英国议会制辩论

英国议会制辩论——绅士的博弈古人云：君子爱财，取之有道。

倘若如此，那么英国议会制辩论可谓是：智者善辩，赢之在理了。

不同于美式辩论的唇枪舌剑，步步紧逼，英式议会制辩论更看重辩手本身对辩题的理解程度和自身逻辑思维的清晰度，强调不论在何时双方都应在平等的平台上竞争，并且评价的标准在于双方的参与度以及对辩题的贡献度，远非是否一方将另一方置之死地。

因此，整个英式辩论的过程也更加和谐一些。

但这绝不意味着其精彩程度会减少一分一毫。

相反，去掉那些浮华的小伎俩之后，其思想的碰撞显得更加的激烈和纯粹。

纵观整场辩论，正反双方各四人有且仅有一次正式发言机会，时长7分钟，正反两方交替进行。

在这短短7分钟之中，辩手要完成从反驳到立论，接受POI（point of information）及回答等一系列在其他形式辩论中可以用一整场时间完成的任务。

这就要求选手需要具备：1. 清晰的逻辑思维。

赛前从辩题下发到上场时间只有30分钟，这就要求选手必须快速形成思路并且确保及时在接受POI是还能保证思路的连贯性。

2. 较好的语言驾驭能力。

要确保7分钟内表达己方的思想选手必须能够恰当的遣词造句清楚，完整的让评委和对方辩友了解自己的思路。

3. 快速随机应变以及危机处理的能力在完成演讲的同时，对方辩友极有可能提出质询，很多情况还会出现好几个人同时提出质询的情况。

这就要求选手能够在组织思路的同时还能衡量时机是否合适接收质询以及接受谁的质询，从而达到最有利于传递己方思想的效果。

除此之外，演讲时间的分配也尤为重要。

一般来说，前2-3分钟用于反驳对方观点，剩下的时间用来建立己方立场以及接受POI。

这样做既能保证与对方的互动又能确保有足够的时间阐述清楚己方观点。

英式议会制辩论另一个重要特色就是POI。

怎样提出以及接受POI都是选手需要审慎思考的地方。

一般来说，每个辩手以接受１－３个POI为宜。

过多不利于己方观点阐述，过少则有失互动之嫌。

接受的时间一般选在一个论点完成之后，这样有利于保持思路的完整性和连贯性，使得评委和对方辩友更易听懂，切忌在发展一个论点的中途接受POI。

而对于提出POI而言，理论上来说是越多越好。

一旦发现对方逻辑错误或者论证不合理的地方，应马上起立提出POI。

好的POI能够有效的捍卫你的立场同时让对方招架不及。

因此，选手应当选择恰当时机提出POI以提高POI被接受的可能性。

由此我们可以看出，英式议会制辩论同样需要胆识与谋略。

但是，他以一种更加优雅绅士甚至可以说是可爱的方法表达出来。

例如，最后一辩不能再提出新的观点因为对方没有机会再辩解，因为不公平；又如，选手有权不接受POI而且提出POI的一方不能表示不满，因为不礼貌。

一切的一切，都是为了能让一场辩论变得更加精彩思想碰撞的更激烈，而不是沦为少数人屠虐的战场。

浸淫在这样的氛围里，不知不觉中，在锻炼思维的同时选手也会变得越来越绅士起来。

因此，这，是一场绅士的博弈。

英国议会制辩论比赛规则：1．发言顺序及时间：正方一辩（5分钟）反方一辩（5分钟）正方二辩（5分钟）反方二辩（5分钟）反方一辩总结（5分钟）正方一辩总结（5分钟）2．除总结陈词外，在每位队员发言开始一分钟后到结束前一分钟之间可以接受POI。

3．时间提示：发言时间达到一分钟和剩余一分钟时有一次铃声提示，用时满时有两次铃声提示，此时选手不能再继续发言。

辩手名称：正方一队，首相（一辩）正方一队，副首相（二辩）正方二队，内阁成员（三辩）正方二队，内阁党鞭（四辩）反方一队，反对党领袖（一辩）反方一队，反对党副领袖（二辩）反方二队，反对党成员（三辩）反方二队，反对党党鞭（四辩各辩手规则：在所有陈辞中，除第一分钟及最后一分钟外，辩手都可以口头示意或直接起立提出质询。

正在发言的辩手可以接受或是拒绝。

辩手要求：除首相外，其他成员都要反驳，除（内阁党鞭与反对党党鞭）外，都要提出新的观点。

正方一队首相1）合理诠释辩题2）给出支持该论点的论证体系正方一队副首相1）反击反对党领袖，重新建立起正方的论据2）反驳反方提出的部分或所有论据3）深入阐释正方论证体系正方二队内阁成员1）简要支持正方一队的观点，反驳反方一队提出的一些观点2）阐释一个或多个与正方一队不重复的论点正方二队内阁党鞭1）维护政府成员提出的新论点2）回应反对党成员提出的新论点3）从正方（特别是内阁成员）的角度总结整场辩论反方一队反对党领袖1）接受首相对辩题的解释2）对首相的论证体系给予反驳反方一队反对党副领袖1）继续反驳正方论据2）重申反对党领袖反对辩题的论据反方二队反对党成员1）简要支持反方一队的观点2）直接或间接反驳内阁成员引入的新论点3）阐释一个或多个与反方一队不重复的论点反方二队反对党党鞭1）维护政府成员提出的新论点2）回应正方成员提出的新论点3）从反方（特别是反对党成员）的角度总结整场辩论正方立论的基本原则必要性：是否有必要改变现行政策产生了的问题方案：正方提出一个可取代现行政策的方案好处：正方的提案有何好处？它是否会引发别的问题优势比较法方案：郑方提出一个可取代现行政策的方案优势：显示出正反提案将有何收敛1、举出新的方案产生的效应2、举出这些效应引发的积极影响反方辩论必要性：现状没有问题现有计划正逐步解决问题正方所说的危害并不存在反方立论无效性正方无视/错判问题的根本原因正方提案并未着眼根本/主要原因正方提案不解决问题反方论辩有害性分析正方提案特点分析该特点，可能差生的有害后果更有价值观总结正方的价值观提出己方的价值观对比证明己方更优反方论证提出新计划阐述己方新计划说明新计划的排他性证明新计划有效性证明新计划有益性Ⅰ“扩展论辩”的本质是什么？A.“扩展论辩”是正反双方的第二支队伍提出的新论辩单元，通过“扩展”，二队辩手区别于一队B.正方二队提出的“扩展论辩”要与一队基本观念点一致，反方亦然C.正方二队提出的“扩展辩论”须有别与一队，反方亦然Ⅱ“扩展论辩”的类型A. 新增论证单元通常，正方二队提出一个不同于一队但有利于正方的新论证单元。

B．从价值观角度的分析正方二队可以提出一种不同的，但仍有利于正方的价值观思维角度。

比如，他们可以说，政府的角色是保护公民。

C．从实用性角度的分析D.从其他利害相关者角度分析正一队会提出利害相关者，正二可以通过举例来支持本方。

British Parliamentary StyleBritish Parliamentary style debate is a common form of academic debate. It has gained support in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Europe, Africa, Philippines and United States, and has also been adopted as the official style of the World Universities Debating Championship and European Universities Debating Championship. Speeches are usually between five and seven minutes in duration.Because of the style's origins in British parliamentary procedure, the two sides are called the Government (more commonly called "Proposition" in the United Kingdom) and Opposition. The speakers are similarly titled:1.Opening Government (first faction):1.Prime Minister2.Deputy Prime Minister2.Opening Opposition (second faction):1.Leader of the Opposition2.Deputy Leader of the Opposition3.Closing Government (third faction):1.Member for the Governmenternment Whip4.Closing Opposition (fourth faction):1.Member for the Opposition2.Opposition WhipSpeaking alternates between the two sides and the order of the debate is therefore:1.Prime Minister2.Leader of the Opposition3.Deputy Prime Minister4.Deputy Leader of the Opposition5.Member for the Government6.Member for the Oppositionernment Whip8.Opposition WhipRolesAs British Parliamentary debates take place between four teams their roles are split into two categories, those for the Opening factions, and those for the Closing factions.Opening factionsThe first faction on each Government and Opposition team, known as the Opening Factions, has four basic roles in a British Parliamentary debate. They must:•Define the motion of the debate.•Present their case.•Respond to arguments of the opposing first faction.•Maintain their relevance during the debate.The Opening Government team has the semi-divine right of definition, preventing the opposition from challenging their definition of the motion unless it is either a truism or clearly unreasonable.Closing factionsThe role of the second two factions are to:•Introduce a case extension.•Establish and maintain their relevance early in the debate.•Respond to the arguments of the first factions.•Respond to the case extension of the opposing second faction.In addition, the final two speakers of the debate (known as the Whips) take a similar role to the third speakers in Australia-Asian debating:•The opposition whip may not introduce new arguments for his faction, the government's whip may add new positive material as long as it's "small" and does not start a new line of argumentation.This is a relatively new standard that has become the standard at the Worlds University Debating Championship, as well as the European University Debating Championship;•They must respond to both opposing factions' arguments;•They should briefly sum up their Opening Faction's case;•They should offer a conclusion of their own faction's case extension.Points of InformationThe style demands that all speakers offer Points of Information (POIs) to their opposition. POIs are important in British Parliamentary style, as it allows the first two factions to maintain their relevance during the course of the debate, and the last two factions to introduce their arguments early in the debate. The first and last minute of each speech is considered "protected time", during which no points of information may be offered. VariationsDepending on the country, there are variations in speaking time, speaking order, whether proposition whip can introduce new points, and the number of speakers. In addition to specific rules, etiquette varies by region. For instance, in some tournaments it is considered bad form for the first team on either side to try to cover as many topics as possible to leave the closing team with nothing (a practice known as "scorching the earth"), while in other tournaments it is strongly encouraged. Competitions in BP StyleThe debating season closely follows the academic year in Northern Hemisphere English speaking countries. The first competitions are in Britain and Ireland in October & November, building up to World Championships held over the Christmas holidays. After "Worlds" the Oxford Intervarsity (IV) is the most prestigious. In the New Year theTrinity IV in Dublin, the premier tournament in Ireland, recommences the season. The season continues with a large number of IONA and European competitions in March and April. During May and June, the period annual examinations in many universities a small number of open competitions are held in preparation for the European Championship. "Euros" was initially held over the Easter break, but is now held over the summer, normally in August and concludes the European debating season.The International Mace final is held in April. It is contested by the winners of the national Mace competitions in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The finalists are informed before about the motion. The national mace competitions are run throughout the academic year in a series of knockout rounds in Scotland and Ireland. In England and Wales they are held over the course of two days.For the World Championships and most competitions both team members must be registered students of a university or third level institution. Although occasionally 'open' competitions are held that allow non-students and composite teams to compete. The most prestigious of these on the European circuit is the LSE Open, held at LSE at the end of January each year, which attracts many former World and European Champions and Finalists. It is generally thought to be one of the hardest,if not the hardest, competitions to win, as many debaters ineligible to speak at Worlds or Euros are able to, and do, compete.Truism/Aphorism/Axiom/Cliché/Platitude/Contradiction/Dictum/FactMotionsTopic 1: Staying in China or going abroad for education becomes more and more popular for several years. Do you think which is better?Topic 2: Is it necessary to pass CET-4 or CET-6 in the university?Topic 3: Do you think cosmetic surgery have a positive or negative influence on our society?Topic 4: Should we diet in order to keep fit?。