曼昆微观经济学第四章课后答案
经济学原理曼昆课后答案chapter4
经济学原理曼昆课后答案c h a p t e r4本页仅作为文档封面，使用时可以删除This document is for reference only-rar21year.MarchProblems and Applications1. a. Cold weather damages the orange crop, reducing the supply of oranges.This can be seen in Figure 4-6 as a shift to the left in the supply curve fororanges. The new equilibrium price is higher than the old equilibriumprice.Figure 4-6b. People often travel to the Caribbean from New England to escape coldweather, so demand for Caribbean hotel rooms is high in the winter. Inthe summer, fewer people travel to the Caribbean, since northern climesare more pleasant. The result, as shown in Figure 4-7, is a shift to the leftin the demand curve. The equilibrium price of Caribbean hotel rooms isthus lower in the summer than in the winter, as the figure shows.Figure 4-7c. When a war breaks out in the Middle East, many markets are affected.Since much oil production takes place there, the war disrupts oil supplies, shifting the supply curve for gasoline to the left, as shown in Figure 4-8.The result is a rise in the equilibrium price of gasoline. With a higherprice for gasoline, the cost of operating a gas-guzzling automobile, like aCadillac, will increase. As a result, the demand for used Cadillacs willdecline, as people in the market for cars won't find Cadillacs as attractive.In addition, some people who already own Cadillacs will try to sell them.The result is that the demand curve for used Cadillacs shifts to the left,while the supply curve shifts to the right, as shown in Figure 4-9. Theresult is a decline in the equilibrium price of used Cadillacs.Figure 4-8Figure 4-92. The statement that "an increase in the demand for notebooks raises the quantityof notebooks demanded, but not the quantity supplied" is false, in general. AsFigure 4-10 shows, the increase in demand for notebooks results in an increased quantity supplied. The only way the statement would be true is if the supplycurve were perfectly inelastic, as shown in Figure 4-11.Figure 4-10Figure 4-113. a. If people decide to have more children (a change in tastes), they'll wantlarger vehicles for hauling their kids around, so the demand for minivanswill increase. Supply won't be affected. The result is a rise in both priceand quantity, as Figure 4-12 shows.Figure 4-12Figure 4-13b. If a strike by steelworkers raises steel prices, the costs of producing aminivan rise (a rise in input prices), so the supply of minivans decreases.Demand won't be affected. The result is a rise in the price of minivansand a decline in the quantity, as Figure 4-13 shows.c. The development of new automated machinery for the production ofminivans is an improvement in technology. The reduction in firms' costsresults in an increase in supply. Demand isn't affected. The result is a decline in the price of minivans and an increase in the quantity, as Figure 4-14shows.Figure 4-14Figure 4-15d. The rise in the price of station wagons affects minivan demand becausestation wagons are substitutes for minivans (that is, there's a rise in theprice of a related good). The result is an increase in demand for minivans.Supply isn't affected. In equilibrium, the price and quantity of minivansboth rise, as Figure 4-12 shows.e. The reduction in peoples' wealth caused by a stock-market crash reducestheir income, leading to a reduction in the demand for minivans, sinceminivans are a normal good. Supply isn’t affected. As a result, both priceand quantity decline, as Figure 4-15 shows.4. Technological advances that reduce the cost of producing computer chipsrepresent a decline in an input price for producing a computer. The result is ashift to the right in the supply of computers, as shown in Figure 4-16. Theequilibrium price falls and the equilibrium quantity rises, as the figure shows.Figure 4-16Figure 4-17Since computer software is a complement to computers, the increasedequilibriumquantity of computers increases the demand for software. As Figure 4-17 shows, the result is a rise in both the equilibrium price and quantity of software.Since typewriters are substitutes for computers, the increased equilibriumquantity of computers reduces the demand for typewriters. As Figure 4-18shows, the result is a decline in both the equilibrium price and quantity oftypewriters.Figure 4-185. a. When a hurricane in South Carolina damages the cotton crop, it raisesinput prices for producing sweatshirts. As a result, the supply ofsweatshirts shifts to the left, as shown in Figure 4-19. The newequilibrium has a higher price and lower quantity of sweatshirts.b. A decline in the price of leather jackets leads more people to buy leatherjackets, reducing the demand for sweatshirts. The result, shown in Figure 4-20, is a decline in both the equilibrium price and quantity of sweatshirts.Figure 4-20c. The effects of colleges requiring students to engage in morningcalisthenics in appropriate attire raises the demand for sweatshirts, asshown in Figure 4-21. The result is an increase in both the equilibriumprice and quantity of sweatshirts.d. The invention of new knitting machines increases the supply ofsweatshirts. As Figure 4-22 shows, the result is a reduction in theequilibrium price and an increase in the equilibrium quantity ofsweatshirts.Figure 4-226. A temporarily high birth rate in the year 2005 leads to opposite effects on theprice of babysitting services in the years 2010 and 2020. In the year 2010, there are more 5-year olds who need sitters, so the demand for babysitting servicesrises, as shown in Figure 4-23. The result is a higher price for babysitting services in 2010. However, in the year 2020, the increased number of 15-year olds shifts the supply of babysitting services to the right, as shown in Figure 4-24. Theresult is a decline in the price of babysitting services.Figure 4-23Figure 4-247. Since ketchup is a complement for hot dogs, when the price of hot dogs rises,the quantity demanded of hot dogs falls, thus reducing the demand for ketchup, causing both price and quantity of ketchup to fall. Since the quantity of ketchup falls, the demand for tomatoes by ketchup producers falls, so both price andquantity of tomatoes fall. When the price of tomatoes falls, producers of tomato juice face lower input prices, so the supply curve for tomato juice shifts down,causing the price of tomato juice to fall and the quantity of tomato juice to rise.The fall in the price of tomato juice causes people to substitute tomato juice for orange juice, so the demand for orange juice declines, causing the price andquantity of orange juice to fall. Now you can see clearly why a rise in the price ofhot dogs leads to a fall in price of orange juice!Figure 4-258. a. Cigars and chewing tobacco are substitutes for cigarettes, since a higherprice for cigarettes would increase demand for cigars and chewingtobacco.b. An increase in the tax on cigarettes leads to increased demand for cigarsand chewing tobacco. The result, as shown in Figure 4-25 for cigars, is arise in both the equilibrium price and quantity of cigars and chewingtobacco.c. The results in part (b) showed that a tax on cigarettes leads people tosubstitute cigars and chewing tobacco for cigarettes when the tax oncigarettes rises. To reduce total tobacco usage, policymakers might alsowant to increase the tax on cigars and chewing tobacco, or pursue sometype of public education program.9. Quantity supplied equals quantity demanded at a price of $6 and quantity of 81pizzas (Figure 4-26). If price were greater than $6, quantity supplied wouldexceed quantity demanded, so suppliers would reduce their price to gain sales.If price were less than $6, quantity demanded would exceed quantity supplied, so suppliers could raise their price without losing sales. In both cases, the price would continue to adjust until it reached $6, the only price at which there'sneither surplus nor shortage.Figure 4-2610. a. If the price of flour falls, since flour is an ingredient in bagels, the supplycurve for bagels would shift to the right. The result, shown in Figure 4-27,would be a fall in the price of bagels and a rise in the equilibrium quantityof bagels.Since cream cheese is a complement to bagels, the rise in quantitydemanded of bagels increases the demand for cream cheese, as shown inFigure 4-28. The result is a rise in both the equilibrium price and quantityof cream cheese. So, a fall in the price of flour indeed raises both theequilibrium price of cream cheese and the equilibrium quantity of bagels.Figure 4-27Figure 4-28What happens if the price of milk falls Since milk is an ingredient in cream cheese, the fall in the price of milk leads to an increase in the supply of cream cheese. This leads to a decrease in the price of cream cheese (Figure 4-29), rather than a rise in the price of cream cheese. So a fall in the price of milk couldn't have been responsible for the pattern observed.Figure 4-29Figure 4-30b. In part (a), we found that a fall in the price of flour led to a rise in theprice of cream cheese and a rise in the equilibrium quantity of bagels. Ifthe price of flour rose, the opposite would be true; it would lead to a fallin the price of cream cheese and a fall in the equilibrium quantity ofbagels. Since the question says the equilibrium price of cream cheese has risen, it couldn't have been caused by a rise in the price of flour.What happens if the price of milk rises From part (a), we found that a fallin the price of milk caused a decline in the price of cream cheese, so arise in the price of milk would cause a rise in the price of cream cheese.Since bagels and cream cheese are complements, the rise in the price ofcream cheese would reduce the demand for bagels, as Figure 4-30 shows.The result is a decline in the equilibrium quantity of bagels. So a rise inthe price of milk does cause both a rise in the price of cream cheese anda decline in the equilibrium quantity of bagels.11. a. As Figure 4-31 shows, the supply curve is vertical. The constant supplymakes sense because the basketball arena has a fixed number of seats nomatter what the price.Figure 4-31b. Quantity supplied equals quantity demanded at a price of $8. Theequilibrium quantity is 8,000 tickets.c.Price Quantity Demanded Quantity Supplied$ 4 14,0008,0008 11,0008,000128,0008,000165,0008,000202,0008,000The new equilibrium price will be $12, which equates quantity demandedto quantity supplied. The equilibrium quantity is 8,000 tickets.12. The executives are confusing changes in demand with changes in quantitydemanded. Figure 4-32 shows the demand curve prior to the marketing campaign (D1), and after the campaign (D2). The marketing campaign increased the demand for champagne, as shown, leading to a higher equilibrium price and quantity. Theinfluence of the higher price on demand is already reflected in the outcome. It's impossible for the scenario outlined by the executives to occur.Figure 4-32。
微观经济学第四章习题答案完整版
微观经济学第四章习题答案HEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】第四章生产论1. 下面(表4—1)是一张一种可变生产要素的短期生产函数的产量表：可变要素的数量可变要素的总产量可变要素的平均产量可变要素的边际产量122103244125606677080963(2)该生产函数是否表现出边际报酬递减如果是，是从第几单位的可变要素投入量开始的解答：(1)利用短期生产的总产量(TP)、平均产量(AP)和边际产量(MP)之间的关系，可以完成对该表的填空，其结果如表4—2所示：可变要素的数量可变要素的总产量可变要素的平均产量可变要素的边际产量1222212610324812448122456012126661167701048708\f(34)09637－7高点以后开始逐步下降的这样一种普遍的生产现象。
本题的生产函数表现出边际报酬递减的现象，具体地说，由表4—2可见，当可变要素的投入量从第4单位增加到第5单位时，该要素的边际产量由原来的24下降为12。
2. 用图说明短期生产函数Q＝f(L，eq \o(K,\s\up6(－)))的TPL曲线、APL 曲线和MPL曲线的特征及其相互之间的关系。
解答：短期生产函数的TPL曲线、APL曲线和MPL曲线的综合图如图4—1所示。
图4—1由图4—1可见，在短期生产的边际报酬递减规律的作用下，MPL曲线呈现出先上升达到最高点A以后又下降的趋势。
从边际报酬递减规律决定的MPL曲线出发，可以方便地推导出TPL 曲线和APL曲线，并掌握它们各自的特征及相互之间的关系。
关于TPL 曲线。
由于MPL＝eq \f(d TP L,d L)，所以，当MP L＞0时，TP L曲线是上升的；当MPL ＜0时，TPL曲线是下降的；而当MPL＝0时，TPL曲线达最高点。
换言之，在L＝L3时，MPL曲线达到零值的B点与TPL曲线达到最大值的B′点是相互对应的。
微观经济学原理曼昆英文第四章讲解学习
?Suppose Helen and Ken are the only two buyers in
the Latte market. (Qd = quantity demanded)
Price Helen's Qd Ken's Qd
?In a perfectly competitive market: ?All goods exactly the same ?Buyers & sellers so numerous that no one can
affect market price – each is a “price taker ”
0
Q
5 10 15 20 25
P
$0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Qd (Market)
24 21 18 15 12 9 6
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
7
Demand Curve Shifters
?The demand curve shows how price affects
a good and the quantity sold?
?How do changes in the factors that affect demand
or supply affect the market price and quantity of a good?
?How do markets allocate resources?
THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
曼昆微观经济学原理第五版课后习题答案
问题与应用1．描写下列每种情况所面临的权衡取舍：A．一个家庭决定是否买一辆新车。
答：如果买新车就要减少家庭其他方面的开支，如：外出旅行，购置新家具；如果不买新车就享受不到驾驶新车外出的方便和舒适。
B．国会议员决定对国家公园支出多少。
答：对国家公园的支出数额大，国家公园的条件可以得到改善，环境会得到更好的保护。
但同时，政府可用于交通、邮电等其他公共事业的支出就会减少。
C．一个公司总裁决定是否新开一家工厂。
答：开一家新厂可以扩大企业规模，生产更多的产品。
但可能用于企业研发的资金就少了。
这样，企业开发新产品、利用新技术的进度可能会减慢。
D．一个教授决定用多少时间备课。
0答：教授若将大部分时间用于自己研究，可能会出更多成果，但备课时间减少影响学生授课质量。
E．一个刚大学毕业的学生决定是否去读研究生。
答：毕业后参加工作，可即刻获取工资收入；但继续读研究生，能接受更多知识和未来更高收益。
2．你正想决定是否去度假。
度假的大部分成本((机票、旅馆、放弃的工资))都用美元来衡量，但度假的收益是心理的。
你将如何比较收益与成本呢??答：这种心理上的收益可以用是否达到既定目标来衡量。
对于这个行动前就会作出的既定目标，我们一定有一个为实现目标而愿意承担的成本范围。
在这个可以承受的成本范围内，度假如果满足了既定目标，如：放松身心、恢复体力等等，那么，就可以说这次度假的收益至少不小于它的成本。
3．你正计划用星期六去从事业余工作，但一个朋友请你去滑雪。
去滑雪的真实成本是什么？现在假设你已计划这天在图书馆学习，这种情况下去滑雪的成本是什么？请解释之。
答：去滑雪的真实成本是周六打工所能赚到的工资，我本可以利用这段时间去工作。
如果我本计划这天在图书馆学习，那么去滑雪的成本是在这段时间里我可以获得的知识。
微观经济学第四章课后练习答案
1、什么是欲望和效用？马斯洛把人的欲望分为哪五个层次？效用和使用价值的关系.答：1）欲望是一种缺乏的感觉与求得满足的愿望。
这也就是说,欲望是不足之感与求足之愿的统一,两者缺一都不能称为欲望。
2)效用是从消费某种物品中所得到的满足程度.3)马斯洛把人的欲望分为五个层次：第一,基本生理的需要,这是人类最基本的欲望；第二，安全的需要;第三，归属和爱的需要；第四，尊重的需要,这是人更高层次的社会需要；第五，自我实现的需要，这是人最高层次的欲望。
2、基数效用论和序数效用论的基本观点是什么？它们各采用何种分析方法？答：1）基数效用论基本观点是：效用是可以用计量并加总求和的，效用的大小是可以用基数（1，2，3…）来表示，正如长度单位可以用米来表示一样.2）序数效用论是为了弥补基数效用论的缺点而提出来的另一种研究消费者行为的理论。
其基本观点是：效用作为一种心理现象无法计量,也不能加总求和，只能表示出满足程度的高低与顺序，因此，效用只能用序数(第一、第二、第三…）来表示。
3）基数效用论采用的是边际效用分析法；序数效用论采用的是无差异曲线分析法。
3、什么叫“边际"?总效用和边际效用的关系如何？答：1)边际的含义是增量，指自变量增加1单位所引起的因变量的增加量。
2）总效用是指从消费一定量某种物品中所得到的总满足程度;边际效用是指某种物品的消费量每增加1单位所增加的满足程度.消费量变动做引起的效用的变动即位边际效用。
当边际效用为正数时，总效用是增加的；但边际效用为零时，总效用达到最大；当边际效用为负数时,总效用减少。
4、什么是边际效用递减规律？边际效用为什么递减？答：1）随着消费者对某种物品消费量的增加，他从该物品连续增加的消费单位中所得到的边际效用是递减的，这就被称为边际效用递减规律。
2）认为边际效用递减规律成立的学派，用两个理由来支持他们的论断.一是从人的生理和心理的角度来进行解释，认为随着相同消费品的连续增加，从每一单位消费品中所感受到的满足程度和对重复刺激的反应程度是递减的.二是从商品的多用途的角度来进行解释,认为消费者总是将第一单位的消费品用在最重要的用途上,第二单位的消费品用在次重要的用途上，如此等等.这样，消费品的边际效用，就随消费品的用途重要性的递减而递减。
微观经济学课后答案第四章
， 因此， 当 1 ， ，生产函数为规
生产函数为规模报酬递增；当 模报酬不变；当
1
1
，生产函数为规模报酬递减。
9、已知生产函数为Q=AL1/3K2/3 (1)在长期的生产中，该生产函数的规模报酬属于哪一类型？ (2)在短期生产中，该生产函数是否受边际报酬递减规律的支配
解：(1)
f ( L , K ) 0 1 ( L K )
1/2
2 K 3 L
该生产函数表现出规模报酬不变的特征当且仅当
f ( L , K ) f ( L , K )
对于任意的 1 。 2 1/2 即 0 1 ( L K ) 2 K 3 L
0 1 ( L K ) 0 0
1/2 故当且仅当 0 0 ，即 f ( L , K ) 1 ( L K ) 2 K 3 L 时，该生产函数 表现出规模报酬不变的特征。
1/2
2 K 3 L
注：本题去掉“规模报酬不变的情况下”，结论仍然成立。
6、假设某厂商的短期生产函数为 Q
35 L 8 L L
2
3
。
求：(1)该企业的平均产量函数和边际产量函数。 (2)如果企业使用的生产要素的数量 L=6， 是否处于短期生产的合理区间？ 为什么？ 解： (1)平均产量函数 A P
L
Q / L 35 8 L L
2
，
2
边际产量函数 M P (2)当 A P
K
2/3
Q L
2
AL
5 / 3
K
2/3
0
因此，该生产函数受边际报酬递减规律的支配。
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解(第4章--供给与需求的市场力量)
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第6版）第2篇市场如何运行第4章供给与需求的市场力量课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、概念题1．市场（market）答：市场指某种物品或劳务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体。
买者作为一个群体决定了一种物品或劳务的需求，而卖者作为一个群体决定了一种物品或劳务的供给。
市场作为商品经济的范畴，具有三层含义：一是指商品交换的场所；二是指由商品供求双方及其中介人之间，围绕着体现各自利益的价格而展开激烈竞争所形成的各种经济关系总和；三是指调节社会经济运行的一种关系。
贯穿于这三层含义并能统一于市场这一范畴的核心是商品交换，或者说是商品流通。
2．竞争市场（competitive market）答：竞争市场指有许多买者和卖者，以至于每一个人对市场价格的影响都微不足道的市场。
竞争市场一般指完全竞争市场。
完全竞争，又称为纯粹竞争，是指不存在任何阻碍和干扰竞争因素的市场情况，亦即没有任何垄断因素的市场结构。
完全竞争市场需要具备以下四个条件：①市场上有大量的买者和卖者；②市场上每一个厂商提供的商品都是同质的；③所有的资源具有完全的流动性；④信息是完全的。
3．需求量（quantity demanded）答：需求量是指消费者在一定时期内，在各种可能的价格水平下愿意而且能够购买的商品的数量。
根据定义，如果消费者对某种商品只有购买的欲望而没有购买的能力，就不能算作是需求。
需求必须是既有购买欲望又有购买能力的有效需求。
影响商品需求的因素有:该商品的价格、消费者收入、其他相关商品价格、消费者偏好和消费者对未来的预期等。
曼昆微观经济学第五版答案
曼昆微观经济学第五版答案【篇一：曼昆_微观经济学_原理_第五版_课后习题答案(修改)】/p> 4．你在篮球比赛的赌注中赢了100美元。
你可以选择现在花掉它或在利率为55%的银行中存一年。
现在花掉100美元的机会成本是什么呢?答：现在花掉100 美元的机会成本是在一年后得到105 美元的银行支付(利息+本金)。
7．社会保障制度为65岁以上的人提供收入。
如果一个社会保障的领取者决定去工作并赚一些钱，他(或她)所领到的社会保障津贴通常会减少。
a．提供社会保障如何影响人们在工作时的储蓄激励?答：社会保障的提供使人们退休以后仍可以获得收入，以保证生活。
因此，人们不用为不能工作时的生活费而发愁，人们在工作时期的储蓄就会减少。
b．收入提高时津贴减少的政策如何影响65岁以上的人的工作激励??答：这会使65 岁以上的人在工作中不再积极进取。
因为努力工作获得高收入反而会使得到的津贴减少，所以对65 岁以上的人的努力工作的激励减少了。
11．解释下列每一项政府活动的动机是关注平等还是关注效率。
在关注效率的情况下，讨论所涉及的市场失灵的类型。
a．对有线电视频道的价格进行管制。
答：这是关注效率，市场失灵的原因是市场势力的存在。
可能某地只有一家有线电视台，由于没有竞争者，有线电视台会向有线频道的消费者收取高出市场均衡价格的价格，这是垄断。
垄断市场不能使稀缺资源得到最有效的配置。
在这种情况下，规定有线电视频道的价格会提高市场效率。
b．向一些穷人提供可用来购买食物的消费券。
答：这是出于关注平等的动机，政府这样做是想把经济蛋糕更公平地分给每一个人。
c．在公共场所禁止抽烟。
答：这是出于关注效率的动机。
因为公共场所中的吸烟行为会污染空气，影响周围不吸烟者的身体健康，对社会产生了有害的外部性，而外部性正是市场失灵的一种情况，而这也正是政府在公共场所禁止吸烟的原因。
d．把美孚石油公司(它曾拥90%的炼油厂)分拆为几个较小的公司。
答：出于关注效率的动机，市场失灵是由于市场势力。
曼昆微观经济学答案
第四章复习题1．在索洛模型中，更高的储蓄率将导致在稳定状态时有更高的资本存量，从而导致更高的经济产出。
反之，亦然。
如果增加储蓄率将增加稳定状态时的资本存量，增加新的稳定状态的经济产出，从而导致经济增长。
但是，达到稳定状态后，经济将不再增长。
2．这个问题的前提在于经济决策者更关心的整个社会的福利水平，而不是关注最终的产出水平。
因为，在尽可能简单的情况下，社会福利水平与消费量相关，所以，最大化社会福利水平问题就转化为一个消费量最大化问题。
而在黄金规则下，意味着达到稳定状态时，有最大的消费量。
因此，决策者会选择黄金规则的资本水平。
3．应该说，决策者对这两种情况都可能选择，只是看本国情况的不同而定。
因为：无论经济从高于还是低于黄金规则资本存量开始，则达到的新稳定状态的消费水平都将高于最初的稳定状态。
但如果经济从高于黄金规则资本存量开始，则意味着当期的消费水平会上升，此后逐步下降；而如果经济从低于黄金规则资本存量开始，则意味着可能要减少当期的消费水平以获得远期更高的消费水平。
如此看来，如果不选择黄金规则资本存量，则各期的消费水平会有所不同，也就可能造成不同世代的人的福利水平不同。
4．在一定的储蓄率下，人口增长率越高，则稳定状态资本越低，导致的产出水平也越低；反之，稳定状态资本越高，产出水平也就越高。
因此，人口增长率将影响稳定状态产出水平的高低，从而影响经济增长率。
可以通过改变储蓄率来改变经济增长率。
比如：要达到一定的经济增长率，如果人口增长率高，则要求更高的储蓄率；人口增长率低，储蓄率则较低。
问题与应用1．a）Y = F(K, L) = K1/2L1/2，将投入要素都变成原来的z倍，上式变为：Y = F(z K, z L) = z K1/2L1/2，因此，该生产函数的规模收益不变。
b）Y = F(K, L) = K1/2L1/2Y/L = F(K, L)/L = K1/2L1/2/L=(K/L)1/2即：y = f (k) = k1/2c) 在稳定状态下，资本存量不再发生变动。
微观经济学原理曼昆英文第四章
affect market price – each is a “price taker”
▪ Law of demand: the claim that the quantity
demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises, other things equal
3
The Demand Schedule
▪ Demand schedule:
8
Demand Curve Shifters: # of Buyers ▪ Increase in # of buyers
0
Price Quantity of of lattes
lattes demanded
$0.00 16
1.00
14
2.00
12
3.00
10
4.00
8
5.00
6
6.00
4
Quantity
5
10
15 of Lattes
5
Market Demand versus Individual Demand ▪ The quantity demanded in the market is the sum of the
▪ These “other things” are non-price determinants
of demand (i.e., things that determine buyers’ demand for a good, other than the good’s price).
曼昆《微观经济学》答案(英文版)_Chapter_1~5[1]
![曼昆《微观经济学》答案(英文版)_Chapter_1~5[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/c2b43437eefdc8d376ee3296.png)
Chapter 1Problems and Applications1. a. A family deciding whether to buy a new car faces a tradeoff between the cost of thecar and other things they might want to buy. For example, buying the car mightmean they must give up going on vacation for the next two years. So the real costof the car is the family's opportunity cost in terms of what they must give up.b. For a member of Congress deciding whether to increase spending on national parks,the tradeoff is between parks and other spending items or tax cuts. If more moneygoes into the park system, that may mean less spending on national defense or on thepolice force. Or, instead of spending more money on the park system, taxes couldbe reduced.c. When a company president decides whether to open a new factory, the decision isbased on whether the new factory will increase the firm's profits compared to otheralternatives. For example, the company could upgrade existing equipment orexpand existing factories. The bottom line is: Which method of expandingproduction will increase profit the most?d. In deciding how much to prepare for class, a professor faces a tradeoff between thevalue of improving the quality of the lecture compared to other things she could dowith her time, such as working on additional research.2. When the benefits of something are psychological, such as going on a vacation, it isn't easy tocompare benefits to costs to determine if it's worth doing. But there are two ways to think about the benefits. One is to compare the vacation with what you would do in its place. If you didn't go on vacation, would you buy something like a new set of golf clubs? Then you can decide if you'd rather have the new clubs or the vacation. A second way is to think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation; then you can decide if the psychological benefits of the vacation were worth the psychological cost of working.3. If you are thinking of going skiing instead of working at your part-time job, the cost of skiingincludes its monetary and time costs, plus the opportunity cost of the wages you're giving up by not working. If the choice is between skiing and going to the library to study, then the cost of skiing is its monetary and time costs plus the cost to you of getting a lower grade in your course.4. If you spend $100 now instead of investing it for a year and earning 5 percent interest, youare giving up the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now. The idea that money has a time value is the basis for the field of finance, the subfield of economics that has to do with prices of financial instruments like stocks and bonds.5. The fact that you've already sunk $5 million isn't relevant to your decision anymore, sincethat money is gone. What matters now is the chance to earn profits at the margin. If you spend another $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, you'll earn $2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so. You are right to think that the project has lost a total of $3 million ($6 million in costs and only $3 million in revenue) and you shouldn't have started it. That's true, but if you don't spend the additional $1 million, you won't have any sales and your losses will be $5 million. So what matters is not the total profit, but the profit you can earn at the margin. In fact, you'd pay up to $3 million to complete development; any more than that, and you won't be increasing profit at the margin.6. Harry suggests looking at whether productivity would rise or fall. Productivity is certainlyimportant, since the more productive workers are, the lower the cost per gallon of potion.Harry wants to look at average cost. But both Harry and Ron are missing the other side of the equation−revenue. A firm wants to maximize its profits, so it needs to examine both costs and revenues. Thus, Hermione is right−it’s best to examine whether the extra revenue would exceed the extra costs. In addition, Hermione is the only one who’s thinking at the margin.7. a. Since a person gets fewer after-tax Social Security benefits the greater is his or herincome, there's an incentive not to save for retirement. If you save a lot, yourincome will be higher, and you won't get as much after-tax Social Security income assomeone who didn't save as much. The unintended consequence of the taxation ofSocial Security benefits is to reduce saving; yet the Social Security system arosebecause of worries that people wouldn’t save enough for retirement.b. For the same reason, you'll tend not to work (or not work as much) after age 65.The more you work, the lower your after-tax Social Security benefits will be. Thusthe taxation of Social Security benefits discourages work effort after age 65.8. a. When welfare recipients who are able to work have their benefits cut off after twoyears, they have greater incentive to find jobs than if their benefits were to lastforever.b. The loss of benefits means that someone who can't find a job will get no income atall, so the distribution of income will become less equal. But the economy will bemore efficient, since welfare recipients have a greater incentive to find jobs. Thusthe change in the law is one that increases efficiency but reduces equity.9. By specializing in each task, you and your roommate can finish the chores more quickly. Ifyou divided each task equally, it would take you more time to cook than it would take your roommate, and it would take him more time to clean than it would take you. By specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.Similarly, countries can specialize and trade, making both better off. For example, suppose it takes Spanish workers less time to make clothes than French workers, and French workers can make wine more efficiently than Spanish workers. Then Spain and France can both benefit if Spanish workers produce all the clothes and French workers produce all the wine, and they exchange some wine for some clothes.10. a. Being a central planner is tough! To produce the right number of CDs by the rightartists and deliver them to the right people requires an enormous amount ofinformation. You need to know about production techniques and costs in the CDindustry. You need to know each person's musical tastes and which artists theywant to hear. If you make the wrong decisions, you'll be producing too many CDsby artists that people don't want to hear, and not enough by others.b. Your decisions about how many CDs to produce carry over to other decisions. Youhave to make the right number of CD players for people to use. If you make toomany CDs and not enough cassette tapes, people with cassette players will be stuckwith CDs they can't play. The probability of making mistakes is very high. Youwill also be faced with tough choices about the music industry compared to otherparts of the economy. If you produce more sports equipment, you'll have fewerresources for making CDs. So all decisions about the economy influence yourdecisions about CD production.11. a. Efficiency: The market failure comes from the monopoly by the cable TV firm.b. Equityc. Efficiency: An externality arises because secondhand smoke harms nonsmokers.d. Efficiency: The market failure occurs because of Standard Oil's monopoly power.e. Equityf. Efficiency: There's an externality because of accidents caused by drunk drivers.12. a. If everyone were guaranteed the best health care possible, much more of our nation'soutput would be devoted to medical care than is now the case. Would that beefficient? If you think that currently doctors form a monopoly and restrict healthcare to keep their incomes high, you might think efficiency would increase byproviding more health care. But more likely, if the government mandated increasedspending on health care, the economy would be less efficient because it would givepeople more health care than they would choose to pay for. From the point of viewof equity, if poor people are less likely to have adequate health care, providing morehealth care would represent an improvement. Each person would have a more evenslice of the economic pie, though the pie would consist of more health care and lessof other goods.b. When workers are laid off, equity considerations argue for the unemploymentbenefits system to provide them with some income until they can find new jobs.After all, no one plans to be laid off, so unemployment benefits are a form ofinsurance. But there’s an efficiency problem why work if you can get income fordoing nothing? The economy isn’t o perating efficiently if people remainunemployed for a long time, and unemployment benefits encourage unemployment.Thus, there’s a tradeoff between equity and efficiency. The more generous areunemployment benefits, the less income is lost by an unemployed person, but themore that person is encouraged to remain unemployed. So greater equity reducesefficiency.13. Since average income in the United States has roughly doubled every 35 years, we are likelyto have a better standard of living than our parents, and a much better standard of living than our grandparents. This is mainly the result of increased productivity, so that an hour of work produces more goods and services than it used to. Thus incomes have continuously risen over time, as has the standard of living.14. If Americans save more and it leads to more spending on factories, there will be an increasein production and productivity, since the same number of workers will have more equipment to work with. The benefits from higher productivity will go to both the workers, who will get paid more since they're producing more, and the factory owners, who will get a return on their investments. There's no such thing as a free lunch, though, because when people save more, they're giving up spending. They get higher incomes at the cost of buying fewer goods.15. a. If people have more money, they're probably going to spend more on goods andservices.b. If prices are sticky, and people spend more on goods and services, then output mayincrease, as producers increase output to meet the higher demand rather than raisingprices.c. If prices can adjust, then people's higher spending will be matched with increasedprices, and output won't rise.16. To make an intelligent decision about whether to reduce inflation, a policymaker would needto know what causes inflation and unemployment, as well as what determines the tradeoff between them. Because prices are sticky, an attempt to reduce inflation will lead to higher unemployment. A policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the benefits of lower inflation compared to the cost of higher unemployment.Chapter 2Problems and Applications1. Many answers are possible.2. a. Steel is a fairly uniform commodity, though some firms produce steel of inferiorquality.b. Novels are each unique, so they are quite distinguishable.c. Wheat produced by one farmer is completely indistinguishable from wheat producedby another.d. Fast food is more distinguishable than steel or wheat, but certainly not as much asnovels.3. See Figure 2-5; the four transactions are shown.Figure 2-54. a. Figure 2-6 shows a production possibilities frontier between guns and butter. It isbowed out because when most of the economy’s resources are being used to pr oducebutter, the frontier is steep and when most of the economy’s resources are being usedto produce guns, the frontier is very flat. When the economy is producing a lot ofguns, workers and machines best suited to making butter are being used to makeguns, so each unit of guns given up yields a large increase in the production of butter;thus the production possibilities frontier is flat. When the economy is producing alot of butter, workers and machines best suited to making guns are being used tomake butter, so each unit of guns given up yields a small increase in the productionof butter; thus the production possibilities frontier is steep.b. Point A is impossible for the economy to achieve; it is outside the productionpossibilities frontier. Point B is feasible but inefficient because it’s inside theproduction possibilities frontier.Figure 2-6c. The Hawks might choose a point like H, with many guns and not much butter. TheDoves might choose a point like D, with a lot of butter and few guns.d. If both Hawks and Doves reduced their desired quantity of guns by the same amount,the Hawks would get a bigger peace dividend because the production possibilitiesfrontier is much steeper at point H than at point D. As a result, the reduction of agiven number of guns, starting at point H, leads to a much larger increase in thequantity of butter produced than when starting at point D.5. See Figure 2-7. The shape and position of the frontier depend on how costly it is to maintaina clean environment the productivity of the environmental industry. Gains inenvironmental productivity, such as the development of a no-emission auto engine, lead to shifts of the production-possibilities frontier, like the shift from PPF1 to PPF2 shown in the figure.Figure 2-76. a. A family’s decision about how much income to save is microeconomics.b. The effect of government regulations on auto emissions is microeconomics.c. The impact of higher saving on economic growth is macroeconomics.d. A f irm’s decision about how many workers to hire is microeconomics.e. The relationship between the inflation rate and changes in the quantity of money ismacroeconomics.7. a. The statement that society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation andunemployment is a positive statement. It deals with how the economy is, not how itshould be. Since economists have examined data and found that there’s a short-runnegative relationship between inflation and unemployment, the statement is a fact,thus it’s a positive statement.b. The statement that a reduction in the rate of growth of money will reduce the rate ofinflation is a positive statement. Economists have found that money growth andinflation are very closely related. The statement thus tells how the world is, and soit is a positive statement.c. The statement that the Federal Reserve should reduce the rate of growth of money isa normative statement. It states an opinion about something that should be done,not how the world is.d. The statement that society ought to require welfare recipients to look for jobs is anormative statement. It doesn’t state a fact about how the world is. Instead, it is astatement of how the world should be and is thus a normative statement.e. The statement that lower tax rates encourage more work and more saving is apositive statement. Economists have studied the relationship between tax rates andwork, as well as the relationship between tax rates and saving. They’ve found anegative relationship in both cases. So the statement reflects how the world is, andis thus a positive statement.8. Two of the statements in Table 2-2 are clearly normative. They are: “5. If the federalbudget is to be balanced, it should be done over the business cycle rather th an yearly” and “9.The government should restructure the welfare system along the lines of a ‘negative income tax.’” Both are suggestions of changes that should be made, rather than statements of fact, so they are clearly normative statements.The other statements in the table are positive. All the statements concern how the world is, not how the world should be. Note that in all cases, even though they’re statements of fact, fewer than 100 percent of economists agree with them. You could say that positive statements are statements of fact about how the world is, but not everyone agrees about what the facts are.9. As the president, you’d be interested in both the positive and normative views of economists,but you’d probably be most interested in their positive views. Economists are on your staff to provide their expertise about how the economy works. They know many facts about the economy and the interaction of different sectors. So you’d be most likely to call on them about questions of fact posit ive analysis. Since you’re the president, you’re the one who has the make the normative statements as to what should be done, with an eye to the political consequences. The normative statements made by economists represent their views, not necessarily ei ther your’s or the electorate’s.10. There are many possible answers.11. As of this writing, the chairman of the Federal Reserve is Alan Greenspan, the chair of theCouncil of Economic Advisers is Martin N. Baily, and the secretary of the treasury is Larry Summers.12. There are many possible answers.13. As time goes on, you might expect economists to disagree less about public policy becausethey’ll have opportunities to observe different policies that are put into place. As new policies are tried, their results will become known, and they can be evaluated better. It’s likely that the disagreement about them will be reduced after they’ve been tried in practice.For example, many economists thought that wage and price controls would be a good idea for keeping inflation under control, while others thought it was a bad idea. But when the controls were tried in the early 1970s, the results were disastrous. The controls interfered with the invisible hand of the marketplace and shortages developed in many products. As a result, most economists are now convinced that wage and price controls are a bad idea for controlling inflation.But it’s unlikely that the differences between economists will ever be completely eliminated.Economists differ on too many aspects of how the world works. Plus, even as some policies get tried out and are either accepted or rejected, creative economists keep coming up with new ideas.Chapter 3Problems and Applications1. In the text example of the farmer and the rancher, the farmer’s opportunity cost of producingone pound of meat is two pounds of potatoes because for every 20 hours of work, he can produce one pound of meat or two pounds of potatoes. With limited time at his disposal, producing a pound of meat means he gives up the opportunity to produce two pounds of potatoes. Similarly, the rancher’s opportunity cost of producing one pound of meat is 1/8 pound of potatoes because for every hour of work, she can produce one pound of meat or 1/8 pound of potatoes. With limited time at her disposal, producing a pound of meat means she gives up the opportunity to produce 1/8 pound of potatoes.2. a. See Figure 3-2. If Maria spends all five hours studying economics, she can read100 pages, so that is the vertical intercept of the production possibilities frontier. Ifshe spends all five hours studying sociology, she can read 250 pages, so that is thehorizontal intercept. The time costs are constant, so the production possibilitiesfrontier is a straight line.Figure 3-2b. It takes Maria two hours to read 100 pages of sociology. In that time, she couldread 40 pages of economics. So the opportunity cost of 100 pages of sociology is40 pages of economics.3. a.Workers needed to make:One Car One Ton of GrainU.S. 1/4 1/10Japan 1/4 1/5b. See Figure 3-3. With 100 million workers and four cars per worker, if eithereconomy were devoted completely to cars, it could make 400 million cars. Since aU.S. worker can produce 10 tons of grain, if the U.S. produced only grain it wouldproduce 1,000 million tons. Since a Japanese worker can produce 5 tons of grain, ifJapan produced only grain it would produce 500 million tons. These are theintercepts of the production possibilities frontiers shown in the figure. Note thatsince the tradeoff between cars and grain is constant, the production possibilitiesfrontier is a straight line.Figure 3-3c. Since a U.S. worker produces either 4 cars or 10 tons of grain, the opportunity cost of1 car is 2½ tons of grain, which is 10 divided by 4. Since a Japanese workerproduces either 4 cars or 5 tons of grain, the opportunity cost of 1 car is1 1/4 tons of grain, which is 5 divided by 4. Similarly, the U.S. opportunity cost of1 ton of grain is 2/5 cars (4 divided by 10) and the Japanese opportunity cost of 1 tonof grain is 4/5 cars (4 divided by 5). This gives the following table:Opportunity Cost of:1 Car (in terms of tons ofgrain given up) 1 Ton of Grain (in terms ofcars given up)U.S. 2 1/2 2/5Japan 1 1/4 4/5d. Neither country has an absolute advantage in producing cars, since they’re equallyproductive (the same output per worker); the U.S. has an absolute advantage in producing grain, since it’s more productive (greater output per worker).e. Japan has a comparative advantage in producing cars, since it has a loweropportunity cost in terms of grain given up. The U.S. has a comparative advantage in producing grain, since it has a lower opportunity cost in terms of cars given up. f. With half the workers in each country producing each of the goods, the U.S. wouldproduce 200 million cars (that’s 50 million workers times 4 cars each) and 500 million tons of grain (50 million workers times 10 tons each). Japan would produce 200 million cars (50 million workers times 4 cars each) and 250 million tons of grain(50 million workers times 5 tons each).g. From any situation with no trade, in which each country is producing some cars andsome grain, suppose the U.S. changed 1 worker from producing cars to producinggrain. That worker would produce 4 fewer cars and 10 additional tons of grain.Then suppose the U.S. offers to trade 7 tons of grain to Japan for 4 cars. The U.S.will do this because it values 4 cars at 10 tons of grain, so it will be better off if thetrade goes through. Suppose Japan changes 1 worker from producing grain toproducing cars. That worker would produce 4 more cars and 5 fewer tons of grain.Japan will take the trade because it values 4 cars at 5 tons of grain, so it will be betteroff. With the trade and the change of 1 worker in both the U.S. and Japan, eachcountry gets the same amount of cars as before and both get additional tons of grain(3 for the U.S. and 2 for Japan). Thus by trading and changing their production,both countries are better off.4. a. Pat’s opportunity cost of making a pizza is 1/2 gallon of root beer, since she couldbrew 1/2 gallon in the time (2 hours) it takes her to make a pizza. Pat has anabsolute advantage in making pizza since she can make one in two hours, while ittakes Kris four hours. Kris’s opportunity cost of making a pizza is 2/3 gallons ofroot beer, since she could brew 2/3 of a gallon in the time (4 hours) it takes her tomake a pizza. Since Pa t’s opportunity cost of making pizza is less than Kris’s, Pathas a comparative advantage in making pizza.b. Since Pat has a comparative advantage in making pizza, she will make pizza andexchange it for root beer that Kris makes.c. The highest price of pizza in terms of root beer that will make both roommates betteroff is 2/3 gallons of root beer. If the price were higher than that, then Kris wouldprefer making her own pizza (at an opportunity cost of 2/3 gallons of root beer)rather than trading for pizza that Pat makes. The lowest price of pizza in terms ofroot beer that will make both roommates better off is 1/2 gallon of root beer. If theprice were lower than that, then Pat would prefer making her own root beer (she canmake 1/2 gallon of root beer instead of making a pizza) rather than trading for rootbeer that Kris makes.5. a. Since a Canadian worker can make either two cars a year or 30 bushels of wheat, theopportunity cost of a car is 15 bushels of wheat. Similarly, the opportunity cost of abushel of wheat is 1/15 of a car. The opportunity costs are the reciprocals of eachother.b. See Figure 3-4. If all 10 million workers produce two cars each, they produce atotal of 20 million cars, which is the vertical intercept of the production possibilitiesfrontier. If all 10 million workers produce 30 bushels of wheat each, they produce atotal of 300 million bushels, which is the horizontal intercept of the productionpossibilities frontier. Since the tradeoff between cars and wheat is always the same,the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.If Canada chooses to consume 10 million cars, it will need 5 million workers devotedto car production. That leaves 5 million workers to produce wheat, who willproduce a total of 150 million bushels (5 million workers times 30 bushels perworker). This is shown as point A on Figure 3-4.c. If the United States buys 10 million cars from Canada and Canada continues toconsume 10 million cars, then Canada will need to produce a total of 20 million cars.So Canada will be producing at the vertical intercept of the production possibilitiesfrontier. But if Canada gets 20 bushels of wheat per car, it will be able to consume200 million bushels of wheat, along with the 10 million cars. This is shown as pointB in the figure. Canada should accept the deal because it gets the same number ofcars and 50 million more bushes of wheat.Figure 3-46. Though the professor could do both writing and data collection faster than the student (that is,he has an absolute advantage in both), his time is limited. If the professor’s comparative advantage is in writing, it makes sense for him to pay a student to collect the data, since that’s the student’s comparative advantage.7. a. English workers have an absolute advantage over Scottish workers in producingscones, since English workers produce more scones per hour (50 vs. 40). Scottishworkers have an absolute advantage over English workers in producing sweaters,since Scottish workers produce more sweaters per hour (2 vs. 1). Comparativeadvantage runs the same way. English workers, who have an opportunity cost of1/50 sweaters per scone (1 sweater per hour divided by 50 scones per hour), have acomparative advantage in scone production over Scottish workers, who have anopportunity cost of 1/20 sweater per scone (2 sweaters per hour divided by 40 sconesper hour). Scottish workers, who have an opportunity cost of 20 scones per sweater(40 scones per hour divided by 2 sweaters per hour), have a comparative advantagein sweater production over English workers, who have an opportunity cost of 50scones per sweater (50 scones per hour divided by 1 sweater per hour).b. If England and Scotland decide to trade, Scotland will produce sweaters and tradethem for scones produced in England. A trade with a price between 20 and 50scones per sweater will benefit both countries, as they’ll be getting the traded good ata lower price than their opportunity cost of producing the good in their own country.c. Even if a Scottish worker produced just one sweater per hour, the countries wouldstill gain from trade, because Scotland would still have a comparative advantage inproducing sweaters. Its opportunity cost for sweaters would be higher than before(40 scones per sweater, instead of 20 scones per sweater before). But there are stillgains from trade since England has a higher opportunity cost (50 scones per sweater).。
曼昆_微观经济学_原理_第五版_课后习题答案(修改)
第一章问题与应用4．你在篮球比赛的赌注中赢了100美元。
你可以选择现在花掉它或在利率为55%的银行中存一年。
现在花掉100美元的机会成本是什么呢?答：现在花掉100 美元的机会成本是在一年后得到105 美元的银行支付(利息+本金)。
7．社会保障制度为65岁以上的人提供收入。
如果一个社会保障的领取者决定去工作并赚一些钱，他(或她)所领到的社会保障津贴通常会减少。
A．提供社会保障如何影响人们在工作时的储蓄激励?答：社会保障的提供使人们退休以后仍可以获得收入，以保证生活。
因此，人们不用为不能工作时的生活费而发愁，人们在工作时期的储蓄就会减少。
B．收入提高时津贴减少的政策如何影响65岁以上的人的工作激励??答：这会使65 岁以上的人在工作中不再积极进取。
因为努力工作获得高收入反而会使得到的津贴减少，所以对65 岁以上的人的努力工作的激励减少了。
11．解释下列每一项政府活动的动机是关注平等还是关注效率。
在关注效率的情况下，讨论所涉及的市场失灵的类型。
A．对有线电视频道的价格进行管制。
答：这是关注效率，市场失灵的原因是市场势力的存在。
可能某地只有一家有线电视台，由于没有竞争者，有线电视台会向有线频道的消费者收取高出市场均衡价格的价格，这是垄断。
垄断市场不能使稀缺资源得到最有效的配置。
在这种情况下，规定有线电视频道的价格会提高市场效率。
B．向一些穷人提供可用来购买食物的消费券。
答：这是出于关注平等的动机，政府这样做是想把经济蛋糕更公平地分给每一个人。
C．在公共场所禁止抽烟。
答：这是出于关注效率的动机。
因为公共场所中的吸烟行为会污染空气，影响周围不吸烟者的身体健康，对社会产生了有害的外部性，而外部性正是市场失灵的一种情况，而这也正是政府在公共场所禁止吸烟的原因。
D．把美孚石油公司(它曾拥90%的炼油厂)分拆为几个较小的公司。
答：出于关注效率的动机，市场失灵是由于市场势力。
美孚石油公司在美国石油业中属于规模最大的公司之一，占有相当大的市场份额，很容易形成市场垄断。
曼昆微观经济学答案ch04
The Market Forces of Supply and DemandWHAT’S NEW IN THE THIRD EDITION:This chapter has been completely rearranged and rewritten.LEARNING OBJECTIVES:By the end of this chapter, students should understand:what a competitive market is.what determines the demand for a good in a competitive market.what determines the supply of a good in a competitive market.how supply and demand together set the price of a good and the quantity sold.the key role of prices in allocating scarce resources in market economies.CONTEXT AND PURPOSE:Chapter 4 is the first chapter in a three-chapter sequence that deals with supply and demand and how markets work. Chapter 4 shows how supply and demand for a good determines both the quantityproduced and the price at which the good sells. Chapter 5 will add precision to the discussion of supply and demand by addressing the concept of elasticity —the sensitivity of the quantity supplied and quantity demanded to changes in economic variables. Chapter 6 will address the impact of government policies on prices and quantities in markets.The purpose of Chapter 4 is to establish the model of supply and demand. The model of supply and demand is the foundation for the discussion for the remainder of this text. For this reason, time spent studying the concepts in this chapter will return benefits to your students throughout their study of economics. Many instructors would argue that this chapter is the most important chapter in the text.THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND52 Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and DemandKEY POINTS:1.Economists use the model of supply and demand to analyze competitive markets. In a competitivemarket, there are many buyers and sellers, each of whom has little or no influence on the market price.2.The demand curve shows how the quantity of a good demanded depends on the price. According tothe law of demand, as the price of a good falls, the quantity demanded rises. Therefore, the demand curve slopes downward.3.In addition to price, other determinants of how much consumers want to buy include income, theprices of substitutes and complements, tastes, expectations, and the number of buyers. If one of these factors changes, the demand curve shifts.4.The supply curve shows how the quantity of a good supplied depends on the price. According to thelaw of supply, as the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied rises. Therefore, the supply curve slopes upward.5.In addition to price, other determinants of how much producers want to sell include input prices,technology, expectations, and the number of sellers. If one of these factors changes, the supply curve shifts.6.The intersection of the supply and demand curves determines the market equilibrium. At theequilibrium price, the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.7.The behavior of buyers and sellers naturally drives markets toward their equilibrium. When themarket price is above the equilibrium price, there is a surplus of the good, which causes the market price to fall. When the market price is below the equilibrium price, there is a shortage, which causes the market price to rise.8.To analyze how any event influences a market, we use the supply-and-demand diagram to examinehow the event affects equilibrium price and quantity. To do this we follow three steps. First, we decide whether the event shifts the supply curve or the demand curve (or both). Second, we decide which direction the curve shifts. Third, we compare the new equilibrium with the initial equilibrium.9.In market economies, prices are the signals that guide economic decisions and thereby allocatescarce resources. For every good in the economy, the price ensures that supply and demand are in balance. The equilibrium price then determines how much of the good buyers choose to purchase and how much sellers choose to produce.CHAPTER OUTLINE:I. Markets and CompetitionChapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 53A. Definition of market: a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good orservice.B. Definition of competitive market: a market in which there are many buyers andmany sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price.C. Competition: Perfect and Otherwise1. Characteristics of a perfectly competitive market:a. The goods being offered for sale are all the same.b. The buyers and sellers are so numerous that none can influence themarket price.2. Because buyers and sellers must accept the market price as given, they are oftencalled "price takers."3. Not all goods are sold in a perfectly competitive market.a. A market with only one seller is called a monopoly market.b. A market with only a few sellers is called an oligopoly.c. A market with a large number of sellers, each selling a product that isslightly different from its competitors‘ products, is called monopolisticcompetition.D. We will start by studying perfect competition.II. DemandA. The Demand Curve: The Relationship between Price and Quantity Demanded1. Definition of quantity demanded: the amount of a good that buyers arewilling and able to purchase.2. One important determinant of quantity demanded is the price of the product.a. Quantity demanded is negatively related to price. This implies that thedemand curve is downward sloping.b. Definition of law of demand: the claim that, other things equal,the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of thegood rises.54 Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand3. Definition of demand schedule: a table that shows the relationshipbetween the price of a good and the quantity demanded.4. Definition of demand curve: a graph of the relationship between theprice of a good and the quantity demanded. a. Price is generally drawn on the vertical axis.b.Quantity demanded is represented on the horizontal axis.Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 55B. Market Demand Versus Individual Demand1.The market demand is the sum of all of the individual demands for a particular good or service.2.The demand curves are summed horizontally —meaning that the quantities demanded are added up for each level of price.3.The market demand curve shows how the total quantity demanded of a good varies with the price of the good, holding constant all other factors that affect how much consumers want to buy.C.Shifts in the Demand Curve1. The demand curve shows how much consumers want to buy at any price,holding constant the many other factors that influence buying decisions.2. If any of these other factors change, the demand curve will shift.a. An increase in demand can be represented by a shift of the demandcurve to the right.b.A decrease in demand can be represented by a shift of the demand curve to the left.3.Income56 Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demanda.The relationship between income and quantity demanded depends on what type of good the product is.b.Definition of normal good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand.c.Definition of inferior good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand.4. Prices of Related Goodsa.Definition of substitutes: two goods for which an increase in theprice of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other.b.Definition of complements: two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other.5. Tastes6.Expectationsa. Future Incomeb.Future Prices7. Number of BuyersD.Case Study: Two Ways to Reduce the Quantity of Smoking Demanded1.Public service announcements, mandatory health warnings on cigarette packages, and the prohibition of cigarette advertising on television are policies designed to reduce the demand for cigarettes (and shift the demand curve to the left). 2.Raising the price of cigarettes (through tobacco taxes) lowers the quantity of cigarettes demanded.Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 57a. The demand curve does not shift in this case, however.b. An increase in the price of cigarettes can be shown by a movementalong the original demand curve.3. Studies have shown that a 10% increase in the price of cigarettes causes a 4%reduction in the quantity of cigarettes demanded. For teens a 10% increase inprice leads to a 12% drop in quantity demanded.4. Studies have also shown that a decrease in the price of cigarettes is associatedwith greater use of marijuana. Thus, it appears that tobacco and marijuana arecomplements.III. SupplyA. The Supply Curve: The Relationship between Price and Quantity Supplied1. Definition of quantity supplied: the amount of a good that sellers arewilling and able to sell.a. Quantity supplied is positively related to price.b. Definition of law of supply: the claim that, other things equal, thequantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the goodrises.2. Definition of supply schedule: a table that shows the relationshipbetween the price of a good and the quantity supplied.3. Definition of supply curve: a graph of the relationship between the priceof a good and the quantity supplied.58 Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and DemandB.Market Supply Versus Individual Supply1. The market supply curve can be found by summing individual supply curves.2. Individual supply curves are summed horizontally at every price.3.The market supply curve shows how the total quantity supplied varies as the price of the good varies.Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 59C. Shifts in the Supply Curve1. The supply curve shows how much producers offer for sale at any given price, holding constant all other factors that may influence producers‘ decisions about how much to sell.2. When any of these other factors change, the supply curve will shift.a. An increase in supply can be represented by a shift of the supply curve to the right.b.A decrease in supply can be represented by a shift of the supply curve to the left.3. Input Prices4.Technology5. Expectations6. Number of SellersIV. Supply and Demand Together A.Equilibrium 1. The point where the supply and demand curves intersect is called the market‘s equilibrium.2.Definition of equilibrium: a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.60 Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and DemandDefinition of equilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded.4.The equilibrium price is often called the "market-clearing" price because both buyers and sellers are satisfied at this price.5.Definition of equilibrium quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price.6. If the actual market price is higher than the equilibrium price, there will be asurplus of the good.a. Definition of surplus: a situation in which quantity supplied isgreater than quantity demanded.b.To eliminate the surplus, producers will lower the price until the marketreaches equilibrium.7. If the actual price is lower than the equilibrium price, there will be a shortage ofthe good.a. Definition of shortage: a situation in which quantity demanded isgreater than quantity supplied.b.Sellers will respond to the shortage by raising the price of the good untilthe market reaches equilibrium. Array8. Definition of the law of supply and demand: the claim that the price ofany good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good intobalance.B.Three Steps to Analyzing Changes in Equilibrium1. Decide whether the event shifts the supply or demand curve (or perhaps both).2. Decide in which direction the curve shifts.3.Use the supply-and-demand diagram to see how the shift changes the equilibrium price and quantity.A.Example: A Change in Demand — the effect of hot weather on the market for ice cream.ALTERNATIVE CLASSROOM EXAMPLE:Go through these examples of events that would shift either the demand or supply of #2 lead pencils:▪ an increase in the income of consumers▪ an increase in the use of standardized exams (using opscan forms) ▪ a decrease in the price of graphite (used in the production of pencils) ▪ a decrease in the price of ink pens ▪ the start of a school year▪ new technology that lowers the cost of producing pencilsD.Shifts in Curves versus Movements Along Curves 1.A shift in the demand curve is called a "change in demand." A shift in the supply curve is called a "change in supply."2.A movement along a fixed demand curve is called a "change in quantity demanded." A movement along a fixed supply curve is called a "change in quantity supplied."E.Example: A Change in Supply — the effect of a hurricane that destroys part of the sugar-cane crop and drives up the price of sugar.F.In the News: Mother Nature Shifts the Supply Curve1.Newspaper articles about specific industries can give students practice understanding the things that affect supply and demand.2.This is an article from The New York Times that describes the effect of a freeze on the citrus market.G.Example: A Change in Both Supply and Demand —the effect of both hot weather and an earthquake which destroys several ice cream factories on the market for ice cream.H. Summary1. When an event shifts the supply or demand curve, we can examine the effectson the equilibrium price and quantity.2. Table 4 reports the end results of these shifts in supply and demand.V. Conclusion: How Prices Allocate Resources A. The model of supply and demand is a powerful tool for analyzing markets.B.Supply and demand together determine the price of the economy‘s goods and services. 1.These prices serve as signals that guide the allocation of scarce resources in the economy.2.Prices determine who produces each good and how much of each good is produced.SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes 1. A market is a group of buyers (who determine demand) and a group of sellers (who determinesupply) of a particular good or service. A competitive market is one in which there are many buyers and many sellers of an identical product so that each has a negligible impact on the market price.2. Here‘s an example of a demand schedule for pizza:The demand curve is graphed in Figure 1.Figure 1Examples of things that would shift the demand curve include changes in income, prices ofrelated goods like soda or hot dogs, tastes, expectations about future income or prices, and the number of buyers.A change in the price of pizza would not shift this demand curve; it would only lead us to movefrom one point to another along the same demand curve.3. Here is an example of a supply schedule for pizza:The supply curve is graphed in Figure 2.Figure 2Examples of things that would shift the supply curve include changes in prices of inputs liketomato sauce and cheese, changes in technology like more efficient pizza ovens or automaticdough makers, changes in expectations about the future price of pizza, or a change in thenumber of sellers.A change in the price of pizza would not shift this supply curve; it would only move from onepoint to another along the same supply curve.4. If the price of tomatoes rises, the supply curve for pizza shifts to the left because of theincreased price of an input into pizza production, but there is no effect on demand. The shift to the left of the supply curve causes the equilibrium price to rise and the equilibrium quantity todecline, as Figure 3 shows.If the price of hamburgers falls, the demand curve for pizza shifts to the left because the lower price of hamburgers will lead consumers to buy more hamburgers and less pizza, but there is no effect on supply. The shift to the left of the demand curve causes the equilibrium price to falland the equilibrium quantity to decline, as Figure 4 shows.Figure 3Questions for Review1. A competitive market is a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers of an identicalproduct so that each has a negligible impact on the market price. Other types of markets includemonopoly, in which there is only one seller, oligopoly, in which there are a few sellers that do notalways compete aggressively, and monopolistically competitive markets, in which there are many sellers, each offering a slightly different product.2. The quantity of a good that buyers demand is determined by the price of the good, income, theprices of related goods, tastes, expectations, and the number of buyers.3. The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and thequantity demanded. The demand curve is the downward-sloping line relating price and quantity demanded. The demand schedule and demand curve are related because the demand curve is simply a graph showing the points in the demand schedule.The demand curve slopes downward because of the law of demand—other things equal, whenthe price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of the good falls. People buy less of a goodwhen its price rises, both because they cannot afford to buy as much and because they switch to purchasing other goods.4. A change in consumers' tastes leads to a shift of the demand curve. A change in price leads to amovement along the demand curve.5. Since Popeye buys more spinach when his income falls, spinach is an inferior good for him.Since he buys more spinach, but the price of spinach is unchanged, his demand curve for spinach shifts out as a result of the decrease in his income.6. The quantity of a good that sellers supply is determined by the price of the good, input prices,technology, expectations, and the number of sellers.7. A supply schedule is a table showing the relationship between the price of a good and thequantity a producer is willing and able to supply. The supply curve is the upward-sloping linerelating price and quantity supplied. The supply schedule and the supply curve are relatedbecause the supply curve is simply a graph showing the points in the supply schedule.The supply curve slopes upward because when the price is high, suppliers' profits increase, sothey supply more output to the market. The result is the law of supply—other things equal,when the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied of the good also rises.8. A change in producers' technology leads to a shift in the supply curve. A change in price leads toa movement along the supply curve.9. The equilibrium of a market is the point at which the quantity demanded is equal to quantitysupplied. If the price is above the equilibrium price, sellers want to sell more than buyers want to buy, so there is a surplus. Sellers try to increase their sales by cutting prices. That continues until they reach the equilibrium price. If the price is below the equilibrium price, buyers want to buy more than sellers want to sell, so there is a shortage. Sellers can raise their price withoutlosing customers. That continues until they reach the equilibrium price.10. When the price of beer rises, the demand for pizza declines, because beer and pizza arecomplements and people want to buy less beer. When we say the demand for pizza declines, we mean that the demand curve for pizza shifts to the left as in Figure 5. The supply curve for pizza is not affected. With a shift to the left in the demand curve, the equilibrium price and quantityboth decline, as the figure shows. Thus the quantity of pizza supplied and demanded both fall.In sum, supply is unchanged, demand is decreased, quantity supplied declines, quantitydemanded declines, and the price falls.Figure 511. Prices play a vital role in market economies because they bring markets into equilibrium. If theprice is different from its equilibrium level, quantity supplied and quantity demanded are notequal. The resulting surplus or shortage leads suppliers to adjust the price until equilibrium is restored. Prices thus serve as signals that guide economic decisions and allocate scarceresources.Problems and Applications1. a. Cold weather damages the orange crop, reducing the supply of oranges. This can beseen in Figure 6 as a shift to the left in the supply curve for oranges. The newequilibrium price is higher than the old equilibrium price.Figure 6b. People often travel to the Caribbean from New England to escape cold weather, sodemand for Caribbean hotel rooms is high in the winter. In the summer, fewer peopletravel to the Caribbean, since northern climes are more pleasant. The result, as shownin Figure 7, is a shift to the left in the demand curve. The equilibrium price of Caribbeanhotel rooms is thus lower in the summer than in the winter, as the figure shows.Figure 7c. When a war breaks out in the Middle East, many markets are affected. Since much oilproduction takes place there, the war disrupts oil supplies, shifting the supply curve forgasoline to the left, as shown in Figure 8. The result is a rise in the equilibrium price ofgasoline. With a higher price for gasoline, the cost of operating a gas-guzzlingautomobile, like a Cadillac, will increase. As a result, the demand for used Cadillacs willdecline, as people in the market for cars will not find Cadillacs as attractive. In addition,some people who already own Cadillacs will try to sell them. The result is that thedemand curve for used Cadillacs shifts to the left, while the supply curve shifts to theright, as shown in Figure 9. The result is a decline in the equilibrium price of usedCadillacs.Figure 8 Figure 92. The statement that "an increase in the demand for notebooks raises the quantity of notebooksdemanded, but not the quantity supplied," in general, is false. As Figure 10 shows, the increase in demand for notebooks results in an increased quantity supplied. The only way the statement would be true is if the supply curve was a vertical line, as shown in Figure 11.Figure 10Figure 113. a. If people decide to have more children (a change in tastes), they will want larger vehiclesfor hauling their kids around, so the demand for minivans will increase. Supply won't beaffected. The result is a rise in both price and quantity, as Figure 12 shows.Figure 12b. If a strike by steelworkers raises steel prices, the cost of producing a minivan rises (a risein input prices), so the supply of minivans decreases. Demand won't be affected. Theresult is a rise in the price of minivans and a decline in the quantity, as Figure 13 shows.Figure 13c. The development of new automated machinery for the production of minivans is animprovement in technology. The reduction in firms' costs results in an increase in supply.Demand isn't affected. The result is a decline in the price of minivans and an increase inthe quantity, as Figure 14 shows.Figure 14d. The rise in the price of sport utility vehicles affects minivan demand because sport utilityvehicles are substitutes for minivans (that is, there is a rise in the price of a related good).The result is an increase in demand for minivans. Supply is not affected. In equilibrium,the price and quantity of minivans both rise, as Figure 12 shows.e. The reduction in peoples' wealth caused by a stock-market crash reduces their income,leading to a reduction in the demand for minivans, since minivans are likely a normalgood. Supply isn‘t affected. As a result, both price and quantity decline, as Figure 15shows.Figure 154. Technological advances that reduce the cost of producing computer chips represent a decline inan input price for producing a computer. The result is a shift to the right in the supply ofcomputers, as shown in Figure 16. The equilibrium price falls and the equilibrium quantity rises, as the figure shows.Figure 16Since computer software is a complement to computers, the lower equilibrium price of computers increases the demand for software. As Figure 17 shows, the result is a rise in both theequilibrium price and quantity of software.Figure 17Since typewriters are substitutes for computers, the lower equilibrium price of computers reduces the demand for typewriters. As Figure 18 shows, the result is a decline in both the equilibriumprice and quantity of typewriters.Figure 185. a. When a hurricane in South Carolina damages the cotton crop, it raises input prices forproducing sweatshirts. As a result, the supply of sweatshirts shifts to the left, as shownin Figure 19. The new equilibrium has a higher price and lower quantity of sweatshirts.Figure 19b. A decline in the price of leather jackets leads more people to buy leather jackets,reducing the demand for sweatshirts. The result, shown in Figure 20, is a decline in both the equilibrium price and quantity of sweatshirts.Figure 20c. The effects of colleges requiring students to engage in morning calisthenics inappropriate attire raises the demand for sweatshirts, as shown in Figure 21. The result is an increase in both the equilibrium price and quantity of sweatshirts.Figure 21d. The invention of new knitting machines increases the supply of sweatshirts. As Figure 22shows, the result is a reduction in the equilibrium price and an increase in the equilibriumquantity of sweatshirts.Figure 226. A temporarily high birth rate in the year 2005 leads to opposite effects on the price of babysittingservices in the years 2010 and 2020. In the year 2010, there are more 5-year olds who needsitters, so the demand for babysitting services rises, as shown in Figure 23. The result is ahigher price for babysitting services in 2010. However, in the year 2020, the increased number of 15-year olds shifts the supply of babysitting services to the right, as shown in Figure 24. The result is a decline in the price of babysitting services.Figure 23 Figure 247. Since ketchup is a complement for hot dogs, when the price of hot dogs rises, the quantitydemanded of hot dogs falls, thus reducing the demand for ketchup, causing both price andquantity of ketchup to fall. Since the quantity of ketchup falls, the demand for tomatoes byketchup producers falls, so both price and quantity of tomatoes fall. When the price of tomatoes falls, producers of tomato juice face lower input prices, so the supply curve for tomato juice shifts out, causing the price of tomato juice to fall and the quantity of tomato juice to rise. The fall in the price of tomato juice causes people to substitute tomato juice for orange juice, so thedemand for orange juice declines, causing the price and quantity of orange juice to fall. Now you can see clearly why a rise in the price of hot dogs leads to a fall in price of orange juice!Figure 258. a. Cigars and chewing tobacco are substitutes for cigarettes, since a higher price forcigarettes would increase the demand for cigars and chewing tobacco.b. An increase in the tax on cigarettes leads to increased demand for cigars and chewingtobacco. The result, as shown in Figure 25 for cigars, is a rise in both the equilibriumprice and quantity of cigars and chewing tobacco.c. The results in part (b) showed that a tax on cigarettes leads people to substitute cigarsand chewing tobacco for cigarettes when the tax on cigarettes rises. To reduce totaltobacco usage, policymakers might also want to increase the tax on cigars and chewingtobacco, or pursue some type of public education program.9. Quantity supplied equals quantity demanded at a price of $6 and quantity of 81 pizzas (Figure26). If price were greater than $6, quantity supplied would exceed quantity demanded, sosuppliers would reduce their price to gain sales. If price were less than $6, quantity demandedwould exceed quantity supplied, so suppliers could raise their price without losing sales. In both cases, the price would continue to adjust until it reached $6, the only price at which there isneither a surplus nor a shortage.。
(微观 宏观全)曼昆《经济学原理》(第五版)课后习题答案-中文版
曼昆《经济学原理》（第五版）习题解答目录第一章经济学十大原理 (1)第二章像经济学家一样思考 (7)第三章相互依存性与贸易的好处 (14)第四章供给与需求的市场力量 (22)第五章弹性及其应用 (31)第六章供给、需求与政府政策 (41)第七章消费者、生产者与市场效率 (50)第八章应用：赋税的代价 (58)第九章应用：国际贸易 (65)第十章外部性 (75)第十一章公共物品和公共资源 (84)第十二章税制的设计 (91)第十三章生产成本 (99)第十四章竞争市场上的企业 (109)第十五章垄断 (121)第十六章垄断竞争 (135)第十七章寡头 (143)第十八章生产要素市场 (153)第十九章收入与歧视 (162)第二十章收入不平等与贫困 (169)第二十一章消费者选择理论 (177)第二十二章微观经济学前沿 (187)第二十三章一国收入的衡量 (195)第二十四章生活费用的衡量 (204)第二十五章生产与增长 (210)第二十六章储蓄、投资和金融体系 (214)第二十七章基本金融工具 (221)第二十八章失业 (226)第一篇导言第一章经济学十大原理复习题1．列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取舍的例子。
答：①大学毕业后，面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会；②在学习内容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍，如果学习《经济学》，就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间；③对于不多的生活费的分配同样面临权衡取舍，要多买书，就要减少在吃饭、买衣服等其他方面的开支。
2．看一场电影的机会成本是什么?答：看一场电影的机会成本是在看电影的时间里做其他事情所能获得的最大收益，例如：看书、打零工。
3．水是生活必需的。
一杯水的边际利益是大还是小呢?答：这要看这杯水是在什么样的情况下喝，如果这是一个人五分钟内喝下的第五杯水，那么他的边际利益很小，有可能为负；如果这是一个极度干渴的人喝下的第一杯水，那么他的边际利益将会极大。
微观 曼昆经济学原理-课后答案
第一章经济学十大原理复习题4．为什么决策者应该考虑激励?答：因为人们会对激励做出反应。
如果政策改变了激励，它将使人们改变自己的行为，当决策者未能考虑到行为如何由于政策的原因而变化时，他们的政策往往会产生意想不到的效果。
6．市场中的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢?答：市场中那只“看不见的手”就是商品价格，价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本，市场中的企业和家庭在作出买卖决策时都要关注价格。
因此，他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本。
从而，这只“看不见的手”指引着千百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化。
7．解释市场失灵的两个主要原因，并各举出一个例子。
答：市场失灵的主要原因是外部性和市场势力。
外部性是一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。
当一个人不完全承担(或享受)他的行为所造成的成本(或收益)时，就会产生外部性。
举例：如果一个人不承担他在公共场所吸烟的全部成本，他就会毫无顾忌地吸烟。
在这种情况下，政府可以通过制定禁止在公共场所吸烟的规章制度来增加经济福利。
市场势力是指一个人(或一小群人)不适当地影响市场价格的能力。
例如：某种商品的垄断生产者由于几乎不受市场竞争的影响，可以向消费者收取过高的垄断价格。
在这种情况下，规定垄断者收取的价格有可能提高经济效率。
9．什么是通货膨胀，什么引起了通货膨胀?答：通货膨胀是流通中货币量的增加而造成的货币贬值，由此产生经济生活中价格总水平上升。
货币量增长引起了通货膨胀。
10．短期中通货膨胀与失业如何相关?答：短期中通货膨胀与失业之间存在着权衡取舍，这是由于某些价格调整缓慢造成的。
政府为了抑制通货膨胀会减少流通中的货币量，人们可用于支出的货币数量减少了，但是商品价格在短期内是粘性的，仍居高不下，于是社会消费的商品和劳务量减少，消费量减少又引起企业解雇工人。
在短期内，对通货膨胀的抑制增加了失业量。
问题与应用7．社会保障制度为65岁以上的人提供收入。
如果一个社会保障的领取者决定去工作并赚一些钱，他(或她)所领到的社会保障津贴通常会减少。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
14
曲线会发生什么变化?
答：根据低档物品的定义，菠菜对Popeye 来说是低档物品。因为Popeye 的收入减少了，他对菠菜的需求量
反而增大了。
对于低档物品来说，需求曲线是向右下方倾斜的，收入增加会引起需求曲线向外移动。菠菜的价格没变，但
波匹对菠菜的需求量增大了，所以Popeye 对菠菜的需求曲线是向外移动了。
答：南卡罗莱纳的飓风减少了棉花的产量，使运动衫的投入价格上升，运动衫的供给曲线向左上方移动，运
动衫的价格上升，均衡数量减少。
图4—14 飓风损害了棉花作物对运动衫市场的影响
B．皮夹克价格下降。
答：皮夹克价格下降导致更多的人买皮夹克，使运动衫需求减少，结果是运动衫的需求曲线向左下方移动，
运动衫的价格下降，均衡数量减少。
3
．什么是需求表和需求曲线？它们之间是什么关系？为什么需求曲线向右下方倾斜?
答：需求表是表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的表格，需求曲线是表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系
的图形。需求曲线将需求表用图形的形式表现出来，需求表是需求曲线上若干个点的坐标的数字表格排列。
需求曲线向右下方倾斜是因为在其他条件不变的情况下，随着价格上
答：技术突破降低芯片成本，使电脑投入价格降低，电脑供给曲线向右下方移动，电脑的需求曲线并未改变。
于是电脑市场的均衡价格下降，均衡数量增加。
图4—11 电脑市场供求图
电脑与电脑软件是互补品。电脑市场均衡数量上升，软件的需求也会上升，需求曲线向右上方移动，而供给
曲线没有改变。于是，软件市场的均衡价格上升，均衡数量增加。
答：决定需求和供给的预期因素都受到影响。人们预期孩子多了，家庭开支会增大，家用旅行车的需求会减
少。从供给角度来看，由于人口会增加，对家用旅行车的消费量也会增加，于是生产商会增加供给。
图4-4 人们决定多生孩子与运动型多功能车车价格上升的影响
B
．钢铁工人罢工，致使钢材价格上涨。
答：决定需求的收入因素受到影响，罢工提高钢材价格，钢铁工人的工资也会提高，家用旅行车的需求增加。
均衡数量增加。
图4—17 新织布机的发明对运动衫市场影响
8
．调查表明，年轻人吸食的毒品增加了。在随后的争论中，人们提出了两种假设：
·警力的削减增加了在大街上得到毒品的可能性。
·教育投入的削减降低了人们对吸毒危险性的认识。
A
．用供求图分别说明这两种假设会如何引起毒品消费量的增加。
答：警力的减少将导致毒品的供给增加。如图1 所示，这会导致毒品的均衡价格下跌，均衡数量上升。
达到市场均衡时的供给量、需求量、均衡价格都会下降。
11
．描述市场经济中价格的作用。
答：市场经济中价格是推动物品与劳务的需求量与供给量达到均衡状态的力量，是指导资源配置的信号。价
格既反映了一种物品的社会价格，也反映了生产该物品的社会成本，它指引着个别决策者在大多数情况下实现了
整个社会福利最大化的结果。
10
．啤酒与比萨饼是互补品，因为人们常常边吃比萨饼，边喝啤酒。当啤酒价格上升时，比萨饼市场的供
给、需求、供给量、需求量以及价格会发生什么变动?
答：因为啤酒和比萨饼是互补品，所以当啤酒价格上升而其他条件不变时，啤酒的需求会下降，比萨饼的需
求也下降。而比萨饼的供给并没有什么原因使它变动，这样，比萨饼的需求曲线会向左移动，而供给曲线不变。
答：当供给与需求达到了平衡的状态，即需求曲线与供给曲线相交于一点时，这一点叫做市场的均衡。使市
场达到均衡的力量是价格。当价格低于均衡价格时，市场上求大于供，供给者发现提高价格也不会减少销售量，
于是价格就会上升，直到均衡价格为止。当价格高于均衡价格时，市场上供大于求，供给者发现自己的物品发生
积压，为了扩大销售量他们会降价，价格下降到均衡价格时为止。
们会尽力联合起来，避免激烈的竞争，收取较高的市场价格。还有垄断竞争市场，这是一个有许多提供相似但不
相同产品的企业的市场结构。由于各自提供的产品不同，每个企业对产品的价格都有一定的影响力。
2
．什么因素决定买者对一种物品的需求量?
答：物品的价格、买者的收入水平、相关物品的价格、买者的偏好和对物品的价格预期。
B
．假设技术进步降低了制造电视机的成本。画一个图说明电视机市场会发生什么变动。
答：技术进步降低了制造电视机的成本，使电视机的供给曲线向右移动。电视机的需求曲线不变。结果是电
视机的均衡价格下降，均衡数量上升，如图4—8 所示。
图4—8 电视机的均衡价格下降，均衡价格上升
C
．再画两个图说明电视机市场的变动如何影响DVD
而同时，钢材价格的提高使家用旅行车的投入价格上升，供给减少。
16
图4-5 钢铁工人罢工的影响
C
．工程师开发出用于家用旅行车生产的新的自动化机器。
答：决定供给的技术因素受影响，生产技术提高，会使家用旅行车的供给增加。
图4-6 工程师发明自动化机器的影响
D
．运动型多功能车价格上升。
答：决定需求的相关物品价格因素受到影响，由于运动型多功能车是家用旅行车的替代品，所以家用旅行车
升，需求量会减少。
4
．消费者嗜好的变化引起了沿着需求曲线的变动，还是需求曲线的移动？价格的变化引起了沿着需求曲线
的变动，还是需求曲线的移动?
答：消费者嗜好的变化引起了需求曲线的移动，价格的变化引起了沿着需求曲线的变动。
5
．Popeye
的收入减少了，结果他买了更多的菠菜。菠菜是低档物品，还是正常物品？Popeye
练习起供给量的增大。
3
．考虑家用旅行车市场。根据下面所列的每一个事件，分别指出哪一种需求或供给的决定因素将受到影响。
同时还要指出，需求或供给是增加了，还是减少了。然后画图说明该事件对家用旅行车价格和数量的影响。
A
．人们决定多生孩子。
年龄，于是保姆的供给曲线向右下方移动，同时保姆的需求曲线没有变化，所以保姆的服务价格下降。
10
．番茄酱是热狗的互补品(
以及调味品)
。如果热狗价格上升，番茄酱市场会发生什么变动？番茄市场呢？
番茄汁市场呢？橘子汁市场呢？
答：如果热狗价格上升，热狗的销售量会下降。因为番茄酱是热狗的互补品，番茄酱的需求会下降，它的供
17
5
．考虑DVD
、电视和电影院门票市场。
A
．对每一对物品，确定它们是互补品还是替代品
·DVD
和电视
·DVD
和电影票
·电视和电影票
答：DVD 和电视机是互补品，因为不可能在没有电视的情况下看DVD。DVD 和电影票是替代品，因为一
部电影即可以在电影院看，也可以在家看。电视和电影票是替代品，原因与上面的类似。
的需求会增加。如图4-4 所示。
E
．股市崩溃减少了人们的财产。
答：股市崩溃减少了人们的财产，收入的减少会使得对家用旅行车的需求下降（家用旅行车是正常物品），
供给不受影响。如图4-7 所示，家用旅行车的价格和数量均下降。
图4-7 股市崩溃的影响
4
．找出以下分析的漏洞：“如果更多的美国人进行低糖饮食，对面包的需求将会下降。面包的需求下降将
图4—15 皮夹克价格下降对运动衫市场的影响
C
．所有大学都要求穿合适的服装做早操。
答：早晨的自由体操要穿运动衫，使运动衫的需求曲线向右上方移动，运动衫的价格上升，均衡数量增加。
20
图4—16 自由体操着装的规定对运动衫市场的影响
D
．发明了新织布机。
答：新织布机的发明使运动衫生产的技术水平提高，使运动衫的供给曲线向右下方移动，运动衫的价格下降，
给并不改变，因此，番茄酱的价格和销售量都会下降。与此相连，番茄是制作番茄酱的主要原料，对它的需求也
会下降，在供给不变的情况下，番茄的销售量和价格都会下降。而番茄是番茄汁的主要原料，番茄价格下降使番
市场和电影票市场。
答：由于电视机和DVD 是互补品，电视机价格的下降使DVD 的需求增加。需求增加引起DVD 均衡价格上
升，均衡数量增加，如图4—9 所示。
图4—9 需求增加引起DVD 均衡价格上升，均衡数量增加
18
由于电视机和电影票是替代品，电视机价格的下降使电影票需求减少。需求的减少使电影票的均衡价格下降，
第二篇市场如何运作
第四章供给与需求的市场力量
复习题
1
．什么是竞争市场？简单描述一种不是完全竞争的市场。
答：竞争市场是有许多买者与卖者，以至于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。
除了完全竞争市场之外，还有垄断市场。在这个市场上只有一个卖者，他决定价格。这个卖者被称为垄断者。
还有寡头市场，在这个市场上有几个并不总是主动竞争的卖者，他们提供相似或相同的产品。通常情况下，寡头
另一方面，教育投入的削减将导致对毒品的需求上升。这将推动均衡价格和数量上升，如图2 所示。
图1 图2
B
．毒品价格变动的信息可以如何帮助我们辨别以上解释的对错？
答：如果均衡价格下跌，我们会相信第一种假设。而均衡价格上升，则会认为第二种假设正确。
9
．假定2010
年是一个婴儿出生的短暂高峰。这种婴儿高峰对2015
因为在其他因素不变时，价格上升，供给量上升，所以供给曲线向右上方倾斜。
8
．生产者技术的变动引起了沿着供给曲线的变动，还是供给曲线的移动？价格的变化引起了沿着供给曲线
的变动，还是供给曲线的移动?