词汇翻译练习
高考英语一轮复习 高频词汇翻译练习 (1)
高考英语高频词汇翻译练习1.at any price不惜任何代价As regards the war, Haig believed in victory at any price.关于这场战争，黑格认为应不惜任何代价获胜。
If they wanted a deal at any price, they would have to face the consequences.如果他们不惜任何代价想要一笔生意，他们将得面对其后果。
2.not at any price绝对不; 无论如何不I wouldn't work for her again—not at any price!我再也不替她做事了，给多少钱也不做！"I SUPPORT the euro, but not at any price," said Wolfgang Reitzle, chief executive of Linde, an industrial-gas producer, in a recent interview.“我支持欧元，但并非不惜代价。
”沃尔夫冈·莱茨勒在近日一次采访中说道，他是生产工业汽油的德国林德集团的董事长。
3.tease out梳理It is really important to understand and try and tease out what is the human connection with fire today.理解并尝试梳理出当今人类与火的关系是非常重要的。
The teacher helped them tease out the meaning of the poem.老师帮助他们弄清楚那首诗的含义。
4.priceless treasure 无价之宝; 无价的珍品Knowledge is priceless treasure.知识是无价之宝。
词汇翻译练习_学生版_
Name & No.: Exercises for Business English Translation练习之词义选择（1）１. Thank you for your letter reference DT/Zi No. 102, of 29th, March.２. We have had only one order from ABC Co., Ltd., so we regret we cannot give you a reference from long experience.３. Reference is made to your Sales Confirmation No. 1529.４. The Buyer asks for credit and has given the Bank of China, Beijing as a reference.５. The Sales Company is given the same power with reference to apportioning the commission.６. A reference to your records will show that we have more than once asked you to establish L/C against S/C No. 2523.7. The time limit for inspection and claim is 60 days after discharge of the cargo at the port of destination.8. Party B agrees that the expiration of this license shall not discharge party B from its obligation.9. Routine duties of the Joint Venture Company are to be discharged by the general manager appointed by the Board of Directors.10. Party B shall check the quality of each discharge/dispatch in accordance with the Contract.11. Just as in that year, when those catastrophes were followed by substantial increases in insurance premiums, insurers are already lobbying for rate relief.12. During the 1980’s the large premiums paid in acquisition often resulted in prices that greatly exceeded the value of tangible assets.练习之词类引申（2）1．Vietnam was his entrée to the new Administration, his third incarnation as a foreign policy consultant.2．There was no provocation for such an angry letter.3．Fatty’s Restaurant had become an institution in his life in the last seven years.4．The trunk was big and awkward and loaded with books. But his case was a different proposition.5．The invention of machinery had brought into the world a new era---the Industrial Age.Money had become King.6．Shocking disclosures of unsanitary conditions in meat-packing plants, the use of poisonous preservatives and dyes in foods, and cure-all claims for worthless and dangerous patent medicines were the major problems leading to the enactment of these laws.练习之词类转换（3）1.There is a popular belief among consumers that goods are no longer in high quality asbefore.2.His acceptance of bribes led to his arrest.3.The sight of the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games filled me with speciallonging.4.Sorry, I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.5.Man is becoming fully aware of the importance of safeguarding environment.6.You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in this insurance policy.7.The selling plan may become available during the next year.8.“Coming!”Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across theveranda, and into the porch.9.I’m all for the resolution of directors.10.The plane flew straight ahead, across the harbor and over the sea.11.With China’s entry to the WTO and Beijing’s successful bid for the 2008 OlympicGames, learning English is more important than ever before.12.The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.13.The soup tastes good.14.Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at bythe gravitational attraction of the sun, moon and earth.15.Formality has always characterized their relationship.16.The young man, who looks and talks like John, is Li Ming’s boss.17.Tom was eloquent and elegant but soft.18.They were considered sincere.19.They did their best to help the sick, the young, and the old.20.The light was on, the TV was playing, but nobody was in.21.Tom is physically strong but mentally weak.22.All the students should develop morally, intellectually, and physically.23.The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.24.The security of buying the products of the world famous business companies wonderful.25.He is a perfect stranger in business.26.Independence is a necessity in her life.27.Our president had prepared meticulously for his journey to Europe.28.From then on, they lived very happily for the rest of their lives.29.He looked at the Letter of Credit given to him by ABC Group in surprise.30.It was a clear and unemotional exposition of our President’s reasons for willingness tobegin a new dialogue between two corporations.31.The new boss earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit his clerks.练习之视角转化（4）1. The old man lay awake almost the whole night.2. The teacher really has an open mind.3. He is strange to compliment.4. I'll see you dead before I accept your term.5. Only that I know you might be wanted，I should detain you a little longer.6. Not for nothing does a weasel come to a chicken and give New Year greetings.7. In 1954, MILLER PESTICIDE AMENDMENT spells out procedures for setting safety limits for pesticide residues on raw agricultural commodities.8. Offering these benefits did not make him widely popular with his stockholders.9. Born into postwar uncertainties, in 1946, he grew up with a sense of vocation.10.There is too much to be desired for the government to crack down bribery and corruption.11. Casual, not so close, friendships are preferable in business.12. Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie's generosity.练习之增减法（5）1. A book, tight shut, is but a block of paper.2. Success is often just an idea away.3. English language learners should often watch the English programs of CCTV in order toraise their listening comprehension abilities.4. The price offered by John is much cheaper than that of Mark.5. Speed and reliability are the chief advantages of the electronic computers.6. You were, you are, and you remain to be the consumers of our products.7. The inflation distorts our economic decisions, penalizes thrift and crushes the strugglingyoung and the fixed-income elderly alike.8 The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection.9. You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.10. In spite of the fact that his initial experiments had failed, Prof. White persisted in his research.11. Stainless steel possesses good hardness and high strength.12. Planning and market forces are both means of regulating economic activities.13. Let us know the detailed information on your market.14. On condition that you sign this receipt, I’11 pay the money.练习之重复法（6）1. The child doesn't like this book. Show him a more interesting one.2. We don’t want any more money. We’ve had enough.3. Our company is in this building and theirs is in that one.4. This reception room is lighter than the one next door.5. The price offered by ABC Group is quite cheaper than that by CAP Group.6. The best watches are those made in Switzerland.7. John speaks German as fluently as Mary does.8. He can run 100 meters within 14 seconds, so do I.9. I went to the headquarters of that company because 1 wanted to.10. “Have we got enough money?”“I think so.”11. Mary is in London and John is there too.12．You should help him since you promised to do so.13. He spoke for the first motion of the directors and against the second.14. They are all excellent entrepreneurs, and Kerry is the most excellent I’ve ever seen.15. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.16. John won the first round and Jim the second.17. Among the four oil paintings, two appear to be real, others false.练习之数字翻译（7）1. The output was reduced to 25%.2. By the year 2010 the wor ld’s annual oil output is expected to fall to 50%.3. The error probability of the equipment was reduced by 2.5 times.4. This year, the production of this kind of machine in our plant is estimated to increase to 3times compared with 2006.5. Johnson finished the 200-meter dash in 22 seconds flat.6. Doctor Smith treated cool 30 patients that day.7. The explosion is complete in a few thousandths of a second.8. Hundreds of tall buildings have sprung up in the metropolitan city of Nanjing this year.9. Tens of millions of Yuan (RMB) have gone into the building of this auditorium with modern electronic facilities.10. The renovated model of lathe turns twenty percent faster than the previous one.11. There is an about 100% increase of steel in this steel works in 2006 as compared with 2005.12. The principal advantage over the old model of refrigerator is a four-fold reduction of both noise and weight.13. Ten to one, we will over-fulfill our production plan for this month.14. Let’s go fifty-fifty on the dinner check.15. The Royalty rates indicated in Attachment of Contract shall be applicable for five years following the date of receipt of the technology, after which, they will be reduced by 1% per annum.16. In addition to the payments under the preceding paragraph, Employer will make commission payments to the Employee based on 2.50% of gross sales. This commission will be paid monthly on the last day of the following month.17. The total volume of state purchase in the first quarter rose by 5 percent, compared withthe same period of last year.词汇翻译之综合练习一、翻译下列句子，并指出划线词汇在一般语篇和商务语篇中的词义区别.1. We hereby engage the bills shall be duly honored on presentation.2. He became as exhilarated as if his tender for building a mansion had been accepted.3. The total of our current assets and fixed assets comes to 15 billion US dollars.4. The company has an absolute interest in the building.5. Managers with stock options may be using their firms’ resources to increase the short-term value of their own holdings.6. It treats futures and options uniformly while recognizing the unique features of options.7. The group is the largest of the four companies, with 15 production facilities throughout the country.8. The team is directed by senior management from the Audit, Clearing, Legal, Market Surveillance, Research and Trading Floor Department of the CME.9. Mr. Smith is the artificial person of the company.10. As of the end of April this year, China had 1,170 listed companies with a total stock market capitalization of 4,546.223 billion RMB.二、翻译下列句子，并注意划线词汇的翻译技巧。
高考英语一轮复习 高频词汇翻译练习
高考英语高频词汇翻译练习petition for为……的竞争There's been some fierce competition for the title.已有一些为此头衔的激烈竞争。
There is keen competition for places at the college.要在这所学院就读竞争是非常激烈的。
petition force竞争力Enterprise Culture is inner mechanism and base of forming competition force.企业文化是竞争力形成的内在机制与基础。
Strategic union and value chain management is the important form for strengthening the competition force of enterprise.战略联盟与价值链管理是增强企业竞争力的重要方式。
3.in force 大批; 有效; 大量的; 生效Protesters turned out in force.有很多抗议者出席。
The new regulations are now in force.新规章已生效。
4.force down迫使下降，压下But competition and production will then also begin to force down the price of overcoats.同时随着竞争加剧和产品增多，也会开始压低大衣的价格。
For decades they used their bargaining power to force down the fees they paid to conventional, active fund managers.数十年来，他们利用自己的议价能力去压低付给保守、积极的基金经理的佣金。
词法翻译篇练习
词法翻译篇第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译第一节翻译中的选义一1. 他昨天擦破了皮，现在到医院换药去了。
He had a scratch yesterday and now has gone to change dressing[1] in the hospital.2. 佃农家庭的生活自然是很苦的。
可是由于母亲聪明能干，却也舒服。
The life of a tenant farmer’s family was of course hard, but we somehow managed to scrape along because mother was a clever and able woman.3. 豪华家具带给您典雅的欧陆风情。
You will be enchanted by the unique European style of Fuhua furniture4. 我那新郎官哪！那个死东西！他就是死也不肯仅洞房。
My betrothed! Damn him, he simply refused to come into the bridal chamber!二、量词搭配1. 一窝蜜蜂 a swarm of bees 一窝小鸡 a brood of chickens 一窝幼犬 a litter of pups2. 一群美女 a bevy of beautiful ladies 一群猎狗 a pack of hounds一群鸭 a team of ducks 一群羚羊 a herd of antelopes3. 积极支持 unfailing support 积极的财政政策 proactive fiscal policy积极利用国外资源 make effective use of overseas resources4. 打电话 make a phone call 打的 take a taxi 打毛衣 knit a woolen sweater打水 fetch water 打农药 spray insecticide5. 基本工资 basic wage 基本建设 capital construction 基本物质 essential commodity基本工业 primary industry 基本利益 fundamental interest三、翻译句子（“意见”与“事”）1.两位领导就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。
词汇+翻译Lesson1-4
Lesson1Vocabulary1.There has been much opposition from some social groups,notably from the farming community.特别2.The predominant view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency,isolation,and often poverty.主要的，显著的3.But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody,either by judges or by the most benign of governments.善良的，仁慈的（有力的）4.The foreman（陪审团团长）read the verdict of guilty fourteen times,one for each defendant （被告人）.裁决，裁判5.They fear it could have a(n)adverse effect on global financial markets.不利的6.The UN threatened to invoke economic sanctions(实施经济制裁)if the talks were broken off.引起，造成7.There are at least four crucial(关键的)differences between the new regime and the old government.政权8.These questions constitute a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.形成，组成9.Because of this,a strong administrative apparatus was needed to plan the use of scarce resources（稀缺资源）,organize production and regulate distribution.组织，机构10.I learnt that there are no genuinely indigenous animals in this area,all animals were brought here from other places.本土的11.The book concludes with a review of the possible impact of more intimate(亲密的) computers,for good or ill,in various areas of human life.无论好坏12.Moreover,it had become clear from the opinion polls(民意调查)that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it,rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying(征收)and collecting it.把某事归咎于13.This case gave the example of breaking someone’s arm:that is a really serious injury,but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim’s life.危害14.Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored,that is,of mixed European and African descent.血统15.This debate is important because it points up that“the fact”are not necessarily as simple and straightforward as they might at first sight seen.强调16.In the beginning,the meaning of life might be debated,but once past the first period,many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again,taking in most of human life.包括17.But since agriculture forms the basis of our industry,it was,by and large,also an intensification（加剧）of the crisis in the national economy in general.总的来说18.Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as educations,career structure,pay and conditions of services and concentrate on manpower management（人力资源管理）.不谈论，将某一话题搁置一边19.It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain.However,one thing is crystal clear:it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants（居民）.非常清楚的20.But if animals populations are too small,then they simply die out.死光，绝种Difficult Sentences1.He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism(a condition parallel to racism and sexism).As Phillipson sees it,leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly“white”English-speaking world,have(by design or default)encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English,a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。
及时雨词汇手册P73-82翻译练习
Translations (词汇手册P73~82)：1.每当你批评他的时候，他总是会有很多的理由。
(criticize)2.他在北方的冬季培植黄瓜确实太奇妙了。
(cultivate)3.这种药能否治好头痛很难说。
(cure)4.风俗习惯告诉我们的是我们的先人过去经常做的一些事。
(What; custom; ancestor)5.为什么他对我们的建议充耳不闻仍然是个谜。
(turn a deaf ear to)6.他应受到表扬的原因是他把全部精力都献给了数学。
(deserve; devote)7.这仅仅是因为他决心当一名侦探。
(determine; detective)8.他会否认在银行存过钱，这正是我们已经预料到的。
(deny; deposit)9.她体重减轻是因为她在节食。
(diet)10.这种植物怎样腐烂，为什么会腐烂仍然是个未知数。
(decay)1. Whenever you criticize him, he always has an excuse.2. It is really wonderful that he should cultivate cucumber in the north during thewinter.3. It is hard to say whether the medicine can cure him of his headache.4. What custom tells us is what our ancestors used to do.5. Why he turned a deaf ear to our suggestion is still mystery.6. The reason why he deserves to be praised is that he has devoted himself to mathematics.7. It is simply because he is determined to be a detective.8. He denied depositing money in the bank, which was what we expected.9. Why she lost weight was that she was going on a diet.10. How and why this kind of plants decays is still an unknown.。
高考英语一轮复习高频词汇翻译练习
高考英语高频词汇翻译练习1.in succ ession接连地，连续地He became chairman in succession to Bernard Allen.他接替伯纳德•艾伦任主席。
She has won the award for the third year in succession.这是她连续第三年获得此奖。
2.get/be married (to sb.) （与某人）结婚She married/got married two years ago.=She has been married for two years.她已经结婚两年了。
3.free of charge 免费All goods are delivered free of charge.一切物品免费送货。
4.Reject the charge 否认指控She rejected the charge that the story was untrue.她否认了她编造事实的指控。
5.take charge of 负责，掌管He took charge of the farm after his father’s death.父亲去世后，他掌管农场。
6.Charge with 掌管The committee has been charged with the development of sport. 委员会已经承担了体育运动发展的责任。
7.charge for 收…的费用What did he charge for the repairs?他们收了多少修理费？8.be charged充电Before use, the battery must be charged.使用前，电池必须充电。
9.Be charged with 被指控犯…罪He was charged with murder.他被指控犯有谋杀罪。
10.at no extra charge 无需额外付费Breakfast is provided at no extra charge.供应早餐，不另收费。
大学英语六级翻译练习题库
大学英语六级翻译练习题库第一部分：词汇翻译1. 对外贸易 foreign trade2. 信息技术 information technology3. 环境保护 environmental protection4. 人工智能 artificial intelligence5. 人口增长 population growth第二部分：句子翻译1. Although he is tired, he insists on finishing the task.尽管他累了，但他坚持完成任务。
2. The company plans to expand its business overseas.公司计划扩大海外业务。
3. It is necessary for us to take immediate action to address climate change.我们有必要立即采取行动应对气候变化。
4. The government has implemented a series of measures to promote economic development.政府已经采取了一系列措施推动经济发展。
5. The conference aims to promote international cooperation in the fields of education and culture.这次会议旨在推动教育和文化领域的国际合作。
第三部分：短文翻译Education is crucial for the development of individuals and societies. In recent years, many countries have recognized the importance of education and invested heavily in improving their education systems. China, for example, has made significant progress in education reform and has achieved great results.Firstly, the Chinese government has increased its budget for education. This increased investment has enabled the construction of more schools, the improvement of teaching facilities, and the training of more qualified teachers. As a result, more students have access to quality education.Secondly, educational reform in China has focused on improving the curriculum. The government has revised the curriculum to be more comprehensive and practical. Subjects such as information technology and environmental protection have been included to meet the demands of the modern world. This reform has equipped students with the necessary knowledge and skills to contribute to society.Furthermore, China has also emphasized the importance of international cooperation in education. It has established partnerships with many countries and organizations to promote cultural exchanges and academic cooperation. This has provided opportunities for Chinese students to study abroad and for international students to study in China.In conclusion, China has made significant progress in education reform and has achieved great results. The increased investment, improved curriculum, and international cooperation have contributed to the development of China's education system. It is important for other countries to learn from China's experience and continue to invest in education for a better future.。
笔译练习题
笔译练习题一、词汇翻译1. 请将下列英文单词翻译成中文：- Translation- Context- Idiom- Coherence- Register2. 请将下列中文词汇翻译成英文：- 笔译- 口译- 翻译技巧- 文化差异- 语言风格二、句子翻译1. 翻译以下英文句子到中文：- "The art of translation is not only about finding theright words, but also about conveying the right tone."- "In the process of translation, cultural nuances play a significant role."2. 翻译以下中文句子到英文：- “翻译不仅仅是找到正确的词汇，更重要的是传达正确的语调。
” - “在翻译过程中，文化细微差别起着重要作用。
”三、段落翻译1. 将下列英文段落翻译成中文："In the realm of translation, the translator must be adept at not only linguistic skills but also cultural competence. A good translator should be able to capture the essence of the original text while also making it accessible to the target audience."2. 将下列中文段落翻译成英文：“在翻译领域，翻译者不仅要精通语言技能，还要具备文化能力。
一个好的翻译者应该能够捕捉原文的精髓，同时使其对目标受众易于理解。
”四、翻译技巧分析1. 阅读以下英文段落，并分析翻译者可能如何平衡原文的直译与意译： "The phrase 'a picture is worth a thousand words' is a testament to the power of visual communication. It suggests that an image can convey complex ideas and emotions with a simplicity that words alone cannot achieve."2. 阅读以下中文段落，并分析翻译者在处理文化特定表达时可能采取的策略：“成语‘画龙点睛’形象地说明了在创作中添加关键一笔的重要性，它强调了细节在整体效果中的作用。
商务英语第一次翻译练习题
商务英语第一次翻译练习题商务英语翻译练习是一项重要的学习活动，它可以帮助学习者提高语言技能，同时熟悉商务环境下的专业术语和表达方式。
以下是一份商务英语翻译练习题，旨在提高学生的翻译能力。
商务英语翻译练习题一、词汇翻译1. 合同 (Contract)2. 报价 (Quotation)3. 交货 (Delivery)4. 销售合同 (Sales Agreement)5. 信用证 (Letter of Credit)二、句子翻译1. 我们收到了贵公司的报价单，并对其内容进行了仔细的审查。
(Translate to English)2. 根据我们的市场研究，这种产品有很大的销售潜力。
(Translateto English)3. 请提供贵公司的详细地址和联系方式。
(Translate to English)4. 我们希望与贵公司建立长期的业务关系。
(Translate to English)5. 我们公司提供多种付款方式，以满足客户的需求。
(Translate to English)三、段落翻译1. 尊敬的客户，我们很高兴通知您，您的订单已成功下单。
我们将尽快安排发货，并确保货物按时到达。
如果有任何问题，请随时联系我们的客服团队。
(Translate to English)2. Dear Customer, we are pleased to inform you that your order has been successfully placed. We will arrange for the shipment as soon as possible and ensure that the goods arrive on time. Should you have any issues, please feel free to contact our customer service team. (Translate to Chinese)四、商务信函翻译1. 翻译以下商务信函的开头和结尾部分：尊敬的先生/女士，我们对贵公司的产品非常感兴趣，并希望建立业务关系。
雅思写作高频词汇
1高频写作词汇翻译练习高频名词1. 影响：influence/ impact/ effect教育对人类有影响;教育2. 能力,技能： ability / capacity / skill旅游使孩子们能获得acquire实用的practical技能;旅游3. 污染：pollution / contamination人类活动human activity导致严重的环境污染;环境4. 老人： old people/ the old / the elderly / the aged / seniorcitizens=seniors老人应该受到社会的尊重;社会5. 老师：teacher / instructor / educator / lecturer老师不能被电脑和远程教育distance education替代replace;教育6. 青少年： youngster / youth/ adolescent/teenager/ the young/ juniors 越来越多的青少年沉迷be addicted to英特网;科技7. 优点：advantage/benefit /merit现代科技有很多的优点;科技8. 缺点：disadvantage/weakness/drawback出国留学的缺点不能被忽视ignore.教育9. 责任： responsibility / obligation / duty / liability保护民族文化是每个公民的责任;文化10. 改善,进步,发展： improvement/ advancement/ development科技的发展能够促进经济的进步;科技高频动词1. 提高,加强：improve / enhance/ promote/strengthen政府应该提高人们的生活水平;政府2. 导致,引起：cause / trigger / lead to/ result in现在科技的发展引起了一些社会问题;科技3. 解决：solve /resolve /address / tackle /combat/cope with / deal with 人们最近在讨论怎样解决交通问题;交通4. 拆除： tear down / knock down / eradicate传统建筑不应该被拆除;政府5. 培养: develop / cultivate / foster竞争可以帮助孩子们培养独立性independence;教育6. 激发,鼓励：encourage / motivate家长们应该鼓励孩子们参与户外活动;教育7. 减轻,缓解: ease / mitigate / alleviate / relieve / lighten政府应该缓解环境问题;政府8. 保护：protect/preserve保护环境是每个公民的义务duty. 环境高频形容词1. 积极的,好的： beneficial /advantageous /conducive /favorable/positive 海外学习对一些学生来说是有益的;教育2. 消极的,不良的,不利的：harmful/ detrimental / undesirable/negative暴力的电影对孩子们的发展是不利的;媒体3. 贫穷的：poor / needy / impoverished贫穷的学生不能负担afford学费tuition fee.教育4. 富裕的：rich / wealthy / affluent富裕的孩子有更多的机会成功;教育5. 明显的：obvious / apparent / clear手机的明显的好处之一是提高交流效率;科技高频副词1. 明显地：obviously/ clearly/ apparently明显地,越来越多的毕业生graduate觉得难找工作;教育2. 显着地：significantly/ dramatically世界的人口显着地增加了;环境3. 相当地,十分,非常: rather/ quite / very / pretty高科技的运用变得相当地常见;科技重要词组搭配表示有好处A is beneficial toB A对B有益A exerts/imposes positive/beneficial influence onB A对B有积极的/有益的影响练习：阅读对孩子们有益;休闲活动对人们有益;自学self-study对学生有益;全球化globalization对交流有益;电脑对提高效率有积极的影响;政府的投资investment 基础教育的发展表示有坏处,有害A is harmful/detrimental toB A对B不利A exerts/imposes negative/detrimental influence onB A对B有消极的/不利的影响练习：网络游戏对孩子们有害;全球化对民族文化的保护;人口过剩overpopulation社会的发展发展核武器nuclear weapon世界和平表示引起/导致A give rise to/cause/ lead to/ result in B练习：广告不必要的消费consumption人口过剩资源的不足insufficiency私家车的使用空气污染表示A是B的原/起因A is the cause of BA is the root cause of BA is the primary/ chief cause of B吸烟是很多疾病的根源;人口过剩是激烈的intense社会竞争的主要原因;表示重要性A plays an essential role/part in B/doingB A对B 起很重要的作用练习：教育经济的发展教育环境的保护科技现代交通的发展保护民族特色旅游业tourism的发展Protecting the national images plays a main role in the development of tourism.表示重视…lay /place more emphasis on…attach more importance to…政府保护传统建筑学生英特网的消极影响表示采取措施做某事Take/ adopt effective/strong measures/ actions/ steps to do sth.练习：政府保护野生动物老师帮助学生提升能力家长鼓励学生参与户外活动推断很可能的事实A be likely to do A很可能A tend to do 一般会做某事练习：invest in sth/ allocate money to sth/ provide financial support for sth.练习：政府太空项目政府高等教育政府博物馆和艺术馆的维护maintenance政府基础建设 the construction of infrastructure表示努力做某事struggle for /make great efforts to/ spare no efforts for练习：学生学习英语参与,参加engage in / take part in/ participate in练习：学生课外extracurricular活动住在大城市的人们休闲活动使某人能够做某事allow/enable sb. to do sth.练习：海外学习学生体验异国的exotic文化和传统接触到某事get access to sth./ be exposed to sth.练习：学生异国的exotic文化和传统人们更多资源认为sth./sb.怎么样consider sth. as/to be…regard sth. as…find sth….练习：提升素质教育解决社会问题的主要方法之一Consider the quality education’s development/ advancement/ improvement as /to be the major method to resolve the social problems不合理的道路设计交通堵塞的重要原因之一控制人口有效地解决能源不足energy insufficiency的问题的方法之一下定义sth. can best be described as…某事/物被描述为…sth. can be seen as…某事/物被看做是…sth. can be viewed as … 被视为是…练习：英特网主流媒体mainstream medium远程教育distance education 一种更有效率的教学方式全球化信息时代information era的特征feature2翻译下列词组：美国的贸易 trade一年工作或者旅游文化的发展中国的人口两周的假期人口的增长传统文化的保护发展中国家的经济economic增长growth中国经济的可持续sustainable发展英国城市居民的人均average收入income自然环境的破坏destruction人类的生存survival和发展高频名词1. 影响：influence/ impact/ effect教育对人类有影响;教育Education has positive influence on human beings.2. 能力,技能： ability / capacity / skill旅游使孩子们能获得acquire实用的practical技能;旅游Traveling enables children to acquire practical skills.3. 污染：pollution / contamination人类活动human activity导致严重的环境污染;环境Human activities cause serious environmental pollution.4. 老人： old people/ the old / the elderly / the aged / seniorcitizens=seniors老人应该受到社会的尊重;社会Seniors should be respected by the society.5. 老师：teacher / instructor / educator / lecturer老师不能被电脑和远程教育distance education替代replace;教育Teachers cannot be replaced by computers and distance education.6. 青少年： youngster / youth/ adolescent越来越多的青少年沉迷be addicted to英特网;科技More and more youngsters are addicted to the Internet.7. 优点：advantage/benefit /merit现代科技有很多的优点;科技Modern technology has many advantages.8. 缺点：disadvantage/weakness/drawback出国留学的缺点不能被忽视ignore.教育The disadvantages of studying abroad cannot be ignored.9. 责任： responsibility / obligation / duty / liability保护民族文化是每个公民的责任;文化Protecting national culture is the responsibility of every citizen.10. 改善,进步,发展： improvement/ advancement/ development科技的发展能够促进经济的进步;科技The development of technology can promote the advancement of economy.高频动词1. 提高,加强：improve / enhance/ promote政府应该提高人们的生活水平;政府The government should improve people’s living standard.2. 导致,引起：cause / trigger / lead to/ result in现在科技的发展引起了一些社会问题;科技The development of modern technology causes some social problems.3. 解决：solve /resolve /address / tackle /combat/cope with / deal with 人们最近在讨论怎样解决交通问题;交通People have discussed how to solve traffic problems.4. 拆除： tear down / knock down / eradicate传统建筑不应该被拆除;政府Traditional buildings should not be knocked down.5. 培养: develop / cultivate / foster竞争可以帮助孩子们培养独立性independence;教育Competition can help children develop independence.6. 激发,鼓励：encourage / motivate家长们应该鼓励孩子们参与户外活动;教育Parents should encourage children to take part in outdoor activities.7. 减轻,缓解: ease / mitigate / alleviate / relieve / lighten政府应该缓解环境问题;政府The government should mitigate environmental problems.8. 保护：protect/preserve保护环境是每个公民的义务duty. 环境Protecting the environment is the duty of every citizen.高频形容词1. 积极的,好的： beneficial /advantageous /conducive /favorable海外学习对一些学生来说是有益的;教育Overseas study is beneficial to some students.2. 消极的,不良的,不利的：harmful/ detrimental / undesirable暴力的电影对孩子们的发展是不利的;媒体Violent movies are harmful to the development of children.3. 贫穷的：poor / needy / impoverished贫穷的学生不能负担afford学费tuition fee.教育Poor students cannot afford tuition fee.4. 富裕的：rich / wealthy / affluent富裕的孩子有更多的机会成功;教育Rich children have more opportunities to be successful.5. 明显的：obvious / apparent / clear手机的明显的好处之一是提高交流效率;科技One of the obvious benefits of mobile phones is promoting the efficiency of communication.高频副词1. 明显地：obviously/ clearly/ apparently明显地,越来越多的毕业生graduate觉得难找工作;教育Clearly, more and more graduates find it difficult to find a job.2. 显着地：significantly/ dramatically世界的人口显着地增加了;环境The world’s population increased significantly.3. 相当地,十分,非常: rather/ quite / very / pretty高科技的运用变得相当地常见;科技The application of high-technology becomes rather common.重要词组搭配表示有好处A is beneficial toB A对B有益A exerts/imposes positive/beneficial influence onB A对B有积极的/有益的影响练习：阅读对孩子们有益;Reading is beneficial to children.休闲活动对人们有益;Leisure activities are beneficial to people.自学self-study对学生有益;Self-study exerts/imposes positive/beneficial influence on students.全球化globalization对交流有益;Globalization exerts/imposes positive/beneficial influence on communication.电脑对提高效率有积极的影响;Computers exert/impose positive/beneficial influence on promoting efficiency.政府的投资investment 基础教育的发展Governmental investment exerts/imposes positive/beneficial influence on the development of elementary education.表示有坏处,有害A is harmful/detrimental toB A对B不利A exerts/imposes negative/detrimental influence onB A对B有消极的/不利的影响练习：网络游戏对孩子们有害;Online games are harmful/detrimental to children.全球化对民族文化的保护;Globalization is harmful/detrimental to the protection of national culture.人口过剩overpopulation社会的发展Overpopulation is harmful/detrimental to the development of society.发展核武器nuclear weapon世界和平Developing nuclear weapon is harmful/detrimental to world peace.表示引起/导致A give rise to/cause/ lead to/ result in B练习：广告不必要的消费consumptionAdvertisements give rise to unnecessary consumption.人口过剩资源的不足insufficiencyOverpopulation causes the insufficiency of resources.私家车的使用空气污染The use of private cars leads to air pollution.表示A是B的原/起因A is the cause of BA is the root cause of BA is the primary/ chief cause of B吸烟是很多疾病的根源;Smoking is the root cause of many diseases.人口过剩是激烈的intense社会竞争的主要原因;Overpopulation is the primary cause of intense social competition.表示重要性A plays an essential role/part in B/doingB A对B 起很重要的作用练习：教育经济的发展Education plays an essential role/part in the development of economy.教育环境的保护Education plays an essential role/part in the protection of the environment. 科技现代交通的发展Technology plays an essential role/part in the development of modern transport.保护民族特色旅游业tourism的发展Protecting national identity plays an essential role/part in the development of tourism.表示重视…lay /place more emphasis on…attach more impor tance to…政府保护传统建筑The government should lay /place more emphasis on protecting traditional buildings.学生英特网的消极影响lay /place more emphasis on the negative influence of the Internet.表示采取措施做某事Take/ adopt effective/strong measures/ actions/ steps to do sth.练习：政府保护野生动物The government should take/adopt effective/strong measures/ actions/ steps to protect wild animals.老师帮助学生提升能力Teachers should take/adopt effective/strong measures/ actions/ steps to promote students’ abilities.家长鼓励学生参与户外活动Parents should take/adopt effective/strong measures/ actions/ steps to encourage students to engage in outdoor activities.推断很可能的事实A be likely to do A很可能A tend to do 一般会做某事练习：高中生更关注考试和学习成绩academic performanceHigh-school students tend to pay more attention to academic performance.来自富裕家庭的孩子享受高等教育或者海外学习Children from rich families are likely to enjoy higher education or overseas study.表示投资invest in sth/ allocate money to sth/ provide financial support for sth.练习：政府太空项目The government should invest in space programs.政府高等教育The government should allocate money to higher education.政府博物馆和艺术馆的维护maintenanceThe government should invest in the maintenance of museums and art galleries.政府基础建设 the construction of infrastructureThe government should provide financial support for the construction of infrastructure.表示努力做某事struggle for /make great efforts to/ spare no efforts for练习：学生学习英语Students should spare no effects for English studying.参与,参加engage in / take part in/ participate in练习：学生课外extracurricular活动Students should engage in extracurricular activities.住在大城市的人们休闲活动People living in big cities should engage in leisure activities.使某人能够做某事allow/enable sb. to do sth.练习：海外学习学生体验异国的exotic文化和传统Overseas allows students to experience exotic cultures and traditions.接触到某事get access to sth./ be exposed to sth.练习：学生异国的exotic文化和传统Students can get access to exotic cultures and traditions.人们更多资源People can be exposed to more resources.认为sth./sb.怎么样consider sth. as/to be…regard sth. as…find sth….练习：提升素质教育解决社会问题的主要方法之一Some people consider promoting quality education as one of the main ways to solve social problems.不合理的道路设计交通堵塞的重要原因之一Unreasonable road design is one of the important reasons of traffic congestion.控制人口有效地解决能源不足energy insufficiency的问题的方法之一Controlling birth rate is one of ways to address the problem of energy insufficiency下定义sth. can best be described as…某事/物被描述为…sth. can be seen as…某事/物被看做是…sth. can be viewed as … 被视为是…练习：英特网主流媒体mainstream mediumThe Internet can be seen as the mainstream medium.远程教育distance education 一种更有效率的教学方式Distance education can be viewed as a more efficient teaching method.全球化信息时代information era的特征featureGlobalization can be viewed as the feature of information era.2词组：美国的贸易America’s trade一年工作或者旅游one year’s work or traveling文化的发展 development of culture中国的人口China’s population两周的假期two days’ holiday人口的增长 growth of population传统文化的保护 the protection of traditional culture发展中国家的经济economic增长growth the economic growth of developing countries中国经济的可持续sustainable发展the sustainable development of China’s economy英国城市居民的人均average收入income the average income of the UK’s city residents自然环境的破坏destruction the destruction of natural environment人类的生存survival和发展 the survival and development of human beings。
英语翻译&词汇
翻译Unit 11. 她连水都不愿意喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。
(much less)She wouldn't take a drink, much less could she stay for dinner.2. 他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我说的是实话。
(whereas)He thought I was lying to him, whereas I was telling the truth.3. 这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎么解释？(account for)How do you account for the fact that you have been late every day this week?4. 他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。
(due to)The increase in their profits is due partly to their new market strategy.5. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。
(result in)Such measures are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency.6. 我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量的时间和精力，所以我们只能继续。
(pour into)We have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project, so we have to carry on.Unit 21. 尽管她是家里的独生女，她父母也从不溺爱她。
(despite)Despite the fact that she is the only child in her family, she is never babied by her parents.2. 迈克没来参加昨晚的聚会，也没给我打电话作任何解释。
八年级英语翻译技巧练习题
八年级英语翻译技巧练习题一、单词翻译练习1. 电视：television2. 报纸：newspaper3. 书籍：books4. 桌子：table5. 电脑：computer6. 狗：dog7. 猫：cat8. 汽车：car9. 鸟：bird10. 鱼：fish二、句子翻译练习1. 我喜欢看电视。
I like watching television.2. 你会说英语吗？ Can you speak English?3. 她正在读一本有趣的书。
She is reading an interesting book.4. 我们明天要去购物。
We are going shopping tomorrow.5. 他正在开车回家。
He is driving home.6. 她喜欢养宠物。
She enjoys keeping pets.7. 我们在海边钓鱼。
We are fishing at the seaside.8. 昨天晚上我去看电影了。
I went to see a movie last night.9. 他不喜欢吃蔬菜。
He doesn't like eating vegetables.10. 她每天早上骑自行车上学。
She rides a bike to school every morning.三、段落翻译练习生活中，我们经常需要与人交流，有时候又会遇到一些语言障碍。
掌握一些翻译技巧可以帮助我们更好地解决这个问题。
下面是一些实用的翻译技巧：首先，要学会用简单的句子表达自己的意思。
使用简洁明了的语言可以更容易被人理解，并避免产生混淆或误解。
句子结构要清晰，语法要准确。
其次，要注意词义的准确性。
不同的单词有着不同的意思，在翻译时要根据具体的语境选择合适的翻译词汇。
避免使用歧义或模棱两可的表达。
此外，了解当地的文化和习俗也是很重要的。
对于某些翻译项目来说，直译可能不合适或不准确。
翻译句子(词汇练习1-27)
重点句型总结（词汇练习1-21）1. It is often said that only true friends are the ones who can stick together through thick and thin.人们经常说唯有真正的朋友才能同甘共苦。
(同甘共苦: stick together through thick and thin)2. Many parents are much concerned that the computer may affect/have an influence on children’s health.父母很担心计算机会影响孩子的健康。
3. It appears that two simple words contain a number of precious truth.It appears that simple as the two words are, they contain a big reason.简简单单的两个字，却蕴含了大道理。
（it appears…）4. I am strongly convinced that as long as we make an effort to do sth, we will make it eventually.…..as long as we are dedicated to sth, it will pay off.……as long as we are committed to sth,I am strongly convinced that hard work pays off in the end.我坚信只要努力，一定会有好结果。
（I am convinced）5. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.人们似乎没有考虑到教育并不是以毕业作为结束的。
中文的做练习的英文翻译是什么
中文的做练习的英文翻译是什么做练习的英文是什么Do practice重点词汇练习practice; exercise; practise; training; rehearsal关于练习的英语单词有哪些练习[liàn xí]practice; exercise; practise; training; rehearsalpractice单词解释practice英 [ˈpræktɪs] 美 [ˈpræktɪs]n.实践;练习;惯例;(医生或律师的)业务vi.练习;实习;实行;惯常地进行vt.练习;执业;实行，实践;惯常地进行practice的'双语例句Some firms have cut workers 'pay below the level set in their contract, a practice that is illegal in Germany一些公司把工人薪水减至低于合同规定的水平，这种做法在德国是非法的。
She was taking all three of her daughters to basketball practice every day她每天都带3个女儿进行篮球训练。
I eventually realized I had to change my attitude toward medical practice.我终于认识到自己不得不改变对医务工作的看法。
The new doctor's practice was miles away from where I lived新开的诊所离我住的地方有几英里远。
In practice, workers do not work to satisfy their needs.事实上，工人工作并不是为了满足本身的需要。
exercise单词的解释exercise英 [ˈeksəsaɪz] 美 [ˈeksərsaɪz]n.练习;运动，训练;运用;典礼vi.锻炼，训练，练习vt.锻炼(身体某部位);使焦虑，使忧虑;实行，发挥(作用);运用exercise的双语例句She exercises two or three times a week她每周锻炼两三次。
高考英语一轮复习 高频词汇翻译练习 (2)
高考英语高频词汇翻译练习1.let fall放下；粘住；写下She let fall a further heavy hint.她似乎无意中又说出了一个明显的提示。
Hansel and Grethel were so frightened that they let fall what they held in their hands. 汉斯和格雷特是如此的受惊吓，他们放下了手里拿的食物。
2.get down to开始认真考虑；着手处理With the election out of the way, the government can get down to business.选举已结束，政府能够着手处理正事了。
I like to get down to work by 9.我喜欢在9点之前开始工作。
3.A way of Seeing 观世之道; 一种观看方式What is art but a way of seeing?艺术不是一种观察方式是什么？？"Henry's a good man," her father said, "but he has a way of seeing things."“亨利人不错啊，”她父亲说，“但他有他自己看待问题的方式。
”4.sunshine coast 阳光海岸A Real Sunshine Coast Cloudy Day!阳光海岸一个真正的阴天！没错，阴天！Ms Assange, who moved to the Sunshine Coast five weeks ago for health reasons, said Julian was distancing himself from the family for their own safety.阿桑齐女士在五周前因健康方面的原因前往阳光海岸，她认为朱利安出于保护家人的考虑刻意与他们保持距离。
高三英语一轮复习：高频词汇翻译练习
高考英语高频词汇翻译练习1.to the surprise of使人吃惊的是，出乎意料地To the surprise of the little boy, the door opened automatically as he approached. 令小男孩吃惊的是，在他走近时门自动打开了。
To the surprise of most, the price of gold fell.但是让大多数人震惊的是，金价居然下跌了。
2.rain or shine不论晴雨，风雨无阻He goes jogging every morning, rain or shine.他每天早晨出去跑步，风雨无阻。
"I'll come every day if tha' wants me, rain or shine," he answered stoutly.“无论晴雨，只要你需要我，我每天都来。
”他坚定地回答。
3.at random随便地，任意地The terrorists fired into the crowd at random.恐怖分子胡乱地向人群开枪。
It is better to read a few books carefully than to read many at random.随便读许多书不如细细地读几本书。
4.at any rate不管怎样，无论如何His friends liked her – well, most of them at any rate.他的朋友们很喜欢她–嗯，无论如何大部分是这样的。
She had, at any rate, provided a peaceful and loving home for Harriet.她至少给哈丽雅特提供了一个宁静的、充满爱的家。
5.read through从头到尾读一遍；读剧本对台词We read through the minutes of the last meeting.我们认真通读上次会议的纪要。
翻译能力测验精华全面测试你的翻译能力
翻译能力测验精华全面测试你的翻译能力翻译是将一种语言转换为另一种语言的艺术和技巧。
良好的翻译能力对于跨文化沟通和语言交流至关重要。
本文旨在通过多个练习，全面测试你的翻译能力，帮助你评估自己的水平并提供进一步提升的建议。
翻译练习一：词汇转换在翻译过程中，准确理解和转换词汇是至关重要的。
以下是几个词汇转换的练习，帮助你检验自己的能力：1. 将英文单词"apple"翻译成中文。
2. 将中文词汇"家庭"翻译成英文。
3. 将英文短语"to go for a walk"翻译成中文。
4. 将中文短语"早上好"翻译成英文。
翻译练习二：句子翻译理解原文并准确转换为目标语言是翻译的关键能力。
以下是几个句子翻译的练习，考验你的技巧：1. 英文句子："I love traveling to different countries to experience diverse cultures."中文翻译：「我喜欢到不同的国家旅行，体验多样的文化。
」2. 中文句子："这本书非常有趣，我强烈推荐给大家。
"英文翻译："This book is very interesting and I highly recommend it to everyone."3. 英文文章："Technology has greatly transformed our daily lives, making communication faster and more convenient."中文翻译：「科技已经极大地改变了我们的日常生活，使得通信更快捷、更便利。
」翻译练习三：文章翻译综合运用翻译技巧，将一篇完整的文章从一种语言翻译成另一种语言是翻译的终极挑战。
以下是一段英文文章，尝试将其翻译成中文："Globalization has connected people from different corners of the world more closely than ever before. The demand for professional translators and interpreters has grown significantly, as businesses and individuals seek effective communication across language barriers. With the advancement of technology, machine translation has also made progress, but it still cannot match the accuracy and nuance that human translators bring to the table. Therefore, the importance of developing and honing one's translation skills is undeniable in today's interconnected world."翻译结果：「全球化使来自世界不同角落的人们比以往任何时候都更紧密地联系在一起。
高中英汉互译练习题及讲解
高中英汉互译练习题及讲解一、英译汉练习1. 练习题： "The rapid development of technology has brought about profound changes in our daily lives."答案：技术快速发展已经给我们的日常生活带来了深刻的变化。
2. 练习题： "The novel 'Pride and Prejudice' is considered a classic in English literature."答案：小说《傲慢与偏见》被认为是英国文学中的经典之作。
3. 练习题： "The government has taken measures to reduce the impact of pollution on the environment."答案：政府已经采取了措施来减少污染对环境的影响。
4. 练习题： "Despite the heavy rain, the marathon was still held as scheduled."答案：尽管下着大雨，马拉松比赛还是如期举行了。
5. 练习题： "The concept of 'sustainable development' is becoming increasingly important in today's society."答案：“可持续发展”的概念在当今社会变得越来越重要。
二、汉译英练习1. 练习题：我们应当尊重每个人的文化背景和价值观。
答案： We should respect everyone's cultural background and values.2. 练习题：随着科技的进步，远程工作变得越来越普遍。
答案： With the advancement of technology, remote work is becoming more and more common.3. 练习题：他不仅是一位杰出的科学家，也是一位受人尊敬的教育家。
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词汇翻译之综合练习（1）
一、翻译下列句子，并指出划线词汇在一般语篇和商务语篇中的词义区别.
1.We hereby engage the bills shall be duly honored on presentation.
2.He became as exhilarated as if his tender for building a mansion had been
accepted.
3.The total of our current assets and fixed assets comes to 15 billion US dollars.
4.The company has an absolute interest in the building.
5.Managers with stock options may be using their firms’ resources to increase
the short-term value of their own holdings.
6.It treats futures and options uniformly while recognizing the unique features of
options.
7.The group is the largest of the four companies, with 15 production facilities
throughout the country.
8.The team is directed by senior management from the Audit, Clearing, Legal,
Market Surveillance, Research and Trading Floor Department of the CME.
9.Mr. Smith is the artificial person of the company.
10.At of the end of April this year, China had 1,170 listed companies with a total
stock market capitalization of 4,546.223 billion RMB.
二、翻译下列句子，并注意划线词汇的翻译技巧。
1. Here the exporter’s assets (the money due from the overseas buyers) will always match his liability (his foreign currency borrowings).
2.... And for good reason: lenders worry that they’ll be throwing money to a black hole.
3. Its acquisition of the group will allow it to gain access to France’s railway
business.
4. The unit cost is $ 98, but in view of the size of the order, we can offer a 5% discount.
5. Tobacco and smoking were the subject of 413 broadcast news stories during the year.
6. The products are exported to these densely populated countries.
7. And no wonder: being foreign makes his already complicated life as a mobile telecoms executive more complicated still.
8. About 22 percent of the European Union’s exports go to, and 20 percent of i ts imports come from, developing countries.
9. I bought the book from a self-service bookstand.
10. We should be grateful if you would give us further details of American computers at the earliest time.
三、注意下列各组中划线词汇的翻译：
Group 1
1. Thank you for your letter reference DT/Zi No. 102, of 29th, March.
2. We have had only one order from ABC Co., Ltd., so we regret we cannot give you a reference from long experience.
3. Reference is made to your Sales Confirmation No. 1529.
4. The Buyer asked for credit and had given the Bank of China, Beijing as a reference.
5. The Sales Company is given the same power with reference to apportioning the commission.
6. A reference to your records will show that we have more than once asked you to establish L/C against S/C No. 2523.
Group 2
7. The time limit for inspection and claim is 60 days after discharge of the cargo at the port of destination.
8. Party B agrees that the expiration of this license shall not discharge party B from its obligation.
9. Routine duties of the Joint Venture Company are to be discharged by the general manager appointed by the Board of Directors.
10Party B shall check the quality of each discharge in accordance with the contract.
Group 3
11.Just as in that year, when those catastrophes were followed by substantial
increases in insurance premiums, insurers are already lobbying for rate relief.
12. During the 1980’s the large premiums paid in acquisition often resulted in prices that greatly exceeded the value of tangible assets.。