2014年双语管理学答案
《管理学》理论教学大纲(供四年制本科商务英语专业使用)
《管理学》理论教学大纲(供四年制本科商务英语专业使用)Ⅰ前言管理学是商务英语专业学生的一门重要必修课程。
它是系统地研究管理活动的基本规律和一般方法的学科。
学生通过本课程的学习，能了解管理过程普遍规律、管理学基本原理和管理学一般方法，并结合实际案例，使学生对管理学有系统的了解和认识，为学生进一步的学习和工作打下基础。
本大纲适用于四年制本科商务英语专业使用。
现将大纲使用中有关问题说明如下:一为了使教师和学生更好地掌握教材，大纲每一章节均由教学目的、教学要求和教学内容三部分组成。
教学目的注明教学目标，教学要求分掌握、熟悉和了解三个级别，教学内容与教学要求级别相对应，并统一标示(核心内容即知识点以下划实线，重点内容以下划虚线，一般内容不标示)便于学生重点学习。
二教师在保证大纲核心内容的前提下，可根据不同教学手段，讲授重点内容和介绍一般内容，有的内容可留给学生自学。
三总教学参考学时为36学时, 均为理论学习。
四教材：《管理学》（双语版），人民邮电出版社，李训，董竞飞，2013年。
II 正文第一章管理概述一教学目的通过对管理的基本概念以及职能、管理者的素质要求、管理理论等的学习，学会运用管理学的研究方法分析研究管理问题，并了解管理理论中主要的代表人物。
二教学要求(一) 掌握管理的含义。
(二) 了解管理的基本职能和管理者的素质要求。
(三) 了解管理学的研究对象。
(四) 熟悉管理理论的主要流派以及代表人物。
三教学内容(一)管理的概念、性质。
(二)管理者的定义、类型、技能、管理职能。
1管理者的定义。
2管理者的类型。
3管理者的技能。
4管理的职能。
(三)管理学的研究方法。
(四)管理理论。
第二章计划一教学目的通过对计划特征、作用、类型、流程以及编制方法的学习，能够为既定目标的实现制定一个行之有效的行动方案。
二教学要求(一) 了解计划的特征和作用。
(二) 掌握计划的类型与编制流程、计划的编制方法。
(三) 熟悉制定计划应考虑的问题。
管理学英语试题及答案
管理学英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "management" refers to the process of:A. Making decisionsB. Organizing resourcesC. Directing and controlling activitiesD. All of the above答案：D2. Which of the following is NOT a function of management?A. PlanningB. StaffingC. MotivatingD. Selling答案：D3. The process of setting goals and deciding on actions to achieve these goals is known as:A. OrganizingB. LeadingC. PlanningD. Controlling答案：C4. Which of the following is an example of a managementprinciple?A. Division of laborB. CentralizationC. DelegationD. All of the above答案：D5. In the context of management, "controlling" refers to:A. The process of ensuring that things are done as plannedB. The process of making plansC. The process of organizing resourcesD. The process of motivating employees答案：A6. The concept of "span of control" is related to:A. The number of employees a manager can effectively superviseB. The range of activities a manager is responsible forC. The level of authority a manager hasD. The type of control systems a manager uses答案：A7. The management function that involves influencing people to work towards organizational goals is:A. OrganizingB. LeadingC. PlanningD. Controlling答案：B8. Which of the following is a characteristic of effective communication?A. ClarityB. AmbiguityC. DisorganizationD. Lack of feedback答案：A9. The "scientific management" theory was developed by:A. Henri FayolB. Max WeberC. Frederick TaylorD. Abraham Maslow答案：C10. In the context of management, "empowerment" means:A. Giving employees the authority to make decisionsB. Centralizing all decision-making powerC. Reducing the role of employees in decision-makingD. Ignoring employee input in decision-making答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The four basic functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and ________.答案：controlling2. The management principle that suggests that there is an optimal span of control for each manager is known as ________.答案：span of control3. The management approach that focuses on the social needsof employees is known as the ________ approach.答案：human relations4. The process of identifying, selecting, orienting, training, and compensating employees is known as ________.答案：staffing5. A management style that involves a high level of task orientation and a low level of relationship orientation is known as ________ leadership.答案：autocratic6. The concept of "management by objectives" was developed by ________.答案：Peter Drucker7. The "Maslow's hierarchy of needs" theory suggests that people are motivated by a series of needs, starting with physiological needs and ending with ________ needs.答案：self-actualization8. In a ________ structure, there is a clear chain of command and a narrow span of control.答案：hierarchical9. The process of comparing actual performance with planned performance is known as ________.答案：budgeting10. The management function that involves setting goals and determining the sequence of actions needed to achieve them is known as ________.答案：strategic planning三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）1. What are the three key characteristics of an effective organizational structure?答案：An effective organizational structure should havethe following characteristics: clarity of roles and responsibilities, a clear chain of command, and a balance between centralization and decentralization.2. Explain the difference between leadership and management.答案：Leadership is the process of influencing, motivating, and directing individuals towards the achievement of organizational goals. Management, on the other hand, is a broader concept that includes planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources to achieve goals.3. What are the main principles of scientific management according to Frederick Taylor?答案：The main principles of scientific management includethe scientific selection and training of workers, the scientific selection of tasks and tools, the scientific determination of work methods, and the scientific scheduling of work and rest periods.4. Describe the four stages of the control process.。
2014年12月ACCA F9考试真题答案
AnswersFundamentals Level – Skills Module， Paper F9Financial Management December 2014 Answers Section A1 AMonetary value of return = $3·10 x 1·197 = $3·71Current share price = ＄3·71 – $0·21 = $3·502 3 4 BCAThe hedge needs to create a peso liability to match the 500，000 peso future income。
6—month peso borrowing rate = 8/2 = 4%6-month dollar deposit rate = 3/2 = 1·5%Dollar value of money market hedge = 500,000 x 1·015/(1·04 x 15） = ＄32,532 or $32,5005 6 7 BCCTotal cash flow（$)Joint probability EV of cash flow($）36，00014,00032,00010,00016,000(6,000）0·11250·03750·45000·15000·18750·06254,05052514,4001，5003,000(375）–––––––23，100Less initial investmentEV of the NPV(12,000）–––––––11,100–––––––8 9 BAMV = (7 x 5·033) + （105 x 0·547) = ＄92·67101112 D D A13 BInventory = 15,000，000 x 60/360 = $2，500，000Trade receivables = 27,000，000 x 50/360 = $3,750，000Trade payables = 15，000,000 x 45/360 = $1，875，000Net investment required = 2,500,000 + 3,750，000 – 1，875,000 = $4，375，00014151617 CDCAGearing = ［（4,000 x 1·05） + 6，200 + （2,000 x 0·8）]/（8,000 x 2 x 5) = 12，000/80,000 = 15%1819 BDDividend growth rate = 100 x (（33·6/32）– 1） = 5% MV = 33·6/(0·13 – 0·05） = ＄4·2020 DSection B1 （a）Cash balances at the end of each month：December January February March April Sales (units）1，200 1,250 1,300 1,400 1，500 Selling price (＄/unit）800 800 840 840––––––––––––––––––––––––Sales （＄000) 960 1,000 1,092 1,176––––––––––––––––––––––––Month received January February March AprilDecember 1，2502，500500 JanuaryJanuary1,3002，600520FebruaryFebruary1,4002，800560March1，5003,000600Production (units）Raw materials （units）Raw materials ($000）Month payable March AprilDecember 1,250125 January1，300130February1,400140March1,500150Production (units）Variable costs（$000）Month payableDecember January February MarchMonthly cash balances：January ＄000 960 February$0001，000March$0001,092ReceivablesLoan 300––––––––––––––––Income：960 1，000 1，392––––––––––––––––Raw materials Variable costs Machine 500130520140560150400 ––––––––––––––––Expenditure：630 660 1,110––––––––––––––––Opening balance Net cash flow40 370 710 330 340 282 ––––––––––––––––Closing balance 370 710 992––––––––––––––––（b) Calculation of current ratioInventory at the end of the three—month period:This will be the finished goods for April sales of 1，500 units, which can be assumed to be valued at the cost of production of ＄400 per unit for materials and ＄100 per unit for variable overheads and wages。
2014年12月ACCAF5考试真题答案
An swersFundamentals Level - Skills Module, Paper F5 Performance ManagementSection A1 ADivision A: Profit = $14 • 4m x 30% = $4 • 32mImputed interest charge = $32 • 6m x 10% = $3 • 26mResidual income = $1 • 06mDivision B: Profit = 8 • 8m x 24% = $2 • 112mImputed interest charge = $22 • 2m x 10% = $2 • 22mResidual income = $(0 T08)m2 DAll costs are included when using life cycle costing.3AThis is the definition of a basicstandard.4BThe first statement is describing management control, not strategic planning.5CNumber of units required to make target profit = fixed costs + target profit/contribution per unit of P1.Fixed costs = ($1 • 2 x 10,000) + ($1 x 12,500) - $2,500 = $22,000.Conrw+n$80r0<o4p=$3。
=佗徑瓢能1•20=$4• 4°Product A B C D Selling price per unit $160 $214 $100 $140Raw material cost $24 $56 $22 $40 Direct labour cost at $11 per $66 $88 $33 $22hour $24 $18 $24 $18 Variable overhead cost $46 $52 $21 $60—6 —8 —3—2unit $7 • 67 $6 • 50 $7 $30Contribution per labour2 4 31N o urmal monthly hours (total units x hours per 1,800 1,000 720 800strike goes ahead, only 2,160 labour hours will be available.Therefore make all of D, then 1,360 hours ' worth of A (2,160 - 800hrs).7 B460 - 400 = 60 clients$40,000 - $36,880 = $3,120VC per unit = $3,120/60 = $52Therefore FC = $40,000 - (460 x $52) = $16,0808BIncrease in variable costs from buying in (2,200 units x $40 ($140 - $100)) = $88,000Less the specific fixed costs saved if A is shut down = ($10,000)Decrease in profit = $78,0008 AOnly the first statement is correct. Traditional absorption costing tends to over-allocate costs to high vo products, not under-allocate them.9 BBy definition, a shadow price is the amount by which contribution will increase if an extra kg of material becomes available. 20 x$2 - 80 = $56.December 2014 Answers11CNeither statement is correct. Responsibility is not assigned solely to senior managers as, for example, in a TQM enviro qualityis everybody ' s responsibility. In addition, standard co sting can be difficult to apply in dynamic situations.10 AThe second statement is talking about flow cost accounting, not input/output analysis.13DTarget 1 is a financial target and so assesses economy factors. Target 2 is measuring the rate of work handled by staff which is anefficiency measure. Target 3 is assessing output, so is a measure of effectiveness.11 BIn comparison to participative budgeting, an advantage of non-participative budgeting is that it should be less time consuming, as less collaboration will be required in order to produce the budgets.15CThe target costing process always begins with the target selling price being set. The required profit is then determine deductedfrom the target selling price to estimate the target cost. The target cost is then compared to the estimated current co and the cost gap is then calculated.12 AThis is a description of an incremental budget.17ANew profit figures before salaryGaidd manager: $180,000 x 1 • 3 = $234,000Average manager: $180,000 x 1 • 2 = $216,000Poor: $180,000 x 1 • 1 = $198,000EV of profits = (0 • 35 x $234,000) + (0 • 45 x $216,000) + (0 • 2 x $198,000) = $81,900 + $97,200 + $39,600 = $218,700Deduct salary cost and EV with manager = $178,700Therefore do not employ manager as profits will fall by $1,300.13 BSet-up costs per production run = $140,000/28 = $5,000Cost per inspection = $80,000/8 = $10,000Other overhead costs per labour hour = $96,000/48,000 = $2Overheads costs of product D:$Set-up costs (15 x $5,000) 75,000Inspection costs (3 x $10,000) 30,000Other overheads (40,000 x $2) 80,000-85,000 _-Overhead cost per unit = 185,000/4,000 = $46 • 2519AThis is an example of feedforward control as the manager is using a forecast to assist in making a future decision.20AIf demand is inelastic or the product life cycle is short, a price skimming approach would be more appropriate.Section B= n ■ JJ ■■ ■ ■.a1 Chair Co(a) Learning curve formula = y = axCumulative average time per unit for 8 units: Y = 12 x 8-• 415Tffere016e8(§u48idrlotivE total time for 8 units = 40 Cumulative average time per unit for 7 units: Y = 12 x 7-• 415There3re37umuiotive total time for 7 units = Therefore incremental time for 8th unit = 40-50315837 • 45964 -503158 hoursTotal labour cost for 8th unit =3• 043518 x $15 = $45• 65277Material and overheads cost per unit = $230 Therefore total cost per unit = Therefore price per unit = $413$275 • 65277 -4791537 • 45964 hours = 3• 043518 hours.(b) (i)(ii )Glam CoActual learningC^nulative number of seats produced 1 2 4 8Cumulative totalhours 12 • 534 • 3 Cumulative average hours per unit 12 • 12 • 12 •12 • 5 5 x r5 x r 2 5 x r 3Using algebra: 34 • 3 = 8 x (12• 5 xr 3)4 • 2875 = (12 • 5 x r 3) 0= 343 =D 3The learning effect was 70% as compared to the forecast rate of 75%, meaning that the labour force learnt more quickly than anticipated.Adjusted priceThe adjusted price charged will be lower than the original price calculated in part (a). This is because the incremental cost of the 8th unit will be lower given the 70% learning rate, even though the first unit took 12 know this because we are told that the cumulative time for 8 unit estimated cumulative time in part (a) for 8 units of 40 for the 8th unit must be lower than the estimated 3 lower-5 he urs. Ws was actually 34• 3 hours. This is lower than-503158 hours and therefore, logically, the actual incremental-043518 hours calculated i n part (a). Consequently, total cost w(a) Bottl^nd^rice will be lower, given that this is based on cost.Thvbottleneck may have been worked out as follows:Total salon hours = 8 x 6 x 50 = 2,400 each year. The capacity for each senior stylist must be 2,400 hours, which equates to 2,400 cuts each year (2,400/1). Since there are three senior stylists, the total capacity is 7,200 hours or 7,2 cuts each T etme tAearsUstng this method, the 48C0city for each血嘯審需也Senior 7,200 4,800 stylists9,6009,600Th^jbottleneck activity甲throughput from being higher than it is. The total number of cuts or treatments which can be completed by the salon stylists is less than the number which can be completed by other staff members, considering the number of each type of staff availa and the time required by each type of staff for each client.ows:is clearly the work performed by the senior stylists senior stylists ' time is called a bottleneck activity because it is the activity which prevents the salon s ser ior(b) TPARSelling priceMaterialsThroughputThroughput per bottleneck hour Total salon costs per BN hour (w1) TPARCut$600 • 6059 • 4059 • 4042 • 56「4Treatment$1108 (7 • 40+0 • 6)1026842 • 561 • 6Working 1: Total salon costs(3 x $40,000) + (2 x $28,000) + (2 x $12,000) + $106,400 = $306,400Therefore cost for each bottleneck hour = $306,400/7,200 = $42 • 56Note: Answers based on total salary costs were $80,000 were also equally acceptable since the wording of quest was open to interpretation.3 Hi Life CoDirect materials:FabricWoodDirect labour:SkilledSemi-skilledFactory overheads Administration overheadsTotal costNote $ 200 m2 at $17 • 50 per m 2 1 3,500 20 m at $8 • 20 per m 2164 30 m at $8 • 50 per m 2 25550 hours at $24 per hour 3 1,200 300 hours at $14 per hour 4 4,200 20 hours at $15 per hour 5 30069,6191 23 4 5 6 Since the material is in regular use by HL Co, it is replacement cost which is the relevant cost for th—-38r m a vill have to be ordered from the alternative supplier for immediate delivery but the remaining 20 m can be frominventory and replaced by an「order from the usual suppl ier at a . cost pf $8 . . • 20 per m.There is'no cost forine first 150 hours of rabourbecause there is spare capacity/The remaining *50 "hours will be at timeHL1 C^wkl Choose $o ^jse1 the agency ^6 rkers p whcfvvill cost $14 per hour, since this is cheaper than paexistingsemi- skilled workers at $18 per hour ($12 x 1 , , • 5) to work overtime.,None of the general factory costs are incremental, so they nave all been excluded. However, the s upervis pay isincremental, so has been included. The supervisor ' s normal salary, on the other hand, has been excluded becausThefe are gtnem ment壷eneral overheads and are not incremental, so no value should be included for4 Jamair(a) The four perspectivesFinancial perspective - this perspective is concerned with how a company looks to its shareholders. How can it c valuefor them? Kaplan and Norton identified three core financial themes which will drive the business strategy: revperspective - this considers how the organisation appears to customers. The organisation should as os\oeduction and asset utilisation.and杆ix, cachieve our vision, how should we appear to our customers? ' The customer perspective should identify the cusand聘隔l s pemp卿vin which-h諭液傩糊刊鄙龍俪強ask弔撕吨link between whetcuusme' excrspecoachieve our finan and customerrevenue objectives in the.financial perspective. If. customer objectives are achieved^. revenue objectives should b objectives? It must identify Theinfernal business processes which are critical* toihe implementation of tthis requires the organisation to ask itself whether it can continue to improprocess, the operations process and the post-sales process.value. The organisation must continue to invest in its infrastructure - i.e. people, systems and organisationalprocedures - inorder to improve the capabilities which will help the other three perspectives to be achieved.or ' s ove(b) Goals and measuresFinancial perspective GoalPerformance measure To use fewer planes to transportLease costs of plane perExpomaron -operating efficiency will be driven by gettin^moFS^ustomers on fewer planes. This goal and measur cover the Gotlside of this.To increase seat revenue per Explanationin, it is critical that it can deal with the growing number of customers. Learning perspective GoalTo reduce the employee absentee rate Explanation- it is critical to Jamair that its workforce is reliable as, at worse, absent staff lead toGonjelled flights.To increase ground crew training on cleaning andEx ueana goni'oce au腐round crew are better trained, they can reduce the number of minutes that the plane stays on ground,which will result in fewer planes being required and therefore lower costs. Also, if their cleaning is better, cus satisfaction Note ：Only and relfenfic specificto Jamair asstated in the requirements.Performance measureRevenue per available passenger mileExplanation- this covers the first part of achieving operating efficiencyon planes.丄.Customer perspective GoalPerformance measureTo ensure that flights are on'On time arrival ' ranking from the aviationExplanation -Jamair is currently number 7 in the rankin autflP rityecomes known as a particularly reliable airl customers are more likely to use it, which will ultimately increase revenue^ Goal Performance measure To reduce the number of flightsThe number of flights郎anatdon-again, if flights are seen to be cancelled frequent^by Jamair, customers will not want to use it needs to be 辟薛罟門 as reliable by its customers.GoapectiveTo improve turnaround time on the ground-by having fewer empty seatsPerformance measure'On the ground 'Explanation - less time spent on the ground means few/rT^nes are needed, which will reduce plane leasing costs.However,it is important not to compromise the quality of cleaning or make errors in refuelling as a consequence of Ggapng on the TcFimprovc^the cleanliness of Jamair planesPerformance measureThe percentage of customers happy with the standard of the planes, as reported in the, customer satisfaction surveys,.,.Explanation- at present, only 85% of customers are happy with tne standard of cleanliness on Jamaircould 陽$戸口$吨 loss of revenue.To develop the online booking systemPerformance measure Percentage downtime.s planes.since the company relies entirely on the booking system for customer booking of flights and cPerformance measureThe number of days absent per employeePerformance measure Number of days' training per ground crew member瀏wgoac 靓measure were required for each perspective，In order to gain fu"marks，answers had to beSafe Soap Co (a) VariancecaicuMiona rianceTotal kg ofmaterials per standard batch = 0 • 25 + 0 • 6 + 0 • 5 = 1 •35 kgTherefore standard quantity to produce 136,000 batches = 136,000 x 1 •35 kg 183,600 kg Actual total kg of materials used to produce 136,000 batches =34,080 + 83,232 + 64,200 = 181,512 kgMaterialActual quantityActual quantityVarianceStandard costVarianceStandard mixActual mixper kgkgskgskgs$ $Lye181,512 x 0• 25/1 • 35 = 33,613 • 3334,080 (466 • 67)10 (4,666 •70)Coconut oil 181,512 x 0 • 6/1 • 35 =80,67283,232 (2,560) 4 (10,240) Shea butter181,512 x 0 • 5/1 • 35 = 67,226 • 6764,2003,026• 6739,080• 01—18-512 181,512(5,826• 69)AYield variance —---———MaterialStandard quantityActual quantityVarianceStandard costVarianceStandard mixStandard mixper kgkgskgs $ $Lye• 25 x 136,000 = 34,000 33,613 • 33 386 • 6710 3,866 • 70Coconut oil 0 • 6 x 136,000 = 81,600 80,672 9284 3,712Shea butter0 • 5 x 136,000 =68,000 67,226• 67 773• 3332,319• 99————181月129898 • 69F183,600A materials mix variance will occur when the actual mix of materials used in production is different from t standard mix. So, it is inputs which arebeing considered. Since the total mix variance is adverse for the Safe Soap CoAmmeaasyield variance arises because the output which was achieved is different from the output which wo JhVghe actual mix used in September and October was more expensive than the standard mix.been expected from the inputs. So, whereas the mix variance focuses on inputs, the yield variance focuses on outputs.Inboth September and October,, the yield variance was favourable, meaning that, the inputsoroduced a higher (ii) Whilst the "mix and yield" variances provide Safe Soap Co wrtn a certain level of inTormation, They d'o not 3level ofiloutput than one , would have expected..explain any quality issues which arise because of the change in mix. The consequences of the change may wel have an impact on sales volumes. In Safe Soap Co ' s case, the sales volume variance is adverse, meaning that sales volumesialso <8obeh'^r reas4 bcustome r^DQiTi^plamtsof the change , in mix to be slightly delayed, in this, case by one month, given that it is only once the been received^the sales manager s views should be taken on board.customers start receiving the slightly altered soap that they may start expressing their dissatisfaction with the product.(b) (i) Tavflay oavsa leswhicFundamentals Level - Skills Module, Paper F51 I ■ 1. >«U IM kBM. 1 ■ ■丄J IDecember 2014 Marking Scheme Performance ManagementSection A Marks2 marks per question 40Section B1 (a) PriceCumulative average time per unit for 8 1units 0 • 5Total time for 8 units 1Cumulative average time per unit for 7 0 • 5units 0 • 5Total time for 7 units 0 • 5Incremental time for 8th unit 0 • 5Cocefor 8th unit 0 - 5Total cost5(b) (i) Learning rateCalculating learning rate 2・5Saying whether better or 0 • 5worse 3(ii) Effect on price 2 Total marks102 (a) Calculation and justification of 3bottleneck 1Explanation of bottleneck4(b)TPARThroughput 1Throughput per bottleneck hour 1Total salon costs 1Cost per hour 1TPAR 26Total marks103 Fabric 0 • 5calculation 0 • 5Fabric reason 1Wood csOsolati on 1Skilled labour 1calculation 1S emes klbeouiarsouiocalculation 0 • 5Semi-skilled labour reason 1Factory overheads calculation 0 • 5Factory overheads reason 1・5Administration overheads reason 1Total relevant cost (lowest cost 0 • 5estimate), Total marks10回(a)Perspectives Explanation for each perspective Marks1・5 6(b)Goals and measuresEach goal/measure/explanation 2 Presentation and structure 19Total marks 155 (a)Variance calculations 4 Mix variance 4Quantity variance8(b)(i) VariancesMarks per variance explained 24(ii) DiscussionPer valid point 13 Total marks 15。
2014年1月份MBA联考英语答案
2014年1月4日管理类联考英语二真题参考答案客观题参考答案Section I Cloze1. 选（A）concluded2. 选（B）protective3. 选（C）Likewise4. 选（B）indictor5. 选（D）concern6. 选（C）in term of7. 选（A）equals8. 选（A）in turn9. 选（D）straightforward10. 选（D）while11. 选（A）shape12. 选（B）qualify13．选（C）normal14．选（B）tendency15．选（B）pictured16．选（D）associated17．选（C）Even18．选（D）grounded19．选（C）policies20．选（A）againstSection II Reading ComprehensionPART ATEXT 121．（B）A special tour22．（A）critical23．（D）rarity generally increases pleasure24．（A）may prove to be a worthwhile purchase25．（C）obtain lasting satisfaction from money spentTEXT 226．（A）our self-ratings are unrealistically high27．（B）intuitive response28．（C）believe in their depression29．（B）instinctively30．（B）withholds their unflattering sidesTEXT 331．（B）highlight machines’ threat to human jobs32．（A）technology is diminishing man’s job opportunities33．（D）designed against human activity34．（B）the formula for how work is conducted efficiently35．（C）Can We Win the Race Against MachinesTEXT436．（D）involves certain political factors37．（A）suffered government biases38．（A）prepare to reduce housing stock debt39．（C）contribute to funding new developments40．（C）renew the affordable housing grants programmePART B[D]represents the elegance of the British land art[E]depicts the ordinary side of the British land art.[G]contains images from different parts of the same photograph[C]reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition.[A]originates from a long walk that the artist took.翻译参考答案Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,” says, Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor .According to Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happens, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down---say, after giving a band lecture—he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner, some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and whatdoesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.大多数人可能把乐观定义为无休止的快乐,就像水杯中永远有半杯水一样。
管理学英语习题答案
I.语法、词汇1.B2.B3.C4.D5.A6. A7.A8.C9.D 10.B 11.A 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.B 16.C 17.B 18.B 19.C 20.D 21.A 22.C 23.D 24.A 25.C 26.A 27.B 28.C 29.B 30．C 31.C 32.C 33.C 34.D 35.B 36.A 37.D 38.D 39.A 40.B41.C 42.C 43.D 4.A 45.C 46.A 47.B 48．C 49．B50. C 51.C 52.B 53.B 54.C 55.D 56.B 57.D 58.A 59.C 60.B 61．C 62．B 63．D 64．A 65．B 66．B 67．B 68．D 69．B 70．C 71．C 72．B 73.D 74.A 75．B 76．B 77．B 78.D 79.B 80.CII.完形填空第一题21. C 22. D 23. A 24. B 25. A26. C 27. D 28. B 29. D 30. A31. A 32. C 33. B 34. D 35. B36. A 37. B 38. B 39. C 40. A第二题21.C 22.A 23.A 24.D 25.C26.D 27.C 28.B 29.A 30.C31.B 32.C 33.A 34.A 35.C36.A 37.D 38.D 39.B 40.A第三题21. A 22. B 23. C 24. D 25. C26. A 27. B 28. D 29. B 30. C31. A 32. C 33. B 34. D 35. B36. A 37. B 38. B 39. C 40. A第四题21.A 22.B 23.D 24.D 25.A26.C 27.B 28.C 29.A 30.A31.D 32.B 33.A 34.C 35.CIII.阅读理解第一题41.C 42.B 43.C 44.D 45.B46.C 47.B 48.A 49.B 50.D51.A 52.C 53.B 54.D 55.C56.B 57.D 58.B 59.A 60.C第二题41. B 42. B 43. C 44. D 45. B46. B 47. D 48. C 49. D 50. D51. C 52. B 53. C 54. B 55. D56. B 57. B 58. C 59. D 60. B第三题36.A 37.D 38.B 39.A 40.D41.B 42.D 43.B 44.A 45.C46.C 47.D 48.A 49.B 50.C51.A 52.D 53.C 54.B 55.C第四题41. B 42. D 43. C 44. D 45. D46. B 47. B 48. C 49. D 50. B51. B 52. B 53. C 54. D 55. B56. C 57. B 58. C 59. B 60. DIV.词形转换第一题56. translator 57. increasingly 58. prevention 59. cloudlessly 60. speaking61. appointed 62. additionally 63. finishing 64. led 65. missing,第二题61.actor 62.increasingly 63. cloudy 64 pursuit 65 age 66. embarrassed 67. addition 68.successfully 69. living 70. rationalize第三题61. depending 62. effective 63. be spent 64. addressed 65. desirable66. appearance 67. surprisingly 68. permitting 69. played 70. to followV.句子翻译1. No mater how busy you are, you should try to make it back to the class reunion.2. You should judge by yourself, and not always follow your brother’s lead.3. I enjoyed her new book though it’s not quite as good as her last one.4. The play was so wonderful that I soon lost myself in the excitement of it.5. Their purpose lies in delaying.6. Every citizen should be entitled to free health care and compulsory education.7. All the students should make full use of opportunities to learn their own courses well.8. Tour is of much help to broaden one’s horizon.9. The American movie was so powerful that all the viewers were lost in its charming story10. It takes some 15 hours to take a plane from New York to Beijing.11. No mater how busy you are, you should try to make it back to the class reunion.12. You should judge by yourself, and not always follow your brother’s lead.13. He bought her what she wanted, regardless of the expenses/costs.14. The play was so wonderful that I soon lost myself in the excitement of it.15. Their purpose lies in delaying.16. It is unusually hot this year17. Once you begin, you must continue.18. It is obvious that you need more practice.19. But for / Without her mother, she would never have finished her college.20. Recent research indicates that daydreaming is part of daily life.。
管理学原理(双语)各章课后作业题答题要点
2013 “Fundamentals of Management”Referential answers for assignmentsChapter1: Managers and ManagementQ4 Is your course instructor a manager? Discuss in terms of both planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Also discuss using Mintzberg’s managerial roles approach.Answer– A college instructor is both an individual contributor and a manager. Planning (defines class goals, establishes plans for achieving goals, and develops lesson plans), organizing(execution and class participation), leading(motivating students, direct the activities of others, select the most effective communication channel, resolve conflicts) , controlling(grading).Mintzberg’s managerial role s: Interpersonal roles: the roles of leader and liaison. Informational roles: monitor and disseminator. Decisional roles: disturbance handler and resource allocator.Q7 Why are managers important to organizations?Answer–Managers are individuals in an organization who direct and oversee the activities of others. Managers perform managerial activities that ensure to achieve organizational goals effectively and efficiently. Providing details about management levels. (Please refer to page 5-6)Q9 An article by Gary Hamel in the February 2009 issue of Harvard Business Review addresses how management must be reinvented to be more relevant to today’s world? Get a copy of that article. Choose one of the 25 grand challenges identified. Discuss what it is and what it means for the way that organizations are managed.Answer–The 25 grand challenges include: ensure management serves a higher purpose, reduce fear and increase trust, reinvent the means of control, redefine the work of leadership, expand and exploit diversity, etc. Choose one of them and discuss. Chapter3: Foundations of Decision MakingQ1 Why is decision making often described as the essence of a manager’s job? Answer– Decision making is a process of responding to a problem by searching for and selecting a solution or course of action that will create value for organisational stakeholders. Everything that a manager does in term of planning, organizing, leading and controlling involves decision making. Managers in organizations also are called decision makers.Q3 “Because managers have software tools to use, they should be able to m akemore rational decisions.” Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Why? Answer– Disagree. Decision making is a complex process which needs information, skills, experiences and creativity. Software tools will allow managers easily gather information and analyze it, but it is doubtful software tools can make managers more rational, as software tools do not make decisions.Rational decision making means making logical and consistent choices to maximize value. Rational decision making must satisfy several assumptions. However, the reality is full of uncertainty and risk. Managers’decision making still will not be perfectly rational by using software tools.Q4Is there a difference between wrong decisions and bad decisions? Why do good managers sometimes make wrong decisions? Bad decisions? How might managers improve their decision making skills?Answer– Wrong decisions can not help to achieve organizational goals, bad decisions do help to achieve goals but may not maximize value or solve problems in a large expense. In addition to uncertainty and risk, time pressure, incomplete information in today’s environment and limited capacity make managers often use intuition to make decisions, so good managers sometimes also make wrong or bad decisions. Managers can improve decision making skills by focus on what is more important, logic and consistency, gathering relevant information, blending subjective and objective thinking with analysis and remaining flexible, etc.Chapter4: Foundations of PlanningQ2 Describe in detail the six-step strategic management process.Answer–The six-step strategic management process involves: Identify the organization’s current mission, goals, and strategies; External analysis (identify opportunities and threats); Internal analysis (identify strengths and weaknesses); Formulate strategies, implement strategies and evaluate results. (Please refer to page 87-89 )Q5 Under what circumstances do you believe MBO would be the most useful? Discuss.Answer–MBO is a process of setting mutually agreed-upon goals and using those goals to evaluate employee performance. MBO makes objectives operational by cascading them down through the organization.Under circumstances where employee commitment is important, where concrete goals help a company directs its efforts, when there is a need coordination and communication in a company, etc.Q9 Do a personal SWOT analysis. Assess your personal strengths and weaknesses (skills, talents, abilities). What are you good at? What are you not so good at? What do you enjoy doing? Not enjoy doing? Then, identify career opportunities and threats by researching job prospects in the industry you’reinterested in. Look at trends and projections. You might want to check out the information the Bureau of Labor Statistics provides on job prospects. Once you have all this information, write a specific career action plan. Outline five-year career goals and what you need to do to achieve those goals.Answer–SWOT analysis is an a nalysis of an organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in order to identify a strategic niche that the organization can exploit. The answer will vary based on students. (Please refer to page 88-89) Chapter5: Organizational Structure and CultureQ2 Can an organizati on’s structure be changed quickly? Why or why not? Should it be changed quickly? Why or why not?Answer– Yes, an organization’s structure can be changed quickly. However, t he speed of changing an organization’s structure depends on its size. A small organi zation can change its structure more rapidly than a large organization. But a large organization can change its structure and does in response to the changing environment and strategy. Whether an organization’s structure should be changed quickly or not de pends on the organization’s strategy, the environment and the form of technology it uses.Q5 Researchers are now saying that efforts to simplify work tasks actually gave negative results for both companies and their employees. Do you agree? Why or why not?Answer–Facing today’s competitive environment, managers need to consider how to allocate limited resources and group activities to achieve organizational goals. Make the right person do the right task. Simplify work tasks can have positive results for companies and employees. For example, work specialization makes efficient use of the diversity of skills that employees hold.Q8 Pick two companies that you interact with frequently (as an employee or as a customer) and assess their culture according to the culture dimensions shown in exhibit5-13.Answer–The answer will vary based on the companies students choose. Culture dimensions include: attention to detail, outcome orientation, people orientation, team orientation, aggressiveness, stability, innovation and risk taking.Chapter8 : Motivating and Rewarding EmployeesQ1 Most of us have to work for a living, and a job is a central part of our lives. So why do managers have to worry so much about employee motivation issues? Answer– Motivation refer s to the process by which a person’s efforts are energized, directed, and sustained toward attaining a goal. Even though most of us have to work and therefore need a job, managers still have to worry about employee motivation issues. Employees are not always willing to put effort to do their job well. Employeecan work for different rewards: money, recognition, achievement, affiliation, power and so on. Motivation can lead to higher productivity, improve employee satisfaction, reduce the high cost of employee turnover and maintaining the competitive edge. Motivation plays a critical role in achieving organizational goals.Q3 What role would money play in (a)the hierarchy of needs theory, (b)two-factor theory, (c)equity theory, (d)expectancy theory, and (e)motivating employees with a high aAch?Answer– (a) Money might be a security need, providing shelter, food, and clothing, or it could be a self-esteem need in giving the individual a sense of self-worth. (b) Money is a hygiene factor. (c) Money becomes a measure of fairness—Is my raise, salary appropriate to my position? (d) Money is relevant only to the degree the individual perceives that the monetary reward is appropriate for the amount of effort put forth. (e) Money could be seen as a way to measure success.Q6 Many job design experts who have studied the changing nature of work say that people do their best work when they are motivated by a sense of purpose rather than by the pursuit of money. Do you agree? Explain your position? What are the implications for managers?Answer–The answer will vary. Employees come to organizations with different needs, skills, abilities and interests. Employees need to cooperate with others in today’s diversit y and competitive environment. People do not work only for money, such as professional and technical employees, whose chief reward is the work itself. Employee can work for other rewards: recognition, achievement, affiliation or power. Managers should focus more on the sense of purpose and look at different types of rewards that help motivate employees.Chapter9: Leadership and TrustQ2 What would a manager need to know to use Fiedler’s contingenc y model? Be specific.Answer–The Fiedler’s contingency model proposed effective group performance depends on the pro per match between the leader’s style of interaction and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader. He isolated three situational criteria—leader-member relations, task structure, and position power—that can be manipulated to create the proper match with the behavioral orientation of the leader. Fiedler argued that leadership style is innate to a person—you can’t change your style. It is necessary to match the leader with the situation based on three situational criteria. (Please refer to page 247-249)Q5 Do you think trust evolves out of an individual’s personal characteristics or out of specific situations? Explain.Answer– Both, trust is in a person given certain circumstances. Some individuals are always trusted regardless of circumstances; others can be trusted to respond inpredictable ways in different circumstances.Q6 Do followers make a difference in whether a leader is effective? Discuss. Answer–Yes,t he ability to influence others outside of one’s own author ity and to perform beyond expectations are essential to high performing organizations and are characteristic of leaders. Leaders have followers. Followers make significant contribution to leaders’effectiveness. Successful leadership is contingent on the f ollower’s level of readiness. “R eadiness” refers to the extent that people have the ability and the willingness to accomplish a specific task. Regardless of what the leader does, effectiveness depends on the actions of his or her followers.Chapter10: Communication and Interpersonal SkillsQ1 Which type of communication do you think is most effective in a work setting? Why?Answer– Each communication method has its own benefits and drawbacks. No one method is appropriate in all circumstances. Justify your choice based on the advantages of communication type that you choose. (Please refer to page 270-272)Q3 Which do you think is more important for a manager: speaking accurately or listening actively? Why?Answer–The answer will vary. Students may think listening actively is more important. Actively listening refers to listening for full meaning without making premature judgments or interpretations, demands total concentration. Correct information can not be returned to employees if managers have not listened actively and correctly heard the information request. Students also can make argument that it is more important for the manager to speak accurately to begin with.Q5 Is information technology helping managers be more efficient and effective? Explain your answer.Answer- Yes, information technology is helping managers to be more efficient and effective. It can improve a manager’s ability to manager employees’ performance. It can allow employees to have more completed information to make decisions. It has provided employees more opportunities to collaborate and share information. Chapter11: Foundations of ControlQ3 How are planning and control linked? Is the control function linked to the organizing and leading functions of management? Explain?Answer–The control process assumes that standards of performance already exist. They are created in the planning function. Objectives are the standards against which progress is measured and compared. An effective control system ensures that activities are co mpleted in ways that lead to the attainment of the organization’s goals. So control is linked to all functions of management, not just organizing and leading.Q7 “Every individual employee in an organization plays a role in controlling work activities.” D o you agree with this statement, or do you think control is something that only managers are responsible for? Explain.Answer– Controlling is the management function involving the process of monitoring activities to ensure that they are being accomplished as planned and correcting any significant deviations. Managers play extremely important role in controlling, however, every individual employee also play a role in control work activities. Both managers and individual employee must make sure activities are completed in ways that lead to the attainment of the organization’s goals.Q8 How could use the concept of control in your personal life? Be specific.(Think in term of feedforward, concurrent, and feedback controls as well as specific controls for the different aspects of our life-school, family relationships ,friends, hobbies, etc.)Answer–The answer will vary. Feedforward control takes place in advance of the actual activity. Concurrent control takes place while an activity is in progress. Feedback control takes place after the action.。
清华管理学系列英文版教材第14版课后答案
清华管理学系列英文版教材第14版课后答案1、When you’ve finished with that book, don’t forget to put it back one the shelf, ____? [单选题] *A. do youB. don’t youC. will you(正确答案)D. won’t you2、The twins _______ us something about their country. [单选题] *A. told(正确答案)B. saidC. talkedD. spoke3、9．There will be a lot of activities at English Festival nest month. Which one would you like to ________? [单选题] *A．take part in (正确答案)B．joinC．attendD．go4、Although the story is written for children, it can be read by adult, _____. [单选题] *A. alsoB. eitherC. as wellD. too(正确答案)5、Alice hopes to _______ more friends at her new school. [单选题] *A. visitB. make(正确答案)C. missD. take6、5 He wants to answer the ________ because it is an interesting one. [单选题] * A．problemB．question(正确答案)C．doorD．plan7、?I am good at schoolwork. I often help my classmates _______ English. [单选题] *A. atB. toC. inD. with(正确答案)8、There are many beautiful _______ in the wardrobe. [单选题] *A. bookB. dresses(正确答案)C. cell phoneD. grocery9、He often comes to work early and he is _______ late for work. [单选题] *A. usuallyB. never(正确答案)C. oftenD. sometimes10、Can you _______ this form? [单选题] *A. fillB. fill in(正确答案)C. fill toD. fill with11、Kids will soon get tired of learning _____ more than they can. [单选题] *A. if they expect to learnB. if they are expected to learn(正确答案)C. if they learn to expectD. if they are learned to expect12、—Where did you get the book?—From my friend. I ______ it three days ago. （）[单选题] *A. lentB. borrowed(正确答案)C. keptD. returned13、89．The blackboard is ________ the classroom. [单选题] *A．nextB．betweenC．in front ofD．in the front of(正确答案)14、You can _______ Bus 116 to get there. [单选题] *A. byB. take(正确答案)C. onD. in15、87．—Could you? ? ? ? ? ? me the way to the nearest hospital?—Sure. [单选题] *A．askB．tell(正确答案)C．talkD．speak16、At nine yesterday morning, I ______ an English class while they ______ a PE class.（）[单选题] *A. was having; were having(正确答案)B. had; hadC. was having; hadD. had; were having17、We can’t go out ______ school nights. （）[单选题] *A. inB. on(正确答案)C. atD. by18、He is going to _______ a party this evening. [单选题] *A. hold(正确答案)B. makeC. needD. hear19、This kind of work _______ skills and speed. [单选题] *A. looks forB. waits forC. calls for(正确答案)D. cares for20、We’re proud that China _______ stronger and stronger these years. [单选题] *A. will becomeB. becameC. is becoming(正确答案)D. was becoming21、—What were you doing when the rainstorm came?—I ______ in the library with Jane. （）[单选题] *A. readB. am readingC. will readD. was reading(正确答案)22、( ) No matter _____ hard it may be, I will carry it out. [单选题] *A whatB whateverC how(正确答案)D however23、95--Where and when _______ you _______ it? [单选题] *A. did; buy(正确答案)B. do; buyC. have; boughtD. will; buy24、We are very hungry now. Can you _______ us something to eat? [单选题] *A. carryB. takeC. borrowD. bring(正确答案)25、It’s windy outside. _______ your jacket, Bob. [单选题] *A. Try onB. Put on(正确答案)C. Take offD. Wear26、Don't tell me the answer, I'll work out the problem _____. [单选题] *A .by meB. myself(正确答案)C. meD. mine27、We had a(an)_____with him about this problem last night. [单选题] *A.explanationB.impressionC.exhibitionD.discussion(正确答案)28、86．—? ? ? ? ? ? ?will it take me to get to the Golden Street?—About half an hour. [单选题]* A．How farB．How long(正确答案)C．How oftenD．How much29、People cut down many trees ______ elephants are losing their homes. （）[单选题] *A. ifB. butC. so(正确答案)D. or30、( ). The old man enjoys ______ stamps. And now he has1300 of them [单选题] *A. collectB. collectedC. collecting(正确答案)D. to collect。
2014年管理学真题+答案解析
2014年河南省普通高等学校选拔优秀专科毕业生进入本科阶段学习考试《管理学》试卷一、选择题（每小题 1 分，共40 分。
在每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑）1、被称为“人事管理之父”的是( )A.罗伯特.欧文B. 亨利.汤C.马克斯.韦伯D.哈罗德，孔茨2、科学管理理论开创了西方管理理论的新纪元，对世界各国的管理实践产生了巨大的影响。
下列不属于科学管理理论内容的是( )A.处理人际关系B.一切标准化C.提高单个工人的生产率D.实施差别计件工资制3、组织管理理论着重研究管理职能和整个组织结构。
下列不属于组织管理理论代表人物的是( )A.亨利.法约尔B.亨利.甘特C.马克斯.韦伯D.切斯特.Z.巴纳德4、“产生新想法并加以处理,以及将关系抽象化的思维能力”是管理者的( )A.技术技能B.人际技能C.概念技能D.决策技能5、梅奥对其领导的霍桑实验进行了总结，阐述了与古典管理理论不同的观点一一人际关系学说。
下列不属于梅奥人际关系学说内容的是( )A.能力和工作相适应B.工人是社会人C.企业中存在着非正式组织D.生产率主要取决于工人的工作态度以及他和周围人的关系6、全球化经营的一般环境中，下列不属于一般环境的是( )A.政治与法律环境B.经济与技术环境C. 社会文化与自然环境D.供应商和买方环境7、价值链分析法把企业的活动分为( )A.程序化活动和非程序化活动B.长期活动和短期活动C.抽象性活动和具体性活动D.基本活动和辅助性活动8、双汇集团即从事肉质品加工，又从事相关养殖。
下列说法正确的是( )A.双汇采用的是前向一体化策略B.双汇采用的是后向一体化策略C.双汇采用的是集中化策略D.双汇采用的是成本领先策略9、下列不属于宏观经济环境内容的是( )A.人口数量及增长趋势B. 国民收入C.某地区消费者的就业程度D. 国民生产总值10、“能尊重和保护个人基本权利的行为才是善的”，这是道德的哪种观点( )A.道德的功利观B.道德的权利观C. 道德的公平公正观D. 道德的推己及人观11、“运筹于帷幄之中，决胜于千里之外”是强调企业管理中的哪一个职能( )A.计划B.组织C.领导D.控制12、某项决策具有极大偶然性和随机性，又无先例可循，其方法和步骤也难以程序化和标准化，这项决策就是()A.风险型决策B.不确定型决策C.非程序化决策D.追踪决策13、BCG矩阵中在低增长率的市场上占有高份额的战略性事业单位是( )A.明星B.金牛C.瘦狗D.幼童14、甲公司生产某种产品的固定成本是30万元，该产品单位变动成本为4元，市场售价为10元，若要达到6万元销售毛利的目标，该产品产销量应为多少( )A.30000件B.45000件C. 60000件D.75000 件15、与非正式组织相比，正式组织的重要标准是( )A.情感B.正规的程序C.效率D.高度的责任心16.过分的期权有很多舞端，下列不属于其弊端的慢( )A.降低决策质量B.不利于决策的统一C.使组织的适应能力减弱D.降低17.某家电企业是一家拥有300多亿资产的巨型企业，该企业最适宜的组织结构形式( )A.直线型组织结构B.职能型组织结构C.事业部制组织结构D.委员会制18、授权是指( )A.在组织设计时，规定下属管理岗位必要的职责与权限B. 在组织调整时，规定下属管理岗位必要的职责与权限C.领导者将部分处理问题的权力委派给某些下属D.委托代理关系19、当代管理组织机构变革的一大趋势是( )A.管理层次复杂化B.组织结构扁平化C.管理幅度日益减少D.锥型结构更受欢迎20、风险型决策常用的方法是( )A.量本利分析法B.决策树法C.线性规划法D.最小最大后悔值法21、商鞅在秦国推行改革,他在城门外立了-根木棍，声称有将木棍从南i门移到北门的，奖励50金，但没有人去尝试。
2014管理类联考答案 (2)
2014管理类联考答案一、概述本文将为2014年管理类联考提供详细的答案解析。
管理类联考是一项评估管理人才综合素质的重要考试，对于考生们来说，了解答案解析可以帮助他们更好地理解考题，提高解题技巧，从而在考试中取得更好的成绩。
二、题目解析1. 题目一题目一是关于市场营销的问题。
该题要求考生分析市场营销的基本原则，并给出自己的看法和建议。
在该题中，考生需要对市场营销的相关概念和原则进行了解和分析，同时根据自己的实际经验和知识，提出切实可行的建议。
2. 题目二题目二是关于组织行为的问题。
该题要求考生分析组织行为的影响因素，并对组织行为进行评价和提出改进意见。
在该题中，考生需要了解组织行为的相关理论和实践，从理论和实践两个层面对组织行为进行分析和评价，同时提出改进意见以提高组织的效率和效果。
3. 题目三题目三是关于战略管理的问题。
该题要求考生分析战略管理的基本流程和方法，并给出自己的建议。
在该题中，考生需要了解战略管理的基本概念和原则，从而能够分析和评价战略管理的流程和方法，并根据自己的实际情况给出建议。
三、答案解析1. 题目一答案解析市场营销是企业在市场环境下开展活动，达到市场目标的一种管理活动。
市场营销的基本原则包括市场导向、客户满意和持续创新。
市场导向是指企业应该以市场需求为导向，不断改进产品和服务以满足市场需求。
客户满意是企业最终的目标，通过提供优质的产品和服务来赢得客户的满意。
持续创新是企业的生命力，通过不断地创新，企业可以保持竞争优势。
针对这个问题，我的建议是企业应该注重市场调研，了解消费者需求，从而能够更好地满足市场需求。
另外，企业还应该注重产品和服务的质量，提高产品和服务的竞争力。
同时，企业还应该注重品牌建设，树立良好的企业形象，提高品牌的知名度和美誉度。
2. 题目二答案解析组织行为是指在组织内部成员之间相互关系和相互作用的现象。
组织行为的影响因素包括个体特征、领导行为和组织文化等。
个体特征是指组织成员的个人特点和行为，包括性格、能力和价值观等。
管理类联考英语(二)2014年真题及解析
过过掌MBA 2014年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（二）真题Part ADirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have 1 that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually 2 . For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. 3 , among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an 4 of good health.Of even greater 5 is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined 6 body mass index, or BMI. BMI 7 body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, 8 , can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 . For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.Today we have a(an) 14 to label obesity as a disgrace. The overweight are sometimes 15 in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes 16 with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. 17 very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity, 18 in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity 19 . My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign 20 childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.1. [A] denied[B] concluded[C] doubled[D] ensured2. [A] protective[B] dangerous[C] sufficient[D] troublesome3. [A] Instead[B] However[C] Likewise[D] Therefore4. [A] indicator[B] objective[C] origin[D] example5. [A] impact[B] relevance[C] assistance[D] concern6. [A] in terms of[B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in respects of7. [A] measures[B] determines[C] equals[D] modifies8. [A] in essence[B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part9. [A] complicated[B] conservative[C] variable[D] straightforward10. [A] so[B] while[C] since[D] unless11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance[D] taste12. [A] start[B] quality [C] retire[D] stay13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal[D] constant14. [A] option[B] reason [C] opportunity[D] tendency15. [A] employed[B] pictured[C] imitated [D] monitored16. [A] compared[B] combined[C] settled[D] associated17. [A] Even[B] Still [C] Yet[D] Only18. [A] despised[B] corrected[C] ignored[D] grounded19. [A] discussions[B] businesses[C] policies[D] studies20. [A] for[B] against [C] with[D] withoutSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1What would you do with $590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly. What was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dunn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time — as stories or memories—particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most “happiness bang for your buck.” It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it). Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason McDonald’s restricts the availability of its popular McRib — a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of Happy Money are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfillment, not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.21. According to Dunn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[A] A big house[B] A special tour[C] A stylish car[D] A rich meal22. The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is ___________.[A] critical[B] supportive[C] sympathetic[D] ambiguous23. Mc Rib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that___________.[A] consumers are sometimes irrational[B] popularity usually comes after quality[C] marketing tricks are often effective[D] rarity generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money___________.[A] has left much room for readers’ criticism[B] may prove to be a worthwhile purchase[C] has predicted a wider income gap in the US.[D] may give its readers a sense of achievement25. This text mainly discusses how to___________.[A] balance feeling good and spending money[B] spend large sums of money won in lotteries[C] obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D] become more reasonable in spending on luxuriesText 2An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you’re more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to achieve this. Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We becomedefensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem. We stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key study into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process, occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation.” If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image— which most did—they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that those who self-enhanced the most (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher self-esteem. “I don’t think the findings that we have are any evidence of personal delusion,” says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves.” If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing.Knowing the results of Epley’s study, it makes sense that many people hate photographs of themselves viscerally—on one level, they don’t even recognize the person in the picture as themselves. Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer’s paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyles. It’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest, says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University, “but they portray an idealized version of themselves.”26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that ___________.[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B] illusory superiority is baseless effect[C] our need for leadership is unnatural[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s ___________.[A] rapid matching[B] conscious choice[C] intuitive response[D] automatic self-defense28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to ___________.[A] underestimate their insecurities[B] believe in their attractiveness[C] cover up their depressions[D] oversimplify their illusions29. The word “viscerally” (Para. 5) is closest in meaning to __________.[A] instinctively[B] occasionally[C] particularly[D] aggressively30. It can be inferred that Facebook is a self-enhancer’s paradise because people can __________.[A] present their dishonest profiles[B] define their traditional lifestyles[C] share their intellectual pursuits[D] withhold their unflattering sidesText 3The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. And yet, it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boom and bust cycle. Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we cannot immediately foresee.When there is rapid improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race Against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and An drew McAfee, who both hail from MIT’s Center for Digital Business.This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And yet, John Hagel, author of The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U.S. that tend to be “tightly scripted” and “highly standardized” ones that leave no room for “individual initiative or creativity.” In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings. That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says.It’s time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we are still relying on a very 20th century notion of work, Hagel says. In our rapidly changing economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination “to respond to unexpected events.” That’s not something machines are good at. They are designed to perform very predictable activities.As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine. In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not really about technology, but rather, “how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?”31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would .[A] ease the competition of man vs. machine[B] highlight machines’ threat to human jobs[C] provoke a painful technological revolution[D] outmode our current economic structure32. The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that .[A] technology is diminishing man’s job opportunities[B] automation is accelerating technological development[C] certain jobs will remain intact after automation[D] man will finally win the race against machine33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U.S. are often .[A] performed by innovative minds[B] scripted with an individual style[C] standardized without a clear target[D] designed against human creativity34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed .[A] the predictability of machine behavior in practice[B] the formula for how work is conducted efficiently[C] the ways machines replace human labor in modern times[D] the necessity of human involvement in the workplace35. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] How to Innovate Our Work Practices?[B] Machines Will Replace Human Labor[C] Can We Win the Race Against Machines?[D] Economic Downturns Stimulate InnovationsText 4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy, the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure projects, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which wouldhave a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £4.5 bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015, is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition’s spending plans if returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to the era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.While the government’s commitment to long-term funding may have changed, the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away.36. The author believes that the housing sector __________.[A] has attracted much attention[B] has lost its real value in economy[C] shoulders too much responsibility[D] involves certain political factors37. It can be learned that affordable housing has __________.[A] suffered government biases[B] increased its home supply[C] offered spending opportunities[D] disappointed the government38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may __________.[A] prepare to reduce housing stock debt[B] release a lifted GDP growth forecast[C] allow greater government debt for housing[D] stop local authorities from building homes39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would __________.[A] lower the costs of registered providers[B] relieve the ministers of responsibilities[C] contribute to funding new developments[D] lessen the impact of government interference40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may __________.[A] implement more policies to support housing[B] stop generous funding to the housing sector[C] renew the affordable housing grants programme[D] review the need for large-scale public grantsPart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to itscorresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a range of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery. Rather than portraying landscape, land artists used the physical substance of the land itself as their medium.The British land art, typified by Richard Long’s piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. Indeed, while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves, Long’s photograph of his work is the work. Since his “action” is in the past, the photograph is its sole embodiment.That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relatively few natural objects.Long is Britain’s best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor, represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form. The Boyle Family, on the other hand, stands for its dirty, urban aspect. Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children, they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls. Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few works here to embrace the commonplaceness that characterizes most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard’s very funny Across the Park, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns, gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs. While it probably wasn’t apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood. Derek Jarman’s yellow-tinted film Towards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape, evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can’t help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply found a way of making his love of walking pay. A typical work, such as Seven Days, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath. British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn’t about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, but the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.Section III Translation46. Directions: Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn't recommend. “Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality.” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down—say, after giving a bad lecture—he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student. Write him an email to1) tells him about your living habit, and2) ask for advice for living thereDo not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 Points)Part B48.Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart and2) give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.20年间中国城镇人口、乡村人口变化图（单位：百万）过过掌MBA 2014年考研英语(二)真题答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)1-5 BACAD6-10 ACCDB11-15 ABCDB16-20 DADCBSection II: Reading ComprehensionPart A (40 points)21-25 BADBC26-30 ACBAD31-35 BADDC36-40 DACCBPart B (10 points)41-45 DEGCASection III Translation46. 大多数人都会把乐观定义为永远快乐，觉得杯子里总有半杯水。
2014年MBA英语真题及参考答案完整版
2014年MBA英语真题及参考参考答案完整版Section I Use of English (10%)Directions: Read the following text. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have __1 that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases. Compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually __ 2 . For example heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. __ 3 , among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an 4 of good health.Of even greater 5 is the fact that turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined 6 body mass index, or BMI. BMI 7 body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be moral weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, __8 , Can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 other with a low BMI may be in poor 11 . For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely , someone with a small frame may have high body fat buta 13 BMI.Today we have a(n) 14 to label obesity as a disgrace. The overweight are sometimes 15In the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes 16 with obesity include laziness ,lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. 17 very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and testing about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes towards obesity, _ 18 in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity 19 .My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obema has launched a high-visibility campaign 20 children obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.1. (A) concluded (B) ensured (C) doubted (D) denied2. (A) dangerous (B) protective (C) sufficient (D) troublesome3. (A) Instead (B) However (C) Likewise (D) Therefore4. (A) objective (B) indicator (C) origin (D) example5. (A) impact (B) relevance (C) assistance (D) concern6. (A) in favor of (B) in case of (C) in term of (D) in respects of7. (A) equals (B) determines (C) measures (D) modifies8. (A) in turn (B) in contrast (C) in essence (D) in part9. (A) complicated (B) conservative (C) variable (D) straightforward10. (A) so (B) unless (C) since (D) while11. (A) shape (B) spirit (C) balance (D) taste12. (A) start (B) qualify (C) stay (D) retire13. (A) strange (B) constant (C) normal (D) changeable14. (A) option (B) tendency (C) opportunity (D) reason15. (A) employed (B) pictured (C) imitated (D) monitored16. (A) compared (B) combined (C) settled (D) associated17. (A) Yet (B) Still (C) Even (D) Only18. (A) despised (B) ignored (C) corrected (D) grounded19. (A) discussions (B) businesses (C)policies (D)studies20. (A) against (B) for (C) without (D) with参考答案：1-5 ABCBD 6-10 CAADD 11-15 ABCBB 16-20 DCDCASection II Reading Comprehension (50points)Part ADirections: Read the following passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1What would you do with $590m? This is now a question for Gloria MacKenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. The blogosphere is full of advice for this lucky Powerball pensioner. But if she hopes her new-found lucre will yield lasting feeling of fulfilment, she could do worse than read “Happy Money”by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.These two academics---she teachers psychology at the University of British Columbia; he lectures on marketing at Harvard BusinessScholl---use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and palatial homes on remote bluffs. Yet satisfaction with these material purchase wears off fairly quickly. What was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; remorse creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dum and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time---as stories or memories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most “happiness bang for your buck ”.It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television(something the average American spends a whopping two monthsa year doing, and is hardly jollier for it ). Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason McDonald’s restricts the availability of its popular McRib - a marketing gimmick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of “Happy Money” are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfilment, not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich an poor people. Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.21. According to Dunnand Norton, while of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[A] A rich meal [B] A special tour [C] A stylish car [D] A big house22. The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV .[A] critical [B] supportive [C] sympathetic [D] ambiguous23. Mcrib is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to show that .[A] popularity usually comes after quality[B] consumers are sometimes irrational[C] marketing tricks are often effective[D] rarity generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money .[A] may prove to be a worthwhile purchase[B] has left much room for readers’ criticism[C] has predicated a wider income gap in the US[D] may give its readers a sense of achievement25. This text mainly discusses how to .[A] balance feeling good and spending money[B] spend large sums of money won in lotteries[C] obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D] become more reasonable in spending on luxuries21-25 BADBAText 2An article in Scientific American has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually you think you’re more beautiful than you are.We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing(to use the psychological terminology) strategies to achieve this. Social psychologists have。
2014年MBA英语真题及答案
2014年MBA英语真题及答案2014年MBA/MPA/MPACC英语真题Directions：Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）Thinner isn‘t always better.A number of studies have__1___that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight.And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually___2___.For example，heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thinwomen.___3___among the elderly，being somewhat overweight is often an___4___of good health.Today we have a（an）_14_to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight aresometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered.Stereotypes_16_with obesity include laziness，lack of will power，and lower prospects for success.Teachers，employers，and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese._17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight，and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.1.[A]denied [B]conduced [C]doubled[D]ensured2.[A]protective [B]dangerous[C]sufficient [D]troublesome3.[A]Instead [B]However [C]Likewise[D]Therefore4.[A]indicator [B]objective [C]origin[D]example5.[A]impact [B]relevance [C]assistance[D]concern6.[A]in terms of [B]in case of [C]in favor of [D]in of7.[A]measures [B]determines [C]equals[D]modifies8.[A]in essence [B]in contrast [C]in turn[D]in part9.[A]complicated [B]conservative[C]variable [D]straightforward10.[A]so [B]unlike [C]since [D]unless11.[A]shape [B]spirit [C]balance[D]taste12.[A]start [B]quality [C]retire [D]stay13.[A]strange [B]changeable [C]normal[D]constant14.[A]option [B]reason [C]opportunity[D]tendency15.[A]employed [B]pictured [C]imitated[D]monitored16.[A] [B]combined [C]settled[D]associated17.[A]Even [B]Still [C]Yet [D]Only18.[A]despised [B]corrected [C]ignored[D]grounded19.[A]discussions [B]businesses[C]policies [D]studies20.[A]for [B]against [C]with [D]withoutDirections：Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.（15 points）Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy，with a glass that‘s perpetually half fall.But that’s exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn‘t recommend.“Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.”s ays Tal Ben-Shahar，a Harvard professor，According to Ben-Shalar，realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen，but not those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers.When he feels down-sag，after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human.He reminds himselfthat mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner；some will be less effective than others.Next is reconstruction，He analyzes the weak lecture，leaning lessons，for the future about what works and what doesn‘t.Finally，there is perspective，which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life，one lecture really doesn’t matter.英语二大作文Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart.In your essay, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments。
2014年mba试题7.29(英语)
1. Failure in a required subject may result in the ______of a diploma.A)refusal B)betrayal C)denial D)burial2. To help students understand how we see, teachers often draw an ______between an eye and a camera.A)image B)analogy C)imitation D)axis3. A 1999 World Bank report concluded that ______girls in school was probably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing world today.A)assigning B)admitting C)involving D)enrolling4. The authored of report is well ______with the problems in the hospital because he has been working there for many years.A)acquainted B)informed C)accustomed D)known5. When the farmers visited the city the first time, they were ______by its complicated traffic system.A)evoked B)bewildered C)diverted D)undermined6. E-mail is a convenient, highly democratic informal medium for conveying messages that _______ well to human needs.A) adheres B) reflects C) conforms D) satisfies7. The wings of the bird still ______ after it had been shot down.A) slapped B) scratched C) flapped D) fluctuated8. The disagreement over trade restrictions could seriously ______relations between the two countries.A) tumble B) jeopardize C) manipulate D) intimidate1. 答案：C译文：必修科目考试不及格可能会导致得不到毕业证。
《管理学》(双语)教材对应习题
《CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT》（Third Edition）双语教材各章对应练习题第1章管理者与管理一、匹配练习要求：根据下列陈述内容，找出最恰当的术语并将其相应的字母填入横线上。
A．组织结构 B.中层管理者 C.部门 D.管理 E.高层管理者 F.概念技能 G.控制 H.效率I.明茨伯格 J.战略 K.全球性组织 L.基层管理者 M.效果 N.重组 O.组织1.为实现组织目标而对资源进行计划,组织,领导和控制。
2.为达到一定目标,资源被利用的程度。
3.组织实现其恰当目标的程度。
4.组织所追求的目标,采取的行动方案以及为实现这些目标利用资源的方式。
5.组织的各部门间为了互动和协作而创建的一种工作关系结构。
6.组织内的一种正式报告关系体系。
7.评估组织实现其目标的程度,以及为提高组织绩效而采取的正确行动。
8.在一起工作,拥有相似的技能或使用相同的知识和技术来完成工作的群体。
9负责对非管理层员工进行日常监管的管理者。
10.为实现组织目标而负责寻找到组织资源最佳方式的管理者。
11.负责组织所有部门的绩效的管理者。
12.缩小组织规模以削减工作职位。
13.将组织中的各种角色划分为决策角色,信息角色,人际关系角色。
14.分析和诊断情况的能力。
15.在一个以上国家开展其业务的组织。
二、判断对错说明:在相应的空格处填写T(正确)或F(错误)1.组织绩效与效率和效果的提高负相关。
( )2.效果是衡量组织资源为实现组织目标而得到的利用程度。
( )3.当管理者选择了恰当的目标并将之实现,组织就是有效率的。
( )4.将人员归入部门的过程即为组织。
( )5.衡量绩效和控制效率与效果的能力源于富有效果的控制过程。
( )6.高层管理者担负着跨部门的管理责任。
( )7.在管理者晋升到组织上层的过程中,他们花费较少的时间来开展计划和组织活动。
( )8.埃森哲公司重构其管理层,以便对公司全球范围内的咨询人员进行重组。
2014管理类联考英语真题(含答案)
Section I Use of English (10%)Directions: Read the following text. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Thinner isn ’t always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health.Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity _19_.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.1.[A]denied [B]concluded [C]doubled [D]ensured 2014 年管理类专业学位全国联考英语（二）试卷12.[A]protective[B]dangerous[C]sufficient[D]troublesome3.[A]Instead[B]However[C]Likewise[D]Therefore4.[A]indicator[B]objective[C]origin[D]example5.[A]impact[B]relevance[C]assistance[D]concern6.[A]in terms of[B]in case of[C]in favor of[D]in respects of7.[A]measures[B]determines[C]equals[D]modifies8.[A]in essence[B]in contrast[C]in turn[D]in part9.[A]complicated[B]conservative[C]variable[D]straightforward10.[A]so[B] while[C]since[D]unless11.[A]shape[B]spirit[C]balance[D]taste12.[A]start[B]quality[C]retire[D]stay13.[A]strange[B]changeable[C]normal[D]constant14.[A]option[B]reason[C]opportunity[D]tendency15.[A]employed[B]pictured[C]imitated[D]monitored16.[A]compared[B]combined[C]settled[D]associated17.[A]Even[B]Still[C]Yet[D]Only18.[A]despised[B]corrected[C]ignored[D]grounded19.[A]discussions[B]businesses[C]policies[D]studies20.[A]for[B]against[C]with[D]withoutSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following passages.Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A B C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1What would you do with590m?This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie,an84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small,tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history.If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment,she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive.Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes.Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly.What was once exciting and new becomes old-hat;regret creeps in.It is far better to spend money on experiences,say Ms Dumn and Mr Norton,like interesting trips,unique meals or even going to the cinema.These purchases often become more valuable with time---as stories or memories---particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most“happiness bang for your buck.”It seems most people would be better off if they couldshorten their commutes to work,spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television（something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing,and is hardly jollier for it）.Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself,and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly.This is apparently the reason MacDonald’s restricts the availability of its popular McRib-a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of Happy Money are clearly a privileged lot,anxious about fulfillment,not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness,but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones.Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world,and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people.Not everyone will agree with the authors’policy ideas,which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers.But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.21.According to Dunn and Norton,which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[A]A big house[B]A special tour[C]A stylish car[D]A rich meal22.The author’s attitude toward Americans’watching TV is.[A]critical[B]supportive[C]sympathetic[D]ambiguous23.Macrib is mentioned in paragraph3to show that.[A]consumers are sometimes irrational[B]popularity usually comes after quality[C]marketing tricks are often effective[D]rarity generally increases pleasure24.According to the last paragraph,Happy Money.[A]has left much room for readers’criticism[B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase[C]has predicted a wider income gap in the US[D]may give its readers a sense of achievement25.This text mainly discusses how to.[A]balance feeling good and spending money[B]spend large sums of money won in lotteries[C]obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D]become more reasonable in spending on luxuriesText2An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that,actually,you think you’re more beautiful than you are.We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to achieve this.Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they called the“above-average effect”,or“illusory superiority”,and shown that,for example,70%of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93%in driving and85%at getting on well with others---all obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations.We become defensive when criticized,and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem,we stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key study into self-enhancement and attractiveness.Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others,he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from a line-up including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive.Visual recognition, reads the study,is“an automatic psychological process,occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”.If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image---which must did---they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.Epley found no significant gender difference in responses.Nor was there any evidence that, those who self-enhance the most(that is,the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real)were doing so to make up for profound insecurities.In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real,directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher self-esteem.“I don’t think the findings that we have are any evidence of personal delusion”,says Epley.“It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves”.If you are depressed,you won’t be self-enhancing.Knowing the results of Epley’s study,it makes sense that many people hate photographs of themselves so viscerally---on one level,they don’t even recognize the person in the picture as themselves.Facebook,therefore,is a self-enhancer’s paradise,where people can share only the most flattering photos,the cream of their wit,style,beauty,intellect and lifestyle.“It’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest,”says Catalina Toma of Wiscon-Madison University,“but they portray an idealized version of themselves.”26.According to the first paragraph,social psychologists have found that______.[A]our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B]illusory superiority is baseless effect[C]our need for leadership is unnatural[D]self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27.Visual recognition is believed to be people’s______[A]rapid watching[B]conscious choice[C]intuitive response[D]automatic self-defense28.Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to______[A]underestimate their insecurities[B]believe in their attractiveness[C]cover up their depressions[D]oversimplify their illusions29.The word“viscerally”（Line2,para.5）is closest in meaning to_____.[A]instinctively[B]occasionally[C]particularly[D]aggressively30.It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer's paradise because people can_____.[A]present their dishonest profiles[B]define their traditional life styles[C]share their intellectual pursuits[D]withhold their unflattering sidesText3The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution,but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries.And yet,it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boom and bust cycle.Certain jobs have gone away for good,outmoded by machines.Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs,this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we can’t immediately foresee.When there is exponential improvement in the price and performance of technology,jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become threatened.This argument has attracted a lot of attention,via the success of the book Race Argument the Machine,by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee,who both hail from MIT’s Center for Digital Business.This is a powerful argument,and a scary one.And yet,John Hagel,author of The Power of Pull and other books,says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U.S that tend to be“tightly scripted”and“highly standardized”ones that leave no room for“individual initiative or creativity.”In short,these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings.That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers,Hagel says.It’s time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted,since we are still relying on a very20th century notion of work,Hagel says.In our rapidly changing economy,we more than everneed people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination“to respond to unexpected events.”That’s not something machines are good at.They are designed to perform very predictable activities.As Hagel notes,Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book.We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine.In other words,we need to look at the ways in which machine can augment human labor rather than replace it.So then the problem is not really about technology,but rather,“how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?”31.According to the first paragraph,economic downturns would.[A]ease the competition of man vs.machine[B]highlight machines’threat to human jobs[C]provoke a painful technological revolution[D]outmode our current economic structure32.The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that.[A]technology is diminishing man’s job opportunities[B]automation is accelerating technological development[C]certain jobs will remain intact after automation[D]man will finally win the race against machine33.Hagel argues that jobs in the U.S are often.[A]performed by innovative minds[B]scripted with an individual style[C]standardized without a clear target[D]designed against human creativity34.According to the last paragraph,Brynjolfssonan Mcafee discussed.[A]the predictability of machine behavior in practice[B]the formula for how work is conducted efficiently[C]the ways machines replace human labor in modern times[D]the necessity of human involvement in the workplace35.Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?[A]How to Innovate Our Work Practices[B]Machines will Replace Human Labor[C]Can We Win the Race Against Machines[D]Economic Downturns Stimulate InnovationsText4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads,railways,broadband and energy.Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that?To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame.We have not beengood at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth.Then there is the scale of the typical housing project.It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project,so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere.But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.Nevertheless,the affordable housing situation is desperate.Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this.It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that.The communities minister,Don Foster,has hinted that George Osborne,Chancellor of the Exchequer,may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt.Evidence shows that60,000extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted,increasing GDP by0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment,which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.But it is not just down to the government.While these measures would be welcome in the short term,we must face up to the fact that the existing£4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing,set to expire in2015,is unlikely to be extended beyond then.The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition’s spending plans if it returns to power.The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale public grants.We need to adjust to this changing climate.36.The author believes that the housing sector.[A]has attracted much attention[B]involves certain political factors[C]shoulders too much responsibility[D]has lost its real value in economy37.It can be learned that affordable housing has.[A]increased its home supply[B]offered spending opportunities[C]suffered government biases[D]disappointed the government38.According to Paragraph5,George Osborne may_______.[A]allow greater government debt for housing[B]stop local authorities from building homes[C]prepare to reduce housing stock debt[D]release a lifted GDP growth forecast39.It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would.[A]lower the costs of registered providers[B]lessen the impact of government interference[C]contribute to funding new developments[D]relieve the ministers of responsibilities40.The author believes that after2015,the government may.[A]implement more policies to support housing[B]review the need for large-scale public grants[C]renew the affordable housing grants programme[D]stop generous funding to the housing sectorPart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column.There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies,Land Art was one of a range of new forms,including Body Art,Performance Art,Action Art and Installation Art,which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery.Rather than portraying landscape,land artists used the physical substance of the land itself as their medium.The British land art,typified by Richard Long’s piece,was not only more domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart.Indeed,while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves,Long’s photograph of his work is the work.Since his“action”is in the past the photograph is its sole embodiment.That might seem rather an obscure point,but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relatively few natural objects.Long is Britain’s best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle,a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor,represents the elegant,rarefied side of the form. The Boyle Family,on the other hand,stand for its dirty,urban prising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children,they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls.Their Olaf Street Study,a square of brick-strewn waste ground,is one of the few works here to embrace the mundanity that characterizes most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.Parks feature,particularly in the earlier works,such as John Hilliard’s very funny Across the Park,in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns,gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the WiltshireDowns.While it probably wasn’t apparent at the time,much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood.Derek Jarman’s yellow-tinted film Towards Avebury,a collection of long,mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape,evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.In the case of Hamish Fulton,you can’t help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply found a way of making his love of walking pay.A typical work,such as Seven Days,consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk,with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath.British Land Art as shown in this well selected,but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn’t about imposing on the landscape,more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art created passing through.It had its origins in the great outdoors,but the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.[A]originates from a long walk that the artist took41.Stone Circle[B]illustrates a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art42.Olaf Street Study[C]reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition.43.Across the Park[D]represents the elegance of the British land art44.Towards Avebury[E]depicts the ordinary side of the British land art45.Seven days[F]embodies a romantic escape into the Scottish outdoors[G]contains images from different parts of the same photograph. Section III Translation46.Directions:In this section there is a passage in English.Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy,with a glass that’s perpetually half fall. But that’s exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend.“Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.”says Tal Ben-Shahar,a Harvard professor, According to Ben-Shalar,realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen,but not those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers.When he feels down-sag,after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human.He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner;some will be less effective than others.Next is reconstruction,He analyzes the weak lecture,leaning lessons,for the future about what works and what doesn’t.Finally,there is perspective,which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life,one lecture really doesn’t matter.Section IV WritingPart ADirections:Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John,a local student.Write him to email to1）tell him about your living habits,and2）ask for advice about living there.You should write about100words on answer sheet.Do not use your own e“Li Ming”instead.Do not writ your address.(10points)Part BDirections:Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET.（15points）You should1.Interpret the chart,and2.Give your comments.You should write about150words on the ANSWER SHEET.（15points）2014 年 MBA 全国考试英语真题答案11—15：A BCDB16—20：DADCB 1—5：BACAD 6—10：ACCDB 21—25：BADBC 26—30：ACBAD31—35：BADDC 36—40：B CACD 41—45：DEGCA一46.大多数人愿意把乐观定义为无尽的欢乐，总觉得杯子里的水还有半。
14管理学真题答案解析
14管理学真题答案解析在管理学领域，知识的积累和应用非常重要。
考试是评估学生对管理学知识的理解和运用的一种方式。
在本文中，将对14管理学真题的答案进行解析和讨论，帮助读者加深对相关知识的理解。
首先，让我们来看一道常见的管理学题目：“团队合作是管理者重要的技能之一，请分析团队合作的优势和挑战，并提出实现有效团队合作的建议。
”团队合作的优势在于能够汲取各个成员的智慧和经验，凝聚团队力量，达到共同的目标。
合作意味着共同努力和参与思考，可以在更短的时间内完成任务，提高工作效率。
然而，团队合作也会面临一些挑战。
首先，团队成员可能来自不同的背景和文化环境，这可能导致沟通障碍和协调困难。
其次，团队合作需要有效的团队领导和管理，以确保团队成员的参与度和动力。
此外，团队合作还可能面临决策制定和权力分配的问题，需要明确的沟通和协商机制来解决。
为了实现有效的团队合作，管理者可以采取以下建议。
首先，明确团队的目标和角色分工，确保每个成员都知道自己的任务和责任。
其次，建立良好的沟通渠道，促进团队成员之间的交流和理解。
第三，鼓励团队成员合作和共享知识，提高团队的创造力和创新能力。
最后，及时进行反馈和评估，发现问题并找到解决方案，持续改进团队合作的效果。
接下来，我们来讨论另一个管理学的题目：“变革管理是组织成功的关键，请解释变革管理的概念，并提供成功实施变革管理的要素。
”变革管理是一种管理方法，旨在引导组织在不断变化的环境中实现成功和持续发展。
变革管理的概念包括识别变化的需求和目标、规划变化过程、管理变化的实施和评估变化的效果。
要成功实施变革管理，以下要素是必不可少的。
首先，领导层的支持和积极参与是关键。
领导者应该明确变革的目标和意义，并与员工进行有效的沟通和协调。
其次，变革管理需要有明确的计划和策略，包括清晰的时间表和资源分配。
第三，团队的参与和合作也是至关重要的。
组织成员应被鼓励参与决策制定、变革实施和问题解决。
最后，及时反馈和评估对变革的效果进行监测和调整，以确保变革的成功和持续性。
2014年管理类英语真题
2014年MBA（工商管理硕士）联考－英语真题英语（二）试卷Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)T hinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have _1_ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually _2_. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women._3_, among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an _4_ of good health.Of even greater _5_ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often _6_ body mass index, or BIMI _7_ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BIMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 to 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, _8_ can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem_9_, they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit. _10_ others with a low BMI may be in poor _11_. For example, many collegiate and professional football players _12_ as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a _13_ BMI.Today we have a(n)_14_to label obesity as a disgrace. The overweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes_16_with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese._17_ very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing aboutbody build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_ in health concerns have stimulated a number of anti-obesity _19_, My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives, Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat!1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D]troublesome3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in respects of7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D] straightforward10. [A] so [B] unlike [C] since [D] unless11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste12. [A] start [B] quality [C] retire [D] stay13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored16. [A] compared [B] combined [C] settled [D] associated17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] withoutSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosingA, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1What would you do with $559m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, un-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings or fulfillment. She could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these maternal purchases wears off fairly quickly. What was Once exciting and new becomes old hat; regret creeps in, It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dun and Mr. Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time–as stones or memories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most “happiness bang for your buck.” It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it). Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason McDonald’s restricts the availability of its popular McRib-a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of Happy Money are clearly a privileged lot,anxious about fulfilment,not hunger.Money may not quite buy happiness,but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones.Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world.and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people.Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas,which range from mandating more holiday time toreducing tax incentives for American homebuyers,But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.21. According to Dumn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[A] A big house.[B] A special tour.[C] A stylish car.[D] A rich meal.22. The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is .[A] critical[B] supportive[C] sympathetic[D] ambiguous23. Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that .[A] consumers are sometimes irrational[B] popularity usually comes after quality[C] marketing tricks are after effective[D] rarity generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money .[A] has left much room for readers’ criticism[B] may prove to be a worthwhile purchase[C] has predicted a wider income gap in the us[D] may give its readers a sense of achievement25. This text mainly discusses how to .[A] balance feeling good and spending money[B] spend large sums of money won in lotteries[C] obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D] become more reasonable in spending on luxuriesText 2An article in Scientific American has pointed out that empirical research saysthat, actually, you think you're more beautiful than you are.We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employa number of self-enhancing(to use the psychological terminology) strategies to achieve this.Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93%indriving (across the ages and genders ) and 85% at getting on well others-all obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations.We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem. We strut around thinking we’re hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioural scientist Nicholas Epley oversawakey study into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been morphed to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process, occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image-which most did-they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that those who self-enhanced the most(that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored pictures were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other markers for having higher self-esteem.“I don’t think the findings that we have are any evidence of personal delusion,”says Epley.“It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking wel lof themselves.” If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing.Knowing the results of Eplet’s study, it makes sense that many people hate photographs of themselves so viscerally—on one level, they don’t even recognize the person in the picture as themselves. Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer’s paradise, where people can share only the flukiest of flattering photos, the creamof their wit style Beauty, intellect and lifestyles. It’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest, says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University, “but they portray an idealized version of themselves”.(People are much more likely to out-and-out lie on dating websites, to an audience of strangers.)26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that .[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B] illusory superiority is baseless effect[C] our need for leadership is unnatural[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s .[A] rapid watching[B] conscious choice[C] intuitive response[D] automatic self-defense28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to .[A] underestimate their insecurities[B] believe in their attractiveness[C] cover up their depressions[D] oversimplify their illusions29. The word “viscerally” (Line 2, Para.6) is closest in meaning to .[A] instinctively[B] occasionally[C] particularly[D] aggressively30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can .[A] present their dishonest profiles[B] define their traditional life styles[C] share their intellectual pursuits[D] withhold their unflattering sidesText 3The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns andfragile recoveries. And yet, it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boom and bust cycle. Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we can’t immediately foresee.When there is exponential improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race Against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MIT’s Center for Digital Business.This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And yet, John Hagel, author of ThePower of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U.S. that tend to be “tightly scripted” and “highly standardized” ones that leave no room for “individual initiative or creativity.” In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings. That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says.It’s time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we are still relying on a very 20th century notion of work, Hagel says. In our rapidly changing economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination “to respond to unexpected events.” That’s not something machines are good at. They are designed to perform very predictable activities.As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine. In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment human labor ratherthan replace it. So then the problem is not really about technology, but rather, “how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?”31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would .[A]ease the competition of man vs. machine[B]highlight machines’ threat to human jobs[C]provoke a painful technological revolution[D]outmode our current economic structure32. The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that .[A]technology is diminishing man’s job opportuniti es[B]automation is accelerating technological development[C]certain jobs will remain intact after automation[D]man will finally win the race against machine33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U.S. are often .[A]performed by innovative minds[B]scripted with an individual style[C]standardized without a clear target[D]designed against human creativity34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed .[A]the predictability of machine behavior in practice[B]the formula for how work is conducted efficiently[C]the ways machines replace human labor in modern times[D]the necessity of human involvement in the workplace35. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?[A]How to Innovate Our Work Practices[B]Machines will Replace Human Labor[C]Can We Win the Race Against Machines[D]Economic Downturns Stimulate InnovationsText 4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldommentioned.Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to jostle for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure projects, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged. This government does not want to see a return to large-scale provision of council housing, so it is naturally wary of measures that will lead us down that route.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. The cap, introduced in 2012 as part of the Housing Revenue Account reform, has been a major issue for the sector. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.Finally, they should look at the way in which public sector land is released. Currently up-front payments are required, putting a financial burden on the housing provider. A more positive stimulus would be to encourage a system where the land is made available and maintained as a long-term equity stake in the project.But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £4.5bn programmeof grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015, is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if it returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to the era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate. This means that affordable housing specialists like Wates Living Space have to create a whole new way of working in partnership with registered providers. We have to be prepared to take on more of the risk during the development phase, driving down the cost to deliver high-quality affordable housing and, most importantly, developing alternative funding models to help achieve this.While the government's commitment to long-term funding may have changed, the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away. The comprehensive spending review provides the opportunity to start moving us in the right direction—stimulating investment in new supply and quickly delivering tangible benefits to local economies. It also helps create the space to develop a long-term sustainable strategy for.36. The author believes that the housing sector.[A]has attracted much attention[B]has lost its real value in economy[C]shoulders too much responsibility[D]involves certain political factors37. It can be learned that affordable housing has.[A]suffered government biases[B]increased its home supply[C]offered spending opportunities[D]disappointed the government38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may .[A]prepare to reduce housing stock debt[B]release a lifted GDP growth forecast[C]allow greater government debt for housing[D]stop local authorities from building homes39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would .[A]lower the costs of registered providers[B]relieve the minister of responsibilities[C]contribute to funding new developments[D]lessen the impact of government interference40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may .[A]implement more policies to support housing[B]stop generous funding to the housing sector[C]renew the affordable housing grants programme[D]review the need for large-scale public grantsPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the left column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a range of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio andgallery. Rather than portraying landscape, land artists used the physical substance of eland itself as their medium.The British land artist, typified by Richard Long’s piece, was not only moredomestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. Indeed, whileyou might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records ofworks rather than the works themselves, Long’s photograph of his work is the work. Since his “action” is in the past the photograph is its sole embodiment.That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition thatcontains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relatively few natural objects.Long is Britain’s best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring ofpurplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor, represents theelegant, rarefied side of the form. The Boyle Family, on the other hand, stands for itsdirty, urban aspect. Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children,they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls. Their OlafStreet Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few works here toembrace the mundanity that characterises most of our experience of the landscapemost of the time.Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard’s very funny. Across the Park, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girland unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts ofthe same photograph.Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns, gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as theLake District or the Wiltshire Downs. While it probably wasn’t apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes ofWordsworth would have readily understood. Derek Jarman’s yellow-tinted filmTowards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape, evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer toPaul Nash.In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can’t help feeling that the Scottish artist hassimply found a way of making his love of walking pay. A typical work, such as SevenDays, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath. British Land Art as shownin this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn’t about imposingon the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art createdpassing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, but the results were asgallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,” s ays Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down- say,after giving a bad lecture- he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student. Write him an email to1) tell him about your living habits, and2) ask for advice about living there.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the lett er. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)答案及解析Section I Use of English1、【答案】B concluded【解析】题干中，一系列的研究已经_____，事实上，正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人。
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1. Filling the follow blanks (20 points)1. 1. Competitors are an organization’s opponents in the external environment.(竞争对手是一个组织在外部环境的反对者）An organization’s Intertype competitors are distinctly different and competing organizations.2. Three general skills are need for effective management performance. （有效的管理需要三种基本技能）They are human, technical , conceptual skills.good, bad, right, and wrong.（指的是行为的原理，区分好的，坏的，正确的和错误的）4. Techniques for forecasting resource （预测资源技术）are hunches, Market surveys, time-series, and economic model.5. Five aspects that differentiate jobs are（区分工作的五个方面）Work pace, job repetitiveness, skill requirements, methods specification, and required attention.6. Five more widely used departmentalization bases are （五个广泛使用的部门化基地是）functional, Process , product, customer, and geographic .7. Contemporary organization design theory can be divided into two categories of opinion.（现代组织设计理论可以分为两类意见）They are Universalistic approach and contingency approach.略当中的一个）（三个条件确定控制功能的有效性）aretechnical level, and the strategic level.12. The three tasks of world class managers（世界顶级管理者的三个任务）: managing work and organizations,13.Three important situational dimensions assumed to（三个重要的情境维度被认为影响领导效能）:14. Five key steps in developing a quality control system（开发一个质量控制系统的五个关键步骤）quality review program, build commitment to quality,: policy, information,engineering and design,16. Job depth refers to（工作深度指的是）discretion or control over the job.17. Strategy involves the selection of missions, and appropriate courses of action to achieve theses objectives.（战略涉及任务选择）18. Richard Hackman has identified five core dimensions that provide enrichment for jobs.（rh variety, taskidentity, task significance, autonomy, and19. ___P/OM_______ goes well beyond manufacturing operations involving the assembly of products. （远远超出了涉及产品的装配制造业务）It also covers the operation of banks, transportation companies, hospitals and clinics, school systems, insurance companies, and high-technology firms.（它还包括银行，经营运输公司，医院和诊所，学校系统，保险公司，和高科技公司）20. Contemporary organization design theory can be divided into two categories of opinion. （现代组织设计理论可以分为两类意见）The second category of opinion states that the situation. This category is______.⒉Identifying True or false of the following sentences (20 points)Please write you answer into the following table1. Mintzberg found that managers regardless of the type of organization or the level in the organization perform similar role(明茨伯格发现管理者不论什么类型的组织或组织中的水平发挥类似的作用)T2. Social responsiveness has occurred when a business has met only its economic and legal responsibilities.(社会反应发生时，企业只见过它的经济和法律责任。
)F3. Feedback favorably affects performance.(反馈绩效对表现产生影响）T4. The decision-making process begins with identification of decision criteria.（决策过程始于决策标准的鉴定）F5. Most individuals make decisions based upon incomplete information.（大多数人做出基于不完全信息的决定）T6. Nominal group technique allows individuals to operate independently.（名义群体法允许个人独立操作）T7. No one should be held responsible for something over which he or she has no authority.没有人应对他而言没有权威的东西负责）T8. An organic structure has many rules with rigid hierarchical relationships and a tall structure.（一种有机结构具有很多严格层次关系与高层结构的规则）F9. People low in self-esteem believe they possess the ability to succeed at work.（低自尊的人相信他们拥有在工作中取得成功的能力）F10. When maintenance factors are not present, employees will be dissatisfied, however the presences of these factors do not build strong motivation.（当维修因素不存在时，员工将不满意，但是这些因素的存在并不建立强大的动机）T11. Management is the process undertaken by one individual to coordinate the activities of others to achieve results not achievable by one individual acting alone.（管理是由英国人来协调他人的活动无法实现由一个人单独行动的过程）F 12. The external environment includes all the forces acting on the organization within the organization.（外部环境包括所有的力量作用于组织内的组织）F13. Ethics refers to principles of behavior that distinguish between good, bad, right, and wrong.（伦理是指行为的原理，区分好的，坏的，正确的和错误的）T 14. Nonprogrammed decisions have repetitive and routine solutions（编程序化决策有重复的和常规的解决办法）F15. Span of control refers to the decision of how many people a manager can oversee.（控制跨度指的是有多少人可以监督经理的决定）T16. Classical organization design includes the following characteristics: High complexity, Low formalization, and High centralization.（古典组织设计包括以下特点：高复杂化，低形式化，高度集权）F17. The controlling function includes all activities the manager undertakes in attempting to ensure that actual results conform to planned results.（控制功能包括所有活动的管理者在试图确保实际结果符合计划的结果进行）T18. Motivation is inner-striving conditions as wishes, desires, drive. It is an inner state that activates or moves.（动机是内在的努力下的愿望，欲望，驱动。