机械类英语论文及翻译
机械类英语论文及翻译翻译
High-speed millingHigh-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs.1 One of the advantages of high-speed machiningHigh-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved.1.1 Increase productivityHigh-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market.1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface qualityHigh-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.1.3 Cutting reduce the heatBecause the main axis milling machine high-speed rotation, cutting a shallow cutting, and feed very quickly, and the blade length of the workpiece contacts and contact time is very short, a decrease of blades and parts of the heat conduction. High-speed cutting by dry milling or oil cooked up absolute (mist) lubrication system, to avoid the traditional processing tool in contact with the workpiece and a lot of shortcomings to ensure that the tool is not high temperature under the conditions of work, extended tool life.1.4 This is conducive to processing thin-walled partsHigh-speed cutting of small cutting force, a higher degree of stability, Machinable with high-quality employees compared to the company may be very good, but other than the company's employees may Suanbu Le outstanding work performance. For our China practice, we use the models to determine the method of staff training needs are simple and effective. This study models can be an external object, it can also be a combination of internal and external. We must first clear strategy for the development of enterprises. Through the internal and external business environment and organizational resources, such as analysis, the future development of a clear business goals and operational priorities. According to the business development strategy can be compared to find the business models, through a comparative analysis of the finalization of business models. In determining business models, a, is the understanding of its development strategy, or its market share and market growth rate, or the staff of the situation, and so on, according to the companies to determine the actual situation. As enterprises in different period of development, its focus is different, which means that enterprises need to invest the manpower and financial resources the focus is different. So in a certain period of time, enterprises should accurately selected their business models compared with the departments and posts, so more practical significance, because the business models are not always good, but to compare some aspects did not have much practical significance, Furthermore This can more fully concentrate on the business use of limited resources. Identify business models, and then take the enterprise of the corresponding departments and staff with the business models for comparison, the two can be found in the performance gap, a comparative analysis to find reasons, in accordance with this business reality, the final identification of training needs. The cost of training is needed, if not through an effective way to determine whether companies need to train and the training of the way, but blind to training, such training is difficult to achieve the desired results. A comparison only difference between this model is simple and practical training.1.5 Can be part of some alternative technology, such as EDM, grinding high intensity and high hardness processingHigh-speed cutting a major feature of high-speed cutting machine has the hardness of HRC60 parts. With the use of coated carbide cutter mold processing, directly to the installation of ahardened tool steel processing forming, effectively avoid the installation of several parts of the fixture error and improve the parts of the geometric location accuracy. In the mold of traditional processing, heat treatment hardening of the workpiece required EDM, high-speed machining replace the traditional method of cutting the processing, manufacturing process possible to omit die in EDM, simplifying the processing technology and investment costs .High-speed milling in the precincts of CNC machine tools, or for processing centre, also in the installation of high-speed spindle on the general machine tools. The latter not only has the processing capacity of general machine tools, but also for high-speed milling, a decrease of investment in equipment, machine tools increased flexibility. Cutting high-speed processing can improve the efficiency, quality improvement, streamline processes, investment and machine tool investment and maintenance costs rise, but comprehensive, can significantly increase economic efficiency.2 High-speed millingHigh-speed milling the main technical high-speed cutting technology is cutting the development direction of one of it with CNC technology, microelectronic technology, new materials and new technology, such as technology development to a higher level. High-speed machine tools and high-speed tool to achieve high-speed cutting is the prerequisite and basic conditions, in high-speed machining in the performance of high-speed machine tool material of choice and there are strict requirements.2.1 High-speed milling machine in order to achieve high-speed machiningGeneral use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:General use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:High-speed milling machine must have a high-speed spindle, the spindle speed is generally 10000 ~ 100000 m / min, power greater than 15 kW. But also with rapid speed or in designated spots fast-stopping performance. The main axial space not more than 0 .0 0 0 2 m m. Often using high-speed spindle-hydrostatic bearings, air pressure-bearing, mixed ceramic bearings, magneticbearing structure of the form. Spindle cooling general use within the water or air cooled.High-speed processing machine-driven system should be able to provide 40 ~ 60 m / min of the feed rate, with good acceleration characteristics, can provide 0.4 m/s2 to 10 m/s2 acceleration and deceleration. In order to obtain good processing quality, high-speed cutting machines must have a high enough stiffness. Machine bed material used gray iron, can also add a high-damping base of concrete, to prevent cutting tool chatter affect the quality of processing. A high-speed data transfer rate, can automatically increase slowdown. Processing technology to improve the processing and cutting tool life. At present high-speed machine tool manufacturers, usually in the general machine tools on low speed, the feed of the rough and then proceed to heat treatment, the last in the high-speed machine on the half-finished and finished, in improving the accuracy and efficiency at the same time, as far as possible to reduce processing Cost.2.2 High-speed machining toolHigh-speed machining tool is the most active one of the important factors, it has a direct impact on the efficiency of processing, manufacturing costs and product processing and accuracy. Tool in high-speed processing to bear high temperature, high pressure, friction, shock and vibration, such as loading, its hardness and wear-resistance, strength and toughness, heat resistance, technology and economic performance of the basic high-speed processing performance is the key One of the factors. High-speed cutting tool technology development speed, the more applications such as diamond (PCD), cubic boron nitride (CBN), ceramic knives, carbide coating, (C) titanium nitride Carbide TIC (N) And so on. CBN has high hardness, abrasion resistance and the extremely good thermal conductivity, and iron group elements between the great inertia, in 1300 ℃ would not have happened significant role in the chemical, also has a good stability. The experiments show that with CBN cutting toolHRC35 ~ 67 hardness of hardened steel can achieve very high speed. Ceramics have good wear resistance and thermal chemical stability, its hardness, toughness below the CBN, can be used for processing hardness of HRC <5 0 parts. Carbide Tool good wear resistance, but the hardness than the low-CBN and ceramics. Coating technology used knives, cutting tools can improve hardness and cutting the rate, for cutting HRC40 ~ 50 in hardness between the workpiece. Can be used to heat-resistant alloys, titanium alloys, hightemperature alloy, cast iron, Chungang, aluminum and composite materials of high-speed cutting Cut, the most widely used. Precision machining non-ferrous metals or non-metallic materials, or the choice of polycrystalline diamond Gang-coated tool.2.3 High-speed processing technologyHigh-speed cutting technology for high-speed machining is the key. Cutting Methods misconduct, will increase wear tool to less than high-speed processing purposes. Only high-speed machine tool and not a good guide technology, high-speed machining equipment can not fullyplay its role. In high-speed machining, should be chosen with milling, when the milling cutter involvement with the workpiece chip thickness as the greatest, and then gradually decreased. High-speed machining suitable for shallow depth of cut, cutting depth of not more than 0.2 mm, to avoid the location of deviation tool to ensure that the geometric precision machining parts. Ensure that the workpiece on the cutting constant load, to get good processing quality. Cutting a single high-speed milling path-cutting mode, try not to interrupt the process and cutting tool path, reducing the involvement tool to cut the number to be relatively stable cutting process. Tool to reduce the rapid change to, in other words when the NC machine tools must cease immediately, or Jiangsu, and then implement the next step. As the machine tool acceleration restrictions, easy to cause a waste of time, and exigency stop or radical move would damage the surface accuracy. In the mold of high-speed finishing, in each Cut, cut to the workpiece, the feed should try to change the direction of a curve or arc adapter, avoid a straight line adapter to maintain the smooth process of cutting.3 Die in high-speed milling processing ofMilling as a highly efficient high-speed cutting of the new method,inMould Manufacturing has been widely used. Forging links in the regular production model, with EDM cavity to be 12 ~ 15 h, electrodes produced 2 h. Milling after the switch to high-speed, high-speed milling cutter on the hardness of HRC 6 0 hardened tool steel processing. The forging die processing only 3 h20min, improve work efficiency four to five times the processing surface roughness of Ra0.5 ~ 0.6m, fully in line with quality requirements.High-speed cutting technology is cutting technology one of the major developments, mainly used in automobile industry and die industry, particularly in the processing complex surface, the workpiece itself or knives rigid requirements of the higher processing areas, is a range of advanced processing technology The integration, high efficiency and high quality for the people respected. It not only involves high-speed processing technology, but also including high-speed processing machine tools, numerical control system, high-speed cutting tools and CAD / CAM technology. Die-processing technology has been developed in the mold of the manufacturing sector in general, and in my application and the application of the standards have yet to be improved, because of its traditional processing with unparalleled advantages, the future will continue to be an inevitable development of processing technology Direction.4 Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basicmeans of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position.Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology;(5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc..Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus.5 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering.In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently,such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility.According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g.In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5μm up to from 10μm already, accurate grades of machining center from 3～5μm, rise to 1～1.5μm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it e nter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01μm).In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability .In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further .5.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axesAdopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5).At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realizethe inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.。
机械加工方式作文英语
机械加工方式作文英语Mechanical Processing。
Mechanical processing, also known as machining, is a process of removing material from a workpiece to achieve the desired shape and size. It is an important manufacturing process that is widely used in various industries, such as automotive, aerospace, and electronics. In this essay, we will discuss the various aspects of mechanical processing, including its history, techniques, and applications.The history of mechanical processing can be traced back to ancient times when primitive tools were used to shape and cut materials. Over the centuries, the process has evolved significantly, with the development of new techniques and technologies. Today, mechanical processingis a highly advanced and precise method of manufacturing, thanks to the use of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software.There are several techniques used in mechanical processing, including turning, milling, drilling, and grinding. Turning is a process in which a workpiece is rotated while a cutting tool is used to remove material from the surface. This technique is commonly used to produce cylindrical parts, such as shafts and bushings. Milling, on the other hand, involves the use of a rotating cutting tool to remove material from a workpiece. This technique is used to create complex shapes and features, such as slots and pockets. Drilling is a process in which a rotating cutting tool is used to create holes in a workpiece, while grinding is a process in which a grinding wheel is used to remove material from the surface of a workpiece.Mechanical processing has a wide range of applications, from the production of small, intricate parts to the manufacturing of large, heavy-duty components. In the automotive industry, for example, mechanical processing is used to produce engine components, such as pistons and crankshafts. In the aerospace industry, it is used tomanufacture aircraft parts, such as landing gear and wing components. In the electronics industry, it is used to produce precision components, such as connectors and housings.In conclusion, mechanical processing is a vital manufacturing process that is used in a wide range of industries. It has a long history of development and has evolved into a highly advanced and precise method of manufacturing. With the use of modern techniques and technologies, mechanical processing continues to play a crucial role in the production of a wide variety of components and parts.。
机械类英语作文
Thirdly, the career prospects for mechanical engineers are vast and diverse. Graduates have the opportunity to work in industries such as automotive, aerospace, energy, and manufacturing. They are involved in the design and development of products, machinery, and systems, as well as the optimization of existing technologies. The demand for mechanical engineers is expected to grow in the coming years, particularly in emerging fields such as renewable energy and biomedical engineering.
机械专业交际英语作文
机械专业交际英语作文English:Effective communication is essential in the field of mechanical engineering in order to ensure successful collaboration, accurate problem-solving, and clear conveyance of ideas. Communication plays a crucial role in working with team members, clients, and other stakeholders in various engineering projects. Engineers not only need to possess technical knowledge and skills but also the ability to effectively communicate with others in a clear and concise manner. This includes the ability to explain complex technical concepts, present ideas in meetings, write reports, and collaborate with colleagues. Good communication skills also help in building strong relationships with clients, understanding their needs, and providing efficient solutions to their problems. In addition, effective communication can help prevent misunderstandings, conflicts, and errors in engineering projects, ultimately resulting in successful outcomes. Therefore, developing strong communication skills is vital for mechanical engineers to excel in their field and contribute effectively to the industry.中文翻译:在机械工程领域，有效的沟通至关重要，以确保成功的合作，准确的问题解决，以及清晰的思想传达。
机械工程专业英语教程第2版
In the field of mechanical engineering
• Mechanical engineers work in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, energy, manufacturing, and more.
Mechanical Engineering Professional English Tutorial 2nd Edition
目 录
• introduce • Fundamentals of Mechanical
Engineering • Professional vocabulary and
expressions • Professional literature reading and
03
流畅自然的表达
在保证准确性的前提下，使译文 流畅自然，符合中文的表达习惯， 易于读者理解。
05 Practical application and case analysis
Mechanical Design Cases
机械作文300字英文
机械作文300字英文英文：Mechanical engineering is a fascinating field that involves the design, development, and manufacturing of various types of machinery. As a mechanical engineer, I have had the opportunity to work on a wide range of projects, from designing and building robots to developing new types of engines for cars.One of the most interesting projects I have worked on was designing a new type of prosthetic arm for amputees. This involved working closely with medical professionals and amputees themselves to understand their needs and design a prosthetic that would be both functional and comfortable to wear. We used advanced materials and manufacturing techniques to create a lightweight and durable prosthetic that could be customized to fit each individual's needs.Another project that I found particularly challenging was designing a new type of engine for a hybrid car. This involved balancing the need for power and efficiency while also considering environmental factors such as emissions. We used computer simulations and physical testing to optimize the design and ended up with an engine that was both powerful and environmentally friendly.Overall, I love being a mechanical engineer because it allows me to use my creativity and problem-solving skills to design and build things that make a difference in people's lives.中文：机械工程是一个迷人的领域，涉及各种类型机械的设计、开发和制造。
科技论文翻译
遗传学 genetics 力学/机械学 mechanics 热动力学 thermodynamics 天文物理学 astrophysics 园艺学 horticulture 畜牧业 animal husbandry
科技英语新词
Sina twitter, weibo， tweet 微博 podcast 播客 cybersquatting 抢注域 名 cyberspace 网络空间 Tele-office 远程办公 twitern (twitter实习生)
Clarity (明确性)
Clarity greatly facilitates effective communication between these professionals.
Accuracy(准确性)
Use accurate language to express the meanings exactly and clearly in scientific studies.
vocabulary?理论科学purescience?应用科学appliedscience?模型model?假设hypothesis?现行的科学定律theworkinglawofscience?生命周期thelifecycle?方程式equation?放射性radioactivity?金属疲劳metalfatigue?人类学anthropologyvocabularyextendedreading?物理科学thephysicalscience?地球科学theearthscience?生命科学thelifescience?天文学astronomy?古生物学paleontology?海洋学oceanography?气象学meteorology?植物学botany?动物学zoology?遗传学genetics?力学机械学mechanics?热动力学thermodynamics?天文物理学astrophysics?园艺学horticulture?畜牧业animalhusbandry科技英语新词?sinatwitterweibotweet微博?podcast播客?cybersquatting抢注域名?cyberspace网络空间?teleoffice远程办公?twiterntwitter实习生?flextime弹性工作制?ecommence电子商务?ejournal电子期刊?brexit英国退出欧盟的戏谑说法tryit?itisessentialthattheoverallprogramstrategybecompletelymappedoutbeforeanyofthedetailedprogrammingactuallybegins
机械类英语论文及翻译
Mechanical DesignAbstract:A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design ；Rules for Design ；Design ProcessThe Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly.In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fullyto display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whetherdone formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems.Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to thesuitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,and durable products.To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.3. Anticipate unintentional loads.4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.Machinery design covers the following contents.1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading.3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of thematerial, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked.The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved.This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainlycannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.外文论文翻译译文机械设计摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。
机械类英语论文及翻译
机械类英语论文及翻译Mechanical design involves the n of machines。
which are composed of mechanisms and other components that can transform and transmit ___ machines include engines。
turbines。
vehicles。
hoists。
printing presses。
washing machines。
and ___ and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to ___。
the term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design.When ___。
___ to take into account。
The n and structural aspects of the device。
as well as the ___。
___ apply not only to machines but also to other mechanical devices。
such as switches。
cams。
valves。
vessels。
and mixers.Mechanical design is a critical field in ___ disciplines。
It plays an essential role in the ___ the success of a mechanical design project。
it is essential to follow a set of rules for design。
机械类英语论文翻译.doc
机械类英语论文翻译.doc轴承内径 bearing bore diameter轴承寿命 bearing life轴承套圈 bearing ring轴承外径 bearing outside diameter轴颈 journal轴瓦、轴承衬 bearing bush轴端挡圈 shaft end ring轴环 shaft collar轴肩 shaft shoulder轴角 shaft angle轴向 axial direction轴向齿廓 axial tooth profile轴向当量动载荷 dynamic equivalent axial load轴向当量静载荷 static equivalent axial load轴向基本额定动载荷 basic dynamic axial load rating轴向基本额定静载荷 basic static axial load rating 轴向接触轴承 axial contact bearing轴向平面 axial plane轴向游隙 axial internal clearance轴向载荷 axial load轴向载荷系数 axial load factor轴向分力 axial thrust load主动件 driving link主动齿轮 driving gear主动带轮 driving pulley转动导杆机构 whitworth mechanism转动副 revolute (turning) pair转速 swiveling speed rotating speed转动关节 revolute joint转轴 revolving shaft转子 rotor转子平衡 balance of rotor装配条件 assembly condition锥齿轮 bevel gear锥顶 common apex of cone锥距 cone distance锥轮 bevel pulley; bevel wheel锥齿轮的当量直齿轮 equivalent spur gear of the bevel gear 锥面包络圆柱蜗杆 milled helicoids worm准双曲面齿轮 hypoid gear子程序 subroutine子机构 sub-mechanism自动化 automation自锁 self-locking自锁条件 condition of self-locking自由度 degree of freedom, mobility。
机械类的英文作文
机械类的英文作文Title: The Evolution of Mechanical Engineering。
Mechanical engineering, often referred to as the backbone of engineering disciplines, has undergonesignificant evolution over the years. From ancient times to the modern era, the field has seen remarkable advancements, shaping the way we live, work, and interact with technology. In this essay, we'll delve into the journey of mechanical engineering, exploring its historical roots, key innovations, and future prospects.The origins of mechanical engineering can be tracedback to ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China. In these early societies, rudimentary machines like pulleys, levers, and wheels were developed to aid in agricultural, construction, and transportation activities. These innovations laid the foundation for moresophisticated mechanical systems in the centuries to come.During the Renaissance period, mechanical engineering experienced a resurgence as scholars and inventors soughtto understand and harness the principles of mechanics. Visionaries like Leonardo da Vinci conceptualized intricate machines and mechanisms, contributing to the expansion of knowledge in the field. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century marked a pivotal moment, revolutionizing communication and paving the wayfor the Industrial Revolution.The 18th and 19th centuries witnessed unprecedented progress in mechanical engineering, driven by theIndustrial Revolution. Innovations such as the steam engine, textile machinery, and machine tools transformed industries and spurred economic growth. Engineers like James Watt, George Stephenson, and Eli Whitney became household namesfor their contributions to mechanical innovation.The 20th century brought about further advancements in mechanical engineering, propelled by rapidindustrialization and technological breakthroughs. The development of the internal combustion enginerevolutionized transportation, leading to the proliferation of automobiles, airplanes, and ships. Meanwhile, the fields of robotics, aerospace engineering, and materials science emerged, pushing the boundaries of what was possible in mechanical design and manufacturing.In recent decades, the advent of digital technology has revolutionized mechanical engineering once again. Computer-aided design (CAD) software has enabled engineers to create intricate designs with unprecedented precision and efficiency. Simulation tools allow for virtual testing and optimization of mechanical systems, reducing the need for costly physical prototypes. Furthermore, the integration of sensors and actuators has enabled the development of smart, interconnected devices that can adapt to changing conditions in real-time.Looking ahead, the future of mechanical engineering holds immense promise and challenges. As society grapples with issues such as climate change, resource scarcity, and urbanization, mechanical engineers will play a crucial role in developing sustainable solutions. From renewable energytechnologies to advanced manufacturing processes, the opportunities for innovation are vast.In conclusion, the evolution of mechanical engineering is a testament to human ingenuity and perseverance. From humble beginnings to the forefront of technological innovation, the field has continually pushed the boundaries of what is possible. As we stand on the brink of a new era, the principles of mechanical engineering will continue to shape the world around us, driving progress and improving the quality of life for generations to come.。
【机械类文献翻译】SPE175F右箱盖加工工艺及第一道机加工夹具设计
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院(系)：机械工程学院专业：机械工程及自动化姓名：学号：外文出处：Fundamental Geometrical(用外文写)Principles附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
指导教师评语：此翻译文章较详细地介绍了机械加工几何原理，阐述了从工况分析入手，对数控加工各方面作了详细的解释，用词基本准确，文笔也较为通顺，具备一定的英语阅读、理解、翻译能力。
签名：年月日附件1：外文资料翻译译文几何原理基础1.1 工件点描述1.1.1 工件坐标系为了使机床和系统可以按照给定的位置加工，这些参数必须在一基准系统中给定，它们与加工轴溜板的运行方向相一致。
为此可以使用 X、Y和 Z为坐标轴的坐标系。
根据DIN66217标准，机床中使用右旋、直角坐标系。
工件零点（W）是工件坐标系的起始点。
有些情况下必须使用反方向位置的参数。
因此在零点左边的位置就具有负号。
1.1.2 确定工件位置在坐标轴上仅可以采用一种比例尺寸。
在坐标系中每个点均可以通过方向（X、Y和 Z）和数值明确定义。
工件零点始终为坐标 X0、Y0和 Z0。
在车床中仅一个平面就可以定义工件轮廓。
在铣削加工中还必须给出进给深度。
因此我们也必须给第三个坐标赋值（在此情况下为Z坐标）。
1.1.3 极坐标在之前我们所说明的坐标均在直角坐标系中，我们称之为“直角坐标系”。
但是另外还有一种坐标系可以使用，也就是“极坐标系”。
如果一个工件或者工件中的一部分是用半径和角度标注尺寸，则使用极坐标非常方便。
标注尺寸的原点就是“极点”。
1.1.4 绝对尺寸使用绝对尺寸，所有位置参数均以当前有效的零点为基准。
考虑刀具的运动，绝对尺寸表示刀具将要运行的位置。
1.1.5 相对尺寸在生产过程中经常有一些图纸，其尺寸不是以零点为基准，而是以另外一个工件点为基准。
为了避免不必要的尺寸换算，可以使用相对尺寸系统。
相对尺寸系统中，输入的尺寸均以在此之前的位置为基准。
水力机械类英语科技论文的学习与写作
水力机械类英语科技论文的学习与写作[摘要]针对水力机械类研究生在专业英语学习和写作中常出现的问题，在论文学习与写作的细节问题领域进行了案例分析与说明。
介绍了专业英语科技论文的写作在一般语法、时态和语态的表现与应用方面的要求。
分析了科技论文的语言特点并提出了写作优美的英文科技论文的方法，即在句型相同、谓语相近的句子中采用不同的词语进行描述。
最后通过水力机械学科的特点提出了水力机械类专业英语学习的一些困难并指出掌握扎实的专业知识是写好和学好英文科技论文的前提。
[关键词]水力机械英语论文写作引言看懂和写好英文科技论文对当前的工科研究生而言是极其重要的。
随着知识的爆炸式发展，当前高校的专业英语教学学时越来越少，有的甚至完全取消。
而另一方面，随着现代互联网技术的发展，我们可以很容易的从网络上获得需要的科学资源。
但是在互联网这个平台上，国际间的交往是以英语为平台的，因此我们应当更好的掌握专业外语的相关内容，只有这样，一方面才能更好的学习别人的技术论文，另一方面才能写好自己的论文与别人交流。
关于英文科技论文的写作结构甚至论文投稿和审稿人推荐方式及要点，网络上和一些专业数据库中有很多相关的文献和书籍进行了介绍[1～3]。
本文的目的不在于对英文科技论文的一些基本结构和写作方法及技巧进行说明，而是对螺旋桨、泵和水轮机等水力机械专业的英文科技论文学习和撰写中常遇到的一些共性和专业的细节问题进行探讨和分析。
对翻译的基本要求，就是严复先生最早提出的“信、达、雅”。
对于工科研究生而言，翻译是两方面的，一方面是学习英文论文，这就要求能有效的掌握英文的内涵，当然，在研究生层次上需要对专业知识的理解或者至少是科普性的了解，另一方面，就是将中文信息翻译成英文进行国际交流，后者的要求相对要高一些。
一、中文英文语言不同引起的困惑首先，工科研究生在书写英文论文的时候，一些基本的英文语法错误应当避免。
这类错误通常对英语专业的人而言不会发生。
机械专业英语论文翻译
RisersRisers are designed and placed so as to ensure filling the cavity during solidification.They also act to relieve gas pressure in the mold and to reduce pressure on the lifting surfaces of the mold.The volume of metal in the riser should be sufficient to retain heat long enough to feed the shrinkage cavity and to equalize the temperature in the mold, avoiding casting strains.The riser requirements vary with the type of metal being poured.Gray cast iron, for example, needs less feeding than some alloys because a period of graphitization occurs during the final stages of solidification, which causes an expansion that tends to counteract the metal shrinkage.Many nonferrous metals require elaborate feeding that tends to counteract the casting.Two riser designs for the same casting are shown in Fig.7-4.Risers are placed near the heavy sections of the casting. The feed metal must be located above the highest point of the point of the casting.Chill BlocksChill blocks are metal blocks placed in the mold for localized heat dissipation.They may be placed at an intersection or joint where there is a comparatively large volume of metal to cool, thus relieving a hot spot or maintaining a more uniform cooling rate and better microstructure.They may also be placed at far surface of a mold, away from a riser or sprue.This will help the far end of the mold to freeze rapidly, promoting directional solidification.Chill blocks are also used at points where it is designable to have localized hardening, as in the case of bearings or wear surfaces.PaddingPadding consists of adding to or building up a section to obtain adequate feeding of isolated sections.Fig.7-4showed two methods of feeding the central and outside boss .Shown at (b) is the plan of using two risers and at (c) one riser with a pad. The second plan provides a yield of 45% of the metal poured, compared to 30% when two risers are used. The feeding distance to the central hub is 4.5t, where t= the thickness of the feed path. By rule of thumb, the total thickness of pad and castinuld not be less than one-fifth of the metal-feeding distance. This rule is not absolute but a good generalization.
高校机械类专业英语教学改革
第20卷第5期辽宁工业大学学报(社会科学版)Vol.20,No.5 2018年10月Journal of Liaoning University of Technology(Social Science Edition)Oct.2018收稿日期：2017-12-17作者简介：王宇钢(1977-)，男，辽宁锦州人，讲师，博士。
DOI：10.15916/j.issn1674-327x.2018.05.035高校机械类专业英语教学改革王宇钢(辽宁工业大学机械工程与自动化学院，辽宁锦州121001)摘要：随着世界经济一体化快速发展，我国急需既有较好专业知识又有较强外语能力的机械专业复合型人才。
为满足新形势下国家对工科人才的培养目标，本文结合自身专业英语教学经验体会，分析了机械类专业英语教学的现况与存在的问题，从教学目标、教学内容和教学方法三个方面进行了教学改革研究，并提出了相应的建议和对策。
经过教学实践改革方法可使学生的专业英语应用能力明显提高。
关键词：机械专业；专业英语；教学内容；教学改革中图分类号：G642.0 文献标识码：B 文章编号：1674-327X (2018)05-0117-03目前，全球经济一体化发展迅速，我国机械制造企业与国外同类企业的合作交流愈发紧密，英语作为国际上通用语言是人们交流的主要工具，也是开展科学研究的重要工具。
这就要求高校机械类专业学生既要精通专业知识，又要熟练应用专业英语，成为具备国际技术交流能力的机械行业高素质人才。
机械类专业英语作为高校本科教育阶段明确规定的必修课程，一般安排在大学英语及专业基础课程之后。
通过该门课程的学习，使学生能够掌握专业英语的词汇和语法特点，准确地阅读和翻译专业资料和科技论文，熟练地运用英语书写科技论文，为实现更好地应用英语进行专业学习和技术交流打下基础。
近年来，虽然对专业英语课程教学研讨和改革在不断进行，提出了一些有特色的教学方法和创新实践[1-3]，但高校专业英语教学水平却始终没有得到较大提高[4]。
关于车床的英文作文
关于车床的英文作文英文：Car lathe, also known as turning machine, is a common machine tool in mechanical processing. It is mainly usedfor turning cylindrical, conical and other rotating surfaces, as well as various types of internal and external threads, grooves and cutting work. As a mechanical engineer, I have had the opportunity to use car lathes in my work.The car lathe is a versatile machine tool. It can be used to process various materials, such as metal, plastic, wood, and even some ceramics. The lathe can also perform a variety of operations, including facing, drilling, boring, turning, and threading. One of the advantages of the car lathe is its ability to produce high-precision parts with tight tolerances. This makes it an essential tool in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and medicaldevice manufacturing.When using a car lathe, it is important to followproper safety procedures. The lathe can be dangerous if not used correctly. For example, if the workpiece is notsecured properly, it can fly off the lathe and cause injury. It is also important to wear appropriate personalprotective equipment, such as safety glasses and gloves.In my work, I have used the car lathe to produce a variety of parts. One example is a shaft for a motor. The shaft needed to be precisely machined to fit into the motor housing and rotate smoothly. Using the car lathe, I wasable to turn the shaft to the required diameter and length, and also add keyways for the motor to engage with. The finished shaft fit perfectly into the motor and functioned as intended.Overall, the car lathe is an essential tool in mechanical engineering. Its versatility and precision makeit a valuable asset in many industries. However, it is important to use the lathe safely and follow proper procedures to avoid injury.中文：车床，也称为车削机，在机械加工中是一种常见的机床。
机械专业 英语作文
机械专业英语作文Title: The Advancements in Mechanical Engineering。
Mechanical engineering, as a discipline, plays apivotal role in shaping the modern world. From the design of intricate machinery to the development of cutting-edge technologies, mechanical engineers are at the forefront of innovation. In this essay, we will explore the advancements in mechanical engineering and their impact on various aspects of society.One of the most notable advancements in mechanical engineering is the development of renewable energy technologies. With the increasing concern over climate change and environmental degradation, there has been a growing demand for clean and sustainable energy sources. Mechanical engineers have risen to the challenge by designing and implementing innovative solutions such as wind turbines, solar panels, and hydroelectric generators. These technologies not only reduce our reliance on fossilfuels but also pave the way for a greener and more sustainable future.In addition to renewable energy, mechanical engineering has also revolutionized the field of transportation. The advent of electric vehicles, for example, has the potential to drastically reduce carbon emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change. Through advancements in battery technology, aerodynamics, and lightweight materials, mechanical engineers have made significant strides in improving the efficiency and performance of electric vehicles. Furthermore, the development of autonomousdriving systems promises to revolutionize the way we commute, making transportation safer, more efficient, and more accessible to all.The field of robotics is another area where mechanical engineering has made remarkable progress. From industrial robots that automate manufacturing processes to humanoid robots that assist with tasks in healthcare and service industries, robots are becoming increasingly prevalent in our society. Mechanical engineers are responsible fordesigning and building these robots, as well as developing the algorithms and control systems that enable them to perform complex tasks with precision and efficiency. As robotics technology continues to advance, we can expect to see even greater integration of robots into various aspects of our daily lives.Another area where mechanical engineering is making a significant impact is in the field of healthcare. Advances in medical devices and instrumentation have enabled doctors to diagnose and treat diseases more effectively than ever before. From MRI machines and surgical robots to prosthetic limbs and wearable health monitors, mechanical engineers are at the forefront of developing technologies that improve patient outcomes and enhance quality of life. Moreover, the ongoing research in biomedical engineering holds the promise of groundbreaking discoveries that could revolutionize the way we approach healthcare in the future.In conclusion, the advancements in mechanical engineering have had a profound impact on various aspects of society, from energy and transportation to robotics andhealthcare. As we continue to push the boundaries of innovation, mechanical engineers will play a crucial role in addressing some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity. By harnessing the power of technology and creativity, we can build a brighter and more sustainable future for generations to come.。
机械专业英语作文
机械专业英语作文Title: The Advancements and Applications of Robotics in Mechanical Engineering。
Introduction。
Mechanical engineering, as a field, has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, particularly in the realm of robotics. These advancements have not only revolutionized manufacturing processes but have also found applications in various other sectors. This essay explores the role of robotics in mechanical engineering, its evolution, current applications, and future prospects.Evolution of Robotics in Mechanical Engineering。
Robotics in mechanical engineering has evolved significantly over the past few decades. Initially, robots were primarily used in manufacturing industries for tasks such as welding, painting, and assembly line operations.However, with advancements in technology, robots have become more sophisticated and capable of performing complex tasks with precision and efficiency.The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms has enabled robots to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, and make autonomous decisions. This has expanded the scope ofrobotic applications beyond traditional manufacturing settings to areas such as healthcare, agriculture, and space exploration.Current Applications of Robotics。
英文学术论文翻译-中英文对照(三)
•These new measures will, we believe, increase the people’s purchasing power and lead to thriving financial and commercial conditions rather than make a mess of the country’s finances as some people argue.
一、主谓单句
汉语的主谓单句，从外形结构 上来看，跟英语的“主谓”结构是 相似的，但它的主语和谓语表达却 与英语有许多不同的地方。所以翻 译汉语主谓单句时，至少应注意几 个问题。
1、防止主语的机械对应。 中国近几年来发生了巨变。 ①There have been great changes in China these years. ②These years have seen (witnessed) great changes in China. ③Great changes have taken place in China these years. ④China crackles with the dynamics of changes these years.
汉语的基本句型及其翻译
汉语造句以名词为重心，以词组、散句和 分句为手段，善于按时间、逻辑顺序进行横 排式叙述，有时断句不严，外形松散。有人 称汉语是时间型的动态结构，主要体现于形 式自由，富于弹性。
英语则以“主—谓”主干结构为重心来统 领各种语言成分，句界分明，外形严密。 因此，汉语各种句型译成英语时，不仅在 逻辑关系上而且在外形上都应该体现出英语 句法结构的特点。
2-3 Reversing • 1）沿路都是小商店。 Small shops dot the way. • 2）他这样悍然行事使我们非常气恼。 Hot anger burned in our minds against him at his rashness.
机械类英语论文翻译
机械类英语论文翻译Influence of Hot Press Forming Techniques on Propertiesof Vehicle High Strength Steels( Scho ol of Automotive Engineering , State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment,Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China)Abstract:Based on the combination of materials science andmechanicalengineering ,hotpress forming process of the vehicle high strength steels was analyzed. The hot forming processinclud -ed: heating alloy srapidly to austenite micr ostructures, stamping and cooling timely,maintaining pressur eand quenching . The results showed that most of austenite micr ostructure w as changed into uniform mar tensite by the hot press form ing while the samples were heatedat 900 。
C and quenched. The optimal tensile strength and yield streng th were up to 1530 MPa and 1000 MPa, respectively, and the shape deformation reached about 23% . And springback defect did not happ -en in the samples.Key words: high streng th steel; lightw eight ; hot forming ; martensiteAs an effective economical energy measure, the lightw eight dev elo pment dir ection of automo -bile has become one of the most important research subjects in the automotive industry. There are three major ways to achieve automobile light weight : optimizing vehicle frames and struc- tures; making vehicle bodyor f rame of new and alternativ ematerials to reduce the vehicle mass ( The high and ultra high strength steel can be used as alternative materials because of its thinner thickness) ; adopting advanced manufacturing techniques for the sake of automobile light wei- ght , such as thickness-gradient high strength steel (HSS) or metal based compound plates by con -tinuous pressing or hot press forming [ 1] . Although HSS has been applied in some domestic top grade vehicles, the key producing technologies have always been dominated by foreign compan- ies, such as Acelor Company, so as to raise the product cost obviously. By domestic self-designed hot press forming techniques and water-cooling mould, the automo bile HSS can be produced to subst itute foreign vehicle parts.In general, with the enhancement of steel blank，s mechanical strength, its formability is worsened dramatically. It is difficult to apply the traditional cold stamping technolog y into the f ield of pressing HSS. Thus, the hot stamping technology of martensit icsteel blank is applied as a new technology , which combines metal thermoplast ic forming metho d and water-cooling mould quenching principle. In this paper, boro n steel blank was formed and water-cooling mould was quenched simultane ously during the process of hot stamping . Comparedwith original automobile pearlite steel[ 2] , the automobile HSS obtained by advanced hot press forming technique can reduce about 30% of the total vehicle mass and achievecomplex g eomet ries, high security and mechanical st reng th. The r easo n is that austenite microst ructure with optimal plast icity and ductility can be obtained by hot press forming at high temperature[ 3- 5], and the HSS with both excellent mechanical properties and light weight will be obtainedafter being formed and quenched[ 6- 8] . The application of hot-formed thinner HSS plates will becoman important measure to realize vehicle light weight.1 Experimental SetupIn order to form HSS at high temperature, and to avoid cracks and springback, the sam -ples need rapid heating and transform completely intostabl eaustenite microst ructure. And then, samples are pressed and cooled inself-made water-cooling mould.For the obtained HS -S sample, its shape-freezing character or no spring back defect is an obvious advantage, and most of microst ructure in the sample is martensite. The thickness of sample is 1.6 mm, and themain elements of HSS in this experiment are show n in Table 1.temper atures in ther ange of750 to 1 000℃; 2) put the sample into the heat treated furnace to be heated for 4 min at a certain temperature; 3) remove it by mechanical hand and put it into the hot forming moulds to be pressed quickly ;4) simultaneously, it was water-cooled at about 30℃/s in the mound. The mechanical properties of sample were analyzed by tensile test system and the microstructure appear ance was analyzed by metal lographic analysis device. The shape and size of test sample are show n in Fig. 1.Fig 1 The shape and size of specimen2 Results and DiscussionMechanical propert ies of HSS ( boron steels)with different thicknesses ( 1.0mm, 1.6mm, 2.0mm,2.5 mm, 3.0 mm and 4.0 mm, respectively) were checked (GBT 16865-1997 was consulted, and samples were selected along 0℃, 45℃and 90℃rolling direction respec -tively ) . The unidirectional tensile tests (based on the metal tensile test ing standard of GBT228-2002 ) were finished. Compared with USIBOR1500, the values of basic mechanical properties for HSS w ith dif ferent thicknesses in the experiment are shown in Fig 2.Fig 2 shows that after water-cooling quenching , the tensile strength and yield strength of samples ( except the one w ith thickness of 4.0 mm )reached 1 500 MPa and 1 000 MPa, respect ively. The values of the strength were twice bet ter than those of samples before quenching , and nearly the same to those of the plates of thickness 1.75 mm from Acelor Company ( USIBOR1500 shown in Fig 1) .Fig2 Tensile and yield strength of high strength steels with different thicknesses before and after quench –ingGenerally , hot press forming of samples is operated above transition temperature of martensite micro structure. The heating temperature in this experiment was in the range of 750 to 1000 ℃because it took 3 s or so for the samples to be delivered in the air. And then, based on analyzing tensile strengths Rm of samples after hot-forming at different temperatur -es and quenching , theoptimal temperature can be found. It is shown in Fig3.From Fig 3, it is obvious that the value of tensile strength Rm only reaches900 MPa at 750℃; the optimal value is 1530 MPa at 900℃, and the value will fall as temperature is set above 900℃. Based on analy zingmicrostructure and Fe-Fe3 C phase diagram, samples lay in the transition region of ferrite austenite microstr ucture coexistence at 750℃. At this moment , austenite has appeared in microstructure of samples, and it can be transformed into martensite microstructure through water-cooling. So the mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and yield strength, will be improved. That is to say ,tensile strength of samples is a little hig her than that of original ones ( Rm is 600 MPa or so) . The content of austenite becomes larger as temperature is raised,and the tensile str ength will be improved gradually .As far as 22MnB5 steel is concerned, the austenitizing temperature is about 880℃. As Fig3 shows, if samples are heated rapidly to 900℃and air cooled for 3, austenite microstr uctures are obtained completely . Then samples are hot formed and water-cooling quenched, the fraction of martensite microstructure in samples is more than 95% , so the curve shows a peak. How ever, as temperature exceeds 900℃, because superheat degree is too large, microg rains grow so large that the tensile strength will decrease. Thus high tem- perature austenite microstructure (obtained as samples w ere heated rapidly) and grain refinement are the main factors to determine the mechanical properties of high strength steel -s. In this paper, different from that in the lab,the interact ion mechanisms of molding and w ater-cooling system on samples produced in the production line can objectively show the manufacturing properties and microst ructure character of products in mass.A s far as the samples are concerned, A is the initial and untreated sample;B is the sample which was heated at 900℃for 4 min;C is the sample after heat treatment and water-coo ling quenching. The deformation of A, B and C are 32% , 24% and 6% or so, respectively . Generally , A is composed of main pearlite and a small amount of ferrite, thetoughness of which is better than martensite, so its deformation is relatively better. B is com -posed with the high-temperature transitional microstructure of austenite, whose toughness is also better than martensite, and deformation is larger than the latter. C is composed of over 95% martensite and little austensite. Owing to its higher strength, toughness and plasticity of martensite are lower, that is to say , deformation of C is the lowest In Fig 4, when the sample was heated for 4 min and stretched at 900℃, stress-strain curve and testforce displacement curve were obtained respect ively.From Fig4 ( a) , after being heated up to 900℃,the microst ructure of sample has been completely turned into austenite. T he value in the elastic deformation stage of curve w ill tend towards the yield point , following the axial test force gradually being increased. That is to say, the obvious plasticdeformation of sample will beg in after the yield point .When it is continuously stretched till the peak point of curve, the necking of sample will occur. Passingthe peak, the st ress-strain relat ionship will become more complex . From Fig 4( b) , after the corresponding peak, the test force will be reduced, along with the decreasing cross-sectional area of sample till the f racture. It can be seen that the appropriate toughness and plastic deformation proper ties of austenitizing sample at 900℃will help HSS be hot- formed to complicate vehicle parts. It isan effective measure to form HSS with room-temperature martensite microstructure character, and it is a theoretical basis to design the hot-forming process for HSS in the article.The vehicle hot forming parts and the original cold forming parts are practically contrasted. There areobvious differences both in the springbackdefect and in the formability, as shown in Fig5.From Fig5, it shows that the hot-forming parts havehig her accuracy, almost no shape distortion, and no springback defect . But the cold-forming parts will exhibit deformation defects, crimping,large spring back and twisted grooves obviously,which can destroy the yield of products seriouslyw hich can destroy the yield of products seriously .Therefore, instead of tradit ional cold forming , the vehicle-high strength steels which are produced by hot forming have become an inevitable trend. In addition, the compositions of samples are shown inTable 1, based on not only the contribution for formability and microst ructure, but also the cost .For example, component boron as a component of sample can reduce the energy-gradient on the grain boundary because it is easily adsorbed on grain boundary to fill the defect of lower energy. While austenitizing temperature is decreased by water-cooling system,ḁ-phase ferrite is easily to be nucleated on the grain boundaries. But the nucleation and growth of ferrite and bainite will become slower because of the low erenergy gradient on the grain boundaries, and are beneficial to make austenite stable; if the co ntent of boronor processing parameters are unsuitable, component boron would be precipitated to super saturation on the grain boundaries and become the new nucleus of precipitating phase which makes ener gy gradient larger, causing the harden ability of samples to fall.( a) Stressst rain curve; ( b) Test force displacement curveFig 4 Curves of stress-strain andtest force displacement for stretching test In the production line, the precipitation and growth of mixed phase will be prohibited effectively by controlling temperature and heating rate. The sample is heated to 900℃and held for 4 min. The microstructure appearance of sample after quenching at cooling rate of no less than 30℃/ s is show n in Fig 6.Fig5 Picture of hot forming and coldforming vehicle partsIn Fig6 ( a) , the main micro structur e of initial sample, w hich has not been hot formed and water-cooling quenched, is composed offerrite, pearlite and a small amount of carbide. Its tensile strength Rm and yield strength are only 653MPa and 500MPa, respectively . Fig6 ( b) shows that most microstructure of sample after quenching is strip-shapemartensite, the content of which is over 95% , and there are no cracks and other stress defects. The reason is that the sample was evenly heated and water-cooled during the whole process; based on “C”curve, even and close-row lath martensite microsructure obtained is also due to the optimal water-cooling rate, so the content of residual phase is very little; in addition, the complete close-row microstructure shows that residual stress ( including thermal stress and phase transformation stress, etc. )has been released completely, and there is no microgap in the micrograins so as to benef it sample for higher security and better mechanical propert ies.T he domestic research of vehicle HSS is mostly limited to do in the lab, but advanced automated manufacturing technologies are difficult to be realized in the lab. In this paper ,the properties’targets of HSS produced by practical production line are satisfactory, and the technical process also meets the demands of mass production(a) Original HSS microstructure before hot forming and quenching; (b) Obtained HSS microstructure afterhot forming and quenching.Fig6 Microstructure appearance of HSS sample bef ore and after hot forming and quenching 3 Conclusions1) In the production line, as HSS is heated rapidly to 900℃and held for 4 min, the tensile strength can reach the optimal value of 1530 MPa.If temperature is too low , austenite transformation will be incomplete; on the contrary , if temperature is too high, micrograin will grow too large. Both of them will reduce the tensile strength.2) T hanks to the appropriate toughness and plastic deformation properties of austenitizing HSS at high temperature, 22MnB5 steels ( HSS) can be favorably hot formed into complex and accurate automotive parts.3) T he optimal water-cooling rate during quenching can make HSS achieve the ideal microstructure of more than 95% martensite and a very small amount of residual austenite, and help stress-relieving procedure accomplish effectively. It is also the guarantee for HSS parts to possess high strength and no defects, such as cracks and crimping.References:[ 1] Schieβl G, Pos schn T , Heller T , etal. Manufacturing a Roof Frame From Ultra High Strength Steel Materials by Hot Stamping [ C]IDDRG In ternational Deep Drawing ResearchGroup 2004 Conference. Sindelfingen: [ s. n. ] , 2004: 158.[ 2] TANG Zhiyong, J IANG Haitao, TANG Di, etal. Study on the Continuous Cooling Transformati on of Austenite of 27MnC rB5 Steels [ J ] . Hot Working Technology, 2007, 36( 20) : 41.[ 3] FAN Junf eng, CHEN Ming. A Study on the Road of Vehicle Lightw eight in Chin a [ J] .Casting2006, 55( 10) : 995 ( in Chinese) . [ 4] CHEN He-qin g, PENG C hengyun, WEI Liangqing. High Strength Steels and Applicati on of Them to Vehicle Manufacturing [ J ] . Mould and Die Project, 2007 ( 8) : 88 ( in Chinese) .[ 5] LIN Jianping, WANG Liying, TIAN Haob in, etal. Research and Devel opment of the Hot Press Form -ing of Ultra High Strength Steel [ J] . Metal Casting Forgin g Welding Technology, 2008, 37( 21) : 140 ( in Chinese) . [ 6] XING Zhongwen, BAO Jun, YANG Yuying, etal. Hot Press Forming Experiment al Researchon the Quenchenable Boron St eel [ J] . Materials Science and Technology, 2008, 16( 2) : 172.[ 7] Marion Merklein , Jrg en Lecher, VeraGödel, et al. Mech anical Properties and Plastic Anisotropy of the Quenchenable High Strength Steel 22MnB5 at Elevated Temperatures [ J ] . Key Engineering Materials, 2007, 344: 79.[ 8] Geigera M, Merkleinb M, H off C. Basic Investigations on the Hot Stamping Steel22MnB5 [ J] . Advanced Materials Research, 2005, 6( 8) : 795.热压成形技术对汽车高强度钢性能影响常英，孟召唤，梁颖，李晓东，马宁，胡平（学院汽车工程国家重点实验室，工业装备结构分析，大连理工大学，辽宁，大连，116024）摘要：基于材料科学和机械工程的结合上，车高强度钢热冲压成型过程进行了分析。
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机械类英语论文及翻译 Standardization of sany group #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#附录一:Mechanical DesignLiqingyu zhangjiaMachinery manufacturing equipment designAbstractA machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of theprinciples and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occurin the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design ；Rules for Design ；Design ProcessThe Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly.In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnelfully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if hashad many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does notsend to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must proposeseveral sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has usedcertain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have asits objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety anddurability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behaviorof materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived thearrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems.Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection,using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designersshould further forecast and consider due to improper use products. Inrecent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of productsand hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questionsis does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material accordingto the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,and durable products.To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.3. Anticipate unintentional loads.4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.Machinery design covers the following contents.1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problemformulation ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loadinganalysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading.3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.5.Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.6.Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.7.Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application8.Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.9.Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.10.Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.11.Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials areavailable to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important inmaking a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked.The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people.Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.机械设计李庆余, 张佳.机械制造装备设计摘要机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。