高考英语阅读理解文章的细节理解8例试题

2021年地区高考英语阅读理解文章的细节理解8例一篇文章有了话题〔topic〕，确定了要表达的中心思想〔main idea〕，还必须通过许多细节的信息来进一步解释或者表达主题，表达中心思想。

弄懂这些细节，对于理解全文的作用是不容无视的，也是归纳、概括文章中心思想的根底。

因此，在高考命题中往往会要求考生根据不同的要求，阅读文章以获得某些特定的信息或者准确地寻找所需的细节。

这类考题可以是比拟直接的，理解字面意义就可以答题；但也可能是比拟间接的，要通过归纳、综合或者推理才能答题。

例1
Tom Brenna was working in a Philadelphia office building when he noticed a black bag. The bag contained a book.
This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasure –a 120-page diary kept 190 years a go by Deborah Logan, “a woman who knew everybody in her day,〞James Green, the librarian told the magazine American Libraries.
Most of the diary is a record of big events in Philadelphia. It is also includes a description of British soldiers burning Washington, D.C. in the war of 1812. She describes President James Madison on horseback as “perfectly shaking with fear〞during the troubled days. George Washington, she writes, mistook her for the wife of a French man, and praised her excellent English.
The adventure of the lost book began September 4 when Cory Luxmoore arrived from England to deliver the diary of his ancestor (祖先) to the library Company, which he and his wife considered to be best home for the diary.
Green told American Libraries he had the diary in his possession “about five minutes〞
when Luxmoore took it back because he had promised to show it to one other person. On returning his hotel after showing the precious book to Green, Luxmoore was shocked to realise that he had left it in the taxi.
Without any delay, Green began calling every taxi company in the city, with no luck. “I’ve felt sick since then,〞Luxmoore told reporters.
According to Green, no one has yet learned how the diary came to the office building. Tom Brennan received a reward of $1,000, Philadelphia gained another treasure for hit history. And Luxmoore told reporters, “It’s wonderful news. I’m on high.〞
1. From the text, we learn that the diary is now owned by _______.
A. Tom Brenna
B. an unknown person
C. a Philadelphia magazine
D. the library Company of Philadelphia
2. Philadelphia is thought to be the best home for the diary because ________.
A. it was written in Philadelphia
B. it tells stories about Philadelphia
C. people in the city are interested in old things
D. the British and Americans once fought in Philadelphia
3. Which of the following shows the right order of what happened to the diary?
a. Tom Brennan found the book in an office building
b. The book was shown to James Green
c. Cory Luxmoore arrived from England
d. The book was left behind in a taxi
A. a, b, c, d
B. c, b, d, a
C. a, c, d, b
D. c, a, b, d
注释：
第3小题是掌握文章细节的第一种情况，即获取信息是比拟直接的，理解字面意义就可以答题，正确答案显然是B.
第1和2 小题属掌握文章细节的第二种情况，即信息获取是比拟间接的，要通过归纳、综合或者推理才能答题。

第1题通过文章所给的两个信息This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasure… ; The adventure of the lost book began September 4 when Cory Luxmoore arrived from England to deliver the diary of his ancestor (祖先) to the library Company, which he and his wife considered to be best home for the diary.判断正确答案是D. 第2小题通过Most of the diary is a record of big events in Philadelphia.确定正确答案是B.
以上介绍的是处理文章细节的一般方法，在实际解题时还应注意以下两个问题:
1. 解题时应认真阅读题干和文章中的有关细节，以确保所选答案与文章提供的信息完全一致。

例2
We usually say that people have five senses. Senses are the way that we learn what is happening around us. The five senses are sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.
Each sense depends on a special organ of the body. This organ receives the information and then the nerves send this information to the brain. For example, eyes control sight. Ears control hearing, and skin controls touch. Taste depends on the taste buds on the tongue, and smell depends on the nose.
In addition, there are also other senses which are equally as important. There is a sense of balance which stops us from falling down. We also have senses of hunger, thirst, and heat and cold.
We may conclude from the passage that all senses are greatly controlled by _____.
A. the nerves in the hands
B. the brain
C. a special organ of the human body
D. the eyes, ears, and nose
注释：
许多学生不加思索地选择了C. 其根据是句中出现了Each sense depends on a special organ of the body. 这里，他们忽略了两点：1〕题干是… that all senses are greatly controlled by … 而并非each sense 2)文章中在Each sense depends on a special organ of the body.句后还有This organ receives the information and then the nerves send this information to the brain. 因此，正确选项应为B.
例3
Lakeland, Florida, April 29 --- two cars dropped from sight, falling into the bottom of a 30-foot deep sinkhole which appeared suddenly. At a town 13 miles from Lakeland, two bedrooms of one house dropped into a hole 60 feet across and 35 feet deep. Part of the next house hung dangerously over the hole.
Sinkholes have been happening without warning in this part for years. So far there is no way to predict (预告) when or where one will appear. But when one does, others usually follow in the same area, usually along a straight line.
The worst sinkhole in recent years appeared in 1965. It was 70 feet across and 150 feet deep. I t destroyed one house, damaged several others and broke the walls of a city block.
One hole, 15 feet deep, opened up this year in the middle of a highway 19 seconds after a car had driven by. Others in the same area took place at night damaging houses, swallowing(吞没) up trees and parts of streets and making 23 frightened persons run away from their homes in night clothes.
Sinkholes happen when the weather is dry. The earth at the surface begins to drop into empty space under the ground, like sand falling in huge hourglass(沙漏) . This is how a sinkhole is formed.
When one sinkhole appears, others usually follow _______.
A. everywhere
B. on a straight highway only
C. nearby
D. in the places far away
注释：
此题许多学生错选为B.其原因是将原文中〔But when one does, others usually follow in the same area, usually along a straight line.〕usually along a straight line 与选项B on a straight highway only 等同起来。

故正确选项为C,根据是… others u sually follow in the same area。

例4
People in the Middle East use a special pot for holding drinking water. This pot allows water to be slowly absorbed by the clay . As the absorbed water reaches the outer surface of the pot, it evaporates quickly because of the dry air. Because evaporation (蒸发) water absorbs heat from their surroundings, evaporation acts as a cooling process . This process, in turn, cools the pot. The pot then cools the water held in the pot. Thus, we have an “air-powered cooler〞; the clay also absorbs some of the dirt it the water, thus making it taste purer.
This type of pot has various shapes in different parts of the Middle East.
The “zeer〞in Egypt comes to a point at the bottom. Since it does not have a flat bottom, it is usually supported in wooden or metal holder. The water that has reached the surface of the pot runs down the sides of the pot and drips (滴) off the pointed bottom.
1 Where does the zeer work as a water cooler?
A. In East Asia
B. In any place in the world
C. In places where it is hot and dry
D. In places where there is plenty of water
2.Which is the right order for showing how the zeer works as a water cooler?
a. The clay cools
b. Water goes through the clay and reaches the outer surface
c. The pot cools
d. The water cools
e. Water evaporates to the air around it
f. The evaporating water absorbs the heat around it
A. b, e, f, a, c, d
B. f, a, b, e, d, c
C. b, e, f, a, d, c
D. f, a, b, d, c, e
注释
第1小题如选择A就错了，原因是题干中〔Where does the zeer work as a water cooler?〕work 的含义是“起作用〞，因此正确选项为C.
第2小题应注意原文的表达方式与选项表达的不同，要进展适当的推理才能判断出正确选项〔A.〕
例5
American doctors say that mothers who smoke before their babies are born may slow the growth of their babies’ lungs. They say reduced lung growth could cause the babies suffer
breathing problems and lung diseases later in life. Doctors in Boston, Massachusetts studied 1,100 children. The mothers of some of the children smoked, the other mothers did not. Doctors found that the lungs of the children whose mothers smoked were 8% less developed than the lungs of the children whose mothers did not smoke, and that the children whose mothers smoked developed 20% more cold and breathing diseases than other children later in life.
Another recent study found that children had a greater chance of developing lung cancer if their mothers smoked. The study also showed that the danger of lung cancer increased only for sons and not for daughters, and that the father’s smoking did not affect a child’s chance of developing lung cancer.
Suppose John’s father was a heavy smoker, so was Mary’s mother. According to this text _________.
A. John is more likely to develop lung cancer
B. Mary is more likely to develop lung cancer
C. John and Mary have the same chance to develop lung cancer
D. Neither John nor Mary has more chance to develop lung cancer than other children
注释
解答此题时如对文章第二段Another recent study found that children had a greater chance of developing lung cancer if their mothers smoked. The study also showed that the danger of lung cancer increased only for sons and not for daughters, and that the father’s smoking did not affect a child’s chance of developing lung cancer. 不注意，就很可能误选A或者B. 如对此注意，并对题干中提到的Mary和John有正确判断〔Mary为女孩儿，John为男孩儿〕，就可得出正确选项D.
2. 分清文章的题目(topic)、主题思想(main idea) 和细节(details) 的区别
例6
When Charles Stratton was five, he stopped growing. His mother took him to see the famous showman. P. T. Barnum. Mr. Barnum thought a small person would be the perfect addition to his show. He hired Charles’ parents along with him, and they traveled the world together.
He gave the two-foot-tall Charles a new name, General Tom Thumb. He taught Tom how to sing, dance, act, and tell jokes. When he felt Tom was ready to perform on stage, he made up ads. To stir up (激起) great interest, he said that Tom was eleven years old and had come from England. During the show, Tom fought battles with tall people. He also danced upon a wooden plate held by a person who was eight feet tall.
Tom’s act was very popular and brought in a lot of money. By the time Tom was an adult, he had grown very rich. He had become a billionaire at the age of twenty-five.
Fortunately for Tom, Mr. Barnum added more little people to his show, and Tom became lucky in love as well. One of the little people was Lavinia Warren, a school teacher. Tom was able to win her love, and they married.
The ceremony and reception were the talk of the town. They were attended by many rich and famous people and by about two thousand guests. Crowds filled the streets of New York to have a look at their tiny wedding carriage. The couple even met with President Abraham Lincoln on their honeymoon, just before going to live in Tom’s house in Connecticut.
Their wedding, which took place during the Civil War, provided a welcome escape from the sad problems of war. Not willing to let this bit of sunshine fade , communities throughout the country
sponsored〔赞助)“Tom Thumb〞weddings. In these weddings, small boys and girls, all dressed up, went through marriage ceremony for fun.
What did the writer try to tell us in the last paragraph?
A. Weddings always make people feel full of sunshine.
B. People are always disappointed during war time.
C. Entertainment can serve an important purpose
D. People should be married when they are small children
注释
作者在文章最后一段确实谈到了Charles Stratton’s wedding 的盛况，但这并不说明Weddings always make people feel full of sunshine.〔选项A〕; 而且文章第一句就开门见山地说明Their wedding, which took place during the Civil War, provided a welcome escape from the sad problems of war. 因此可以断定作者想要说明的是wedding的意义，而不是wedding本身，据次，我们也可以推断出这是一道考察文章主题思想的试题，而不是文章的细节。

正确选项C中“Entertainment〞指Charles Stratton’s wedding；“can serve an important purpose〞指provided a welcome escape from the sad problems of war.
例7
This book tells about the development of the English people, their forms of government and their language. It shows how they became united with their neighbours in Wales, Scotland and Ireland, and how together they formed the British Empire and helped to form the United States of America. As the writer explains on page 87, it is a history of England because England is the base on which the rest was built.
The study of the past helps us to understand the present. It is hoped that this book will help the readers to understand better the British people of today.
According to the article, we study history in order to understand ______.
A. only the past
B. nothing but the present
C. the present as well as the present
D. better the British people of today
注释
文章第二段中The study of the past helps us to understand the present.并不说明… we study history in order to understand nothing but the present (选项B); It is hoped that this book will help the readers to understand better the British people of today.也不说明… we study history in order to understand better the British people of today.〔选项D〕。

通读全文，可以看出作者对如何读一部历史书提出的观点是：The study of the past helps us to understand the present. 这正好与正确选项C的观点一致。

例8
Jacks is the name of a game that is quite popular with children. To play jacks you will need a small rubber ball and ten metal objects called jacks.
The rules for this game are not complicated . To begin, you put the ten jacks on the floor or ground in front of you. Throw the ball up but not too high, pick up one jack. And then catch the ball. Keep the jack in your hand and then go on picking up the other jacks one at a time. You lose your turn if you do not catch the ball, you do not pick up a jack or you drop any jacks from your hand.
When you finish all ten jacks, you now try to do the same thing again but with two jacks at one time. This is more difficult, of course. You lose your turn if you make any of the other three mistakes or if you do not pick up exactly two jacks each time.
A good title for this passage is ______.
A. An easy game
B. Throwing A Ball
C. Two Jacks
D. A Ball And Ten Jacks
注释
此题正确选项为A. 选项D为文章的细节〔A Ball And Ten Jacks仅仅是游戏的用具〕；而文章的题目应该是概括一段文字的总的内容，An easy game不仅包括了游戏的用具，还包括了规那么等等。

励志赠言经典语录精选句；挥动**，放飞梦想。

厚积薄发，一鸣惊人。

关于努力学习的语录。

自古以来就有许多文人留下如头悬梁锥刺股的经典的，而近代又有哪些经典的高中励志赠言出现呢?小编筛选了高中励志赠言句经典语录，看看是否有些帮助吧。

好男儿踌躇满志，你将如愿;真巾帼灿烂扬眉，我要成功。

含泪播种的人一定能含笑收获。

贵在坚持、难在坚持、成在坚持。

功崇惟志，业广为勤。

耕耘今天，收获明天。

成功，要靠辛勤与汗水，也要靠技巧与方法。

常说口里顺，常做手不笨。

不要自卑，你不比别人笨。

不要自满，别人不比你笨。

高三某班，青春无限，超越梦想，勇于争先。

敢闯敢拼，**协力，争创佳绩。

丰富学校体育内涵，共建时代校园文化。

奋勇冲击，永争第一。

奋斗冲刺，誓要蟾宫折桂;全心拼搏，定能金榜题名。

放心去飞，勇敢去追，追一切我们为完成的梦。

翻手为云，覆手为雨。

二人同心，其利断金。

短暂辛苦，终身幸福。

东隅已逝，桑榆非晚。

登高山，以知天之高;临深溪，以明地之厚。

大智若愚，大巧若拙。

聪明出于勤奋，天才在于积累。

把握机遇，心想事成。

奥运精神，永驻我心。

“想”要壮志凌云，“干”要脚踏实地。

**燃烧希望，励志赢来成功。

楚汉名城，喜迎城运盛会，三湘四水，欢聚体坛精英。

乘风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海。

不学习，如何养活你的众多女人。

不为失败找理由，要为成功想办法。

不勤于始，将悔于终。

不苦不累，高三无味;不拼不搏，高三白活。

不经三思不求教不动笔墨不读书，人生难得几回搏，此时不搏，何时搏。

不敢高声语，恐惊读书人。

不耻下问，学以致用，锲而不舍，孜孜不倦。

博学强识，时不我待，黑发勤学，自首不悔。

播下希望，充满**，勇往直前，永不言败。

保定宗旨，砥砺德行，远见卓识，创造辉煌。

百尺高梧，撑得起一轮月色;数椽矮屋，锁不住五夜书声。