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西京学院本科毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译教学单位：机电工程系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化学号： 0700010143姓名：于江成外文出处： Embedded Microcomputer Systems:Real Time Interfacing2011年3月译文一：单片机系统广义地说，微处理系统是用于处理信息的，这种信息可以是电话交谈，仪器读数或企业帐户，但是各种情况下都涉及相同的主要操作：信息处理、存储和传递。

在常规的电子设计中，这些操作都是以功能平台方式组合起来的，例如计数器，无论是电子还是机械的，都要存储当前值，并按要求将该值增1。

诸如采用计数器的电子钟之类的任一系统要使其存储和处理能力遍布整个系统，因为每个计数器都能存储和处理一些数字。

当前微处理化系统与上述的常规方法不同，它将处理，存储和传输三个功能分离形成不同的系统单元。

这种形成三个主要单元的分离方法是冯-诺依曼在20世纪40年代所设想出来的，并且是针对微计算机的设想。

从此几乎所有制成的计算机都是用这种结构设计的，尽管包含宽广的物理形式，从根本上来说他们均是具有相同的基本设计。

在微处理器系统中，处理是由微处理器本身完成的。

存储是利用存储器电路，而进入和出自系统的信息传输则是利用特定的输入/输出（I/O）电路。

要在一个微处理器化时钟中找出执行计数功能的一个特殊硬件是不可能的，因为时间存储在存储器中，而在固定的时间间隔下由微处理器控制增值。

但是，规定系统运转过程的软件包含实现计数器功能的单元。

由于系统几乎完全由软件所定义，所以对微处理器结构和其辅助电路这种看起来非常抽象的处理方法使其在应用时非常灵活。

这种设计过程主要是软件工程，而且在生产软件时，就会遇到产生于常规工程中相似的构造和维护问题。

图1.1 微型计算机的三个组成部分图1.1显示出了微型计算机中这三个单元是如何按照机器中的信息通信方式而联接起来的。

该系统由微处理器控制，它管理自己与存储器和输入/输出单元的信息传输。

关于杜邦分析法的外文翻译

外文资料及中文译文作者姓名***专业财务管理指导教师姓名***专业技术职务副教授外文资料FIVE WAYS TO IMPROVE RETURN ON EQUITYThe Du Pont Model: A Brief HistoryThe use of financial ratios by financial analysts, lenders, academic researchers, and small business owners has been widely acknowleged in the literature. (See, for example, Osteryoung & Constand (1992), Devine & Seaton (1995), or Burson (1998) The concepts of Return on Assets (ROA hereafter) and Return on Equity (ROEhereafter) are important for understanding the profitability of a business enterprise. Specifically, a “return on” ratio illustrates the relationship between profits and the investment needed to generate those profits. However, these concepts are often “too far removed from normal activities” to be easily understood and useful to many managers or small business owners. (Slater and Olson, 1996)In 1918, four years after he was hired by the Du Pont Corporation to work in its treasury department, electrical engineer F. Donaldson Brown was given the task of untangling the finances of a company of which Du Pont had just purchased 23 percent of its stock. (This company was General Motors!) Brown recognized a mathematical relationship that existed between two commonly computed ratios, namely net profit margin (obviously a profitability measure) and total asset turnover (an efficiency measure), and ROA. The product of the net profit margin and total asset turnover equals ROA, and this was the original Du Pont model, as illustrated in Equation 1 below.Eq. 1: (net income / sales) x (sales / total assets) = (net income / total assets) i.e. ROAAt this point in time maximizing ROA was a common corporate goal and the realization that ROA was impacted by both profitability and efficiency led to the development of a system of planning and control for all operating decisions within a firm. This became the dominant form of financial analysis until the 1970s. (Blumenthal, 1998)In the 1970s the generally accepted goal of financial management became “maximizing the wealth of the firm’s owners” (Gitman, 1998) and focus shifted from ROA to ROE. This led to the first major modification of the original Du Pontmodel. In addition to profitability and efficiency, the way in which a firm financed its activities, i.e. its use of “leverage” became a third area of attention for financial managers. The new ratio of interest was called the equity multiplier, which is (total assets / equity). The modified Du Pont model is shown in Equations 1 and 2 below.Eq. 2: ROA x (total assets / equity) = ROEEq. 3: (net income / sales) x (sales / total assets) x (total assets / equity) = ROE The modified Du Pont model became a standard in all financial management textbooks and a staple of introductory and advanced courses alike as students read statements such as: “Ultimately, the most important, or“bottom line” accounting ratio is the ratio of net income to common equity (ROE).” (Brigham and Houston, 2001)The modified model was a powerful tool to illustrate the interconnectedness of a firm’s income statement and its balance sheet, and to develop straight-forward strategies for improving the firm’s ROE.More recently, Hawawini and Viallet (1999) offered yet another modification to the Du Pontmodel. This modification resulted in five different ratios that combine to form ROE. In their modification they acknowlege that thefinancial statements firms prepare for their annualreports (which are of most importance to creditorsand tax collectors) are not always useful tomanagers making operating and financialdecisions. (Brigham and Houston, p. 52) T heyrestructured the traditional balance sheet into a“managerial balance sheet” which is “a moreappropriate tool for assessing the contribution ofoperating decisions to the firm’s financialperformance.” (Hawawini and Viallet, p.68)This restructured balanc e sheet uses the conceptof “invested capital” in place of total assets, andthe concept of “capital employed” in place oftotal liabilities and owner’sequity found on thetraditional balance sheet. The primary differenceis in the treatment of the short-ter m “workingcapital” accounts. The managerial balance sheet uses a net figure called “working capital requirement” (determined as: [accounts receivable + inventories + prepaid expenses] – [accounts payable + accrued expenses]) as a part of invested capital. These accounts then individually drop out of the managerial balance sheet. A more detailed explanation of the managerial balance sheet is beyond the scope of this paper, but will be partially illustrated in an example. The “really” modified Du Pont mode l is shown below in Equation 4.Eq. 4: (EBIT / sales) x (sales / invested capital) x (EBT / EBIT) x (invested capital / equity) x (EAT / EBT) = ROE(Where: invested capital = cash + working capital requirement + net fixed assets) This “really” modified model still maintains the importance of the impact of operating decisions (i.e. profitability and efficiency) and financing decisions (leverage) upon ROE, but uses a total of five ratios to uncover what drives ROE and give insight to how to improve this important ratio.The firm’s operating decisions are those that involve the acquisition and disposal of fixed assets and the management of the firm’s operating assets (mostly inventories and accounts receivable) and operating liabilities (accountspayable and accruals). These are captured in thefirst two ratios of the “really” modified Du Pontmodel. These are:1. operating profit margin: (Earnings Before Interest & Taxes or EBIT / sales)2. capital turnover: (sales / invested capital)The firm’s financing decisions are those that determine the mix of debt and equity used to fund the firm’s operating decisions. These are captured in the third and fourth ratios of the “really” modified model. These are:3. financial cost ratio: (Earnings Before Taxes or EBT / EBIT)4. financial structure ratio: (invested capital / equity)The final determinant of a firm’s ROE is the incidence of business taxation. The higher the taxrate applied to a firm’s EBT, the lower its ROE. This is cap tured in the fifth ratio ofthe “really”modified model.5. tax effect ratio: (Earnings After Taxes or EAT / EBT)The relationship that ties these five ratios together is that ROE is equal to their combined product. (See Equation 4.)Example of A pplying the “Really” Modified Du Pont ModelTo illustrate how the model works, consider the income statement and balance sheet for the fictitious small firm of Herrera & Company, LLC.Income StatementNet Sales …………………………………………………….. $766,990C ost of Goods Sold ………………………………………….. (560,000) Selling, General, & Administrative Expenses ………………. (143,342) Depreciation Expense ……………………………………….. (24,000) Earnings Before Interest & Taxes …………………………… $ 39,648Interest Expense ……………………………………………... (12,447) Earnings Before Taxes ………………………………………. $ 27,201Taxes ………………………………………………………… (8,000) Earnings After Taxes (net profit) ……………………………. $ 19,201Balance SheetCash ……………………….$ 40,000 Notes Payable ………………… $ 58,000 Pre-paid Expenses ………... 12,000 Accounts Payable …………….. 205,000 Accounts Receivable ……… 185,000 Accrued Expenses ……………. 46,000 Inventory ………………….. 200,000 Current Liabilities ……………. $309,000 Current Assets ……………. $437,000 Long-Term DebtL and/Buildings …………… 160,000 Mortgage ……………………. 104,300Equipment ………………… 89,000 8-Year Note ………………… 63,000Less: Acc. Depreciation …... (24,000) Owner’s Equity ……………….. 185,700Net Fixed Assets ………….. $225,000 Total Liabilities & Equity …….. $662,000 Total Assets ………………. $662,000Computation of ROE1. Operating Profit Margin = $39,648 / $766,990 = .05172. Capital Turnover = $766,990 / $411,000* = 1.86623. Financial Cost Ratio = $27,201 / $39,648 = .68614. Financial Structure Ratio = $411,000 / $185,700 = 2.21325. Tax Effect Ratio = $19,201 / $27,201 = .7059ROE = .0517 x 1.8662 x .6861 x 2.2132 x .7059 = .1034** or 10.34%* Invested Capital = Cash ($40,000) + Working Capital Requirement [$185,000 + $200,000 + $12,000] –[$205,000 + $46,000] (or $146,000) + Net Fixed Assets ($225,000) = $411,000** Note that this is the same as conventional computation of ROE: $19,201 / $185,700 = .1034Conclusions & ImplicationsThe “really” modified Du Pont model of ratio analysis can demystify relatively complex financial analysis and put strategic financial planning at the fingertips of any small business owner or manager who takes the (relatively little) time needed to understand it. Each operating and financial decision can be made within a framework of how that decision will impact ROE. Easily set up on a computer model (such as a spreadsheet), one can see how decisions “flow through” to the bottom line, which facilitates coordinated financial planning. (Harrington & Wilson,1986).In its simplest form, we can say that to improve ROE the only choices one has are to increase operating profits, become more efficient in using existing assets to generate sales, recapitalize to make better use of debt and/or better control the cost of borrowing, or find ways to reduce the tax liability of the firm. Each of these choices leads to a different financial strategy.For example, to increase operating profits one must either increase sales (in a higher proportionthan the cost of generating those sales) or reduce expenses. Since it is generally more difficult toincrease sales than it is to reduce expenses, a small business owner can try to lower expenses by determining: 1) if a new supplier might offer equivalent goods at a lower cost, or 2) if a website might be a viable alternative to a catalog, or 3) can some tasks currently being done by outsiders be done in-house. In each case net income will rise without any increase in sales and ROE will rise as well. Alternatively, to become more efficient, one must either increase sales with the same level of assets or produce the same level of sales with less assets. A small business owner might then try to determine: 1) if it is feasible to expand store hours by staying open later or on weekends, or 2) if a less expensive piece of equipment is available that could replace an existing (more expensive) piece of equipment, or 3) if there is a more practical way to produce and/or deliver goods or services than is presently being used.Further, small business owners can determine if they are using debt wisely. Refinancing an existing loan at a cheaper rate will reduce interest expenses and, thus, increase ROE. Exercising some of an unused line of credit can increase the financial structure ratio with a corresponding increase in ROE. And, taking advantage of tax incentives that are often offered by federal, state,and local taxing authorities can increase the tax effect ratio, again with a commensurate increase in ROE.In conclusion, ROE is the most compre-hensive measure of profitability of a firm. It considers the operating and investing decisions made as well as the financing andtax-related decisions. The “really” modified Du Pont model dissects ROE into five easily computed ratios that can be examined for potential strategies for improvement. It should be a tool that all business owners, managers, and consultants have at their disposal when evaluating a firm and making recommendations for improvement.中文译文真实修改的杜邦分析：五种方式改善股东权益回报率杜邦模型：简史运用财务比率进行分析已经被财务分析家，贷款人，学术研究人员和小企业主在文献资料里广泛运用。

孙明明外文资料翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：机械电子工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：孙明明学号： 070501504外文出处： The advantages of PLC control,filed under PLC Articles附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

(用外文写)附件1：外文资料翻译译文PLC的控制优势任何控制系统从概念到进入工厂工作都要经历四个阶段。

PLC系统在每一个阶段都有优势。

第一阶段是设计，对工厂的需要进行研究和制定控制策略，传统的运行平台的设计和制造必须在设计进行前完成。

PLC系统仅仅需要的是一个模糊的关于机器的可能大小的想法和I/O数量的要求（多少输入和输出接口）。

在这个阶段输入和输出芯片十分便宜，所以可以内置一个很健全的备用容量，它允许用来补充遗漏项目和为未来的扩充做准备。

其次是设计。

传统的方案是，每一项工作都是“一次成型”这不可避免的造成了工程拖延和增加成本。

一个的PLC系统使用最简单的标准件螺栓连接在一起。

在这样的连接下开始编写 PLC程序（或者至少是写入详细的程序规范）。

下一阶段是安装，安装是一种繁琐和昂贵的工作，例如安装传感器、执行器、限制开关系统和主机的连接。

分布式PLC系统使用串行链路式的预编译，测试界面可以简化安装它带来了巨大的成本优势。

PLC的程序多数在这个阶段完成。

最后是调试，而这正是PLC真正的优势被发掘的部分。

没有任何设备在第一次就正常工作。

人性就是这样，总会有一些疏漏。

与传统的系统变动情况的耗时和昂贵相比，PLC的设计师提供了系的内置备用内存容量、备用I/O和一些备用多芯电缆线，多数的变动能迅速和相对便宜的完成。

另外一个好处是，所有的变化PLC都有记录，程序的调试和修改不会因为没有被记录而遗失，这是一个经常发生在常规系统中的问题。

还有一个额外的第五阶段，维护，一旦启动工作，并移交生产就产生了维护的问题。

所有设备都有缺点，大多数设备在错误的模式中度过了它们的大部分的时间。

机电专业论文英文文献及其中文译文

毕业论文外文文献翻译译文题目:INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY外文资料翻译资料来源：文章名：INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY 《Digital Image Processing》书刊名：作者：Y. Torres J. J. Pavón I. Nieto and J. A.Rodríguez章节：2.4 INTEGRATION OF MACHINERYINTEGRATION OF MACHINERY （From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACT Machinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable resultthis article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outlineand the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration ofmachinery technology present situation has analyzed the integration of machinerytechnology trend of development. Key word：integration of machinery ，technology，present situation ，productt，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development 0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development impelleddifferent discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage has caused the projectdomain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineeringdomain because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapiddevelopment and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinerycaused the mechanical industry the technical structure the product organizationthe function and the constitution the production method and the management systemhas had the huge change caused the industrial production to enter into quottheintegration of machineryquot by quotthe machinery electrificationquot for the characteristicdevelopment phase. 1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in theorganization new owner function the power function in the information processingfunction and the control function introduces the electronic technology unifies thesystem the mechanism and the computerization design and the software whichconstitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has becomeone to have until now own system new discipline not only develops along with thescience and technology but also entrusts with the new content .But its basiccharacteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from thesystem viewpoint synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanicaltechnology microelectronic technology automatic control technology computertechnology information technology sensing observation and control technologyelectric power electronic technology connection technology information conversiontechnology as well as software programming technology according to the systemfunction goal and the optimized organization goal reasonable disposition and thelayout various functions unit in multi-purpose high grade redundant reliable inthe low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value andcauses the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From thisproduces functional system then becomes an integration of machinery systematic orthe integration of machinery product. Therefore quotintegration of machineryquot coveringquottechnologyquot and quotproductquot two aspects .Only is the integration of machinerytechnology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind ofcomprehensivetechnology but is not mechanical technical the microelectronictechnology as well as other new technical simple combination pieces together .Thisis the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrificationwhich the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanicalengineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machineryelectrification still was the traditional machinery its main function still wasreplaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integrationof machinery micro electron installment besides may substitute for certainmechanical parts the original function but also can entrust with many new functionslike the automatic detection the automatic reduction information demonstrate therecord the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protectionautomatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product ishumans hand and body extending humans sense organ and the brains look has theintellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machineryelectrification distinguishes in the function essence. 2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinerydevelopment may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60s before for the firststage this stage is called the initial stage .In this time the people determinationnot on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement toconsummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World Warperiod the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technologyunion these mechanical and electrical union military technology postwar transferscivilly to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and thedevelopment at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneouscondition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yetachieved certain level mechanical technical and electronic technology union alsonot impossible widespread and thorough development already developed the productwas also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 7080 ages for the second stagemay be called the vigorous development stage .This time the computer technologythe control technology the communication development has laid the technology basefor the integration of machinery development . Large-scale ultra large scaleintegrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development has provided thefull material base for the integration of machinery development .This timecharacteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japanprobably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in theworldwide scale ②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtainedthe enormous development ③The various countries start to the integration ofmachinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support.1990s later periods started the integration of machinery technology the new stagewhich makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction the integrationof machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time optics thecommunication and so on entered the integration of machinery processes thetechnology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the footappeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machineryand so on the new branch On the other hand to the integration ofmachinery systemmodeling design the analysis and the integrated method the integration ofmachinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted thethorough research .At the same time because the hugeprogress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology neural networktechnology and optical fiber technology obtain opened the development vast worldfor the integration of machinery technology .These research will urge theintegration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and formsthe integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts fromthe beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Councilhad been established the integration of machinery leading group and lists as quot863plansquot this technology .When formulated quot95quot the plan and in 2010 developed thesummary had considered fully on international the influence which and possiblybrought from this about the integration of machinery technology developmenttrend .Many universities colleges and institutes the development facility and somelarge and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technicaldevelopment and the application does not yield certain result but and so on theadvanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity. 3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery arethe collection machinery the electron optics the control the computer theinformation and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses its developmentand the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and theprogress .Therefore the integration of machinery main development direction is asfollows: 3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration ofmachinery technological development important development directions .Theartificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machineryconstructors research takes the robot and the numerical control engine bedintellectualization is the important application .Here said quottheintellectualizationquot is to the machine behavior description is in the control theoryfoundation the absorption artificial intelligence the operations research thecomputer science the fuzzy mathematics the psychology the physiology and the chaosdynamics and so on the new thought the new method simulate the human intelligenceenable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference logical thinkingindependent decision-making obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeedenable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identicalintelligence is not impossible also is nonessential .But the high performancethe high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to havepreliminary intelligent or humans partial intelligences then is completelypossible and essential. In the modern manufacture process the information has become the controlmanufacture industry the determining factor moreover is the most active actuationfactor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become themodern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacturesystem information organization and structure multi-level makes the information thegain the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character informationmeasuremulti-dimensional as well as information organizations multi-level .In themanufacture information structural model manufacture information uniform restraintdissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledgelibrary management all also wait for further break through. Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence methodpromoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespreadapplication .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computationintelligent agent in includes thescheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technologyreceives the more and more universal attention hopefully completes the combinationoptimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solutionprecision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .Themanufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch the intelligentdesign the intelligent processing the robot study the intelligent control theintelligent craft plan the intelligent diagnosis and so on are various These question key breakthrough may form the product innovation the basicresearch system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science differentscience overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation the economicaldevelopment and societys progress has had the new request and the expectation tothe science and technology thus will form the front science .The front science alsohas solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front sciencehas the obvious time domain the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The projectfront science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristicis it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actualappeared. Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system for satisfies the manufacturesystem agility the fast response and fast reorganization ability must profit fromthe information science the life sciences and the social sciences and so on themulti-disciplinary research results the exploration manufacture system newarchitecture the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effectiveoperational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structureand the good movement condition is makes the system modeling the simulation andthe optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture tomakes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand responseability to have the vital significance moreover to made the enterprise first floorproduction equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set ahigher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced themanufacture system satisfies the manufacture system new request. The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated systemfrom the biological phenomenon is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut tocracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to livingwhat manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organizationfrom match more from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulatemode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process. The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under continuously by ones ownperfect raise on organizing structure and circulating modeand thus to adapt theprocess ofwith ability for the environment .For from descend but the last productproceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born producesystem of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tendautomatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out acondition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science andlife science ofquotthe far good luck is miscellaneous to hand overquot it will produceto the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence .机电一体化摘要机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果本文简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景。

外文翻译完整版

毕业设计外文资料翻译原文题目：The Design and Retorfit of Buildings for Resistance to Blast-Induced Progressive Collapse 译文题目：建筑物的设计和改造抵抗由爆炸冲击引起的建筑物的连续倒塌院系名称：土木建筑学院专业班级：土木工程0303班学生姓名：吴建明学号：20034040332指导教师：白杨教师职称：讲师附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

指导教师评语及成绩：签名： 2010年 4月 12日附件1：外文资料翻译译文译文标题（3号黑体，居中）×××××××××（小4号宋体，1.5倍行距）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××…………。

（要求不少于3000汉字）建筑物的设计和改造抵抗由爆炸冲击引起的建筑物的连续倒塌1.简介在近现代史中，极端的爆炸事件推动了现有的设计方法和规范重新评估冲击荷载对建筑结构和它们的居住着的影响。

在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料

在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料The online travel industry。

which combines tourism and the。

has unique features that distinguish it from XXX industry。

and as society advances。

it has XXX commerce to create a new economic form - electronic commerce。

This has XXX accelerates。

online travel services and their business models have also XXX.2 The business model of online travelThe business model of online travel is based on the。

and merce。

It is a customer-centric model that provides users with a -shop for travel-related services。

including booking flights。

n。

and activities。

Online travel agencies (OTAs) have emerged askey players in this industry。

with their business models XXX pricingXXX.3 Business model XXXIn recent years。

online travel companies have been innovating their business models to stay ahead of the n。

One ofthe key XXX of social media into their platforms。

注塑模具设计外文翻译

毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文（2012届）题目电话机三维造型与注塑模具设计指导教师院系工学院班级学号姓名二〇一一年十二月六日【译文一】塑料注塑模具并行设计Assist.Prof.Dr. A. Y AYLA /Prof.Dr. Paş a YAYLA摘要塑料制品制造业近年迅速成长。

其中最受欢迎的制作过程是注塑塑料零件。

注塑模具的设计对产品质量和效率的产品加工非常重要。

模具公司想保持竞争优势,就必须缩短模具设计和制造的周期。

模具是工业的一个重要支持行业，在产品开发过程中作为一个重要产品设计师和制造商之间的联系。

产品开发经历了从传统的串行开发设计制造到有组织的并行设计和制造过程中,被认为是在非常早期的阶段的设计。

并行工程的概念(CE)不再是新的,但它仍然是适用于当今的相关环境。

团队合作精神、管理参与、总体设计过程和整合IT工具仍然是并行工程的本质。

CE过程的应用设计的注射过程包括同时考虑塑件设计、模具设计和注塑成型机的选择、生产调度和成本中尽快设计阶段。

介绍了注射模具的基本结构设计。

在该系统的基础上,模具设计公司分析注塑模具设计过程。

该注射模设计系统包括模具设计过程及模具知识管理。

最后的原则概述了塑料注射模并行工程过程并对其原理应用到设计。

关键词:塑料注射模设计、并行工程、计算机辅助工程、成型条件、塑料注塑、流动模拟1、简介注塑模具总是昂贵的,不幸的是没有模具就不可能生产模具制品。

每一个模具制造商都有他/她自己的方法来设计模具,有许多不同的设计与建造模具。

当然最关键的参数之一,要考虑到模具设计阶段是大量的计算、注射的方法,浇注的的方法、研究注射成型机容量和特点。

模具的成本、模具的质量和制件质量是分不开的在针对今天的计算机辅助充型模拟软件包能准确地预测任何部分充填模式环境中。

这允许快速模拟实习,帮助找到模具的最佳位置。

工程师可以在电脑上执行成型试验前完成零件设计。

工程师可以预测过程系统设计和加工窗口,并能获得信息累积所带来的影响,如部分过程变量影响性能、成本、外观等。

外文翻译及中文译文

车床用于车外圆、端面和镗孔等加工的机床称作车床。

车削很少在其他种类的机床上进行，因为其他机床都不能像车床那样方便地进行车削加工。

由于车床除了用于车外圆还能用于镗孔、车端面、钻孔和铰孔，车床的多功能性可以使工件在一次定位安装中完成多种加工。

这就是在生产中普遍使用各种车床比其他种类的机床都要多的原因。

两千多年前就已经有了车床。

现代车床可以追溯到大约1797年，那时亨利•莫德斯利发明了一种具有把主轴和丝杆的车床。

这种车床可以控制工具的机械进给。

这位聪明的英国人还发明了一种把主轴和丝杆相连接的变速装置，这样就可以切削螺纹。

车床的主要部件：床身、主轴箱组件、尾架组件、拖板组、变速齿轮箱、丝杆和光杆。

床身是车床的基础件。

它通常是由经过充分正火或时效处理的灰铸铁或者球墨铸铁制成，它是一个坚固的刚性框架，所有其他主要部件都安装在床身上。

通常在球墨铸铁制成，它是一个坚固的刚性框架，所有其他主要部件都安装在床身上。

通常在床身上面有内外两组平行的导轨。

一些制造厂生产的四个导轨都采用倒“V”，而另一些制造厂则将倒“V”形导轨和平面导轨结合。

由于其他的部件要安装在导轨上并（或）在导轨上移动，导轨要经过精密加工，以保证其装配精度。

同样地，在操作中应该小心，以避免损伤导轨。

导轨上的任何误差，常常会使整个机床的精度遭到破坏。

大多数现代车床的导轨要进行表面淬火处理。

以减少磨损和擦伤，具有更大的耐磨性。

主轴箱安装在床身一端内导轨的固定位置上。

它提供动力。

使工件在各种速度下旋转。

它基本上由一个安装在精密轴承中的空心轴和一系列变速齿轮---类似于卡车变速箱所组成，通过变速齿轮，主轴可以在许多中转速的旋转。

大多数车床有8～18中转速，一般按等比级数排列。

在现代车床上只需扳动2～4个手柄，就能得到全部挡位的转速。

目前发展的趋势是通过电气的或机械的装置进行无级变速。

由于车床的精度在很大程度上取决于主轴，因此主轴的结构尺寸较大，通常安装在紧密配合的重型圆锤滚子轴承或球轴承中。

关于洗衣机的毕业外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

外文翻译资料外文原文：Washing machinesLet’s look inside one of today’s fully automatic washing machines that use swirling water to clean the clothes. There are many types of washing machines but this Figure shows you what most of them are basically made up of.。

The reason why a washing machine like this can wash and get the water out of the clothes at the same time is because it has a double layer drum.When1washing and rinsing,the pulsator spins and makes the water swirl..To get the water out of the clothes, the inner wall f the drum spins and the water goes through the holes.These days,the“centrifugal force washing machines”are quite popular.This type of machine does not use a pulsator.Instead,the inner wall spins really quickly.1外文翻译资料When the drum spins,the dirty clothes get stuck to the wall.The water and detergent also try to escape through the holes of the wall but before they do so,they are forced to escape through the clothes.When this happens,the power of the water and detergent removes the dirt form the clothes.Another good thing about this type of machine is that clothes don’t get tangled up so you don’t have to worry about your clothes getting ripped or damaged.Next,let’s look at some different types ofwashing machines!Many of you probably think that the water inside washing machines goes round and round. Actually, different washing machines make water flow in different ways.Whirlpool type:This type of washing machine uses a pulsator to force the water to move like a whirlpool inside the Drum.The spinning water forces the dirt out form the clothes inside the machine. Some of the newer models of this type also make the whirlpool move up and down to make it clean clothes even better!Agitator stirring typeThis type of washing machine has something that looks like a propeller at the bottom of the tub.This Propeller spins around and stirs the water.The water then forces the dirt out from the clothes in the machine.The good thing about this type of machine is that clothes do not get tangled up and clothes get evenly washed.Drum type:This type of machine has a drum with many holes in it. There are also protrusions bumps on the wall of the drum.As the drum turns,the clothes are picked up by the protrusions. When the clothes fall down from the top of the drum through the water,the movement removes dirt from the clothes.Centrifugal force type:2外文翻译资料As we have said before, the spinning drum pushes the water and detergent out through the wall of the inner drum. The power that comes form spinning the drum is called centrifugal force., which is where the name comes from. The water is forced through the clothes and then the holes in the inner wall.After one cycle,the water is recycled back into the tank and the process starts again.This cycle is what cleans the clothes!In Japan,people first started using machines in1930.But then the price of a washing machine was so high that most average persons could not buy one for their homes.Looking back now, there was something strange and funny on some of the first versions of the washing machine .The machine had two rollers that were used to sandwich each shirt and other clothes to squeeze the water out of them.The rollers were turned by hand,and in fact,you needed a lot of strength to turn those things!Still,people then thought it was a really neat invention!This type of water squeezer was used for almost 30 years until something new came along. The spin drier that used“centrifugal force”to get most ofthe water is out of the clothes.In1953,the nozzle type washing machine was first sold in Japan.This washing machine is like the older brother of the swirling washing machine that you see today. The price of these washing machines was lower and because of this, more people bought them. The first fully automatic washing machine was introduced in1968,and after that,washing clothes became a lot easier to do!There are a lot of different types of washing machines. What kind of washing machine do you have in your house?Fully automatic:The fully automatic machine has two drum layers that wash, rinse and removewater from clothes together. All you have to do is add detergent and put in dirty3外文翻译资料clothes and then washing machine will do the rest.There is also a new type of fully automatic washing machine that can dry clothes after they have been washed.Twin tub:This washing machine has one part that dose the washing and another part that does the squeezing.Even though it’s a hassle to take the clothes out and move them to other tub,the good thing is that you can wash and squeeze at the same time with one machine.Front loading:The main feature of front loaders is that they use a lot less water than other types.This is the type of Washing machine that dry cleaners use but a lot of people in western countries have this type of washing machine in their homes too.Let’s try to make the best washing machine in the world!We should already thank the scientists that invented the fully automatic washing machine because it makes washing clothes a piece of cake.Scientists are still trying really hard to find ways to make washing machines a lot handier to use for everyone.Some of the things that they are trying to do are to find better ways of making clothes clean and ways to make washing machines last longer.There are washing machines with d trying function today so you don’t even have to hang clothes after words because it dries them automatically!Amazing!Scientists are also trying to find ways to use less water and less detergent in washing machines at present.This is because that it is better to use less water for preserving the environment.What are washing machines of the future going to be like? Maybe there will be a washing machine that dries and folds your clothes after washing them,or maybe there will be one that will wash your clothes while you are still wearingthem! How handy would that be! Remember, if the first washing machine was like4外文翻译资料a dream to people in the old days, all the dreams you have about washing machines of the future may come true!Now, washing machine is becoming more and more popular. We see the main classification.Washing machine can be divided into automatic type and semi-automatic type two kinds, automatic type washing machine as long as we begin our work proactively set better washing procedure,washing machine began to work until the end without manual intervention. And semi-automatic washing machine washing and dewatering process is divided,is also called the double barrel washing machine, a tong,one takes off a bucket,and put tong inside washing out to artificial add to take off in the barrel dehydration is handled and complete laundry process.Full-automatic washing machine in structure to take off in tong internal bucket suit, two barrels of axis,while working with the clutch to finish washing state and dehydration of the transition of the states,on the key said is automatic washing machine.Full-automatic washing machine press catharsis means to points,can be dividedinto bunt washer and roll barrel type two kinds of washing machine, From the electric control ways to points,can be divided into mechanical program-controlled type and computer board controls type washing machine two kinds.The cylinder and the pulsator washing machine are now the main two kinds.Pulsator washing machine working principle is to add clothing,then open the inlet valve,choose good bibcock of water level and correct working procedures, switch on the power,closed warehouse door,and safety switch closed at water level,the public internal switch contacts are and dehydration contacts are interlinked,inlet valve electrify water,when the barrel water reaches the specifiedheight,in air pressure under the action of water level switch inside public contacts5外文翻译资料disconnect dehydration contacts and connect washing contacts,feed valve power to stop water,motor power is switched on,motor started running,and periodically sometimes are turning,sometimes reverse,mutual alternant,driven by clutch BoLun using the same cycle are turning,inversion,with a certain speed rotating BoLun can drive inside bucket of water and clothing,clothing rotating water formed in the mutual friction and reach the purpose of laundry. When washing process is completed,drainage electromagnetic valve electrify work,drain valve is opened,inside bucket of water exudes,and linkage shaft also the clutch from washing state switch to dehydration state,when drainage is completed,atmospheric pressure drop and inside bucket of water level switch public contacts reset through dehydration contacts,drainage electromagnetic valve keep electrify state,motor driven off running electrify bucket high-speed andjilt dry clothing,laundry program after washing machine disconnect hydropower and stop. As for intermediate process of how many times, laundry to wash the length of time, by process control.Roller-type washing machine of the principle and Pulsator washing machine are basic similar.But110mm drum machine it no clutch variable speed,but its motor is double-speed motor, so when washing machine work in washing state, program-controlled device connected motor washing low-speed windings, motor speed slow, working on dehydration, when they connect dehydration modal high-speed windings,motor high-speed operation,this process is programmed through the device and motor to work together to finish.To sum up, the role of these two kinds of washing machine is same, but different implementation,each has his strong point,Pulsator washing machine is simulated handmade kneaded action to work, 110mm drum type washing machine is by gravity inertial function to finish our work,they realize washing and6dewatering way also have different features,Pulsator washing machine to wear clothes is relatively large,but detergents degree is higher,110mm drum machine for clothing wear small,but detergents degrees,but lower than Pulsator washing machine to save water.So far,washing machine is still towards a higher requirements development.7译文：洗衣机来看一下涡流式全自动洗衣机的构造。

盈利能力外文资料翻译译文

盈利能力外文资料翻译译文XXX has always been one of the XXX。

Capital structure is related to a company's funding costs。

financial risks。

and profitability。

and funding costs and financial risks XXX een a company's capital structure and profitability is not us。

but increasing a company's long-term debt-to-equity。

XXX.The funding costs of long-XXX taxes。

a company's actual capital cost is lower than the rate of return demanded by creditors。

The cost of debt capital is mainly determined by the company's financial structure。

debt repayment ability。

operating cash flow。

operating ability。

operating efficiency。

market interest rates。

and current market economic XXX nary effects。

and the return XXX。

Long-term debt has a greater impact on a company's operating XXX。

and long-term debt faces greater credit default risk。

刘颖会外文翻译原文及译文

大连民族学院国际商学院英文翻译2007级毕业论文外文翻译资料Microfinance's Latest Growing Pains小额信贷业的发展阵痛《Knowledge Wharton》February 2nd 2011《沃顿知识》杂志 2011年2月2日译者：刘颖会大连民族学院国际商学院国际经济与贸易072班2011年6月小额信贷业发展阵痛近期的小额信贷危机源于印度南部城市安得拉邦，当地过度负债、暴力催款和借款者被迫自杀等问题引发了民众对小额信贷行业的广泛指责，并强烈呼吁政府加强监管。

10月，印度政府对损害信贷、强行控制回款天数并拖累印度最大的盈利性小额信贷公司SKS股价暴跌的小额信贷机构实施管制。

1月19日，印度储备银行发布Malegam委员会报告，建议对印度小额信贷机构施加一系列新的监管措施，包括设置利率上限、贷款限额以及对借款人的收入进行规定。

有些观察家对此表示欢迎，而悲观人士则认为此举难以避免信贷紧缩和行业崩溃。

尽管现在要分析行业前景还为时尚早，但安得拉邦的危机着实引发了民众对全球小额信贷行业的热烈讨论和深刻反省。

近期在沃顿阿瑞斯高级管理教育学院小额信贷管理培训班上，讨论的焦点集中在过度信贷、高速的行业增长以及如何在追求利润的同时更好地实现小额信贷的设立宗旨。

小额信贷业经历了一场由坏账“大地震”所引发的“痛苦的觉醒”，26名来自全球各地的社会财富计划参与者之一Kamran Azim在一堂主题为小额信贷业的增长与可持续发展的讨论中如此比喻道。

Azim是创立于1996年的巴基斯坦拉合尔小额信贷机构Kashf 基金的运营总监。

他指出，过去20到30年间，小额信贷的方式方法几乎都没有发生过变化。

但现在，突然之间，这个行业经历了一场地震。

正如该培训计划中一门课程的导言所说：“面对不断加速的变革，人们趋向于依赖传统的方式进行商业发展。

然而，正是在这样的时刻，创新方显得尤为重要。

”此外，几名学员也指出，小额信贷行业必须在兼顾客户需求的同时通过创新的方式来巩固发展。

5、外文文献翻译(附原文)产业集群,区域品牌,Industrial cluster ,Regional brand

外文文献翻译（附原文）外文译文一：产业集群的竞争优势——以中国大连软件工业园为例Weilin Zhao,Chihiro Watanabe，Charla-Griffy-Brown[J]. Marketing Science,2009(2):123-125.摘要：本文本着为促进工业的发展的初衷探讨了中国软件公园的竞争优势。

产业集群深植于当地的制度系统，因此拥有特殊的竞争优势。

根据波特的“钻石”模型、SWOT模型的测试结果对中国大连软件园的案例进行了定性的分析。

产业集群是包括一系列在指定地理上集聚的公司，它扎根于当地政府、行业和学术的当地制度系统，以此获得大量的资源，从而获得产业经济发展的竞争优势。

为了成功驾驭中国经济范式从批量生产到开发新产品的转换，持续加强产业集群的竞争优势,促进工业和区域的经济发展是非常有必要的。

关键词：竞争优势；产业集群；当地制度系统；大连软件工业园；中国；科技园区；创新；区域发展产业集群产业集群是波特[1]也推而广之的一个经济发展的前沿概念。

作为一个在全球经济战略公认的专家,他指出了产业集群在促进区域经济发展中的作用。

他写道：集群的概念,“或出现在特定的地理位置与产业相关联的公司、供应商和机构，已成为了公司和政府思考和评估当地竞争优势和制定公共决策的一种新的要素。

但是，他至今也没有对产业集群做出准确的定义。

最近根据德瑞克、泰克拉[2]和李维[3]检查的关于产业集群和识别为“地理浓度的行业优势的文献取得了进展”。

“地理集中”定义了产业集群的一个关键而鲜明的基本性质。

产业由地区上特定的众多公司集聚而成,他们通常有共同市场、,有着共同的供应商,交易对象,教育机构和其它像知识及信息一样无形的东西，同样地,他们也面临相似的机会和威胁。

在全球产业集群有许多种发展模式。

比如美国加州的硅谷和马萨诸塞州的128鲁特都是知名的产业集群。

前者以微电子、生物技术、和风险资本市场而闻名,而后者则是以软件、计算机和通讯硬件享誉天下[4]。

外文翻译—电力电子技术（英文+译文）

1 Power Electronic ConceptsPower electronics is a rapidly developing technology. Components are tting higher current and voltage ratings, the power losses decrease and the devices become more reliable. The devices are also very easy tocontrol with a mega scale power amplification. The prices are still going down pr. kVA and power converters are becoming attractive as a mean to improve the performance of a wind turbine. This chapter will discuss the standard power converter topologies from the simplest converters for starting up the turbine to advanced power converter topologies, where the whole power is flowing through the converter. Further, different park solutions using power electronics arealso discussed.1.1 Criteria for concept evaluationThe most common topologies are selected and discussed in respect to advantages and drawbacks. Very advanced power converters, where many extra devices are necessary in order to get a proper operation, are omitted.1.2 Power convertersMany different power converters can be used in wind turbine applications. In the case of using an induction generator, the power converter has to convert from a fixed voltage and frequency to a variable voltage and frequency. This may be implemented in many different ways, as it will be seen in the next section. Other generator types can demand other complex protection. However, the most used topology so far is a soft-starter, which is used during start up in order to limit the in-rush current and thereby reduce the disturbances to the grid.1.2.1 Soft starterThe soft starter is a power converter, which has been introduced to fixedspeed wind turbines to reduce the transient current during connection or disconnection of the generator to the grid. When the generator speed exceeds the synchronous speed, the soft-starter is connected. Using firing angle control of the thyristors in the soft starter the generator is smoothly connected to the grid over a predefined number of grid periods. An example of connection diagram for the softstarter with a generator is presented in Figure1.Figure 1. Connection diagram of soft starter with generators.The commutating devices are two thyristors for each phase. These are connected in anti-parallel. The relationship between the firing angle (﹤) and the resulting amplification of the soft starter is non-linear and depends additionally on the power factor of the connected element. In the case of a resistive load, may vary between 0 (full on) and 90 (full off) degrees, in the case of a purely inductive load between 90 (full on) and 180 (full off) degrees. For any power factor between 0 and 90 degrees, w ill be somewhere between the limits sketched in Figure 2.Figure 2. Control characteristic for a fully controlled soft starter.When the generator is completely connected to the grid a contactor (Kbyp) bypass the soft-starter in order to reduce the losses during normal operation. The soft-starter is very cheap and it is a standard converter in many wind turbines.1.2.2 Capacitor bankFor the power factor compensation of the reactive power in the generator, AC capacitor banks are used, as shown in Figure 3. The generators are normally compensated into whole power range. The switching of capacitors is done as a function of the average value of measured reactive power during a certain period.Figure 3. Capacitor bank configuration for power factor compensation ina wind turbine.The capacitor banks are usually mounted in the bottom of the tower or in thenacelle. In order to reduce the current at connection/disconnection of capacitors a coil (L) can be connected in series. The capacitors may be heavy loaded and damaged in the case of over-voltages to the grid and thereby they may increase the maintenance cost.1.2.3 Diode rectifierThe diode rectifier is the most common used topology in power electronic applications. For a three-phase system it consists of six diodes. It is shown in Figure 4.Figure 4. Diode rectifier for three-phase ac/dc conversionThe diode rectifier can only be used in one quadrant, it is simple and it is notpossible to control it. It could be used in some applications with a dc-bus.1.2.4 The back-to-back PWM-VSIThe back-to-back PWM-VSI is a bi-directional power converter consisting of two conventional PWM-VSI. The topology is shown in Figure 5.To achieve full control of the grid current, the DC-link voltage must be boosted to a level higher than the amplitude of the grid line-line voltage. The power flow of the grid side converter is controlled in orderto keep the DC-link voltage constant, while the control of the generator side is set to suit the magnetization demand and the reference speed. The control of the back-to-back PWM-VSI in the wind turbine application is described in several papers (Bogalecka, 1993), (Knowles-Spittle et al., 1998), (Pena et al., 1996), (Yifan & Longya, 1992), (Yifan & Longya, 1995).Figure 5. The back-to-back PWM-VSI converter topology.1.2.4.1 Advantages related to the use of the back-to-back PWM-VSIThe PWM-VSI is the most frequently used three-phase frequency converter. As a consequence of this, the knowledge available in the field is extensive and well established. The literature and the available documentation exceed that for any of the other converters considered in this survey. Furthermore, many manufacturers produce components especially designed for use in this type of converter (e.g., a transistor-pack comprising six bridge coupled transistors and anti paralleled diodes). Due to this, the component costs can be low compared to converters requiring components designed for a niche production.A technical advantage of the PWM-VSI is the capacitor decoupling between the grid inverter and the generator inverter. Besides affording some protection, this decoupling offers separate control of the two inverters, allowing compensation of asymmetry both on the generator side and on the grid side, independently.The inclusion of a boost inductance in the DC-link circuit increases the component count, but a positive effect is that the boost inductance reduces the demands on the performance of the grid side harmonic filter, and offers some protection of the converter against abnormal conditions on the grid.1.2.4.2 Disadvantages of applying the back-to-back PWM-VSIThis section highlights some of the reported disadvantages of the back-to-back PWM-VSI which justify the search for a more suitable alternative converter:In several papers concerning adjustable speed drives, the presence of the DC link capacitor is mentioned as a drawback, since it is heavy and bulky, it increases the costs and maybe of most importance, - it reduces the overall lifetime of the system. (Wen-Song & Ying-Yu, 1998); (Kim & Sul, 1993); (Siyoung Kim et al., 1998).Another important drawback of the back-to-back PWM-VSI is the switching losses. Every commutation in both the grid inverter and the generator inverter between the upper and lower DC-link branch is associated with a hard switching and a natural commutation. Since the back-to-back PWM-VSI consists of two inverters, the switching losses might be even more pronounced. The high switching speed to the grid may also require extra EMI-filters.To prevent high stresses on the generator insulation and to avoid bearing current problems (Salo & Tuusa, 1999), the voltage gradient may have to be limited by applying an output filter.1.2.5 Tandem converterThe tandem converter is quite a new topology and a few papers only have treated it up till now ((Marques & Verdelho, 1998); (Trzynadlowski et al., 1998a); (Trzynadlowski et al., 1998b)). However, the idea behind the converter is similar to those presented in ((Zhang et al., 1998b)), where the PWM-VSI is used as an active harmonic filter to compensate harmonic distortion. The topology of the tandem converter is shown inFigure 6.Figure 6. The tandem converter topology used in an induction generator wind turbine system.The tandem converter consists of a current source converter, CSC, in thefollowing designated the primary converter, and a back-to-back PWM-VSI, designated the secondary converter. Since the tandem converter consists of four controllable inverters, several degrees of freedom exist which enable sinusoidal input and sinusoidal output currents. However, in this context it is believed that the most advantageous control of the inverters is to control the primary converter to operate in square-wave current mode. Here, the switches in the CSC are turned on and off only once per fundamental period of the input- and output current respectively. In square wave current mode, the switches in the primary converter may either be GTO.s, or a series connection of an IGBT and a diode.Unlike the primary converter, the secondary converter has to operateat a high switching frequency, but the switched current is only a small fraction of the total load current. Figure 7 illustrates the current waveform for the primary converter, the secondary converter, is, and the total load current il.In order to achieve full control of the current to/from the back-to-back PWMVSI, the DC-link voltage is boosted to a level above the grid voltage. As mentioned, the control of the tandem converter is treated in only a few papers. However, the independent control of the CSC and the back-to-back PWM-VSI are both well established, (Mutschler & Meinhardt, 1998); (Nikolic & Jeftenic, 1998); (Salo & Tuusa, 1997); (Salo & Tuusa, 1999).Figure 7. Current waveform for the primary converter, ip, the secondary converter, is, and the total load current il.1.2.5.1Advantages in the use of the Tandem ConverterThe investigation of new converter topologies is commonly justifiedby thesearch for higher converter efficiency. Advantages of the tandem converter are the low switching frequency of the primary converter, and the low level of the switched current in the secondary converter. It is stated that the switching losses of a tandem inverter may be reduced by 70%, (Trzynadlowski et al., 1998a) in comparison with those of an equivalent VSI, and even though the conduction losses are higher for the tandem converter, the overall converter efficiency may be increased.Compared to the CSI, the voltage across the terminals of the tandem converter contains no voltage spikes since the DC-link capacitor of the secondary converter is always connected between each pair of input- and output lines (Trzynadlowski et al., 1998b).Concerning the dynamic properties, (Trzynadlowski et al., 1998a) states that the overall performance of the tandem converter is superior to both the CSC and the VSI. This is because current magnitude commands are handled by the voltage source converter, while phase-shift current commands are handled by the current source converter (Zhang et al., 1998b).Besides the main function, which is to compensate the current distortion introduced by the primary converter, the secondary converter may also act like an active resistor, providing damping of the primary inverter in light load conditions (Zhang et al., 1998b).1.2.5.2 Disadvantages of using the Tandem ConverterAn inherent obstacle to applying the tandem converter is the high number of components and sensors required. This increases the costs and complexity of both hardware and software. The complexity is justified by the redundancy of the system (Trzynadlowski et al., 1998a), however the system is only truly redundant if a reduction in power capability and performance is acceptable.Since the voltage across the generator terminals is set by the secondary inverter, the voltage stresses at the converter are high.Therefore the demands on the output filter are comparable to those when applying the back-to-back PWM-VSI.In the system shown in Figure 38, a problem for the tandem converter in comparison with the back-to-back PWM-VSI is the reduced generator voltage. By applying the CSI as the primary converter, only 0.866% of the grid voltage can be utilized. This means that the generator currents (and also the current through the switches) for the tandem converter must be higher in order to achieve the same power.1.2.6 Matrix converterIdeally, the matrix converter should be an all silicon solution with no passive components in the power circuit. The ideal conventional matrix converter topology is shown in Figure 8.Figure 8. The conventional matrix converter topology.The basic idea of the matrix converter is that a desired input current (to/from the supply), a desired output voltage and a desired output frequency may be obtained by properly connecting the output terminals of the converter to the input terminals of the converter. In order to protect the converter, the following two control rules must be complied with: Two (or three) switches in an output leg are never allowed to be on at the same time. All of the three output phases must be connected to an input phase at any instant of time. The actual combination of the switchesdepends on the modulation strategy.1.2.6.1 Advantages of using the Matrix ConverterThis section summarises some of the advantages of using the matrix converter in the control of an induction wind turbine generator. For a low output frequency of the converter the thermal stresses of the semiconductors in a conventional inverter are higher than those in a matrix converter. This arises from the fact that the semiconductors in a matrix converter are equally stressed, at least during every period of the grid voltage, while the period for the conventional inverter equals the output frequency. This reduces thethermal design problems for the matrix converter.Although the matrix converter includes six additional power switches compared to the back-to-back PWM-VSI, the absence of the DC-link capacitor may increase the efficiency and the lifetime for the converter (Schuster, 1998). Depending on the realization of the bi-directional switches, the switching losses of the matrix inverter may be less than those of the PWM-VSI, because the half of the switchings become natural commutations (soft switchings) (Wheeler & Grant, 1993).1.2.6.2 Disadvantages and problems of the matrix converterA disadvantage of the matrix converter is the intrinsic limitation of the output voltage. Without entering the over-modulation range, the maximum output voltage of the matrix converter is 0.866 times the input voltage. To achieve the same output power as the back-to-back PWM-VSI, the output current of the matrix converter has to be 1.15 times higher, giving rise to higher conducting losses in the converter (Wheeler & Grant, 1993).In many of the papers concerning the matrix converter, the unavailability of a true bi-directional switch is mentioned as one of the major obstacles for the propagation of the matrix converter. In the literature, three proposals for realizing a bi-directional switch exists. The diode embedded switch (Neft & Schauder, 1988) which acts like a truebi-directional switch, the common emitter switch and the common collector switch (Beasant et al., 1989).Since real switches do not have infinitesimal switching times (which is not desirable either) the commutation between two input phases constitutes a contradiction between the two basic control rules of the matrix converter. In the literature at least six different commutation strategies are reported, (Beasant et al., 1990); (Burany, 1989); (Jung & Gyu, 1991); (Hey et al., 1995); (Kwon et al., 1998); (Neft & Schauder, 1988). The most simple of the commutation strategies are those reported in (Beasant et al., 1990) and (Neft & Schauder, 1988), but neither of these strategies complies with the basic control rules.译文1 电力电子技术的内容电力电子技术是一门正在快速发展的技术,电力电子元器件有很高的额定电流和额定电压,它的功率减小元件变得更加可靠、耐用.这种元件还可以用来控制比它功率大很多倍的元件。

机床——机械类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部：专业：姓名：学号：外文出处：English For Electromechanical(用外文写)Engineering附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文机床机床是用于切削金属的机器。

工业上使用的机床要数车床、钻床和铣床最为重要。

其它类型的金属切削机床在金属切削加工方面不及这三种机床应用广泛。

车床通常被称为所有类型机床的始祖。

为了进行车削，当工件旋转经过刀具时，车床用一把单刃刀具切除金属。

用车削可以加工各种圆柱型的工件，如：轴、齿轮坯、皮带轮和丝杠轴。

镗削加工可以用来扩大和精加工定位精度很高的孔。

钻削是由旋转的钻头完成的。

大多数金属的钻削由麻花钻来完成。

用来进行钻削加工的机床称为钻床。

铰孔和攻螺纹也归类为钻削过程。

铰孔是从已经钻好的孔上再切除少量的金属。

攻螺纹是在内孔上加工出螺纹，以使螺钉或螺栓旋进孔内。

铣削由旋转的、多切削刃的铣刀来完成。

铣刀有多种类型和尺寸。

有些铣刀只有两个切削刃，而有些则有多达三十或更多的切削刃。

铣刀根据使用的刀具不同能加工平面、斜面、沟槽、齿轮轮齿和其它外形轮廓。

牛头刨床和龙门刨床用单刃刀具来加工平面。

用牛头刨床进行加工时，刀具在机床上往复运动，而工件朝向刀具自动进给。

在用龙门刨床进行加工时，工件安装在工作台上，工作台往复经过刀具而切除金属。

工作台每完成一个行程刀具自动向工件进给一个小的进给量。

磨削利用磨粒来完成切削工作。

根据加工要求，磨削可分为精密磨削和非精密磨削。

精密磨削用于公差小和非常光洁的表面，非精密磨削用于在精度要求不高的地方切除多余的金属。

车床车床是用来从圆形工件表面切除金属的机床，工件安装在车床的两个顶尖之间，并绕顶尖轴线旋转。

车削工件时，车刀沿着工件的旋转轴线平行移动或与工件的旋转轴线成一斜角移动，将工件表面的金属切除。

车刀的这种位移称为进给。

车刀装夹在刀架上，刀架则固定在溜板上。

溜板是使刀具沿所需方向进行进给的机构。

翻译外文资料翻译译文范文

翻译外文资料翻译译文范文这个样本的分析表明，买方在跨境并购中的低收益和国内兼并是相对的。

1870亿美元的收购的股东资产在宣告收购的三天内被摧毁。

这个结果揭示了造成损失的原因，因为买家跨国采购的规模变大，而且更容易遭受代理问题(默勒等，xx)。

结果还显示，估值取决于收购前期的信息收集，这影响境内收购者的决定。

买家在经营合资企业的购置资产中获得巨大的收益，可以得出，在管理资产时要从信息中获利收益。

我们假设，这些收益与被解决的不确定程度成正相关，这样的话，收购经验丰富的国家和地区，存在高层次的投资风险，也存在较高的投资回报率。

没有证据表明，购买者在较高的不确定性投资中，从闲置资本投资和有微小优势的投资中获得收益。

有微小优势的投资和分期付款的投资引致买家在国内更大的收益，但不是跨境并购。

使用股票作为支付方式与收购者的超额回报成负相关。

这些结果表明，合资企业可以作为一个过渡性的机制来减少跨境并购中的不确定性。

但是，只有一小部分资产由合资企业共同经营，这表明控制偏好(或合资企业所有权分享撤销)，超过了合资企业收购前的收益。

下一节介绍了文献综述和假定。

第3节讨论样品。

第4节分析价值对收购者的影响。

第5节介绍价值的不确定性和国家投资风险。

2 文献回顾和假设2.1有关国际并购的文献此前对于跨国并购的研究，主要集中于美国买家或任何美国目标，并且对这些交易的期限和国家依靠的经济后果进行了分析。

丹尼斯等在1984年至1997年对美国企业中的44，288家比较强大的企业进行分析观察中发现全球性多元化是与企业价值的减少相关联的。

莫乐和斯克林格曼在 1985年至1995年对美国企业4430份并购分析发现投标人的经验是低收益跨国收购。

柴特吉和奥通过对英国公司的研究以及艾克波和索伯恩对 ___公司的研究也发表了类似的发现。

其他分析发现，收购回报比较小。

杜卡斯和特雷乌勒(1988)发现，平均来看，从1975年到1983年由202个美国公司所进行的301起并购并没有收获收益。

道路路桥工程中英文对照外文翻译文献

道路路桥工程中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文资料中英文资料外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Asphalt Mixtures-Applications。

Theory and Principles1.ApplicationsXXX is the most common of its applications。

however。

and the onethat will be XXX.XXX “flexible” is used to distinguish these pavements from those made with Portland cement,which are classified as rigid pavements。

that is。

XXX it provides they key to the design approach which must be used XXX.XXX XXX down into high and low types,the type usually XXX product is used。

The low typesof pavement are made with the cutback。

or emulsion。

XXX type may have several names。

However。

XXX is similar for most low-type pavements and XXX mix。

forming the pavement.The high type of asphalt XXX中英文资料XXX grade.中英文资料Fig.·1 A modern XXX.Fig.·2 Asphalt con crete at the San Francisco XXX.They are used when high wheel loads and high volumes of traffic occur and are。

建筑外文文献(含中文翻译)

中文译文：建筑业的竞争及竞争策略美国的工程建筑公司几十年来一直控制着国际建筑市场，但近来世界上发生的事件改变了它的主导地位。

为了调查今后十年对工程建筑竞争产生影响的推动力及趋势，由建筑工业研究院的"2000年建筑特别工作组：发起一项称为“2000年建筑市场竞争分析”的研究项目。

该研究项目考察了一些影响竞争的因素，包括下列方面：企业能力塑造：采用纵向联合，横向发展的方法，提高企业的综合能力。

扩大市场领地，这种做法包括被海外的联合企业收购或被其合并，或是由美国公司收购外国公司。

筹措资金的选择方法：私有化作用，建筑权力转让项目，未来市场中工程筹资特征。

管理、组织及结构：未来的经营管理及组织方法、组织结构、组织技巧要有利于引导职员在世界竞争环境中发挥作用。

劳力特征：未来具有专业水平和技工水平的工程建筑工人的供求情况技术问题：技术将如何影响竞争，如何用来弥补劳力不足的缺陷。

研究目标及范围这一研究项目的目标是收集信息，使之为适应2000年及以后的工程建筑业在调整、制定策略方面的需要提供真知灼见，并制定出2000年工程建筑业的可能的发展计划。

这项研究回顾了工程建筑业的历史过程，审视了当前的发展趋势，以确定影响该工业未来的推动力，与该工业相关的有重塑企业能力，私有化及筹措资金方法的潜在作用以及经营管理、组织方法、公司结构方面的未来发展方向。

研究范围包括选定一些公司，采访这些公司有专业特长的人员。

这些人员的专业涉及面很广，包括商业建筑，重工业建筑，公共事业设施建设，基础建设．轻工业建筑，电力，生产程序以及航天科学。

工程建筑业竞争特性工程建筑业的竞争特征由于下列原因在变动：80年代发生的事件，以及计划在90年代实施的项目，正在引导建筑业摆脱相互对立的局面，转向相互合作。

应该以积极的眼光看待新的公司进入国际工程建筑市场，因为它增加了全球合作的机遇。

合作关系会使所有的伙伴受益，这是因为美国公司可以在合作伙伴的国家找到机遇，同样，外国公司也会打入美国市场。

外文翻译

附件一：外文资料翻译译文流体力学混合在单螺杆挤出机Ravlndran Chella 和Julio M. Ottlno*Massachusetts 州Amherst ，Massachusetts 大学，化学工程系 01003卷矩形空腔流图5为一个序列的一个接口，已进行二维矩形腔流拉伸步骤，在长度增长的界面，L(t ）伴随着条纹厚度减少而减少，它被定义为相邻的接口之间的平均垂直距离，因此L(t)•s(t)≈常数，Biggs 和Middleman(1974b)使用一个简化的标记和细胞（MAC ）技术(Harlow 和Amsden ，1970)来追踪该接口的位置。

然而，他们只考虑水平接口以及他们认为小拉伸比率的情况。

图5对两个相邻的垂直拉伸的流体层之间的接口在二维矩形腔流的步骤顺序示意图在一个典型的数值模拟中，变形及连续线拉伸（或表面）是使用有限数量的粒子模拟。

对于幅度的一个或两个数量级的相对伸展的线变形，包含所述线路分离的单个颗粒，定义并不清晰，对每一个粒子的初始浓度（每单位长度的粒子数量）会有一段时间在这几乎不可能重建。

（如果粒子流混乱，这个问题会急剧变得严重。

）当进行线路中的示踪粒子模拟时，相同的问题会出现在实验工作中，另一方面，该线路不能过于集中，因为它不是被动接口，如果线路是可溶性示踪剂模拟，问题将会扩散。

一般来说，这似乎很难遵循传统的跟踪方法或实验的210或相对较高的拉伸比拉伸，数值误差可能会使它不可能实现可逆性预期规则运动(Khakhar 等人,1984),界面的长度变化的关系可以用有限的材料进行拉伸计算1/2(0)ˆˆ(t)(:)|L L C MM dx =⎰ (11)该组包含该接口的差分线元件的初始取向的需要被指定，对于垂直界面（垂直于移动板块）ˆM =(0,l)和水平界面（平行移动板块）ˆM = (l,0)，以及所有的行元素，由于它是在初始配置，所以用公式11计算是相对简单的。

这里使用的方法可以进行计算任意大的拉伸比，为了能够运用公式11，一种光腔流场的数学描述是有必要的，在这种情况下，参与关于瞬态问题利用稳态速度分布的误差比较小，例如稳态操作条件下迅速达到正常操作条件（Bigg 和 Middleman,1974b Erwin 和 Moktharian ，1981），由公式1可以得出这一流程最简单的说明。

外文资料及翻译

外文资料及译文原文：Television Video SignalsAlthough over 50 years old , the standard television signal is still one of the most common way to transmit an image. Figure 8.3 shows how the television signal appears on an oscilloscope. This is called composite video, meaning that there are vertical and horizontal synchronization (sync) pulses mixed with the actual picture information.These pulses are used in the television receiver to synchronize the vertical and horizontal deflection circuits to match the video being displayed. Each second of standard video contains 30 complete images, commonly called frames , A video engineer would say that each frame contains 525 lines, the television jargon for what programmers call rows. This number is a little deceptive because only 480 to 486 of these lines contain video information; the remaining 39to 45 lines are reserved for sync pulses to keep the television’s circuits synchronized with the video signal.Standard television uses an interlaced format to reduce flicker in the displayed image. This means that all the odd lines of each frame are transmitted first, followed by the even lines. The group of odd lines is called the odd field, and the group of even lines is called the even field. Since each frame consists of two fields, the video signal transmits 60 fields per second. Each field starts with a complex series of vertical sync pulses lasting 1.3 milliseconds. This is followed by either the even or odd lines of video. Each line lasts for 63.5 microseconds, including a 10.2 microsecond horizontal sync pulse, separating one line from the next. Within each line, the analog voltage corresponds to the gray scale of the image, with brighter values being in the direction away from the sync pulses. This place the sync beyond the black range. In video jargon, the sync pulses are said to be blacker than black..The hardware used for analog-to-digital conversion of video signals is called a frame grabber. This is usually in the form of an electronics card that plugs into a computer, and connects to a camera through a coaxial cable. Upon command from software, the frame grabber waits for the beginning of the next frame, as indicated by the vertical sync pulses. During the following two fields, each line of video is sampled many times, typically 512,640 or 720 samples per line, at 8bits per sample. These samples are stored in memory as one row of the digital image.This way of acquiring a digital image results in an important difference between the vertical and horizontal directions. Each row in the digital image corresponds to one line in the video signal, and therefore to one row of wells in the CCD. Unfortunately,the columns are not so straightforward. In the CCD, each row contains between about 400 and 800 wells (columns), depending on the particular device used. When a row of wells is read from the CCD, the resulting line of video is filtered into a smooth analog signal, such as in Figure 8.3. In other words, the video signal does not depend on how many columns are present in the CCD. The resolution in the horizontal direction is limited by how rapidly the analog signal is allowed to change. This is usually set at 3.2 MHz for color television, resulting in a rise time of about 100 nanoseconds, i.e, about1/500th of the 53.2 microsecond video line.When the video signal is digitized in the frame grabber, it is converted back into conclusions. However, these columns in the digitized image have no relation to the columns in the CCD. The number of columns in the digital image depends solely on how many times the frame grabber samples each line of video. For example, a CCD might have 800 wells per row, while the digitized image might only have 512 pixels (i.e columns) perrow.The number of columns in the digitized image is also important for another reason. The standard television image has an aspect ratio of 4 to 3, i.e. it is slightly wider than it is high. Motion pictures have the wider aspect ratio of 25 to 9. CCDs used for scientific applications often have an aspect ratio of 1 to 1, i.e , a perfect square. In any event, the aspect ratio of a CCD is fixed by the placement of the electrodes, and cannot be altered. However, the aspect ratio of the digitized image depends on the number of samples per line. This becomes a problem when the image is displayed, either on a video monitor or in a hardcopy. If the aspect ratio isn’t properly reproduced, the image looks squashed horizontally or vertically.The 525 line video signal described here is called NTSC (National Television Systems Committee), a standard defined way back in 1954. This is the system used in the United States and Japan. In Europe there are two similar standards called PAL (Phase Alternation by Line) and SECAM (Sequential Chrominance and Memory). The basic concepts are the same, just the numbers are different. Both PAL and SECAM operate with 25 interlaced frames per second, with 625 lines per frame. Just as with NTSC, some of these lines occur during the vertical sync, resulting in about 576 lines that carry picture information. Other more subtle differences relate to how color and sound are added to the signal.The most straightforward way of transmitting color television would be to have three separate analog signals, one for each of the three colors the human eye can detect: red, green and blue. Unfortunately, the historical development of television did not allow such a simple scheme. The color television signal was developed to allow existing blackand white television sets to remain in use without modification. This was done by retaining the same signal for brightness information , but adding a separate signal for color information. In video jargon, the brightness is called the luminance signal, while the color is the chrominance signal. The chrominance signal is contained on a 3.58 MHz carrier wave added to the black and white video signal. Sound is added in this same way, on a 4.5 MHz carrier wave. The television receiver separates these three signals, processes them individually, and recombines them in the final diplay.译文：关键词：核心，合成信号，电压耦合电视信号尽管已经拥有50年的历史了,电视信号依然是常用的传递信息的途径之一。