英国议会制辩论讲座(BP制) - 第三讲正方上院立论策略

First Proposition Arguments – 4
Motion: Nations should provide a minimal level of education to all their citizens. • Descriptions: The current policies of nations of Sub‐ Saharan Africa provide neither the funding nor the infrastructure to guarantee access to a secondary education. The Proposition team’s model provides both funding and infrastructure. • Causal Associations: The lack of access to a secondary education causes many to live a life of poverty. The Proposition team’s model creates a means to relieve poverty. • Evaluations: More people without a secondary education are poor than those with a secondary education. Fewer people with a secondary education go without food.
D. Constructing arguments to support the model: 建构论点支撑讨论模型 Two broad conceptual ways to create arguments 两种立论的方式： to support a motion: principles and consequences 原则型与后果型 1. Principled arguments, usually grounded in morals and ethics, focus on the inherent rightness or wrongness of an action. 原则型论点，通常基于道德伦 理，关注某行为内在的好坏善恶
辩题：以色列应该变其对巴勒斯坦人的政策
Description: Policies of the State of Israel allow for 描述：现行以色列针对巴勒斯坦人的政策允许 destruction of homes of Palestinian citizens 摧毁巴勒斯坦裔以色列人的住所。 of Israel. The proposition team’s model 正方的模型提议改变以色列政策以保护巴勒斯 proposes changing Israeli policy to protect 坦人的住所 Palestinian homes. Association: Protecting Palestinian homes extends 关系：保护巴勒斯坦人的住所维护了巴勒斯 the right of property to Palestinian citizens 坦裔以色列人的财产权 of Israel. Evaluation: Preserving homes and recognizing 评估：保护住所和财产所有权涉及最基本的 rights to property involves one of the most 人权 basic human rights.
C. Presenting the model of the motion. 设立并阐述讨论模型 1. If the motion is about assigning value to an 如果辩题是价值层面的，那么讨论模型可以仅 object (person, institution, idea, etc.), then 仅简单地设立为对辩论方向和焦点的清晰阐述。 the model simply needs to be a clear statement of the focus and direction for the debate. 2. If the motion is about a policy or action, then 如果辩题是政策或操作层面的，那么讨论模型就 model should contain at least three things: 应当至少包括以下三项: a. Who is the actor? 行为主体 b. What is the proposed action? 建议采取的措施 c. Are any other details of the proposal 其他有关细节 needed?
Motion: “Mao Zedong was one of the world’s greatest 辩题：毛泽东是世界上最伟大的领袖之一 leaders” Description: Mao Zedong created the Chinese Communist 描述：毛泽东建立了中国共产党 Party. Association: The Chinese Communist Party raised the 关系：中国共产党提升了亿万中国公民的 standard of living for milliபைடு நூலகம்ns of Chinese citizens. 生活水平 Evaluation: Few people in the world have had such positive effects on the lives of millions of people. 评估：这个世界上只有极少数人能对亿万 人的生活产生这样的积极影响。
Description: Mohandas Gandhi employed civil 描述：甘地一生致力于“公民不服从”（即“非暴力 Disobedience throughout his life. 不合作运动”） Association: Civil disobedience supports the principle of non‐violence. 关系： “公民不服从”符合非暴力的原则 Evaluation: Non‐violence is one of the most important principles the world has ever known. 评估：非暴力原则是迄今为止世界上最重要的原则
First Proposition Arguments – 3 Principled Argument For a Motion Proposing a Policy or Action. Motion: “Israel should change its policies toward Palestinians.” 用原则型论点为政策性论点立论
First Proposition Arguments – 2
4. Interpreting the motion includes narrowing 阐释：窄化辩题以（更有针对性地）辩论 the motion for the purposes of the debate. Motion: “Israel should change its policies toward Palestinians.” 辩题“以色列应改变其对巴勒斯坦人的政策” Interpretation: For the purposes of this debate we will interpret (narrow) the motion to include only Arab citizens of the State of Israel. 阐释：为了实现本次辩论的目的， 我们将辩题阐释（窄化）为仅针对以色列境内的阿拉伯人。
China Debate Education Network Curriculum Outline Constructing Arguments for the First Government Team* 中国辩论教育网络课程大纲 正方上院队的立论
I.
Constructing a Case: The Role of the Prime Minister Notes 立论：首相的角色职责 Four Steps: 四步： Analyze the Motion 分析辩题 Define and interpret the motion 定义和阐释辩题 Present a model of the motion 为辩题设立并阐述一个讨论模型1 Create a case for the model 为辩题立论 A. Analyze the motion 分析辩题 1. Most motions can be interpreted in a 绝大多数辩题都可以被阐释成多种方式 number of different ways. 2. All debaters need to focus some attention on 所有辩手应高度重视辩题中被期待2的部分， what they expect will be the focus and 应将这些部分作为辩论的焦点和方向。 direction of the debate given the motion. 3. One thing to be considered when analyzing 高度重视辩题的类型 the motion is what kind of motion has been presented. B. Define and interpret the motion 定义和阐释 1. The First Government Team has the right to 正上队有权力定义和阐释辩题 define and interpret the motion. 2. Parallel to this right is the responsibility to 相应的，正上队有责任以合理的方式去定义和 define and interpret the motion in a 阐释辩题 reasonable fashion. 3. Defining the motion includes defining any 定义辩题是要包含对以下语词的定义： words or phrases that: 1、模棱两可的 2、观众可能不懂的 a) are ambiguous b) might not be understood by the audience Motion: “Israel should change its policies toward Palestinians.” 辩题“以色列应改变其对巴勒斯坦人的政策” Definition: “Palestinians” include citizens of the West Bank 定义：“巴勒斯坦人”包括约旦河西岸和 and Gaza as well as Arab citizens of the State of 加沙地区的以及以色列境内的阿拉伯人 Israel.
b. Consequential arguments, grounded in the 后果型论点，基于政策或行为的效果或产出。 effects or outcomes of policies or actions, 这意味着，最好的政策行为应当是正面效果最大 suggest that the best action is the one that 同时负面效果最小的。 causes the most positive and fewest negative consequences. Consequential Argument Supporting a Motion Evaluating an Object. 用后果型论点为价值性辩题立论
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Created September 2012
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这是华语辩手最难理解的一个地方，简言之就是对辩题做具体化，把抽象宏观的辩题窄化为具体的情境。这在华语辩论中被视为操作定义扭曲辩题的 严重错误，但在此是必须的基本规则。高度重视这样的区别。 2 意即人们看到该辩题时大都会想到的应该会被讨论的内容，又称“普遍期待”
Principled Argument For A Motion Evaluating an Object Motion:
用原则型论点为价值类辩题立论
“Mohandas Gandhi was one of the 辩题：莫汉达斯·甘地是世界上最伟大的领袖之一 world’s greatest leaders”