2017年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案
2017年雅思阅读考试精选习题及答案(3)
2017年雅思阅读考试精选习题及答案(3)Talc PowderA Peter Brigg discovers how talc from Luzenac's Trimouns in France find its way into food and agricultural products - from chewing gum to olive oil. High in the French Pyrenees, some 1,700m above sea level, lies Trimouns, a huge deposit of hydrated magnesium silicate - talc to you and me. Talc from Trimouns, and from ten other Luzenac mines across the globe, is used in the manufacture of a vast array of everyday products extending from paper, paint and plaster to cosmetics, plastics and car tyres. And of course there is always talc's best known end use: talcum powder for babies1 bottoms. But the true versatility of this remarkable mineral is nowhere better displayed than in its sometimes surprising use in certain niche markets in the food and agriculture industries.B Take, for example, the chewing gum business. Every year, Talc de Luzenac France - which owns and operates the Trimouns mine and is a member of the international Luzenac Group (art of Rio Tinto minerals) supplies about 6,000 tones of talc to chewing gum manufacturers in Europe. "We've been selling to this sector of the market since the1960s," says Laurent Fournier, sales manager in Luzenac's Specialties business unit in Toulouse. "Admittedly, in terms of our total annual sales of talc, the amount we supply to chewing gum manufacturers is relatively small, but we see it as a valuable niche market: one where customers place a premium on securing supplies from a reliable, high quality source. Because of this, long term allegiance to a proven suppler is very much a feature of this sector of die talc market." Switching sources - in the way that you might choose to buy, say, paperclips from Supplier A rather than from Supplier B - is not an easy option for chewing gum manufacturers." Fournier says. "The cost of reformulating is high, so when customers are using a talc grade that works, even if it's expensive, they are understandably reluctant to switch."C But how is talc actually used in the manufacture of chewing gum? Patrick Delord, an engineer with a degree in agronomics, who has been with Luzenac for 22 years and is now senior market development manager, Agriculture and Food, in Europe, explains that chewing gums has four main components. "The most important of them is the gum base," he says. "It's the gum base that puts the chew into chewing gum. It bindsall the ingredients together, creating a soft, smooth texture. To this the manufacturer then adds sweeteners, softeners and flavourings. Our talc is used as a filler in the gum base. The amount vanes between, say, ten and 35 per cent, depending on the type of gum. Fruit flavoured chewing gum, for example, is slightly acidic and would react with the calcium carbonate that the manufacturer might otherwise use as a filler. Talc, on the other hand, makes an ideal filler because it's non-reactive chemically. In the factory, talc is also used to dust the gum base pellets and to stop the chewing gum sticking during the lamination and packing process," Delord adds.D The chewing gum business is, however, just one example oftalc's use in the food sector. For the past 20 years or so, olive oil processors in Spain have been taking advantage of talc's unique characteristics to help them boost the amount of oil they extract from crushed olives According to Patrick Delord, talc is especially usefulfor treating what he calls "difficult" olives. After the olives are harvested - preferably early in the morning because their taste isbetter if they are gathered in the cool of the day they are taken to the processing plant. There they arc crushed and then stirred for 30-45 minutes. In the old days, the resulting paste was passed through anolive press but nowadays it's more common to add water and (K-6IH) the mixture to separate the water and oil from the solid matter The oil and water are then allowed to settle so that the olive oil layer can be )and bottled. “Difficult” olives are those that are more reluctant than the norm to yield up their full oil content. This may be attributable to the particular species of olive, or to its water content and the time of year the olives arc collected - at the beginning and the end of the season their water content is often either too high or too low. These olives are easy to recognize because they produce a lot of extra foam during the stirring process, a consequence of an excess of a fine solid that acts as a natural emulsifier. The oil in this emulsion is lost when the water is disposed of. Not only that, if the waste water is disposed of directly into local fields - often the case in many smaller processing operations - the emulsified oil may take some time to biodegrade and so be harmful to the environment.E "If you add between a half and two percent of talc by weight during the stirring process, it absorbs the natural emulsifier in the olives and so boosts the amount of oil you can extract," says Delord. "In addition, talc's flat, 'platey' structure helps increase the size of the oil droplets liberated during stirring, which again improves theyield. However, because talc is chemically inert, it doesn't affect the color, taste, appearance or composition of the resulting olive oil."F If the use of talc in olive oil processing and in chewing gumis long established, new applications in the food and agriculture industries arc also constantly being sought by Luzenac. One such promising new market is fruit crop protection, being pioneered in the US. Just like people, fruit can get sunburned. In fact, in very sunnyregions up to 45 per cent of a typical crop can be affected by heat stress and sunburn However, in the case of fruit, it's not so much the ultra violet rays which harm the crop as the high surface temperaturethat the sun's rays create.G To combat this, farmers normally use either chemicals or spray a continuous fine canopy of mist above the fruit frees or bushes. The trouble is, this uses a lot of water - normally a precious commodity in hot, sunny areas - and it is therefore expensive. What's more, the ground can quickly become waterlogged. "So our idea was to coat thefruit with talc to protect it from the sun," says Greg Hunter, a marketing specialist who has been with Luzenac for ten years. "But to do this, several technical challenges had first to be overcome. Talc isvery hydrophobic: it doesn't like water. So in order to have a viable product we needed a wettable powder - something that would go readilyinto suspension so that it could be sprayed onto the fruit. It also had to break the surface tension of the cutin (the natural waxy, waterproof layer on the fruit) and of course it had to wash off easily when thefruit was harvested. No-one's going to want an apple that's covered in talc."H Initial trials in the state of Washington in 2003 showed that when the product was sprayed onto Granny Smith apples, it reduced their surface temperature and lowered the incidence of sunburn by up to 60 per cent. Today the new product, known as Invelop Maximum SPF, is in its second commercial year on the US market. Apple growers are the primary target although Hunter believes grape growers represent another sector with long term potential. He is also hopeful of extending sales to overseas markets such as Australia, South America and southern Europe.。
雅思考试阅读试题及答案解析
雅思考试阅读试题及答案解析2017年雅思考试阅读试题及答案解析赶脚的对头是脚懒，学习的对头是自满。
以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的2017年雅思考试阅读试题及答案解析，希望能给大家带来帮助!From The Economist print editionHow shops can exploit people’s herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted：for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store， forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes， also of the Florida Institute of Technology， set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that， if a certain product is seen to be popular， shoppers are likely to choose it too. Thechallenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani’s supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag， a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods，a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high，he is more likely to select it too.4. Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bough t the “right” product—that is， the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world，mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work， and testing will get under way in the spring.5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could，indeed，be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14，000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded，they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but wasless pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category， and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem， a company in Cambridge， Massachusetts， also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home， you can still be part of the swarm.Questions 1-6Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.1. Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products.2. In shops，products shelved at a more visible level sell better even if they are more _______________.3. According to Mr. Usmani，with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon， a new method can be applied to encourage _______________.4. On the way to everyday items at the back of the store，shoppers might be tempted to buy _______________.5. If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high， other customers tend to follow them.6. Using the “swarm-moves” model， shopowners do nothave to give customers _______________ to increase sales.Questions 7-12Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 7-12 write YES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contraicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage7. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in big supermarkets like Wal-Mart.8. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.9. Songs ranked high by the number of times being downloaded are favored by customers.10. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.11. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other shops.12. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life. Answer keys：1. 答案：(freshly baked) bread. (第1段第2 行：Shoppers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they intended.)2. 答案：expensive. (第1段第4 行：Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.)3. 答案：impulse buying. (第2段第1 句：At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan- ul- hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increaseimpulse buying using this phenomenon.)4. 答案：other (tempting) goods/things/products. (第2段第2 句：Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted：for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.)5. 答案：screen. (第3段第4 行：As a customer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too.)6. 答案：discounts. (第4段第第1句：Mr Usmani’s “swarm- moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.)7. 答案：NO. (第4段第3、4 句：The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal- Mart in America an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd， and testing will get under way in the spring. 短语“get under way”的意思是“开始进行”，在Wal-Mart的.试验要等到春天才开始)8. 答案：NOT GIVEN. (在文中没有提及该信息)9. 答案：YES。
2017年雅思阅读模拟练习试题及答案：沙丘
⽂章标题沙丘 sand dunes
⽂章⼤意
讲的是sand dunes ，形状形成原因移动什么的还会发出什么声⾳。
先讲沙化现在多严重，再将沙化分类；接着才进⼊正题将关其中很⼩⽐例的貌似是流沙的的现象关于他的研究后边
主要是关于这种沙地会发⼀种低频声⾳的研究科学家找到了⼀些线索并且仿制出了类似的声⾳
题⽬类型LOH⽆例⼦
MC
S关于沙⼦发声成因的具体两段。
参考答案LOH：
A，建筑物和⼯⼚的潜在敌⼈。
？
B，最普通的沙丘，commonest
C，
D，⼀个循环的过程，（就是沙丘形成的过程）E，沙丘到⼀起然后结合re-forming？
F，最后⼀个选项，没看懂，但是就只有这个可能了G，在实验室中重建模型
S：
（），shape，tone，minerals。
2017年雅思IELTS考试备考资料模拟试题及答案5
READING TEST You are advised to spend about 15 minutes on Questions 1-14 which refer to Reading Passage below. The private car is assumed to have widened our horizons and increased our mobility. When we consider our children's mobility, they can be driven to more places (and more distant places) than they could visit without access to a motor vehicle. However, allowing our cities to be dominated by cars has progressively eroded children's independent mobility. Children have lost much of their freedom to explore their own neighborhood or city without adult supervision. In recent surveys, when parents in some cities were asked about their own childhood experiences, the majority remembered having more, or far more, opportunities for going out on their own, compared with their own children today. They had more freedom to explore their own environment. Children's independent access to their local streets may be important for their own personal, mental and psychological development. Allowing them to get to know their own neighborhood and community gives them a 'sense of place'. This depends on active exploration', which is not provided for when children are passengers in cars. (Such children may see more, but they learn less.) Not only is it important that children be able to get to local play areas by themselves, but walking and cycling journeys to school and to other destinations provide genuine play activities in themselves. There are very significant time and money costs for parents associated with transporting their children to school, sport and to other locations. Research in the United Kingdom estimated that this cost, in 1990, was between 10 billion and 20 billion pounds. The reduction in children's freedom may also contribute to a weakening of the sense of local community. As fewer children and adults use the streets as pedestrians, these streets become less sociable places. There is less opportunity for children and adults to have the spontaneous exchanges that help to engender a feeling of community. This in itself may exacerbate fear associated with assault and molestation of children, because there are fewer adults available who know their neighbors' children, and who can look out for their safety. The extra traffic involved in transporting children results in increased traffic congestion, pollution and accident risk. As our roads become more dangerous, more parents drive their children to more places, thus contributing to increased levels of danger for the remaining pedestrians. Anyone who has experienced either the reduced volume of traffic jams near schools at the end of a school day, will not need convincing about these points. Thus, there are also important environmental implications of children's loss of freedom. As individuals, parents strive to provide the best upbringing they can for their children. However, in doing so, (e.g. by driving their children to sport, school or recreation) parents may be contributing to a more dangerous environment for children generally. The idea that 'streets are for cars and back yards and playgrounds are for children' is a strongly held belief, and parents have little choice as individuals but to keep their children off the streets if they want to protect their safety. In many parts of Dutch cities, and some traffic calmed precincts in Germany, residential streets are now places where cares must give way to pedestrians. In these areas, residents are accepting the view that the function of streets is not solely to provide mobility for cars. Streets may also be for social interaction, walking, cycling and playing. One of the most important aspects of these European cities, in terms of giving cities back to children, has been a range of 'traffic calming' initiatives, aimed at reducing the volume and speed of traffic. These initiatives have had complex interactive effects, leading to a sense that children have been able to 'recapture' their local neighborhood, and more importantly, that they have been able to do this in safety. Recent research has demonstrated that children in many German cities have significantly higher levels of freedom to travel to places in their own neighborhood or city than children inn other cities in the world. Modifying cities in order to enhance children's freedom will not only benefit children. Such cities will become more environmentally sustainable, as well as more sociable and more livable for all city residents. Perhaps it will be our concern for our children's welfare that convinces us that we need to challenge that we need to challenge the dominance of the car in our cities. Questions 1-5. Read statements 1-5 which relate to Paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of the reading passage. Answer T if the statement is true, F if the statement is false, or NI if there is no information given in the passage. One has been done for you as an example. Example: The private car has made people more mobile. Answer: T Q1.The private car has helped children have more opportunities to learn. Q2.Children are more independent today than they used to be. Q3.Walking and cycling to school allows children to learn more. Q4.Children usually walk or cycle to school. Q5.Parents save time and money by during children to school. Questions 6-9. In Paragraphs 4 and 5, there are FOUR problems stated. These problems, numbered as questions 6-9, are listed below. Each of these problems has a cause, listed A-G. Find the correct cause for each of the problems and write the corresponding letter A-G, in the spaces numbered 6-9 on the answer sheet. One has been done for you as an example.There are more causes than problems so you will not use all of them and you any use any cause more than once. Problems Causes Example: Answer Low sense of community feeling F Q6.streets become less sociable ____ Q7.fewer chances for meeting friends ____ Q8.fears of danger for children ____ Q9.higher accident risk ____ A few adults know local children B fewer people use the streets C increased pollution D streets are less friendly E less traffic in school holidays F reduced freedom for children G more children driven to school Questions 10-14. Questions 10-14 are statement beginnings which represent information given in Paragraphs 6, 7 and 8. In the box below, there are some statement endings numbered ⅰ-ⅹ. Choose the correct ending for each statement. One has been done for you as an example. Example: By driving their children to school, parents help create… Answer: ⅰ Q10.Children should play… Q11.In some German towns, pedestrians have right of way… Q12.Streets should also be used for… Q13.Reducing the amount of traffic and the speed is… Q14.All people who live in the city will benefit if cities are… List of statement endings ⅰ … a dangerous environment. ⅱ … modified. ⅲ … on residential streets. ⅳ … modifying cities. ⅴ … neighbourhoods. ⅵ … socializing. ⅶ … in backyards. ⅷ … for cars. ⅸ … traffic calming. ⅹ … residential.。
雅思阅读真题及参考答案
雅思阅读真题及参考答案2017雅思阅读真题及参考答案在准备雅思阅读复习的时候，可以通过做一些真题来提高做题效率。
为此店铺为大家带来雅思考试阅读真题以及参考答案。
雅思考试阅读真题及答案The Afghan army says at least ten members of the T aliban have been beheaded by rival militants from the Islamic State group in the east of the country. The beheadings followed weeks of fierce fightings between the two groups. Mark Lobell reports from Kabul.“The revelations emerged in a secret memo from the Afghan army’s 201th Col mistaken ly sent to the media on Wednesday. The document says that a Taliban attack on a government-held area in the remote action district close to the border with Pakistan was repelled by the army. Then ten fleeing insurgents were captured by Islamic State militants and beheaded. This is the first known beheadings of Taliban members by Islamic State linked fighters who have reportedly been trying to recruit soldiers from the Taliban.”South African police have launched a preliminary investigation into allegations that the country’s football association paid a $10 million bribe to FIFA officials to host the 2010 World Cup. The claim emerged as part of a corruption scandal that engulfed FIFA. South Africa’s Finance Minister Nhlanhla Nene said he had seen no indication of financial wrong doing.“We were very vigorous and then all the available information that we save before those instructions were intensely interrogated and I can attest that none of such evidence eversurfaced in those meetings.”Britain’s Sports Minister John Whittingdale says there’s a strong case for rerunning the bids to host the World Cup in 2018 and 2022 if there’s evidence of corruption. FIFA awarded the tournaments to Russia and Qatar.The Chinese authorities say they are planning to right the cruise ship that overturned in the Yangtze River on Monday. More than 450 people on board, but only 14 are known to have survived. From Jianli on the Yangtze River, John Sudworth reports.“The divers have been battling near 0 visibility and serious risks i n trying to search ship’s 150 compartments. The body recovery work had begun to gather pace after holes were cut into the Eastern Star’s exposed upturned hull allowing workers to enter from above, but it now seems the engineers have decided the best option is to raise the 4-decked cruise ship out of the water. Hooks have been well in the place and the net has been stretched around the entire structure.”Google has apologized to the India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi after his photo appeared in Internet search results for the world’s top ten criminals. Here's Anberison at Rajkot."Google said the way images were described on the Internet could lead to surprising results to specific queries and they were not reflective of the opinions of the company. Google’s apology came after many Indian politicians and commentators expressed concern on social media. Despite the company’s apology, an image search for the world’s top ten criminals still shows pictures of Mr Modi alongside the wanted militants, murders and dictators."马里恩·马歇尔为你播报BBC新闻。
雅思试题阅读模拟练习及答案
雅思试题阅读模拟练习及答案2017年雅思试题阅读模拟练习及答案你们必须向上代学习，必须掌握人类已经取得的.最优秀的成果，然后再由此推陈出新。
以下是店铺为大家搜索整理2017年雅思试题阅读模拟练习及答案，希望能给大家带来帮助!This reading test contains 11 questions. You shouldspend about 20 minutes on this task.Read the passage below and answer 11 questions.Section AMuynak used to be a port city. Inhabitants ofMuynak, of which there are fewer and fewer, nowpose for pictures next to ships which were onceanchored along the shores of the Aral Sea, but arenow stranded in an ocean of sand where water oncewas. These pictures are published in scientificjournals and magazines alongside descriptions of how what was once the world’s fourth largestlake may disappear altogether by 2020.Section BThe Aral Sea is located in the central Asian desert between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. In1960, it covered 68,000 km2, and its waters fed agriculture across the region. By 1998, thearea of the Aral Sea had shrunk to one third of its previous size and has now become asymbol of how drastically human activities can adversely affect the environment, and howmuch this effect can, in turn, affect human activities.Section CThe reason for this change is not exclusively due to man. Droughts in the 1970s and 80sreduced the amount of water carried by the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, two rivers whichfeed the sea. However, farming policies implemented during themiddle of the 20th centuryincreased the farming of water-hungry crops like cotton, and farmers used vast quantities ofwater from these two rivers to irrigate their land. The result of this was that very little waterwas entering the Aral Sea, and it consequently began decreasing in volume.Section DPolicy makers at the time were aware of the effect of diverting so much water for agriculture,but they saw it as an acceptable trade-off to improving agricultural output, and therebyimproving the economy. The sea itself was of less importance to the progress of society thanfarming which could produce not only crops for domestic use but commodities for trade.Section EThey did not, however, anticipate all the effects that the drying of the Aral Sea would have.The Aral Sea is a salt-water sea, and the salt left behind when the waters retreated has nowblown away with wind and storms, making patches of land unsuitable for farming. This affectsnot only the surrounding region, but lands as far as a thousand kilometers away. In addition,the remaining waters have become increasingly more concentrated in salt, and this is killing offa once thriving fishing industry as it kills off the fish themselves. The Aral Sea, like all largebodies of water, has a strong effect on local climate, and as it has disappeared, harvestingseasons have become shorter and dryer. Many farmers in the surrounding area have had togive up growing cotton because the growing season is not long enough for this crop.Section FThe effect on inhabitants of the area is not limited toeconomics and productivity. The healthof those living in the area has deteriorated due to a supply of drinking water which has highconcentrations of minerals. The area has seen sharp jumps in the rates of cancer andrespiratory illnesses.Section GThere are compelling reasons to halt and try to reverse the fate of the Aral Sea, but it wouldbe difficult. The region, though weakened by worsening conditions, still depends on agricultureto survive, and there are no alternative sources of water. In the 1980s, it was proposed todivert water from rivers far to the north in an effort to save the Aral Sea, and it might haveworked had the price of the project, an estimated $250 billion, not been prohibitive.The Reading Passage has seven sections, A-G.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-x in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi) Man mostly to blameii) Devastating outcomesiii) A port in a sea of sandiv) A lost causev) The world's fourth largest lakevi) A symbol of environmental disastervii) A man-made disasterviii) A fair exchange?ix) Poisonous watersx) The problem of salt1) Section A2) Section B3) Section C4) Section D5) Section E6) Section F7) Section GDo the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?On your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this8) The Amu Darya and the Syr Darya were not water sources before the 20th century.9) The Aral Sea will be saved by diverting water from other rivers.10) Many farmers have had to stop growing cotton and opt for other crops due to increased salt in the soil.11) Policy makers were unaware of how much the Aral Sea would shrink due to increased agriculture in the area.1) iii2) vi3) i4) viii5) ii6) ix7) iv8) NOT GIVEN9) FALSE10) FALSE11) TRUE。
2017年雅思阅读模拟练习试题及答案：简单英语
2017 年雅思阅读模拟练习试题及答案：简单英语Summary
参考答案
判断题
1) 美国换了总统后那个运动就没效果了 (文中说虽然换了个总统，但还是怎样怎样) F
2) the campaigner has problem talking with the officials NG
3)推广 plain English 产生了 economic benefits (文中说增加了 sales) T
4)patients talk with docotors 后因为 doctors tend to use jargon(专业术语) 然后病人 confused (文中说是 medicine label 就是药瓶上的标签，不是谈话) NG
5)还有个是关于法院的 word check is made rugularly(文中好像说有个法官觉得应该 pay attention to those words have been used years on the courts, 他只是说我们应该注意) NG
填空题
我记得有个关于 DO-IT-YOURSELF(好像是)说应该现在 first-time users 上测试，他们通常感觉 upset (这个词我忘了是什么，反正就在那一句里面) 其他的反正应该不是很难，就在那几段里面。
哦，我还记得有个填 legal jargon。
雅思阅读模拟专项试题训练带答案2017
雅思阅读模拟专项试题训练带答案2017一分耕耘，一分收获;要收获的好，必须耕耘的好，以下是小编为大家搜索整理的雅思阅读模拟专项试题训练带答案2017，希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们应届毕业生考试网!This reading test contains 11 questions. You shouldspend about 20 minutes on this task.Read the passage below and answer 11 questions.Section AMuynak used to be a port city. Inhabitants ofMuynak, of which there are fewer and fewer, nowpose for pictures next to ships which wereonceanchored along the shores of the Aral Sea, but arenow stranded in an ocean of sand where water oncewas. These pictures are published in scientificjournals and magazines alongside descriptions of how what was once the world’s fourth largestlake may disappear altogether by 2020.Section BThe Aral Sea is located in the central Asian desert between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. In1960, it covered 68,000 km2, and its waters fed agriculture across the region. By 1998, thearea of the Aral Sea had shrunk to one third of its previous size and has now become asymbol of how drastically human activities can adversely affect the environment, and howmuch this effect can, in turn, affect human activities.Section CThe reason for this change is not exclusively due to man. Droughtsin the 1970s and 80sreduced the amount of water carried by the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, two rivers whichfeed the sea. However, farming policies implemented during the middle of the 20th centuryincreased the farming of water-hungry crops like cotton, and farmers used vast quantities ofwater from these two rivers to irrigate their land. The result of this was that very little waterwas entering the Aral Sea, and it consequently began decreasing in volume.Section DPolicy makers at the time were aware of the effect of diverting so much water for agriculture,but they saw it as an acceptable trade-off to improving agricultural output, and therebyimproving the economy. The sea itself was of less importance to the progress of society thanfarming which could produce not only crops for domestic use but commodities for trade.Section EThey did not, however, anticipate all the effects that the drying of the Aral Sea would have.The Aral Sea is a salt-water sea, and the salt left behind when the waters retreated has nowblown away with wind and storms, making patches of land unsuitable for farming. This affectsnot only the surrounding region, but lands as far as a thousand kilometers away. In addition,the remaining waters have become increasingly more concentrated in salt, and this is killing offa once thriving fishing industry as it kills off the fish themselves. The Aral Sea, like all largebodies of water, has a strong effect on local climate, and as it has disappeared, harvestingseasons have become shorter and dryer. Many farmers in the surrounding area have had togive up growing cotton because the growing season is not long enough for this crop.Section FThe effect on inhabitants of the area is not limited to economics and productivity. The healthof those living in the area has deteriorated due to a supply of drinking water which has highconcentrations of minerals. The area has seen sharp jumps in the rates of cancer andrespiratory illnesses.Section GThere are compelling reasons to halt and try to reverse the fate of the Aral Sea, but it wouldbe difficult. The region, though weakened by worsening conditions, still depends on agricultureto survive, and there are no alternative sources of water. In the 1980s, it was proposed todivert water from rivers far to the north in an effort to save the Aral Sea, and it might haveworked had the price of the project, an estimated $250 billion, not been prohibitive.The Reading Passage has seven sections, A-G.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-x in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi) Man mostly to blameii) Devastating outcomesiii) A port in a sea of sandiv) A lost causev) The world's fourth largest lake vi) A symbol of environmental disastervii) A man-made disaster viii) A fair exchange? ix) Poisonous watersx) The problem of salt1) Section A2) Section B3) Section C4) Section D5) Section E6) Section F7) Section GDo the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?On your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this8) The Amu Darya and the Syr Darya were not water sources before the 20th century.9) The Aral Sea will be saved by diverting water from other rivers.10) Many farmers have had to stop growing cotton and opt for other crops due to increased salt in the soil.11) Policy makers were unaware of how much the Aral Sea would shrink due to increased agriculture in the area.参考答案1) iii2) vi3) i4) viii5) ii6) ix7) iv8) NOT GIVEN9) FALSE10) FALSE11) TRUE。
雅思阅读理解习题附答案
雅思阅读理解习题附答案2017年雅思阅读理解精选习题附答案人生有一道难题，那就是如何使一寸光阴等于一寸生命，以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的2017年雅思阅读理解精选习题附答案，希望能给大家带来帮助!★Study Finds Web Antifraud Measure IneffectivePublished: February 5, 2007 New York Times1. Internet security experts have long known that simple passwords do not fully defend online bank accounts from determined fraud artists. Now a study suggests that a popular secondary security measure provides little additional protection.2.The study, produced jointly by researchers at Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of T echnology, looked at a technology called site-authentication images. In the system, currently used by financial institutions like Bank of America, ING Direct and Vanguard, online banking customers are asked to select an image, like a dog or chess piece, that they will see every time they log in to their account.3.The idea is that if customers do not see their image, they could be at a fraudulent Web site, dummied up to look like their bank’s, and should not enter their passwords.4.The Harvard and M.I.T. researchers tested that hypothesis. In October, they brought 67 Bank of America customers in the Boston area into a controlled environment and asked them to conduct routine online banking activities, like looking up account balances. But the researchers had secretly withdrawn the images.5.Of 60 participants who got that far into the study and whose results could be verified, 58 entered passwords anyway. Only two chose not to log on, citing security concerns.6.“The premise is that site-authentication images increase security because customers will not enter their passwords if they do not see the correct image,” said Stuart Schechter, a computer scientist at the M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory. “From the study we learned that the premise is right less than 10 percent of the time.”7.He added: “If a bank were to ask me if they should deploy it, I would say no, wait for something better,” he said.8.The system has some high-power supporters in the financial services world, many trying to comply with new online banking regulations. In 2005, the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, an interagency body of federal banking regulators, determined that passwords alone did not effectively thwart intruders like identity thieves.9.It issued new guidelines, asking financial Web sites to find better ways for banks and customers to identify each other online. January 2007 was set as the compliance date, though the council has yet to begin enforcing the mandate.10.Banks immediately knew what they did not want to do: ask customers to download new security software, or carry around hardware devices that feed them PIN codes they can use to authenticate their identities. Both solutions would add an extra layer of security but, the banks believed, detract from the convenience of online banking.11.The image system, introduced in 2004 by a Silicon Valley firm called PassMark Security, offered banks a pain-free addition to their security arsenals. Bank of America was among the first to adopt it, in June 2005, under the brand name SiteKey, asking its 21 million Web site users to select an image from thousands of possible choices and to choose a unique phrase they would see every time they logged in.12.SiteKey “gives our customers a fairly easy way of authenticating the Bank of America Web site,” said Sanjay Gupta, an e-commerce executive at the bank. “It was very well received.”13.The Harvard and M.I.T. researchers, however, found that most online banking customers did not notice when the SiteKey images were absent. When respondents logged in during the study, they saw a site maintenance message on the screen where their image and phrases should have been pictured. The error message also had a conspicuous spelling mistake, further suggesting something fishy.14.Mr. Gupta of Bank of America said he was not troubled by the results of the survey, and stressed that SiteKey had made the bank’s Web site more secure. He also said that the system was only a single part of a larger security blanket. “It’s not like we’re betting the bank on SiteKey,” he said.15.Most financial institutions, like Bank of America, have other ways to tell if a customer is legitimate. The banks often drop a small software progra m, called a cookie, onto a user’s PC to associate the computer with the customer. If the customer logs in from another machine, he may be asked personal questions, like his mother’s maiden name.16.Rachna Dhamija, the Harvard researcher who conducted the study, points out that swindlers can use their dummy Web sites to ask customers those personal questions. She said that the study demonstrated that site-authentication images are fundamentally flawed and, worse, might actually detract from security by giving users a false sense of confidence.17.RSA Security, the company that bought PassMark last year, “has a lot of great data on how SiteKey instills trust and confidence and good feelings in their customers,” Ms. Dhamijasaid. “Ultimately that might be why t hey adopted it. Sometimes the appearance of security is more important than security itself.”(811 words )Questions 1-5Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the writerFALSE if the statement does not agree with the writerNOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage1.According to internet security experts, secondary security measures provide little additional protection against fraud.2.In t he Harvard and MIT study, two subjects didn’t log on without seeing the correct pictures.3.According to Schechter, more than 90% of online banking customers studied logged on without seeing the right pictures.4.The image system is the only security measure that the banks mentioned in the passage have currently.5.Bank of America is the first bank that adopted the image system.Questions 6-13Answer the following questions or complete the following sentences by choosing NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.6.What is ING Direct and Vanguard?7.What might online banking customers be cheated to give at a fraudulent Web site?8.What may stop online banking customers from using new verification methods?9.The key to online banking security is to verify the ______ ofcustomers.10.Where is PassMark Security located?11.What is the reason why SiteKey is popular among online banking customers?12.What was used instead of images in the Harvard and M.I.T. study?13.How many security methods are mentioned in this passage?Answer keys1. 第一段“Now a study suggests that a popular secondary security measure provides little additional protection.”似与问题文字很接近，但是原文中a popular secondary security measure是指特定的'一个措施，而非泛指所有secondary security measure。
雅思考试阅读练习试题附答案
雅思考试阅读练习试题附答案人的知识和人的力量这两件东西是结合为一体的;工作的失败都起于对因果关系的无知。
以下是店铺为大家搜索整理2017年雅思考试阅读练习试题附答案，希望能给大家带来帮助!Volatility KillsYou should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage below.ADespite gun battles in the capital of Chad, rioting in Kenya and galloping inflation in Zimbabwe, the economics of sub-Saharan Africa arc, as a whole, in better shape than they were a few years ago. The World Bank has reported recently that this part of the continent experienced a respectable growth rate of 5.6 percent in 2006 and a higher rate from 1995 to 2005 than in previous decades. The bank has given a cautious assessment that the region may have reached a turning point. An overriding question for developmental economists remains whether the upswing will continue so Africans can grow their way out of a poverty that relegates some 40 percent of the nearly 744 million in that region to living on less than a dollar a day. The optimism, when inspected more closely, may be short-lived because of the persistence of a devastating pattern of economic volatility that has lingered for decades.B“In reality, African countries grow as fast as Asian countries and other developing countries during the good times, but afterward they see growth collapses,” comments Jorge Arbache, a senior World Bank economist. “How to prevent collapses may be as important as promoting growth.” If these collapses hadnot occurred, he observes, the level of gross domestic product for each citizen of the 48 nations of sub-Saharan Africa would have been a third higher.CThe prerequisite to prevent the next crash are not in place, according to a World Bank study issued in January. Is Africa's Recent Growth Robust? The growth period that began in 1995, driven by a commodities boom spurred in particular by demand from China, may not be sustainable, because the economic fundamentals—new investment and the ability to stave off inflation, among other factors—are absent. The region lacks the necessary infrastructure that would encourage investors to look to Africa to find the next Bengaluru (Bangalore) or Shenzhen, a November report from the bank concludes. For sub-Saharan countries rich in oil and other resources, a boom period may even undermine efforts to institute sound economic practices. From 1996 to 2005, with growth accelerating, measures of governance—factors such as political stability, rule of law, and control of corruption—actually worsened, especially for countries endowed with abundant mineral resources, the January report notes.DPerhaps the most incisive analysis of the volatility question comes from Paul Collier, a longtime specialist in African economics at the University of Oxford and author of the recent book The Bottom Billion. He advocates a range of options that the U.S. and other nations could adopt when formulating policy toward African countries. They include revamped trade measures, better-apportioned aid and sustained military intervention in certain instances, to avert what he sees as a rapidly acceleratingdivergence of the world’s poorest, primarily in Africa, from the rest of the world, even other developing nations such India and China.ECollier find that bad governance is the main reason countries fail to take advantage of the revenue bonanza that results from a boom. Moreover, a democratic government, he adds, often makes the aftermath of a boom worse. “Instead of democracy disciplining governments to manage these resource booms well, what happens is that the resource revenues corrupt the normal functioning of democracy—unless you stop (them from) corrupting the normal function of democracy with sufficient checks and balances”, he said at a talk in January at the Carnegie Council in New York City.FCollier advocates that African nations institute an array of standards and codes to bolster governments, one of which would substitute auctions for bribes in apportioning mineral rights and another of which would tax export revenues adequately. He cites the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which took in $200 million from mineral exports in 2006 yet collected only $86,000 in royalties for its treasury. “If a nation gets these points right,” he argues, “it's going to develop. If it gets them wrong, it won't.”GTo encourage reform, Collier recommends that the G8 nations agree to accept these measures as voluntary guidelines for multinationals doing business in Africa—companies, for instance, would only enter new contracts through auctions monitored by an international verification group. Such an agreement would follow the examples of the so-called KimberleyProcess, which has effectively undercut the trade in blood diamonds, and the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, in which a government must report to its citizens the revenues it receives from sales of natural resources.HThese measures, he says, are more important than elevating aid levels, an approach emphasized by economist Jeffrey D. Sachs of Columbia University and celebrity activists such as Bono. Collier insists that first Angola receives tens of billions of dollars in oil revenue and whether it gets a few hundred million more or less in aid is really second-order.Questions 1-4Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-C) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 1 -4 on your answer sheet.NB you may use any letter more than onceA Jeffrey D. SachsB Paul CollierC Jorge Arbache1. An unexpectedly opposite result2. Estimated more productive outcomes if it were not for sudden economic downturns3. A proposal for a range of recommended instructions for certain countries to narrow the widening economic gap4. An advocate for a method used for a specific assessmentQuestions 5-9Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement is trueFALSE if the statement is falseNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage5. The instability in economy in some African countries might negatively impact their continuing growth after a certain level has been reached.6. Collier is the most influential scholar on the study of volatility problem.7. Certain African governments levy considerable taxes on people profiting greatly from exportation.8. Some African nations' decisions on addressing specific existing problems are directly related to the future of their economic trends.9. Collier regards Jeffrey D. Sachs' recommended way of evaluating of little importance.Questions 10-13SummaryComplete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No More than Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.According to one research carried by the World Bank, some countries in Africa may suffer from 10 due to the lack of according preconditions. They experienced a growth stimulated by 11 , but according to another study, they may not keep this trend stable because they don't have 12 which would attract investors. To some countries with abundant resources this fast-growth period might even mean something devastating to their endeavor. During one specific decade accompanied by 13 as a matter of fact, the governing saw a deterioration.参考译文：致命的波动性A尽管乍得共和国的首都都有**交火，肯尼亚经历着**，津巴布上演着骇人的通货膨胀，撒哈拉以南的非地区的经济作为一个整体比前几年要发展好很多。
2017雅思英语试题及答案
2017雅思英语试题及答案2017年雅思英语试题及答案一、听力部分1. 选择题A. 8:15B. 8:30C. 8:45答案：B2. 填空题Question: What is the man's name?Answer: John3. 配对题Question: Which course is recommended for beginners?Answer: Course A二、阅读部分1. 选择题A. The history of the companyB. The company's productsC. The company's management答案：A2. 判断题Question: The company has expanded its business to other countries.Answer: True3. 填空题Question: What is the main purpose of the new policy?Answer: To reduce pollution.三、写作部分Task 1: 描述图表Write at least 150 words describing the following chart.[图表内容：某城市2007年到2017年的人口变化][写作示例]The chart illustrates the population changes in a city from 2007 to 2017. Initially, in 2007, the population was at 500,000. Over the next few years, there was a steady increase, reaching a peak of 750,000 in 2012. After a slight decline, the population stabilized at around 700,000 by 2017. This trend suggests a general growth in the city's population over the decade.Task 2: 议论文Write at least 250 words discussing the following topic.Topic: "The use of social media has a negative impact on young people's social skills."[写作示例]The proliferation of social media has been a subject of debate, with some arguing that it negatively affects the social skills of young people. While it is true that social media provides a platform for communication, it also leads to a decrease in face-to-face interactions, which are crucial for developing social skills. Young people who spend excessive time on social media may become less adept at reading non-verbal cues and maintaining real-life conversations. This can result in a lack of empathy and understanding in interpersonal relationships. Therefore, it is essential to balance online and offline interactions to ensure the development of well-rounded social skills.四、口语部分1. 个人陈述Question: Describe a book that you have read recently and enjoyed.[回答示例]I recently read a book called "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee. It's a classic novel that explores themes of racial injustice and moral growth. I enjoyed the book because it provides a deep insightinto human nature and the importance of empathy. The characters are well-developed, and the story is both engaging and thought-provoking.2. 讨论题Question: Do you think technology has made people's lives easier or more complicated?[回答示例]I believe technology has made people's lives both easier and more complicated. On one hand, technology has streamlined many tasks, making them more efficient and convenient. For example, smartphones allow us to communicate instantly and access information at our fingertips. However, the constant connectivity can also lead to information overload and a lack of privacy. Additionally, reliance on technology can sometimes hinder our ability to solve problems independently. Overall, while technology has undoubtedly improved many aspects of our lives, it is important to use it wisely to avoid potential drawbacks.请注意，以上内容为模拟试题及答案，实际雅思考试的题目和答案会有所不同。
2017年雅思考试阅读理解训练试题及答案（三篇）
【导语】为了帮助考⽣复习雅思考试，全⾯的了解雅思考试的相关重点，特编辑汇总了2017年雅思考试阅读理解训练试题及答案，希望对您参加本次考试有所帮助!2017年雅思考试阅读理解训练试题及答案1 Background music may seem harmless,but it can have a powerful effect on those who hear it.Recorded background music first found its way into factories,shop and restaurants in the US.But it soon spread to other arts of the world.Now it is becoming increasingly difficult to go shopping or eat a meal without listening to music. To begin with,"muzak"(⾳乐⼴播)was intended simply to create a soothing(安慰)atmosphere.Recently,however,it's become big business—thanks in part to recent research.Dr.Ronald Milliman,an American marketing expert,has shown that music can boost sales or increase factory production by as much as a third. But,it has to be light music.A fast one has no effect at all on sales.Slow music can increase receipts by 38%.This is probably because shoppers slow down and have more opportunity to spot items they like to buy.Yet,slow music isn't always liman found,for example,that in restaurants slow music meant customers took longer to eat their meals,which reduced overall sales.So restaurants owners might be well advised to play up-tempo music to keep the customers moving—unless of course,the resulting indigestion leads to complaints! 练习1.The reason why background music is so popular is that ______. A.it can have a powerful effect on those who hear it B.it can help to create a soothing atmosphere C.it can boost sales or increase factory production everywhere D.it can make customers eat their meals quickly 2.Background music means ________. A.light music that customers enjoy most B.fast music that makes people move fast C.slow music that can make customers enjoy their meals D.the music you are listening to while you are doing something 3.Restaurant owners complain about background music because ______. A.it results in indigestion B.it increases their sales C.it keeps customers moving D.it decreases their sales 4.The word"up-tempo music"probably means_____. A.slow music B.fast music C.light music D.classical music 注释：1.spread to传到，波及，蔓延到 2.to begin with⾸先;第⼀点(理由) To begin with,we must consider the faculties of the staff all-sidedly.⾸先，我们必须全⾯地考虑全体员⼯的素质。
雅思阅读考试模拟练习题及答案
雅思阅读考试模拟练习题及答案2017年雅思阅读考试模拟练习题及答案通过雅思考试可以体现我们的英语学习能力，更能够为大家未来求职带来便利。
以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的.2017年雅思阅读考试模拟练习题及答案，希望对大家有所帮助!1. British scientists are preparing to launch trials of a radical new way to fight cancer, which kills tumours by infecting them with viruses like the common cold.2. If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects.3. Leonard Seymour, a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University, who has been working on the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US, will lead the trials later this year. Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymour's pioneering techniques.4. One of the country's leading geneticists, Prof Seymour has been working with viruses that kill cancer cells directly, while avoiding harm to healthy tissue. "In principle, you've got something which could be many times more effective than regular chemotherapy," he said.5. Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the body's local immune system. "If a cancer doesn't do that, the immune system wipes it out. If you can get a virus into a tumour, viruses find them a very good place to be because there's no immune system to stop them replicating. You can regard it as the cancer's Achilles' heel."6. Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer."They replicate, you get a million copies in each cell and the cell bursts and they infect the tumour cells adjacent and repeat the process," said Prof Seymour.7. Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standard cancer drugs. "It's an interesting possibility that they may have an advantage in killing drug-resistant tumours, which could be quite different to anything we've had before."8. Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals. American scientists have previously injected viruses directly into tumours but this technique will not work if the cancer is inaccessible or has spread throughout the body.9. Prof Seymour's innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body's immune system, effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do - spread through the blood and reach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle has always been to find a way to deliver viruses to tumours via the bloodstream without the body's immune system destroying them on the way.10. "What we've done is make chemical modifications to the virus to put a polymer coat around it - it's a stealth virus when you inject it," he said.11. After the stealth virus infects the tumour, it replicates, but the copies do not have the chemical modifications. If they escape from the tumour, the copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body's immune system.12. The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers, called metastases, which sometimes spread around thebody after the first tumour appears. "There's an awful statistic of patients in the west ... with malignant cancers; 75% of them go on to die from metastases," said Prof Seymour.13. Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials: adenovirus, which normally causes a cold-like illness, and vaccinia, which causes cowpox and is also used in the vaccine against smallpox. For safety reasons, both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses.14. The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to liver tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed. Several more years of trials will be needed, eventually also on the polymer-coated viruses, before the therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though the approach will be examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments, Prof Seymour hopes that one day it might be applied to all cancers.Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 1-6 writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage1.Virus therapy, if successful, has an advantage in eliminating side-effects.2.Cancer Research UK is quite hopeful about Professor Seymour’s work on the virus therapy.3.Virus can kill cancer cells and stop them from growing again.4.Cancer’s Achilles’ heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely in a tumor and replicate.更多雅思考试阅读相关试题：1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.下载文档。
2017年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析
Seeking an energy holy trinity Jan 10th 2007 From 1 NEELIE KROES, the European Union’s competition commissioner, did not mince her words when reporting on Europe’s energy markets on Wednesday January 10th. Europe’s energy firms have failed to invest in networks and so customers are suffering. Those “vertically integrated” energy companies such as Electricité de France (EDF) or Germany’s E.ON, widely dubbed as “national champions”, are effectively behaving like local monopolies. Shy of competition, eager for artificially high prices, they are helping to block the efficient generation, transmission and distribution of energy on the continent. 2 Energy prices vary wildly across Europe. Ms Kroes wants to see cheaper energy, and intends to push suppliers to divest their distribution network and to get them to invest more in transportation systems so that more energy—in the form of gas, or electricity, for example—can flow easily over borders. It is remarkably hard, for example, for gas-poor Germany to import from the neighbouring, gas-rich Netherlands. Companies that dominate national markets have, so far, had little interest in improving the interconnections which would mean lower prices for consumers across the continent. 3 Ms Kroes, of course, will struggle to get her way. The European Commission, which on the same day presented its recommendation for improving EU energy policy, also wants to see the unbundling of ownership, the legal separation of energy suppliers and transporters, something that the integrated energy companies and interested governments, notably in France and Germany, are bound to oppose ferociously. 4 Complicating the matter is an argument over the security of energy supply in Europe. Much has been made of the risk for western Europe of depending too heavily on Russian exports of gas. Russia under Vladimir Putin is prone to using energy exports as a blunt tool of foreign policy, especially when trying to bully countries in its hinterland. Last year Russia interrupted gas deliveries to Ukraine, affecting supplies in central and western Europe too. This week it blocked oil exports passing via Belarus to Europe, though that spat was soon resolved. 5 The risk is that concerns about security of supply may be used spuriously by those in Europe who oppose the sort of liberalisation encouraged by Ms Kroes. The likes of E.ON and EDF may claim that only protected national champions are able to secure supply, by striking long-term deals with powerful foreign suppliers. The Commission disagrees. Such deals are too often politically motivated and far from transparent. Protection has been tried for long enough and evidently has not worked for the internal market, nor have these companies secured the best deals for consumers from the Russians. 6 In contrast, the Commission's new policy proposes, ideally, a break-up of these companies into suppliers and distributors. (As a second best solution, especially for France and Germany, it recommends the management of the networks by a third party.) Properly independent managers of Europe's energy networks would have a strong incentive to build interconnecting pipelines and power lines across borders. For the gas market another means of ensuring competition and security would be finding a more diverse range of suppliers, for example by building more terminals for the import of liquified natural gas. It would also be likely to mean lower prices, if the example of liberalised Britain over the past ten years is anything to go by. 7 Whether any of this is likely to happen soon, however, is another matter. The Commission is also calling for European governments to agree on a common effort to reduce carbon emissions by at least 20% by 2020 (compared with 1990 levels). If America is willing to play ball, the Commission proposes to reduce emissions by as much as 30%. Achieving either target would mean promoting cleaner cars, a more effective emissions-trading system for Europe, wider use of public transport and a sharp increase in the use of renewable sources of energy, like wind and solar power. All that is laudable enough, but will also require political horse-trading as governments—Europe’s leaders are due to meet in March to discuss the various energy proposals—try to avoid commitments that may hurt domestic energy companies or make European firms less competitive than rivals in America, Asia and elsewhere. (689 words) Questions 1-5 Do the following statements reflect the views of the writer in the reading passage? In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet write YES if the statement reflects the views of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage 1. Europe’s energy companies have funded the construction of the distribution network. 2. There has been a wide range of energy prices within Europe. 3. Gas-poor Germany has to pay a price higher than average to import gas from its neighbour. 4. E.ON and EDF may oppose the liberalisation due to their concerns about the security of energy supply. 5. The European Commission proposes to reduce carbon emissions by 30% if the U.S. is willing to cut its. Questions 6-10 Look at the box of countries below. Choose One or Two countries to complete the following sentences. Write your answers in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet. Countries A. Belarus B. Britain C. France D. Germany E. Russia F. Ukraine G. The U.S. 6. It’s dangerous for western Europe to depend too much on gas imports from …… 7. A liberalised policy of energy supply was enforced over ten years in … 8. Last year energy supplies in central and western Europe was affected owing to the interruption of gas deliveries to … 9. The governments in …… are bound to oppose the separation of energy suppliers and transporters? 10. Oil exports passing via … to Europe was blocked this week. Questions 11-14 Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the reading passage above for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11-14. 11. The EC disagrees with energy firms to strike long-term deals with foreign suppliers because such deals are usually far from … 12. The EC proposes to split those “national champions” into … 13. A more diverse range of suppliers would guarantee …in the European gas market. 14. The realization of carbon emissions reduction would require the promotion of cleaner cars, a better emissions-trading system, wider use of public transport and more use of … of energy. Key and Explanations: 1. No See para.1: Europe’s energy firms have failed to invest in networks… 2. Yesb d s f i d = " 1 5 6 " > 0 0 S e e p a r a . 2 : E n e r g y p r ic e s v a r y w i ld l y a c r o s s E u r o pe . b r b d sf i d = " 1 5 7 " >0 0 3 . N o t G i v e n b r b d s f i d = " 1 5 8 " > 0 0 S e e p a r a . 2 : I t i s r e m a r k a b l y h a r d , f o r e x a m p l e , f o r g a s -p o o r G e r m a n y t o i m p o r t f r o m t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g , g a s - r i c h N e t h e r l a n d s . b r b d s f i d = " 1 5 9 " > 00 4 . N o b r b d s f i d = " 1 6 0 " > 0 0 S e e p a r a . 5 : T h e r i s k i s t h a t c o n c e r n s a b o u t s e c u r i t y o f s u p p l y ma yb e u s e d s p u r i o u s l y b y t h o s e i n E u r o p e w h o o p p o s e t h e s o r t o f l i b e r a l i s a t i o n e nc o u r a g e db y M s K r o e s . T h e l i k e s o f E . O N a n d E D F m a yc l a i m t h a t & b r bd s f i d = " 1 6 1 " > 0 0 5 . Ye s b r b d sf i d = " 1 6 2 " > 0 0 S e e p a r a . 7 : I f A m e r i c a i s w i l l i ng t o p l a y b a l l , th e C o m mi s s i o n p r o p o s e s t o r e d u c e e m i s s i o n s b y a s m u c h a s 3 0 % . b r b d s f i d = " 1 6 3 " > 0 0 6 . E b r b d s f i d = " 1 6 4 " > 0 0 S e e p a r a . 4 : M u c h h a s b e e n m a d e o f t h e r i s k f o r w e s t e r n E u r o p e o f d e p e n d i n g t o o h e a v i l y o n R u s s i a n e x p o r t s o f g a s . b r b d s f i d = " 1 6 5 " > 0 0 7 . B b r b d s f i d = " 1 6 6 " > 0 0 S e e p a r a . 6 : I t w o u l d a l s o b e l i k e l y t o m e a n l o w e r p r i c e s , i f t h e e x a m p l e o f l i b e r a l i s e d B r i t a i n o v e r t h e p a s t t e n y e a r s i s a n y t h i n g t o g o b y . b r b d s f i d = " 1 6 7 " > 0 0 8 . F b r b d s f i d = " 1 6 8 " > 0 0 S e e p a r a . 4 : L a s t y e a r R u s s i a i n t e r r u p t e d g a s d e l i v e r i e s t o U k r a i n e , a f f e c t i n g s u p p l i e s i n c e n t r a l a n d w e s t e r n E u r o p e t o o . b r b d s f i d = " 1 6 9 " > 0 0 9 . C , D b r b d s f i d = " 1 7 0 " > 0 0 S e e p a r a . 3 : & t h e l e g a l s e p a r a t i o n o f e n e r g y s u p p l i e r s a n d t r a n s p o r t e r s , s o m e t h i n g t h a t t h e i n t e g r a t e d e n e r g y c o m p a n i e s a n d i n t e r e s t e d g o v e r n m e n t s , n o t a b l y i n F r a n c e a n d G e r m a n y , a r e b o u n d t o o p p o s e f e r o c i o u s l y . b r b d s f i d = " 1 7 1 " > 0 0 1 0 . A b r b d s f i d = " 1 7 2 " > 0 0 S e e p a r a . 4 : T h i s w e e k i t b l o c k e d o i l e x p o r t s p a s s i n g v i a B e l a r u s t o E u r o p e , t h o u g h t h a t s p a t w a s s o o n r e s o l v e d . b r b d s f i d = " 1 7 3 " > 0 0 1 1 . t r a n s p a r e n t b r b d s f i d = " 1 7 4 " > 0 0 S e e p a r a . 5 : b y s t r i k i n g l o n g - t e r m d e a l s w i t h p o w e r f u l f o r e i g n s u p p l i e r s . T h e C o m m i s s i o n d i s a g r e e s . S u c h d e a l s a r e t o o o f t e n p o l i t i c a l l y m o t i v a t e d a n d f a r f r o m t r a n s p a r e n t . b r b d s f i d = " 1 7 5 " > 0 0 1 2 . s u p p l i e r s a n d d i s t r i b u t o r s。
雅思阅读模拟题及答案
雅思阅读模拟题及答案2017雅思阅读模拟题及答案引言：雅思考试即将来临，大家复习得如何呢?为帮助各位小伙伴顺利拿下阅读，店铺整理了一些模拟题并附上详细答案，可供大家参考。
Hackers target the home front1. One of the UK's leading banks has been forced to admit that organised hacking gangs have been targeting its executives. For the past year, Royal Bank of Scotland has been fighting systematic attempts to break into its computer systems from hackers who have sent personalised emails containing keyloggers to its senior management. This has included executives up to board level and is now the subject of a separate investigation by the Serious and Organised Crime Agency.2. The hackers are homing in on the trend for people to work from home. The hackers make the assumption that the computers being used outside the work environment are more vulnerable than those protected by a corporate IT department.Growing threat3. For companies it is a growing threat as home working increases: a recent survey from the Equal Opportunities Commission found that more than 60% of the UK's population wants the option of flexible working.4. And the hackers are employing increasingly sophisticated techniques. Each email they send is meticulously built to make it attractive to its target, who the criminals have carefully researched by trawling the internet for information. Once the email is composed, the malware is just as carefully designed: it is often modified to avoid detection by security software.5. The keylogger contained in the email installs itself automatically and then collects details of logins and passwords from the unsuspecting user. This means that hackers can, using the usernames and passwords stolen by the keyloggers, connect to VPNs, or Virtual Private Networks, which many companies use to create an encrypted pathway into their networks.6. Once inside a bank's network, the hackers can communicate directly with computers holding account information and manipulate funds.7. Has this actually happened? In some cases sources claim that the login details of VPNs have been obtained and used though there has been no confirmation that any losses have occurred as a result. The attacks are not believed to have focused on RBS but to have been across the whole of the banking industry.8. Royal Bank of Scotland said that the bank had suffered no losses as a result of the attacks and added: "RBS has extremely robust processes in place in order to protect our systems from fraud. Trojan email attacks are an industry-wide issue and are not isolated to a particular area or a particular bank."9. It is not just banks that have been targets. Last year attempts were made to steal information from the Houses of Parliament using malicious email. Messagelabs, the company responsible for monitoring much of the email traffic of the government and big business for suspect software, said at the beginning of the year that criminals have been evolving more sophisticated techniques to attack corporate networks.10. According to Mark Sunner, chief technology officer of Messagelabs, the number of malicious emails targeted at individuals has been increasing. Two years ago they were being seen once every two months, but now they are seeing one or twoa day. This has been accompanied by an increase in quality in the creation of Trojans and spyware.11. "The hackers are now aiming to take over computers, particularly those of home users. Some of the malicious software that we are routinely seeing for that purpose will have its own antivirus system built into it so that they can kill off the programs of their competitors."Increased vigilance12. Tony Neate, the head of Get Safe Online, a government-funded organisation set up to raise awareness among UK businesses of computer criminals, says: "There is now an attempt to target individuals within UK businesses - including the banking sector. What is happening is that crime is doing what it always does, which is look for the weakest link. Home working is where they perceive a weakness.13. "This points to a need for increased vigilance and security by those working from home and by those responsible for letting them work from home. For home working to be effective, security needs to be as effective as if working in an office."(667 words)Questions 1-4 Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.1. What do the hackers use to attack the computer system of the Royal Bank of Scotland?2. Which word is most likely to be used by hackers to describe home computers?3. What do the majority of people in the UK prefer?4. How do hackers collect information so as to compose emails?5. What do hackers obtain illegally to gain access to banks’computer network?。
雅思阅读模拟试题及答案
雅思阅读模拟试题及答案2017雅思阅读模拟试题及答案引言：雅思阅读部分占据较大比重，面对长篇文章如何顺利攻破?为帮助烤鸭们拿下阅读，店铺特地整理了一些模拟题并附上详细答案，可供各位参考。
Time to cool itFrom The Economist print edition1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology: solid, reliable and just a little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century, but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it, and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and, as air conditioners, cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change: attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by, for example, a person, and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists, however. Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon froma laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.4 As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money, though, may be in cooling computers.5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law, which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months, is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact, it more than doubles, because besides increasing in number, the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃, they stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And theidea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two, and then four, subunits, in order to spread the thermal load, also seems to have the end of the road in sight.7 One way out of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon, the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics,a significant body of researchers is already working on it.8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely, but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice, this trick is hard to pull off, and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or, at least, than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nevertheless, Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃. Ali Shakouri, of the University of California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip.9 The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through little channels in the processor, and thence to a radiator, where it gives up its heat to the atmosphere. T o improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place. In thefuture, therefore, a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers. The old, as it were, hand in hand with the new.(830 words)Questions 1-5Complete each of the following statements with the scientist or company name from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.A. AppleB. IBMC. IntelD. Alex MischenkoE. Ali ShakouriF. Rama Venkatasubramanian1. ...and his research group use paraelectric film available from the market to produce cooling.2. ...sold microprocessors running at 60m cycles a second in 1993.3. ...says that he has made refrigerators which can cool the hotspots of computer chips by 10℃.4. ...claims to have made a refrigerator small enough to be built into a computer chip.5. ...attempts to produce better cooling in personal computers by stirring up liquid with tiny jets to make sure maximum heat exchange.Questions 6-9Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage6. Paraelectric materials can generate a current when electrodes are attached to them.7. Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manufacturing more efficient referigerators.8. Doubling the frequency of logical operations inside a microprocessor doubles the heat output.9. IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.Question 10Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in box 10 on your answer sheet.10. Which method of disposing heat in computers may havea bright prospect?A. Tweaking the processors?heat sinks.B. Tweaking the fans that circulate air over the processor抯heat sinks.C. Shifting from single-core processors to systems of subunits.D. None of the above.Questions 11-14Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Traditional refrigerators use...11...pumps to drop temperature. At present, scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration, especially in computermicroprocessors....12...materials have been tried to generate temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. ...13...effect has also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A miniature version of a car ...14... may also be a system to realize ideal computer cooling in the future.Key and Explanations:1. DSee Paragraph 3: ...Alex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops...2. CSee Paragraph 5: The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second.3. FSee Paragraph 8: ...Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃.4. ESee Paragraph 8: Ali Shakouri, of the University of California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller梥o small that they can go inside the chip.5. BSee Paragraph 9: To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place.6. TRUESee Paragraph 2: ...paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change: attach electrodes to them and they generate a current.7. FALSESee Paragraph 3 (That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. ) and Paragraph 4 (As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges?8. FALSESee Paragraph 5: Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.9. NOT GIVENSee Paragraph 9: In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.10. DSee Paragraph 6: Tweaking the processor's heat sinks ?has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems?also seems to have the end of the road in sight.11. heatSee Paragraph 1: Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.12. paraelectricSee Paragraph 3: Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded.13. thermoelectricSee Paragraph 7: ...the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics,a significant body of researchers is already working on it.14. radiatorSee Paragraph 9: The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator.【2017雅思阅读模拟试题及答案】。
2017年雅思阅读考试精选习题及答案（4）
2017年雅思阅读考试精选习题及答案（4）小编为大家带来2017年雅思阅读考试精选习题及答案(4)，欢迎大家参考!更多相关内容请关注本站!2017年雅思阅读考试精选习题及答案(4)1. The transcription needs a certain amount of editing,as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right,it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.第一层：The transcription 主 needs 谓 a certain amount of 定editing,宾 as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar 状语从句sounds such as write and right， it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.第二层：(状语从句)as 引even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right,状语从句1 it 主 is 系 still not yet 状 able 表 to do the work 宾as well as an inte- lligent secretary . 状语从句2第三层：(状语从句1)even if 引 the computer 主 can tell 谓 the difference 宾 between words of similar sounds 定 such as write and right 同位语(状语从句2)as well as 引 an intelligent secretary 主要点本句中as引导原因状语从句，其中该句还带有一个由even if引导的让步状语从句;介词短语between words of similar sounds 修饰difference，such as write and right修饰words，as well as……为同等比较状语从句，其中省略了与主句相同的部分。
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2017年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案It's never too late to mend.以下是小编为大家搜索整理的2017年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案，希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们应届毕业生考试网!THE GAP of INGENUITY 2Ingenuity, as I define it here, consists not only of ideas for new technologies like computers or drought-resistant crops but, more fundamentally, of ideas for better institutions and social arrangements, like efficient markets and competent governments.How much and what kinds of ingenuity a society requires depends on a range of factors, including the society's goals and the circumstances within which it must achieve those goals——whether it has a young population or an aging one, an abundance of natural resources or a scarcity of them, an easy climate or a punishing one, whatever the case may be.How much and what kinds of ingenuity a society supplies also depends on many factors, such as the nature of human inventiveness and understanding, the rewards an economy gives to the producers of useful knowledge, and the strength of political opposition to social and institutional reforms.A good supply of the right kind of ingenuity is essential, but it isn't, of course, enough by itself. We know that the creation of wealth, for example, depends not only on an adequate supply of useful ideas but also on the availability of other, more conventional factors of production, like capital and labor. Similarly, prosperity, stability and justice usually depend on the resolution, or at least the containment, of major political struggles over wealth and power. Yet within our economics ingenuity often supplants labor, and growth in the stock of physical plant is usually accompanied by growth in the stock of ingenuity. And in our political systems, we need great ingenuity to set up institutions that successfully manage struggles over wealth and power. Clearly, our economic and political processes are intimately entangled with the production and use of ingenuity.The past century’s countless incremental changes in our societies around the planet, in our technologies and our interactions with our surrounding natural environments have accumulated to create a qualitatively new world. Because these changes have accumulated slowly, It’s often hard for us to recognize how profound and sweeping they've. They include far larger and denser populations; much higher per capita consumption of natural resources; and far better and more widely available technologies for the movement of people, materials, and especially information.In combination, these changes have sharply increased the density, intensity, and pace of our inter actions with each other; they have greatly increased the burden we place on our natural environment; and they have helped shift power from national and international institutions to individuals and subgroups, such as political special interests and ethnic factions.As a result, people in all walks of life-from our political and business leaders to all of us in our day-to-day——must cope with much more complex, urgent, and often unpredictable circumstances. The management of our relationship with this new world requires immense and ever-increasing amounts of social and technical ingenuity. As we strive to maintain or increase our prosperity and improve the quality of our lives, we must make far more sophisticated decisions, and in less time, than ever before.When we enhance the performance of any system, from our cars to the planet's network of financial institutions, we tend to make it more complex. Many of the natural systems critical toour well-being, like the global climate and the oceans, are extraordinarily complex to begin with. We often can't predict or manage the behavior of complex systems with much precision, because they are often very sensitive to the smallest of changes and perturbations, and their behavior can flip from one mode to another suddenly and dramatically. In general, as the human-made and natural systems we depend upon become more complex, and as our demands on them increase, the institutions and technologies we use to manage them must become more complex too, which further boosts our need for ingenuity.The good news, though, is that the last century's stunning changes in our societies and technologies have not just increased our need for ingenuity; they have also produced a huge increase in its supply. The growth and urbanization of human populations have combined with astonishing new communication and transportation technologies to expand interactions among people and produce larger, more integrated, and more efficient markets. These changes have, in turn, vastly accelerated the generation and delivery of useful ideas.But—and this is the critical "but"——we should not jump to the conclusion that the supply of ingenuity always increases in lockstep with our ingenuity requirement: While it's true that necessity is often the mother of invention, we can't always rely on the right kind of ingenuity appearing when and where we need it. In many cases, the complexity and speed of operation of today's vital economic, social, arid ecological systems exceed the human brains grasp. Very few of us have more than a rudimentary understanding of how these systems work. They remain fraught with countless "unknown unknowns," which makes it hard to supply the ingenuity we need to solve problems associated with these systems.In this book, explore a wide range of other factors that will limit our ability to supply the ingenuity required in the coming century. For example, many people believe that new communication technologies strengthen democracy and will make it easier to find solutions to our societies' collective problems, but the story is less clear than it seems. The crush of information in our everyday lives is shortening our attention span, limiting the time we have to reflect on critical matters of public policy, and making policy arguments more superficial.Modern markets and science are an important part of the story of how we supply ingenuity. Markets are critically important, because they give entrepreneurs an incentive to produce knowledge. As for science, although it seems to face no theoretical limits, at least in the foreseeable future, practical constraints often slow its progress. The cost of scientific research tends to increase as it delves deeper into nature. And science's rate of advance depends on the characteristic of the natural phenomena it investigates, simply because some phenomena are intrinsically harder to understand than others, so the production of useful new knowledge in these areas can be very slow. Consequently, there is often a critical time lag between the recognition between a problem and the delivery of sufficient ingenuity, in the form of technologies, to solve that problem. Progress in the social sciences is especially slow, for reasons we don't yet understand; but we desperately need better social scientific knowledge to build the sophisticated institutions today’s world demands.Questions:Complete each sentence with the appropriate answer, A, B, C, or DWrite the correct answer in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.27 The definition of ingenuity28 The requirement for ingenuity29 The creation of social wealth30 The stability of societyA depends on many factors including climate.B depends on the management and solution of disputes.C is not only of technological advance, but more of institutional renovation.D also depends on the availability of some traditional resources.Question 31-33Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.Write your answers in boxes 31-33 on your answer sheet.31 What does the author say about the incremental change of the last 100 years?A It has become a hot scholastic discussion among environmentalists.B Its significance is often not noticed.C It has reshaped the natural environments we live in.D It benefited a much larger population than ever.32 The combination of changes has made life.A easierB fasterC slowerD less sophisticated33 What does the author say about the natural systems?A New technologies are being developed to predict change with precision.B Natural systems are often more sophisticated than other systems.C Minor alterations may cause natural systems to change dramatically.D Technological developments have rendered human being more independent of natural systems.Question 34-40Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement is trueNO if the statement is falseNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage34 The demand for ingenuity has been growing during the past 100 years.35 The ingenuity we have may be inappropriate for solving problems at hand.36 There are very few who can understand the complex systems of the present world.37 More information will help us to make better decisions.38 The next generation will blame the current government for their conduct.39 Science tends to develop faster in certain areas than others.40 Social science develops especially slowly because it is not as important as natural science.篇章结构体裁：论说文题目：创新的空白2结构：(一句话概括每段大意)A段:创新的定义B段:一个社会需要多少创造及哪种创造，取决于多种因素C段:一个社会能提供多少或何种创造，同样取决于多种因素D段:充足优质的创造非常重要，但是还不够E段:这些年来发生了很多重大改变，但是整个改变过程比较慢，人们可能没意识到它们有多重要F段:改变使人们之间的互动变得多了，压力变得大了，环境被破坏了G段:呼吁人们做出精准的抉择H段:控制生存体系的制度和科技增强对创意的需求I段:社会与科技的变革加速了创意时代的解放思想J段:对于经济、社会、生态系统的未知使人们很难创造充足的创意解决问题K段:新世纪中限制人们设计创意能力的各种因素L段:现代市场和科学是创意设计的重要组成成分参考译文：创新过程的空白创造，就像笔者在这里定义的一样，不仅仅指那些关于计算机、抗早作物之类的新科技的构想，更重要的是指那些关于优化制度和社会安排的思想，例如高效市场、法定政府等。