicsEngineers）是电子信息领域最著名的跨国性学术团体，其会员分布在世界150多个国家和地区。

据IEEE统计，IEEE会员总数2001年比2000年增加3.1%，达到人，其中学生会员为65669人，增长12.6%。

随着人们的信息越来越多地来自Internet，IEEE需要为会员提供更加完善和全面的电子信息产品和服务。

IEEE应成为IEEE会员获得信息的首选之地。

IEEE必须识别正确的信息，并提供对它们的访问方法。

实现这个目标的重要一步是通过IEEEXplore与IEEE/IEE Electronic Library(IEL)连接。

数据库中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译Database Management SystemsA database (sometimes spelled data base) is also called an electronic database , referring to any collection of data, or information, that is specially organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer. Databases are structured to facilitate the storage, retrieval , modification, and deletion of data in conjunction with various data-processing operations .Databases can be stored on magnetic disk or tape, optical disk, or some other secondary storage device.A database consists of a file or a set of files. The information in these files may be broken down into records, each of which consists of one or more fields. Fields are the basic units of data storage , and each field typically contains information pertaining to one aspect or attribute of the entity described by the database . Using keywords and various sorting commands, users can rapidly search , rearrange, group, and select the fields in many records to retrieve or create reports on particular aggregate of data.Complex data relationships and linkages may be found in all but the simplest databases .The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating ,accessing, and maintaining database records is called a database management system(DBMS).The programs in a DBMS package establish an interface between the database itself and the users of the database.. (These users may be applications programmers, managers and others with information needs, and various OS programs.)A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements form the database. This capability enables decision makers to search, probe, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports. These questions might initially be vague and/or poorly defined ,but people can “browse” through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “manage” the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who aren’t programmers.A database management system (DBMS) is composed of three major parts:(1)a storage subsystemthat stores and retrieves data in files;(2) a modeling and manipulation subsystem that provides the means with which to organize the data and to add , delete, maintain, and update the data;(3)and an interface between the DBMS and its users. Several major trends are emerging that enhance the value and usefulness of database management systems;Managers: who require more up-to-data information to make effective decisionCustomers: who demand increasingly sophisticated information services and more current information about the status of their orders, invoices, and accounts.Users: who find that they can develop custom applications with database systems in a fraction of the time it takes to use traditional programming languages.Organizations : that discover information has a strategic value; they utilize their database systems to gain an edge over their competitors.The Database ModelA data model describes a way to structure and manipulate the data in a database. The structural part of the model specifies how data should be represented(such as tree, tables, and so on ).The manipulative part of the model specifies the operation with which to add, delete, display, maintain, print, search, select, sort and update the data.Hierarchical ModelThe first database management systems used a hierarchical model-that is-they arranged records into a tree structure. Some records are root records and all others have unique parent records. The structure of the tree is designed to reflect the order in which the data will be used that is ,the record at the root of a tree will be accessed first, then records one level below the root ,and so on.The hierarchical model was developed because hierarchical relationships are commonly found in business applications. As you have known, an organization char often describes a hierarchical relationship: top management is at the highest level, middle management at lower levels, and operational employees at the lowest levels. Note that within a strict hierarchy, each level of management may have many employees or levels of employees beneath it, but each employee has only one manager. Hierarchical data are characterized by this one-to-many relationship among data.In the hierarchical approach, each relationship must be explicitly defined when the database is created. Each record in a hierarchical database can contain only one key field and only one relationship is allowed between any two fields. This can create a problem because data do not always conform to such a strict hierarchy.Relational ModelA major breakthrough in database research occurred in 1970 when E. F. Codd proposed a fundamentally different approach to database management called relational model ,which uses a table asits data structure.The relational database is the most widely used database structure. Data is organized into related tables. Each table is made up of rows called and columns called fields. Each record contains fields of data about some specific item. For example, in a table containing information on employees, a record would contain fields of data such as a person’s last name ,first name ,and street address.Structured query language(SQL)is a query language for manipulating data in a relational database .It is nonprocedural or declarative, in which the user need only specify an English-like description that specifies the operation and the described record or combination of records. A query optimizer translates the description into a procedure to perform the database manipulation.Network ModelThe network model creates relationships among data through a linked-list structure in which subordinate records can be linked to more than one parent record. This approach combines records with links, which are called pointers. The pointers are addresses that indicate the location of a record. With the network approach, a subordinate record can be linked to a key record and at the same time itself be a key record linked to other sets of subordinate records. The network mode historically has had a performance advantage over other database models. Today , such performance characteristics are only important in high-volume ,high-speed transaction processing such as automatic teller machine networks or airline reservation system.Both hierarchical and network databases are application specific. If a new application is developed ,maintaining the consistency of databases in different applications can be very difficult. For example, suppose a new pension application is developed .The data are the same, but a new database must be created.Object ModelThe newest approach to database management uses an object model , in which records are represented by entities called objects that can both store data and provide methods or procedures to perform specific tasks.The query language used for the object model is the same object-oriented programming language used to develop the database application .This can create problems because there is no simple , uniform query language such as SQL . The object model is relatively new, and only a few examples of object-oriented database exist. It has attracted attention because developers who choose an object-oriented programming language want a database based on an object-oriented model. Distributed DatabaseSimilarly , a distributed database is one in which different parts of the database reside on physically separated computers . One goal of distributed databases is the access of informationwithout regard to where the data might be stored. Keeping in mind that once the users and their data are separated , the communication and networking concepts come into play .Distributed databases require software that resides partially in the larger computer. This software bridges the gap between personal and large computers and resolves the problems of incompatible data formats. Ideally, it would make the mainframe databases appear to be large libraries of information, with most of the processing accomplished on the personal computer.A drawback to some distributed systems is that they are often based on what is called a mainframe-entire model , in which the larger host computer is seen as the master and the terminal or personal computer is seen as a slave. There are some advantages to this approach . With databases under centralized control , many of the problems of data integrity that we mentioned earlier are solved . But today’s personal computers, departmental computers, and distributed processing require computers and their applications to communicate with each other on a more equal or peer-to-peer basis. In a database, the client/server model provides the framework for distributing databases.One way to take advantage of many connected computers running database applications is to distribute the application into cooperating parts that are independent of one anther. A client is an end user or computer program that requests resources across a network. A server is a computer running software that fulfills those requests across a network . When the resources are data in a database ,the client/server model provides the framework for distributing database.A file serve is software that provides access to files across a network. A dedicated file server is a single computer dedicated to being a file server. This is useful ,for example ,if the files are large and require fast access .In such cases, a minicomputer or mainframe would be used as a file server. A distributed file server spreads the files around on individual computers instead of placing them on one dedicated computer.Advantages of the latter server include the ability to store and retrieve files on other computers and the elimination of duplicate files on each computer. A major disadvantage , however, is that individual read/write requests are being moved across the network and problems can arise when updating files. Suppose a user requests a record from a file and changes it while another user requests the same record and changes it too. The solution to this problems called record locking, which means that the first request makes others requests wait until the first request is satisfied . Other users may be able to read the record, but they will not be able to change it .A database server is software that services requests to a database across a network. For example, suppose a user types in a query for data on his or her personal computer . If the application is designed with the client/server model in mind ,the query language part on the personal computer simple sends the query across the network to the database server and requests to be notified when the data are found.Examples of distributed database systems can be found in the engineering world. Sun’s Network Filing System(NFS),for example, is used in computer-aided engineering applications to distribute data among the hard disks in a network of Sun workstation.Distributing databases is an evolutionary step because it is logical that data should exist at the location where they are being used . Departmental computers within a large corporation ,for example, should have data reside locally , yet those data should be accessible by authorized corporate management when they want to consolidate departmental data . DBMS software will protect the security and integrity of the database , and the distributed database will appear to its users as no different from the non-distributed database .In this information age, the data server has become the heart of a company. This one piece of software controls the rhythm of most organizations and is used to pump information lifeblood through the arteries of the network. Because of the critical nature of this application, the data server is also the one of the most popular targets for hackers. If a hacker owns this application, he can cause the company's "heart" to suffer a fatal arrest.Ironically, although most users are now aware of hackers, they still do not realize how susceptible their database servers are to hack attacks. Thus, this article presents a description of the primary methods of attacking database servers (also known as SQL servers) and shows you how to protect yourself from these attacks.You should note this information is not new. Many technical white papers go into great detail about how to perform SQL attacks, and numerous vulnerabilities have been posted to security lists that describe exactly how certain database applications can be exploited. This article was written for the curious non-SQL experts who do not care to know the details, and as a review to those who do use SQL regularly.What Is a SQL Server?A database application is a program that provides clients with access to data. There are many variations of this type of application, ranging from the expensive enterprise-level Microsoft SQL Server to the free and open source mySQL. Regardless of the flavor, most database server applications have several things in common.First, database applications use the same general programming language known as SQL, or Structured Query Language. This language, also known as a fourth-level language due to its simplistic syntax, is at the core of how a client communicates its requests to the server. Using SQL in its simplest form, a programmer can select, add, update, and delete information in a database. However, SQL can also be used to create and design entire databases, perform various functions on the returned information, and even execute other programs.To illustrate how SQL can be used, the following is an example of a simple standard SQL query and a more powerful SQL query:Simple: "Select * from dbFurniture.tblChair"This returns all information in the table tblChair from the database dbFurniture.Complex: "EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'dir c:\'"This short SQL command returns to the client the list of files and folders under the c:\ directory of the SQL server. Note that this example uses an extended stored procedure that is exclusive to MS SQL Server.The second function that database server applications share is that they all require some form of authenticated connection between client and host. Although the SQL language is fairly easy to use, at least in its basic form, any client that wants to perform queries must first provide some form of credentials that will authorize the client; the client also must define the format of the request and response.This connection is defined by several attributes, depending on the relative location of the client and what operating systems are in use. We could spend a whole article discussing various technologies such as DSN connections, DSN-less connections, RDO, ADO, and more, but these subjects are outside the scope of this article. If you want to learn more about them, a little Google'ing will provide you with more than enough information. However, the following is a list of the more common items included in a connection request.Database sourceRequest typeDatabaseUser IDPasswordBefore any connection can be made, the client must define what type of database server it is connecting to. This is handled by a software component that provides the client with the instructions needed to create the request in the correct format. In addition to the type of database, the request type can be used to further define how the client's request will be handled by the server. Next comes the database name and finally the authentication information.All the connection information is important, but by far the weakest link is the authentication information—or lack thereof. In a properly managed server, each database has its own users with specifically designated permissions that control what type of activity they can perform. For example, a user account would be set up as read only for applications that need to only access information. Another account should be used for inserts or updates, and maybe even a third account would be used for deletes.This type of account control ensures that any compromised account is limited in functionality. Unfortunately, many database programs are set up with null or easy passwords, which leads to successful hack attacks.译文数据库管理系统介绍数据库（database,有时拼作data base）又称为电子数据库，是专门组织起来的一组数据或信息，其目的是为了便于计算机快速查询及检索。

常见英文数据库介绍

常见英文数据库介绍AACM Digital Library收录了美国计算机协会（Association for Computing Machinery）的各种电子期刊、会议录、快报等文献AGRICOLA 农业参考文献数据库，涉及美国农业和生命科学等领域，提供了1970年至今的重要农业信息。

American Chemical Society美国化学学会全文期刊数据库American Mathematics Society 美国数学学会数据库，世界上最权威的数学学术团体，数据库内容涉及数学及数学在统计学、工程学、物理学、经济学、生物学、运筹学、计算机科学中的应用等American Physical Society (APS) 美国物理学会数据库，为用户提供期刊的在线阅读。

Annual Reviews为全世界的科学团体服务，提供由著名科学家撰写的评论。

Annual Reviews分生物医学、物理学和社会科学三个主题，共出版29种期刊。

ASCE The American Society of Civil Engineers美国土木工程师协会数据库ASME Technical Journal 美国机械工程师学会数据库。

美国机械工程师学会,主持着世界上最大的技术出版之一，制定各种工业和制造业行业标准。

由于工程领域各学科间交叉性不断增长，ASME出版物也相应提供了跨学科前沿科技的资讯。

BBeilstein/Gmelin crossfire以电子方式提供包含可供检索的化学结构和化学反应、相关的化学和物理性质，以及详细的药理学和生态学数据在内的最全面的信息资源。

BIOSIS Previews世界上最大的关于生命科学的文摘索引数据库。

Blackwell 英国Blackwell(英文文献期刊)()Blackwell出版公司是世界上最大的期刊出版商之一(总部设在英国伦敦的牛津)，以出版国际性期刊为主，包含很多非英美地区出版的英文期刊。

数据库管理系统中英文对照

数据库管理系统的介绍Raghu Ramakrishnan数据库（database,有时拼作data base）又称为电子数据库，是专门组织起来的一组数据或信息，其目的是为了便于计算机快速查询及检索。

数据库的结构是专门设计的，在各种数据处理操作命令的支持下，可以简化数据的存储，检索，修改和删除。

数据库可以存储在磁盘，磁带，光盘或其他辅助存储设备上。

数据库由一个或一套文件组成，其中的信息可以分解为记录，每一记录又包含一个或多个字段（或称为域）。

字段是数据存取的基本单位。

数据库用于描述实体，其中的一个字段通常表示与实体的某一属性相关的信息。

通过关键字以及各种分类（排序）命令，用户可以对多条记录的字段进行查询，重新整理，分组或选择，以实体对某一类数据的检索，也可以生成报表。

所有数据库（最简单的除外）中都有复杂的数据关系及其链接。

处理与创建，访问以及维护数据库记录有关的复杂任务的系统软件包叫做数据库管理系统（DBMS）。

DBMS软件包中的程序在数据库与其用户间建立接口。

（这些用户可以是应用程序员，管理员及其他需要信息的人员和各种操作系统程序）。

DBMS可组织，处理和表示从数据库中选出的数据元。

该功能使决策者能搜索，探查和查询数据库的内容，从而对在正规报告中没有的，不再出现的且无法预料的问题做出回答。

这些问题最初可能是模糊的并且（或者）是定义不恰当的，但是人们可以浏览数据库直到获得所需的信息。

简言之，DBMS将“管理”存储的数据项，并从公共数据库中汇集所需的数据项以回答非程序员的询问。

DBMS由3个主要部分组成：（1）存储子系统，用来存储和检索文件中的数据；（2）建模和操作子系统，提供组织数据以及添加，删除，维护，更新数据的方法；（3）用户和DBMS之间的接口。

在提高数据库管理系统的价值和有效性方面正在展现以下一些重要发展趋势；1.管理人员需要最新的信息以做出有效的决策。

2.客户需要越来越复杂的信息服务以及更多的有关其订单，发票和账号的当前信息。

常用11大国外数据库详细介绍

通过InterScience，Wiley公司以许可协议形式向用户提供在线访问全文内容的服务。

其中被SCI收录的核心期刊近200种。

(2)美国IEEE (英文文献期刊)IEEE（Institute of Electrical & ElectronicsEngineers）是电子信息领域最著名的跨国性学术团体，其会员分布在世界150多个国家和地区。

据IEEE统计，IEEE会员总数2001年比2000年增加3.1%，达到377342人，其中学生会员为65669人，增长12.6%。

随着人们的信息越来越多地来自Internet，IEEE需要为会员提供更加完善和全面的电子信息产品和服务。

IEEE应成为IEEE会员获得信息的首选之地。

IEEE必须识别正确的信息，并提供对它们的访问方法。

实现这个目标的重要一步是通过IEEEXplore与IEEE/IEE Electronic Library(IEL)连接。

英文数据库SCIE的介绍

数据库简介
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• SCIE的重要性
严格的选刊标准和评估程序挑选刊源。目前，它已成为国内外学术界制定学
科发展规划和进行学术排名的重要依据。
SCIE不仅作为一部文献检索工具使用，而且成为科研评价的一种依据。科研
机构被SCIE收录的论文总量，反映整个机构的科研、尤其是基础研究的水平；个人的论文被SCIE收录的数量及被引用次数，反映他的研究能力与学术水平。
排除含有某一特定关键字的数据标题=ArtificialIntelligenceNOTgeneticalgorithm 检索含有“ArtificialIntelligence”的数据，排除含有“geneticalgorithm”的文献
检索技术--邻近检索，NEAR
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NEAR/x
使用 NEAR/x可查找由该运算符连接的检索词之间相隔指定数量的单词的记录。该规则也适用于单词处于不同字段的情况。
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检索技术
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布尔检索（and,or,not）邻近检索（near/x,SAME）截词检索（*,$,?）精确短语检索（“”）词形还原检索（Lemmatization）逻辑算符及其先后次序
英文数据库SCIE的介绍
主讲人：知识服务中心雷琴
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英文数据库介绍及使用

• 美国科学信息出版公司出版发行、基于网络服务的文献信息检索系统 • 剑桥科学文摘（CSA）有多个主题领域，每个主题下对应多个数据库。主题范围为：航空航天科学；农业科学；水生生物科学；生物学及医学；计算机技术；工程；地球与环境科学；材料科学；市场研究；社会科学。检索结果为文献的题录文摘信息。
英数据库： OCLC CSA EI PQDD • 专业性数据库银盘（Webspirs） INSPEC
综合性数据库-OCLC
• OCLC（Online Computer Library Center），即图书馆联机计算机中心，是世界上最大的提供文献信息服务的机构之一。创建于1967年，据 2000 2000年底统计，用户已有82个国家和地区的 82
外文文献检索实习要求：
• 根据需要选用一种数据库进行检索，注明选用的数据库名称，检索词（须使用两个或两个以上检索词进行逻辑组配），及检索结果。 • 摘抄一条检索结果。
世界三大农业文献数据库：
CABI 国际农业和生物技术文摘：由国际农业和国际农业和生物技术文摘：生物科学中心CABI编辑，收录编辑，生物科学中心编辑收录120多个国家和多个国家和地区用70多种文字发表的农多种文字发表的农、地区用多种文字发表的农、林、生命科学文以文摘为主。献。以文摘为主。 AGRICOLA 美国农业文献索引：主要收录美国美国农业文献索引：农业图书馆编辑的书目型数据库（题录），），主农业图书馆编辑的书目型数据库（题录），主要收录美国和北美地区，要收录美国和北美地区，以及其它国家的各种类型的文献，以题录为主。类型的文献，以题录为主 AGRIS 国际农业文献索引：由FAO生产，收录国际农业文献索引：生产，生产 135个国家和地区的个国家和地区的146个AGRIS中心农业文献个国家和地区的个中心农业文献发展中国家为主），题录和文摘。），题录和文摘（发展中国家为主），题录和文摘。

数据库英文

数据库英文DatabaseA database is an organized collection of data that is stored electronically. It enables users to access, manipulate, and analyze data efficiently and effectively. Databases can be used for a wide range of applications, from simple record-keeping to complex data analysis and decision-making.Relational DatabaseA relational database is a database that is organized around tables, which are related to each other through common fields. Each table contains records, which are represented by rows, and fields, which are represented by columns. The relationships between the tables are based on common fields, such as a customer ID or an order ID.SQLStructured Query Language (SQL) is a programming language that is used to manage and manipulate data in a relational database. It is used to create, modify, and delete data and to retrieve data from the database. SQL is widely used in business and industry to manage and analyze data.Data TypesIn a relational database, each field has a data type, which defines the kind of data that can be stored in that field. Common data types include text,numeric, date/time, and Boolean. Other data types, such as binary data or images, may also be used in some databases.Primary KeyA primary key is a field or set of fields in a relational database that uniquely identifies each record in a table. The primary key is used to enforce data integrity, ensuring that each record is unique and that records can be related properly between tables.Foreign KeyA foreign key is a field or set of fields in a table that refers to the primary key of another table. The foreign key is used to establish relationships between tables and to maintain data integrity by enforcing referential integrity constraints.ERDAn entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is a graphical representation of the tables and relationships in a relational database. It is used to model the data and to design the database schema.NormalizationNormalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. It involves breaking down tables into smaller, more specific tables and establishing relationships between them toeliminate duplicate data and ensure that data is consistent across the database.IndexesIndexes are used to improve the performance of queries in a database by providing faster access to data. An index is a data structure that is created on one or more fields in a table, allowing the database to quickly locate records that match certain criteria.TriggersTriggers are automated procedures that are executed in response to certain database events, such as the insertion, deletion, or modification of data. Triggers can be used to enforce business rules or to automate certain database tasks.TransactionsA transaction is a sequence of database operations that must be executed as a single, atomic unit. Transactions are used to ensure data integrity and to provide a consistent view of the database to all users.Backup and RecoveryBackup and recovery are critical components of database management. Regular database backups are essential for protecting data against loss orcorruption, while recovery procedures are used to restore data in the event of a disaster or other catastrophic event.Concurrency ControlConcurrency control is the process of managing simultaneous access to a database by multiple users or applications. It ensures that transactions are executed in a correct and consistent manner, while also maintaining data integrity and preventing conflicts or errors.。

数据库原理基本概念英文解释

四、数据库管理系统---DBMS(Database Management System)
A database management system (DBMS) is a software package with computer programs that control the creation, maintenance, and the use of a database. It allows organizations to conveniently develop databases for various applications by database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists.
三、数据库系统---DBS(Database System)
A database system is a term that is typically used to encapsulate the constructs of a data model, database Management system (DBMS) and database.
A colle
A database is an organized collection of data for one or more purposes, usually in digital form. The data are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality (for example, the availability of rooms in hotels), in a way that supports processes reuiring this information (for example, finding a hotel with vacancies). The term &uot;database&uot; refers both to the way its users view it, and to the logical and physical materialization of its data, content, in files, computer memory, and computer data storage.

INSPEC数据库介绍

Inspec 数据库特点
“科学文摘”历史悠久，收录的文献品质高，文献数据量大，文献类性齐全，语种多，数据规范性好、分类及索引系统完备。数据库与印刷版相比，具有更多检索字段，并将四大重点学科集为一体，检索更灵活方便
Inspec 检索方法
该网络版基于ISI Web of Knowledge平台，其检索方法可分为基本检索和高级检索 1.基本检索有十一个检索字段和检索框，
检索出的结果可进行逻辑检索，检索例： #1 and #2, #1 not #2
高级检索
组合检索
点击可见结果
检索历史
保存检索策略
保存
完成
调用历史策略
输入e-mail 输入密码
新用户注册
调用策略
运行
检索结果处理
1.全选 2.提交
点击Mar报服务
分类检索
INSPEC有一个比较完整的分类体系，类目设置详细，分类标引深度大。
可通过分类索引找到某个专业的分类号，然后通过分类号，查找某个专业的文献。例：
如用“B7630B” 来检索，则会检索到B7630B（Power suoolies）方面的记录
特殊检索式
检索D2O+ ：电子态的输入法：检索式为D/sub 2/sup/+ 例 B2Σ
U +
B/sup 2/sigma/sub u/sup +
高级检索与组合检索
能快速进行复杂检索，
输入检索式，格式：字段代码 = 检索
检索例： TS=lidar* AND AU=Edner H* CI=air traffic control AND AD=Japan
AU=(Ohashi T* AND Yamasaki N*)

外文文摘型数据库介绍

查找索引(Look-up Indexes)

可帮助用户选择用于检索的适宜词语。在快速检索中,Compendex数据库有作者（Author）、作者单位（Author affiliation）、刊名（Serial title）、 Ei 受控词（Ei controlled term）、出版商（Publisher）索引。点击页面右边浏览索引框旁边的按钮，选择想用的索引，然后点击浏览（Browse)按钮，相应的索引则会出现．

Байду номын сангаас
更通俗地讲, RSS就是一种简单的信息发布和传递方式,使得一个网站可以方便地调用其它提供RSS 订阅服务的网站的内容,从而形成“新闻聚合”,让网站发布的内容在更大的范围内传播。对于用户来说, RSS是一种订阅机制,就像订报纸、杂志。通过这种订阅机制,您可以订阅任何喜欢的内容,例如: 门户网站的新闻、Blog、论坛帖子等。对于内容提供者来说, RSS是一种直接把指定的网站的最新内容送到用户眼前的技术,被称为简易信息聚合 (Re a lly Simp le Synd ica tion) 。提供RSS输出,有利于让用户发现网站内容的更新,保持信息的到达。

NTIS（National Technical Information Service） NTIS出版的美国政府报告通报与索引数据库是一个重要的信息资源，主要收集了1964年以来美国国防部、能源部、内务部、宇航局（NASA）、环境保护局、国家标准局等国家、州及地方政府部门立项研究完成的项目报告，少量收录世界各国（如加拿大、法国、日本、芬兰、英国、瑞典、澳大利亚、荷兰、意大利）和国际组织的科学研究报告，包括项目进展过程中所做的初期报告、中期报告和最终报告等，能够及时反映科技的最新进展。该数据库每年新增约60,000条数据。

英文数据库

3.2.5 个性化功能
3.保存检索结果
在题录显示界面，标记要保存的记录，点击图标【Add to list】,此时选中的记录将暂存在服务器上，然后点击导航条上的按钮【My Profile】，进入检索结果保存界面，点击按钮【Save】,将所选的记录保存在服务器上。
4.文章被引用最新信息通报
3.1.1 概述涉及核技术、生物工程、交通运输、化学和工艺工程、照明和光学技术、农业工程和食品技术、计算机和数据处理、应用物理、电子和通信、控制工程、土木工程、机械工程、材料工程、石油、宇航、汽车工程以及这些领域的子学科和其他主要工程领域。其中，化工和工艺的期刊文献最多，约占15%；计算机和数据处理占12%；应用物理占11%；电子和通信占12%；另外还有土木工程和机械工程各占 6%。大约22%的数据是有主题词和摘要的会议论文， 90%的文献是英文文献。
3.1.1 概述 Ei公司从1992年开始收录中国期刊，并于1998年在清华大学图书馆建立了Ei中国镜像站，2002年又开通了Ei China 网站/。访问网址： 1./ （清华大学图书馆镜像） 2./
3.1.4 个性化功能
1.电子邮件通报服务
当数据更新时，系统将按用户设定的检索需求自动检索，并将检索到的最新数据（包括文献题名、作者、文摘等），发送至用户的电子邮箱中。如保存作者检索，并设定Alert服务，可获得该作者的文章被Ei Compendex收录的最新信息通报；保存刊名检索，并设定Alert服务，可获得该刊的最新期目次页。
输入检索式
选择检索方式
图3-1 Ei Compendex简单检索界面
3.1.2 检索方式
2.快速检索（Quick Search）

英文文献数据库简介

英文数据库AABI/INFORM Complete ProQuest 公司出版，是欧美大学普遍使用的著名商业及经济管理期刊论文全文数据库。

Access World News 世界各国报纸全文库，全球最大与增长最快的报纸数据库，具浏览报纸功能，时效性强，每天更新，可以看到当日大部分报纸，内容十分广泛。

ACM Digital Library收录了美国计算机协会（Association for Computing Machinery）的各种电子期刊、会议录、快报等文献AGRICOLA农业参考文献数据库，涉及美国农业和生命科学等领域，提供了1970年至今的重要农业信息。

AIAA美国航空航天学会会议论文及期刊全文数据库，世界第一的航空航天和宇宙科学文献来源。

American Chemical Socitey 美国化学学会全文期刊数据库American Mathematics Society 美国数学学会数据库，世界上最权威的数学学术团体，数据库内容涉及数学及数学在统计学、工程学、物理学、经济学、生物学、运筹学、计算机科学中的应用等American Physical Society (APS) 美国物理学会数据库，为用户提供期刊的在线阅读。

Annual Reviews 为全世界的科学团体服务，提供由著名科学家撰写的评论。

Annual Reviews 分生物医学、物理学和社会科学三个主题，共出版29种期刊。

ASCE The American Society of Civil Engineers美国土木工程师协会数据库ASME Technical Journal 美国机械工程师学会数据库。

美国机械工程师学会,主持着世界上最大的技术出版之一，制定各种工业和制造业行业标准。

由于工程领域各学科间交叉性不断增长，ASME出版物也相应提供了跨学科前沿科技的资讯。

BBeilstein/Gmelin crossfire 以电子方式提供包含可供检索的化学结构和化学反应、相关的化学和物理性质，以及详细的药理学和生态学数据在内的最全面的信息资源。

中英文数据库简介

E-commerce website: E-commerce websites need to store and manage a large amount of product information, user information, and transaction data. These data need to be quickly retrieved and updated in real-time to ensure the normal operation of the website and optimization of user experience.
要点一
要点二
Non relational databases
Non relational databases do not follow the traditional table format for storage, but organize data through key value pairs, documents, column storage, and other methods, which have the advantages of high flexibility and strong scalability. Common Chinese non relational databases include MongoDB, Redis, etc.
Social media platforms: Social media platforms need to store and manage a large amount of user information, dynamics, comments, and other data. These data need to be efficiently retrieved and analyzed to provide better personalized recommendation and advertising services.

EngineeringVillage-Compendex

Engineering Village-Compendex数据库使用指南一、数据库简介 (2)二、数据库检索指南 (2)1. 快速检索（Quick Search） (2)2. 专家检索（Expert Search） (3)3. 主题词表检索 (4)三、EI Compendex数据库检索技术 (5)1. 检索字段 (5)2. 检索算符 (5)四、EI Compendex数据库检索结果处理 (6)五、EI Compendex个性化服务 (7)六、其他数据库 (8)一、数据库简介Engineering Village-Compendex是美国《工程索引》（EI）的网络版，是目前全球最全面的工程索引二次文献数据库，包含选自5000多种工程类期刊、会议论文集和技术报告的超过7000000篇论文的参考文献和摘要。

数据库涵盖工程和应用科学领域的各学科，涉及核技术、生物工程、交通运输、化学和工艺工程、照明和光学技术、农业工程和食品技术、计算机和数据处理、应用物理、电子和通信、控制工程、土木工程、机械工程、材料工程、石油、宇航、汽车工程以及这些领域的子学科与其他主要的工程领域。

Compendex数据库每周更新数据，每年增加大约250000条新记录，以确保用户可跟踪其所在领域的最新进展。

文种：英文类型：文摘收录年限：1969年至今二、数据库检索指南Engineering Village-Compendex提供3种检索方式：快速检索（Quick Search）、专家检索（Expert Search）和主题词表检索（Thesaurus Search）。

1. 快速检索（Quick Search）快速检索方式下可以选择检索字段，进行三个字段间的逻辑运算，具有文献类型限制、文献内容限制、文献语言限制、文献出版时间限制和检索结果排序的功能。

（1）Select Database选择数据库根据您的需要，选择在一个或多个数据库中进行检索（目前只购买Compendex数据库）。

常用英文数据库

第二章常用英文数据库
第一节 SCI数据库
2
基本概念：
引文(Citation)和来源文献(Source Item)：一篇文章的参考文献称为引文，该篇文章称为来源文献。刊载来源文献的期刊或专著丛书等称为来源出版物(Source Publications)。
被引作者或引文作者(Cited Author)：即参考
5
一、数据库简介美国《科学引文索引》（Science Citation Index，
简称SCI）是一部大型的综合的索引检索刊物，它报道的学科领域自然科学、工程技术、生物医学、社会科学、艺术与人文领域。四十多年严格一致的选刊标准，精选9,000多种核心学术期刊。数据回溯至1900年，追溯100多年的科技文献及其影响。 SCI是通过著者途径查找文献的检索工具，它的最大特点是揭示了著者之间、文献之间的引用和被引用关系。这种关系可衡量一篇文献的学术价值，即一篇文献的被引用率越高，其学术价值就越大，同时也可以分析出学科之间的交叉渗透关系和发展动向，进行人才预测等。Web of Science包括5个引文数据库，2个化学数据库。
7
• 2个化学数据库为： • Current Chemical Reaction(CCR, 1985至
今)包括 Institut National de la Propriete Industrielle 化学结构数据，可回溯至 1840 年) • Index Chemicus (IC, 1996至今)
13
（2）被引参考文献检索（CITED REFERENCE SEARCH）
被引参考文献索引是将文章中的参考文献作为检索词，它揭示的是一种作者自己建立起来的文献之间的关系链接。引文检索具有独一无二的功能，即从旧的、已知的信息中发现新的、未知的信息。该方式通过被引作者、被引文献所在期刊的刊名、被引文献发表的年份三种途径检索论文被引用情况。

《数据库英文翻译》word版

databaseDatabase is in accordance with the data structure to organize, storage and management of data warehouse, which arises from fifty years ago, with the dating of information technology and the development of the market, especially since the 1990s, data management is no longer merely data storage and management, and transformed into user needs of the various data management way. The database has a variety of types, from the most simple storage have various data form to can be carried out mass data storage of large database systems are obtained in each aspect has extensive application.The birth of data managementDatabase's history can be traced back to fifty years ago, when the data management is very simple. Through a lot of classification, comparison and form rendering machine running millions of punched CARDS for data processing, its operation results on paper printed or punched card made new. While the data management is punched card for all these physical storage and handling. However, 1 9 5 1 year Remington Rand corporation (Remington Rand Inc.) an enzyme called Univac I computer launched a a second can input hundreds of recording tape drives, which has caused data management revolution. 1956 IBM produce the first disk drives -- the RAMAC Model 305. This drives have 50 blanks, each blanks diameter is 2 feet, can store 5 MB of data. The biggest advantage is use disk can be randomly access data, and punched CARDS and tape can order access data.Database system appears in the 1960s the bud. When computer began to widely used in data management, the sharing of data put forward more and more high demand. The traditional file system already cannot satisfy people's needs. Manage and share data can unify the database management system (DBMS) came into being. The data model is the core and foundation of database system, various DBMS software are based on a data model. So usually in accordance with the characteristics of the data model and the traditional database system into mesh database, the hierarchy database and relational database three types.Structured query language (SQL)commercial database systems require a query language that is more user friendly. In this chapter,we study SQL, themost inﬂuential commercially marketed query language, SQL. SQL uses a combination ofrelational-algebra and relational-calculus constructs.Although we refer to the SQL language as a “query language,” it can do much more than just query a database. It can deﬁne the structure of the data, modify data in the database, and specify security constraints.It is not our intention to provide a complete users’ guide for SQL.Rather,we present SQL’s fundamental constructs and concepts. Individual implementations of SQL may differ in details, or may support only a subset of the full language.2.1 BackgroundIBM developed the original version of SQL at its San Jose Research Laboratory (nowthe Almaden Research Center). IBM implemented the language, originally called Sequel, as part of the System R project in the early 1970s. The Sequel language hasevolved since then, and its name has changed to SQL (Structured Query Language). Many products now support the SQL language. SQL has clearly established itself as the standard relational-database language.In 1986, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published an SQL standard, called SQL-86.IBM published its own corporate SQL standard, the Systems Application Architecture Database Interface (SAA-SQL) in 1987. ANSI published an extended standard forSQL, SQL-89, in 1989. The next version of the standard was SQL-92 standard, and the most recent version is SQL:1999. The bibliographic notes provide references to these standards.Chapter 4 SQLIn this chapter, we present a survey of SQL, based mainly on the widely implemented SQL-92 standard. The SQL:1999 standard is a superset of the SQL-92 standard;we cover some features of SQL:1999 in this chapter, and provide more detailed coverage in Chapter 9. Many database systems support some of the new constructs inSQL:1999, although currently no database system supports all the new constructs. You should also be aware that some database systems do not even support all the features of SQL-92, and that many databases provide nonstandard features that we donot cover here.The SQL language has several parts:•Data-deﬁnition language (DDL). The SQL DDL provides commands for deﬁning relation schemas, deleting relations, and modifying relation schemas.•Interactive data-manipulation language (DML). The SQL DML includes a query language based on both the relational algebra and the tuple relational calculus. It includes also commands to insert tuples into, delete tuples from,and modify tuples in the database.•View deﬁnition.The SQL DDL includes commands for deﬁning views.•Transaction control. SQL includes commands for specifying the beginning and ending of transactions.•Embedded SQL and dynamic SQL. Embedded and dynamic SQL deﬁne how SQL statements can be embedded within general-purpose programming languages, such as C, C++, Java, PL/I, Cobol, Pascal, and Fortran.•Integrity.The SQL DDL includes commands for specifying integrity constraints that the data stored in the database must satisfy. Updates that violate integrity constraints are disallowed.•Authorization.The SQL DDL includes commands for specifying access rights to relations and views.In this chapter, we cover the DML and the basic DDL features of SQL.Wealso brieﬂy outline embedded and dynamic SQL, including the ODBC and JDBC standards for interacting with a database from programs written in the C and Java languages.SQL features supporting integrity and authorization are described in Chapter 6,while Chapter 9 outlines object-oriented extensions to SQL.The enterprise that we use in the examples in this chapter, and later chapters, is abanking enterprise with the following relation schemas:Branch-schema = (branch-name, branch-city, assets)Customer-schema = (customer-name, customer-street, customer-city)Loan-schema = (loan-number, branch-name, amount)Borrower-schema = (customer-name, loan-number)Account-schema = (account-number, branch-name, balance)Depositor-schema = (customer-name, account-number)Note that in this chapter, as elsewhere in the text, we use hyphenated names for schema, relations, and attributes for ease of reading. In actual SQL systems, however,hyphens are not valid parts of a name (they are treated as the minus operator). A simple way of translating the names we use to valid SQL names is to replace all hy phens by the underscore symbol (“ ”). For example, we use branch name in place ofbranch-name.2.2 Basic StructureA relational database consists of a collection of relations, each of which is assigneda unique name. Each relation has a structure similar to that presented in Chapter3.SQL allows the use of null values to indicate that the value either is unknown or does not exist. It allows a user to specify which attributes cannot be assigned null values,as we shall discuss in Section4.11.The basic structure of an SQL expression consists of three clauses: select, from,and where.•The select clause corresponds to the projection operation of the relational algebra. It is used to list the attributes desired in the result of a query.•The from clause corresponds to the Cartesian-product operation of the relational algebra. It lists the relations to be scanned in the evaluation of the expression. •The where clause corresponds to the selection predicate of the relational algebra. It consists of a predicate involving attributes of the relations that appear in the fromclause.That the term select has different meaning in SQL than in the relational algebra is an unfortunate historical fact. We emphasize the different interpretations here to minimize potential confusion.A typical SQL query has the formselect A1,A2,...,Anfrom r1,r2,...,rmwhere PEach Ai represents an attribute, and each ri arelation. P is a predicate. The query isequivalent to the relational-algebra expressionΠA1,A2,...,An(σP (r1 × r2 × ··· × rm))If the where clause is omitted, the predicate P is true. However, unlike the result of a relational-algebra expression, the result of the SQL query may containmultiple copies of some tuples; we shall return to this issue in Section 4.2.8.SQL forms the Cartesian product of the relations named in the from clause,performs a relational-algebra selection using the where clause predicate, and then projects the result onto the attributes of the select clause. In practice, SQL may convert the expression into an equivalent form that can be processed more efﬁciently.However, we shall defer concerns about efﬁciency to Chapters 13 and 14.In 1974, IBM's Ray Boyce and Don Chamberlin will Codd relational database 12 rule mathematical definition with simple keyword grammar expression comes out, put forward the landmark Structured Query Language (SQL) Language. SQL language features include inquiry, manipulation, definition and control, is a comprehensive, general relational database language, and at the same time, a highly the process of language, only request users do not need pointed out how do pointed out. SQL integration achieved database of all life cycle operation. SQL database provides and relations interact with the method, it can work with standard programming language. The date of the produce, SQL language became the touchstone of inspection relational database, and SQL standard every variation of guidingthe relational database product development direction. However, until the twentieth century, the mid 1970s to the theory of relation in commercial database Oracle and SQL used in DB2.In 1986, the SQL as ANSI relational database language American standards, that same year announced the standard SQL text. Currently SQL standard has three versions. ANSIX3135 - is defined as the basic SQL Database Language - 89, "Enhancement" SQL. A ANS89] [, generally called SQL - 89. SQL - 89 defines the schema definition, data operation and the transaction. SQL - 89 and subsequent ANSIX3168-1989, "Language - Embedded SQL Database, constituted the first generation of SQL standard. ANSIX3135-1992 [ANS92] describes a enhancements of SQL, now called SQL - 92 standards. SQL - 92 including mode operation, dynamic creation and SQL statements dynamic executive, network environment support enhancement. Upon completion of SQL - 92 ANSI and ISO standard, they started SQL3 standards development cooperation. The main features SQL3 abstract data types support, for the new generation of object relational database provides standard.The nature of database data1. Data integrity: database is a unit or an application field of general data processing system, he storage is to belong to enterprise and business departments, organizations and individuals set of related data. Database data from a global view, he according to certain data model organization, description and storage. Based on the structure of data between natural relation, thus can provide all the necessary access route, and data no longer deal with a certain applications, but for total organization, with a whole structural features.2. Data sharing: database data is for many users sharing their information and the establishment, got rid of the specific procedures restrictions and restraint. Different users can use the database according to their respective usage the data; Multiple users can also Shared database data resource, i.e., different users can also access database in the same data. Data sharing each user not only meets the requirements of information, but also meet the various users of information communication between the requirements.Object-oriented databaseAlong with the development of information technology and the market, people found relational database system, while technology is mature, but its limitations is obvious: it can be a very good treatment of so-called "form of data", but of dominating the more and more complex appear helpless type of data. Since the 1990s, technology has been studying and seek new database system. But in what is the development direction of the new database system, industry once is quite confused. The influence of agitation by technology at the time, for quite some time, people put a lot of energy spent on research "object-oriented database system (object oriented database)" or simply as "OO database system". What is worth mentioning, the United States Stonebraker professor proposed object-oriented RDS theory once favored by industry. And in Stonebraker himself Informix spend big money was then appointed technology director always.However, several years of development, spatio-temporal object-oriented relational database system product market development situation is not good. Theoretically perfect sex didn't bring market warm response. The main reason of success, the main design thought database products with new database system is an attempt to replace the existing database system. This for many has been using database system for years and accumulated the massive job data, especially big customer for customers, is unable to withstand the conversion between old and new data that huge workload and big spending. In addition, object-oriented RDS system makes query language extremely complex, so whether database development businessman or application customers depending on the complicated application technology to be a dangerous road.Basic structureThe basic structure of database, reflects the three levels of observation database of three different Angle.(1) physical data layer.It is the most lining, is database on physical storage equipment actually stored data collection. These data are raw data, the object, the user isprocessed by internal model describing the throne of handled the instructions of string, character and word.(2) conceptual data layer.It is a layer of database, is among the whole logic said. Database Points out the logic of each data definition and the logical connection between data collection of storage and record, is. It is related to the database all objects logical relationship, not their physical condition, is under the database administrator concept of database.(3) logical data layer.It is the user sees and use the database, says one or some specific users use collections of data, namely the logical record set.Database different levels is the connection between conversion by mapping.Main features(1) to implement the data sharing.Data sharing contains all users can also access database data, including the user can use all sorts of ways to use the database through interfaces, and provide data sharing.(2) reduce data redundancy.Compared with the file system, because the database to achieve data sharing so as to avoid the user respective establish application documentation. Reduce a lot of repeating data, reduce the data redundancy, maintain the consistency of the data.(3) data of independence.Data independence including database database of logical structure and application independent, also including data physical structure change does not affect the data of the logical structure.(4) data realize central control.File management mode, data in a decentralized state, different user or same users in different treatment had no relation between the documents.Using the database of data can be concentrated control and management, and through the data model of data organization and said the relation between data.(5) the data consistency and maintainability, to ensure the safety and reliability of the data.Mainly includes: (1) the safety control: to prevent data loss, error updating and excessive use; (2) the integrity control: ensure data accuracy, effectiveness and compatibility; (3) the concurrent control: make in the same time period to allow data realization muli-access, and can prevent users of abnormal interaction between; (4) fault finding and recovery: the database management system provides a set of method, can isolate faults and repair fault, thereby preventing data breaches(6) fault recovery.The database management system provides a set of method, can isolate faults and repair fault, thereby preventing data breaches. Database system can restore database system is running as soon as possible, is probably the fault occurred in the physical or logical error. For instance, in system caused by incorrect operation data error, etc.Database classification1. The MaiJie openPlant real-time databaseReal-time database system is a new field in database theory expansion, in power, chemical, steel, metallurgy, papermaking, traffic control and securities finance and other fields has a very broad application prospect. It can provide enterprises with high speed, timely real-time data services, to the rapidly changing real-time data to carry on the long-term effective history storage, is a factory control layer (fieldbus, DCS, PLC, etc) and production management system of the connection between the bridge, also process simulation, advanced control, online optimization, fault diagnosis system data platform.OpenPlant real-time database system used in today's advanced technology and architecture, can realize safe, stable and field each control system of the interface, and collected data efficient data compression and China's longhistory of storage, meanwhile, we also provide convenient client application and general data interface (API/DDE/ODBC/JDBC/OPC, etc.), make the enterprise management and decision makers can prompt, and comprehensive understanding of the current production situation, also can look back at past production conditions, the timely discovery and the problems existing in the production, improve equipment utilization rate, reduce production cost, the enhancement enterprise's core competitive ability.2. IBM DB2As the pioneer and relational database fields, IBM pilot in 1977 completed System R System prototype, 1980 began to provide integrated database server - System / 38, followed by SQL/DSforVSE and VM, and its initial version is closely related with SystemR research prototype. In 1983 forMVSV1 DB2 launch. This version of the objective is to provide the new plan promised simplicity, data don't correlation and user productivity. 1988 DB2 for MVS provides a powerful online transaction processing (OLTP) support, 1989 and 1993 respectively to remote work unit and distributed work unit realized distributed database support. Recently launched Universal Database 6.1 is DB2 Database model gm, is the first online function with multimedia relational Database management system, support includes a series of platform, Linux.3. OracleOracle predecessor called SDL Ellison and another by a benchwarmer in 1977 founded two programmers, they have developed their own fist product in the market, a large sale, 1979, Oracle company introduces the first commercial SQL relational database management system. Oracle corporation is the earliest development relational database, its product support and producers of the most widely operating system platform. Now Oracle relational database products market share a front-runner.4. InformixInformix founded in 1980, the purpose is for Unix operating system to provide professional such open relational database products. The company's name from Information and Informix is the combination of Unix. Informix first truly support SQL database products is the relationship between Informix SE(StandardEngine). InformixSE is at the time of the microcomputer Unix environment main database products. It is also the first to be transplanted into the commercial database products on Linux.5. SybaseSybase company was founded in 1984, the company name "Sybase" from "the system" and "database" combination of meaning. One of the company's founder Bob Sybase Epstein is Ingres university edition (and System/R the same period the relational database model products) of main design personnel. The company's first a relational database products are launched in 1987 SQLServer1.0 Sybase may. Sybase are first proposed the structure of database system/Server thoughts, and took the lead in SQLServer Sybase realize.6. SQL ServerIn 1987, Microsoft and IBM cooperative development complete OS / 2, IBM in its sales OS / 2 ExtendedEdition system binding Manager, and 2Database OS/production line is still lack of database of Microsoft products. Therefore, Microsoft will Sybase, Sybase foreign-exchange signed cooperation agreements with the technical development, the use of Sybase based on OS / 2 platform relational database. In 1989, Microsoft released SQL Server version 1.0.7. PostgreSQLPostgreSQL is a characteristic very complete free software objects - relational database management system (ORDBMS), and many of its characteristic is many of today's commercial database predecessor. The earliest PostgreSQL Ingres project started in BSD the. The characteristics of PostgreSQL covering the SQL - 2 / SQL - 92 and SQL - 3. First, it includes can say to the world's most abundant data types of support; Second, at present PostgreSQL is the only support affairs, son query, multiple versions parallel control system, data integrity checking the only features such as a free software database management system.8. MySQLMySQL is a small relational database management system, developers for Sweden mySQL AB corporation. In January 2008, was 16 from takeover. Currently MySQL is widely used in the small and medium-sized websites on the Internet. Because of its small size, speed, overall has low cost, especially open-source this one characteristic, many small and medium-sized web site, in order to reduce the overall cost of ownership website and selected MySQL as website database9 in Access databasesAmerican Microsoft company in 1994 launched microcomputer database management system. It has friendly interface, easy easy to use, development is simple, flexible, and other features, is the interface typical of the new generation of desktop database management system. Its main features below:(1) perfect management, various database objects of strong data organization, user management, safety inspection functions.(2) strong data processing functions, in a group level of network environment, use Access development multi-user database management system have traditional XBASE (DBASE, FoxBASE collectively) database system can achieve client/Server (Cient/Server) structure and the corresponding database security mechanism, the Access has many advanced large database management system has the characteristics, such as transaction processing/error rollback ability, etc.(3) can be easily generate various data object, using the data stored build forms and statements, visibility.(4) as Office suite, and part of the integrated, realize seamless connection version.(5) can use Web searching and release data, realization and Internet connection. Access mainly suitable for small and medium application system, or as a client/server system of the client database.10. SQLiteThe ACID is to comply with SQLite relational databases management system, it contained within a relatively small C library. It is ichardHipp D.Restablished public domain project. Not as common client/server architecture examples, with SQLite engine is not a process of communication independent process, but connected to the program become a major part of it. So the main communication protocol is within the programming language direct API calls. This in gross consumption, time delay and overall simplicity have positive role. The entire database (definition, table, indexing and data itself) are both in the host host stored in a single file. It is through the simple design of starting a business in the whole data files and complete lock.11. FoxPro databaseAt first by American Fox 1988, 1992 Fox launched by Microsoft company, have introduced after the takeover FoxPro2.5, 2.6 and VisualFoxPro etc, its function and performance version has greatly improved. FoxPro2.5, 2.6 into DOS and Windows two versions, respectively in DOS and running Windows environment. FoxPro FoxBASE in function and performance than and have improved greatly, mainly introducing the window, button, list box and text box control such as to enhance the system development capabilities.Common databases1. MySQL is the most popular open source SQL database management system, the company develops by MySQL AB, issuing, and support. MySQL AB is founded by several MySQL developer a commercial company. It is a second-generation open-source company, combined with open source value orientation, method and successful business model.Features:MySql core program using fully multi-threaded programming. Threading is lightweight processes, it can be flexibly provides services for users, and the system resources. But manyMySql can run in different operating systems. Say simply, MySql can support Windows95/98 / NT / 2000 and UNIX, Linux and OS from various operating system platform.MySql have a very flexible and safe access and password system. When a customer and MySql server connection between all the password, theytransmit encrypted, and MySql support host authentication.Support ODBC for Windows. MySql support all the ODBC 2.5 function and many other functions, like this may use Access connections MySql server, thus make the MySql applications are greatly extend.MySql support large database. Although written in Php web page for it as long as can deposit hundreds of above record data is enough, but MySql can easily support millions of recorded database.MySql have a very rapid and stable memory allocation system based on the thread, can continue to use face don't have to worry about its stability.The strong search function. MySql support inquires the ramp of the SELECT and statements all operators and function, and can be in the same query from different database table mixes, thus make inquires the become quicker and easier.PHP provides strong support for MySql, provide a whole set of the PHP function to MySql MySql, carry on the omni-directional support.2. Based on the server is SQLServer database can be used for medium and large capacity data applications, on the function management is much more ambitious than Access. In handling mass data efficiency, backstage development aspects of flexibility, scalability is strong. Because now database are using standard SQL language to database management, so if it is standard SQL language, both basically can generic. 92HeZu nets all rent space can be used both double Access database, while supporting the SQL Server. SQL Server and more extended stored procedure, can use the database size without limit restrictions.Graphical user interface, make the system management and database management more intuitive and simple.The real client/server architecture.Rich programming interface tools for users to program designed to provide more choices.SQL Server with Windows NT, using a fully integrated many functions, suchas NT send and receive messages, management login security, etc. SQL Server can be a very good and Microsoft BackOffice product integration.Has the very good flexibility, can span from running Windows 95/98 laptop to run Windows 2000 large multiprocessor and so on many kinds of platform use.Technical support to the Web, users can easily will database data released on to the Web page.SQL Server provides the data warehouse function, this function only in Oracle and other more expensive DBMS is only found in.3. Access is a desktop database, is suitable only for data quantity is little, in dealing with the application of a database of data and single visit is very good, the efficiency is high. But it's also visit the client can't more than four. The access database has certain limit, if the data reach 100M or so, is very easy to create the server iis feign death, or consume server memory to crash the server.The future development trendWith the expansion of information management content, appeared to rich variety of data model (hierarchical model, meshy model, relation model, object-oriented model, half structural model and so on), the new technology also emerge in endlessly (data streams, Web data management, data mining, etc.). Now every few years, international senior database experts assembled, discusses database research status, problems and future needs the new technology focus attention. The past existing several similar reports include: 1989 The Future Directions inDBMS Laguna BeachParticipants true - DatabaseSystems: Achievements in 1990, Opportunities, 1995. Inmon W.H. Database 1991: constructing The publication of The data warehouse"。

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快速检索运行顺序
a AND b OR c
a OR b AND c a OR b NOT c
(表示为(a AND b) OR c)
(表示为(a OR b) AND c) (表示为(a OR b) NOT c）
Quick Search 检索技巧小结
1. 逻辑算符和截词符
逻辑算符： AND OR NOT NEAR 截词符： * ?
•
特殊字符
除了a-z,A-Z, 0-9,?,*.#,( )或{ }等符号外，其它符号均视为特殊符号，检索时将被忽略。除非用引号或括号将其括起，如：{n<7}，此时特殊字符将被一个空格所代替。
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停用词
用短语检索时，允许句中使用停用词(and, or,not,near)。但该语句必须用引号或括号括起。如： {block and tackle} “water craft parts and equipment”
练习：
在EI数据库执行以下检索，比较它们的异同，并说明系统的运算顺序。
(1) computer wn ti and image wn ti (2) (computer and image) wn ti (3) (computer image) wn ti (4) {computer image} wn ti (5) computer and image wn ti
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Author(或编者):
作者指论文作者，输入时姓在前名在后。作者名后可以使用截词符，如： Smith,A*表示系统将就Smith,a., Smith,A.A., Smith,A.B, Smith,Aarom, Smith,AaronC等作者进行检索。用作者字段检索时可参考索引表。
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