木材科学与工程专业毕业外文翻译
木材科学专业词汇
木材科学专业词汇木材加工Wood processing1、一般词汇General Terms安全应力safe stress暗色心材dark heart-wood;dark corewood凹凸纹(理)(机械缺陷) raised grain扒钉(蚂蟥钉) double—headed nail白腐white rot白腐材white rotten wood百万板尺MMBF百万立方米Mm3斑腐mottled(rot);pecky板尺检尺法foot board measurement板英尺board foot(b.F.; B.F.or bd.ft)板英尺—考得转换board foot-cord conversion板英尺-立方英尺转换board foot-cubic foot conversion 板英尺材积表board foot volume table板英尺检尺board—foot scaling板英尺量度board-foot measure半成材shop lumber半环孔材semi—ring porous wood半活节partial Intergrown knot半具缘纹孔对semibordered pit-pair半散孔材semi-diffuse porous wood半圆材half-round wood半缘纹孔对haft-bordered pit-pair包复片wrapping foil薄壁组织parenchyma被絮花纹quilted figure比例极限proportional limit;limit of proportionality比例极限应力stress at proportional limit壁孔(纹孔) pit壁孔对(纹孔对) pit pair壁孔口(纹孔口) pit aperture壁孔膜(纹孔膜) pit membrane壁孔腔(纹孔腔) pit cavity;pit chamber边材腐朽sap rot;external decay边材树sapwood tree边腐marginal rot边节edge knot边棱节arris knot;corner knot边缘纹孔marginal pit变色材staining wood变形deformation标尺staff标准节standard knot标准考得apparent cord标准木type tree标准误差mean error;error of mean square表层硬化case hardening表面虫孔surface worm hole表面缺陷;明显缺陷open defect波状纹理wavy figure(or grain);fiddle back grain不规则纹理irregular grain不合格率failure rate不健全节unsound knot不均匀结构uneven texture不均匀纹理uneven grain部分轻度表层腐朽partial shallow decay部分严重(深层)腐朽partial deep decay材积测定法volume determination材面节(疤) face knot材性wood property材种kind of timber;wood sort;assortment槽纹钉corrugated nail侧面纹理side grain侧翘(边弯) spring测径尺caliper rule测径直角尺(轮尺) caliper square层积材laminate产品种类;产品目录production program长节mule-ear knot沉水材sinker成材lumber成年材mature wood;adult wood成熟材ripe wood承压应力bearing stress赤节red knot冲击剪切强度impact shearing strength冲击强度impact strength;shock resistance;shock strength 冲击应力shock stress冲击硬度impact hardness充脂材resin—soaked wood;lightwood;resinous wood充足原料储备well-stocked supply of raw materials虫孔(虫眼) insect hole;worm grub重纹孔;具缘纹孔bordered pit初腐dozy初期腐朽incipient decay初期红心腐firm red heart rot初生材primary wood初生木质部primary xylem初生韧皮部primary bast;primary phloem穿孔perforation;punching创伤心材wound heart wood垂直剪切强度vertical shearing strength垂直抗拉强度perpendicular tensile strength纯应变pure strain次生木质部secondary xylem次生韧皮部secondary phloem粗材积gross scale粗结构coarse texture粗纹理coarse grain;open grain;rough grain脆心材brittle heart打号员(划线员) marker大板条large strip大虫孔grub hole大兜(干基特大的) butt swelling;swell-butted;root swelling 大径材large timber大幼树large sapling大圆材high pole; large pole带棱健全材square-edge and sound (Sq.E.Sd.)带皮直径diameter outside(over)bark带心材boxed heart timber带状花纹stripe figure;ribbon grain袋腐pocket(rot)单壁孔(单纹孔) simple pit单穿孔simple perforation档木(集材弯道) sheer log导管vessel导管分子vessel element导热性thermal conductivity;heat conductivity倒棱(倒角) chamfers等级类别grade category等级区分grade separation等级应力;应力分类;应力分等grade stress地表直径ground line diameter(GLD)顶腐top rot冻心材frost heart-wood端裂end checking;end shake;end split端面纹理end grain短木段billet;bolt短原木billet timber断面模量modulus of section断纹理;破折纹理broken grain对角纹理diagonal grain钝棱材waney lumber多用途材versatile wood多脂材fatwood伐木废材logging debris法向应力normal stress翻木机log rotator防变色处理anti—stain treatment防裂扒钉anti—checking iron;anti-split iron防裂夹具anti-checking clamp防裂涂料anti-checking coating非规格材off-standard非破坏性试验non-destructive testing废料refuse分叉节;岔节branched knot封闭节;不贯通节blind knot封边条edge banding蜂窝腐honeycomb(rot)蜂窝状纤维(木材缺陷) comb grain;quartered without flakes 腐烂和腐朽decay and rot腐朽节rotten knot:decayed knot复合材composite wood复合成材composite lumber复节;丛节knot cluster复心材double heart-wood;double-summit改良板尺检尺法new F.B.M scale改性木improved wood; modified wood干材stemwood干腐trunk rot;bole rot干基腐朽butt rot干裂crack;seasoning check干容积重dry bulk density干围girth干围级girth class干围界限girth limit干围率girth quotient干燥应力drying stress杆材small pole刚性模量rigidity modules根端butt end根段材first log;butt log根腐root rot根株(木)花纹stump figure工作应力working stress构架材carcassing timber管胞tracheid管孔pore管状腐朽pipe rot规定尺寸dead size规格材dimension stock过熟材overyeared wood;overstocked wood海绵状腐朽sponge rot含晶细胞crystalliferous cell含水率moisture content含水率允许公差moisture tolerances函心材boxed—heart(timber)褐腐brown rot黑节black knot横纹剪切shear perpendicular to the grain横纹抗拉(极限)强度maximum tensile strength perpendicular to(the) grain 横纹抗拉强度tensile strength perpendicular to the grain横纹抗压强度compression strength perpendicular to(the) grain横纹抗压试验compression test perpendicular to the grain横纹拉力tension perpendicular to the grain横向翘曲cupping:crosswise concaving; transverse warping;cup红变red stain宏观构造gross structure后期腐朽advanced decay厚度膨胀thickness swelling弧裂burst check花斑纹mottled figure;mottle figure滑移slipping化学变色chemical stain环钉ring dog环孔材ring-porous wood环裂ring shake;round shake环状腐朽ring rot混生节Intergrown knot活节live knot; tight knot火焰纹flame figure机加工性能machining properties机械磨损abrasion(mechanical)基本应力basic stress极限抗拉强度ultimate tensile strength极限抗弯强度ultimate bending strength极限强度ultimate strength极限应力ultimate stress加工材manufactured lumber夹皮bark pocket假年轮;伪年轮false(annual)ring;false increment 假心材;伪心材false heart wood尖节spike knot尖削度taper;fall-off; tapering;taperingness坚实节fixed knot间柱材stud(ding)检尺杖scale stick剪切弹性模量shear modulus剪切拉伸强度shear tensile strength剪切破坏shear failure剪切应力shearing stress剪应变shear strain健全节sound knot降等downgrade;degrade交错纹理cross gram;interlocked grain节材nodal wood节子knot;knag结构特选级selected structure紧密节tight knot浸渍材impregnated wood径级diameter class径裂radial shake;cross shake径切面纹理comb—grain净增率percentage net growth锯齿状年轮indented ring卷曲花纹curly figure卷曲纹理curly grain绝对含水率absolute moisture content均匀结构uniform texture;even texture;even grain 抗白蚁处理termite-resistance treatment抗剪刚度shear stiffness抗剪力shear resistance抗剪强度shearing strength;shear resistance抗拉(极限)强度maximum tensile strength抗拉弹性tensile elasticity抗拉刚度tensile stiffness抗拉强度tensile strength抗磨性abrasive resistance抗扭刚度torsional rigidity抗扭强度torsional strength抗劈力cleavage resistance抗劈性cleavability抗弯刚度bending stiffness抗弯强度bending strength;crossbending strength;cross-breaking strength;flexural strength 抗弯阻力buckling resistance抗压极限强度maximum crushing strength抗压强度crushing strength;compression (compressive) strength;bearing strength坑腐pitted sap rot空节;节洞hollow knot枯梢树staghead块状腐朽cubical rot扩基上端干围girth above buttress阔叶材树脂囊(油眼) gum pocket拉力试验机tensile testing machine拉伸试验tensile test拉应力tensile stress蓝斑;蓝变blue stain蓝变材blue lumber梁材stringer两端翘(弓形弯);顺弯bow;bowing劣等材wrack裂环ring crack(shake);round shake檩材beams;stringer绿变green stain乱纹材burly乱纹理wild grain轮生节verticillate or whorle knot螺纹增厚spiral thickening螺旋纹理spiral grain马蹄形防裂扒钉beegle iron毛边材unedged lumber毛刺woolly grain毛刺沟痕torn grain密实木材densified wood磨科abrasive(=grinding material)木薄壁组织xylem parenchyma;wood parenchyma木材变色wood stain木材传声性acoustical conductivity of wood木材脆性brashness of wood;brittleness of wood木材弹性elasticity of wood;elastic property of wood木材的膨胀和收缩swelling and shrinking of wood木材的柔韧性pliability of wood木材电学性质electricity property of wood木材分类wood assortment;wood sorting木材干馏wood distillation木材刚性rigidity of wood木材黑斑black spot(in wood)木材解剖术;木材切片术xylotomy木材抗疲劳性fatigue of wood木材力学性质(木材机械性质) mechanical properties of wood木材流变学rheology of wood木材密度specific gravity of wood木材耐磨性abrasion of wood木材挠性flexibility of wood木材膨胀swelling of wood木材缺陷defect;fault木材韧性toughness of wood木材容重volume weight of wood;weight by volume;volumetric weight 木材声响反射系数acoustic reflection coefficient f wood木材声学性质acoustical properties of wood木材实质比重(真比重) specific weight of wood木材实质密度density of wood substance木材水解wood hydrolysis木材塑性plastic property of wood木材调温调湿设备wood conditioning apparatus木材透声性acoustical permeability of wood木材凸起bulge(of wood)木材凸纹burr figure of wood木材物理性质physical property of wood木材吸音系数acoustic absorption coefficient of wood木射线xylem ray;wood ray木丝excelsior;wood wool木瓦材shingle bolt木纹figure;grain木纹斜度slope of grain木纤维wood fiber木纤维素wood cellulose木质部xylem木质素lignin耐火木材refractory timber耐久性试验endurance test耐磨试验abrasive test耐磨硬度abrasive hardness耐水性moisture resistance囊腐pocket rot挠曲刚度;抗挠刚度flexural rigidity内部腐朽inside rot内含边材inside sapwood;included sapwood;double sapwood 内夹皮close bark-pocket内裂interior cheek;internal check逆表面硬化(应力) reverse case-hardening年轮(生长轮) growth ring;yearly ring increment鸟眼(木材) birds’eye (wood)鸟眼纹bird's figure扭(力)矩torsional moment扭矩torque扭力torsional force;torsional load turning force扭曲distortion扭曲纹twisted grain扭应力torsional stress膨胀压力swelling pressure皮包节encased knot皮孔lenticelle;lenticel疲劳极限fatigue limit疲劳强度fatigue strength(resistance)疲劳试验durability test偏向木sway wood偏心(年)轮eccentric ring偏心(髓心偏离) wandering heart;eccentric pith片(英)尺super feet平衡含水率equilibrium moisture content(EMC)平均干围mean girth平均木;中央木mean sample-tree破坏性试验break-down test骑马钉C-iron千板尺MBF千板尺锯材=2.36m3 1MBF sawn timber =2.36m3千板尺原木=5.1m3 1MBF log = 5.1m3千平方尺MSF强度比strength ratio强度试验strength test强度系数strength factor翘曲warp;warping;distortion切削沟纹;碎裂纹chipped grain切削加工性能machinability侵染材affected wood (timber)侵填体tylosis青变;蓝变blue sap-stain曲干材compass-timber屈服应力yield stress去皮材barked wood去皮原木buckskin去皮直径diameter inside bark去脂材bled timber缺陷材defect wood缺陷分级法defect system缺陷原木defective log染料木材dyewood热力学thermodynamics热膨胀thermal expansion热容量thermal capacity韧皮射线phloem ray韧皮束phloem bundle韧型木纤维libriform wood fiber韧性值toughness value容许应力permissible stress;allowable stress 乳汁道latex canal乳汁管latex tube;laticifer;laticiferous tube 乳汁细胞latex cell;laticiferous cell软腐soft rot散孔材diffuse porous wood上等材high grade stock上木upper growth;upper stock深虫孔deep worm hole深加工Intensive processing深裂纹(深1/8英寸以下) heavy torn grain生长应力growth stress生节live knot;sound knot声阻acoustic resistance湿腐wet rot湿心材water-core;wetwood;wet heart十亿立方米MMMm3实木solid wood饰面片finish fails试件;试材testing piece试生产trial production试行experimenting;try out试验程序;试验方法testing procedure试运转break-in;test run;running-in适宜含水率suitable moisture content受压木compression wood疏松节loose knot熟材ripe wood树杈crotch树杈纹crotch grain(figure)树干材stem timber树瘤;树疤burr(burl)树皮;皮层cortex树脂道resin canal;resin duct树脂瘤resinous cancer顺纹along the grain;with the grain;in the grain direction;in the fiber direction顺纹剪切shear parallel to the grain顺纹抗剪强度shear strength parallel to grain顺纹抗拉(极限)强度maximum tensile strength parallel-to-grain顺纹抗拉强度tensile strength parallel to grain顺纹抗压(极限)强度maximum compression strength parallel to(the) grain顺纹抗压强度compression strength parallel to grain;endwise tensile strength;crushing strength along the grain丝状腐朽stringy rot撕裂纹torn grain死节dead knot;encased knot;non-adhering knot松散纹理loosened grain塑(性)变(形) plastic deformation髓节pith knot弹性极限应力stress of elasticity limit统材(包括中等以下的阔叶材及一般的针叶材) common(s)桶材tubbing头木basal trunk椭圆节oval knot弯边softforming edge弯矩moment of flexure弯抗强度buckling strength弯曲材crook弯曲杆材curvature弯曲极限buckling limit弯曲木bent wood;compass-timber弯曲应变buckling strain弯曲应力bending stress;buckling stress弯曲折断荷载buckling load晚材(夏材) late wood(summer wood)晚材率late wood percentage;percent of late wood未成熟材immature wood未成熟心材imperfect heart wood纹孔道pit canal纹孔膜pit membrane纹孔内口inner pit aperture纹孔塞pit torus纹孔室;纹孔腔pit chamber纹孔缘pit border纹理方向grain direction涡卷纹swirl grain握钉力nail-holding ability;nail-holding power(capacity);screw holding power 无节材clear wood无孔材non—pored timber(wood)无缺陷材clear lumber细(致)纹理smooth grain;fine grain;close grain细胞膜cell membrane细波花纹fiddle back figure(grain)细结构fine texture细结构材fine-texture wood细纹材close-grained wood纤维(状)管胞fiber—tracheid纤维饱和点fiber-saturation point纤维应力fiber stress弦面纹理slash figure(grain)弦切面纹理flat grain显微构造microscopic structure显微解剖micro-dissection相对含水率relative moisture content箱板材case wood;wrack小材小料waste lumber material小虫孔shot hole;pin hole小方材scantlings小规格材small-dimension stock小径木undersized tree小柱材low pole斜边原木bevel-edged log斜纹抗压强度compression strength inclined to(the) grain斜纹理diagonal grain心材heart wood心材树(种) heart wood tree心裂pith check;rift;heart check;heart shake新伐材freshly-felled timber(wood)形成层cambium (pl.cambia)胸高干围girth breast height(GBH)胸高直径diameter breast-high(D.B.H.)熊抓纹wild grain bear scratches朽节rotten knot压碎应力crushing stress压缩木compact wood;compressed wood压应力compressive stress;crushing stress羊毛状纹理woolly grain一等材first prime quality;first grade timber异形射线(组织) heterogeneous ray(tissue)银光花纹silver grain(figure)引火木材spunk隐节;内含节enclosed knot应变strain应变仪strain gauge;strainometer应拉木tension wood应力(力学) stress (mechanic)应力分级法stress grading应力分析stress analysis应力集中stress concentration应力木reaction wood应力松弛stress relaxation应力应变stress-strain应压木compression-wood硬度hardness硬腐(初期腐朽) hard rot硬化层压木densified laminated wood永久变形permanent deformation;permanent set优质大原木big blue butt有孔材pored wood幼年材immature wood;juvenile wood愈合材callus wood原木板英尺材积表board foot log rule原木大头段butt block原条tree stem;trunk(=pole)圆节round knot圆棱eased arris(edge)杂木miscellaneous tree;weed tree早材(春材) early (spring) wood造材bucking;dissecting;dissection造材归堆机bucker—buncher造材机bucker造材锯bucking saw站杆(枯立木) snag涨方(胀量) bulk丈尺measuring staff(stick)针节pin knot针叶材树脂囊;油眼resin cyst;resin pocket;gum pocket 真菌学试验mycological test正应力normal stress枝节knottiness枝梢材faggot wood;lop and top;lapwood枝条材branchwood;slender-branched枝桠材brushwood直边和弯边的封边材料edgebanding materials for straight and softforming edges 中方(材) medium hewn squares中节medium knot中央干围mid girth周皮periderm蛛网心裂spider heart主干高bole height(length)柱材post;pillar wood桩木pile装饰兼结构用材appearance lumber纵裂longitudinal check纵向切削longitudinal cutting纵向树脂道;轴向树脂道vertical resin canal阻力矩moment of resistance最大剪应力maximum shearing stress最大纤维应力extreme fiber stress最大压应力maximum compressive stress。
【课程大纲】《木材科学与工程专业外语》
《木材科学与工程专业外语》课程大纲一、课程概述课程名称(中文):专业外语(英文):Professional English for Wood Science and Engineering 课程编号:14351073课程学分:3.0课程总学时:48课程性质:(专业课)二、课程内容简介(300字以内)木材科学与工程专业英语是在学习大学英语和相关专业课后而开设的一门专业核心课。
本课程内容主要包括木材结构、木材物理化学性能、木材力学性能、木材保护、木材干燥、胶粘剂、木质人造板等。
三、教学目标与要求《木材科学与工程专业英语》课程既为学生继续英语学习并同时接受专业训练提供帮助。
通过本课程的学习,要求学生既要掌握专业英语初步的“读写听”能力,同时巩固学过的专业知识,学习一些新的木材科学与工程知识。
本课程教学采用多媒体辅助教学,引导学生将英语学习和专业学习有机地结合起来,锻炼学生理解英文文献、正确翻译文献以及初步专业英语写作的能力。
四、教学内容与学时安排绪论Introduction(2学时)1. 教学目的与要求:了解木材资源、木材分类、木材特性等方面的英语知识;掌握本部分出现的英语单词。
2. 教学重点与难点:重点:掌握木材特性的英文专业术语;难点:一般性木材科技英文习惯表达法。
第一章Structure and Function of Wood/ 木材结构与功能(7学时)1. 教学目的与要求:了解不同尺度下的木材宏观构造特征的英语知识;掌握本部分出现的英语单词。
2. 教学重点与难点:重点:木材宏观构造特征的英文基本专业术语;难点:理解并掌握木材宏观构造特征的基本概念的英文描述。
第一节Biological Structure of Wood at Decreasing Scales /木材宏观构造(3学时)一、The tree/ 树木(0.2学时)二、Softwood and Hardwood/ 针叶树材和阔叶树材(0.2学时)三、Sapwood and Heartwood/边材和心材(0.3学时)四、Axial and Radial Systems/轴向和径向体系(0.3学时)五、Planes of Section/三切面(0.4学时)六、Vascular Cambium/维管形成层(0.2学时)七、Growth Rings/年轮、生长轮(0.4学时)八、Cells in Wood/木材细胞(0.4学时)九、Cell walls/细胞壁(0.4学时)十、Pits/纹孔(0.2学时)第二节Microscopic Structure of Softwoods and Hardwoods/针叶树材和阔叶树材微观构造(2学时)一、Softwoods/ 针叶树材(1学时)(一)Tracheids/管胞(0.3学时)(二)Axial Parenchyma and Resin Canal Complexes/轴向薄壁组织和树脂道(0.4学时)(三)Rays/木射线(0.3学时)二、Hardwoods/ 阔叶树材(1学时)(一)Vessels/导管(0.3学时)(二)Fibers /木纤维(0.2学时)(三)Axial Parenchyma/轴向薄壁组织(0.2学时)(四)Rays/木射线(0.2学时)第三节Juvenile Wood and Reaction Wood/幼龄材和应力木(1学时)一、Juvenile Wood/ 幼龄材(0.5学时)二、Reaction Wood/ 应力木(0.5学时)第四节The Properties of Wood Valuable in Identification /对木材识别有价值的木材物理性质(1学时)一、Color / 材色(0.2学时)二、Luster / 光泽(0.2学时)三、Grain and Texture/纹理和结构(0.4学时)四、Odor and taste / 木材的气味和滋味(0.2学时)第二章Chemical components of wood / 木材化学组成(2学时)1. 教学目的与要求:掌握木材化学成分的组成、定义。
木材专业术语
木材专业术语木材专业英语家具英译(3)——家具木材AAbele银白杨Abnormal wood异常(木)材Acoustic acid board吸音纤维板Acoustical board吸(隔)音板Adjustable template可调节的样板Adult wood成年材African blackwood非洲黑木黄檀African ebony非洲乌木African mabogany非洲桃花心木African padauk非洲紫檀Aging老化,陈化Air drying大气干燥Air seasoning天然干燥Alaska fir阿拉斯加冷杉木Alaska yellow cedar阿拉斯加柏木Alder赤杨类American ash美国白蜡木American beech美国山毛榉American eim美国榆,白榆American plane美国悬铃木American tulipwood美国鹅掌揪Annual ring年轮Apron望板Armor-plywood金属贴面板Arris棱Artificial slabs人造板Artificial timber人造木材Ash白蜡木Aspen白杨类BBabool阿拉伯胶树Back board背板Back veneer衬板Bald cypress落羽杉Bamboo竹子Basswood椴木,美国椴木Batten board条板心细木工板Beech山毛榉木Beech parquet山毛榉拼花地板Bent wood(弯)曲木Birch白桦,Birdseye maple雀眼枫木板Block塞角Block floor拼花地板Blockboard细工木板Board板材Bottom底板Bowing顺弯Branch wood枝条材Brazilian mahogany巴西桃花心木Bright sap净面边材,无皮边材Broad leaf wood阔叶材,硬材Brown ash美国深色白蜡木Burl树疤,树瘤CCaul垫板,衬板Cedar雪松,杉木Ceylon ebony乌木Cherry樱桃木Chile pine智利松Chinese chi(中国)漆树Chip木屑#1common普一级#2common普二级compreg胶压木compressed wood压缩木coniferous species针叶树种continuous layer board多层板cork软木cottonwood三角叶杨,杨木(毛白杨类)crook弯曲木cross rail拉档cupping翘弯curly birch皱纹桦木板curved laminated wood弯曲层积材curved plywood曲型合板cypress针叶树DDado护墙板,墙裙Damp room panel防潮镶板Decay初腐Deciduous species阔叶树种Décor panel镶板,装饰板Delta wood多层木Densified wood强化木材Density of wood木材密度Dent啃头Depth of cut切削量(深度)Diffuse porous wood散孔材Dimension规格Dimension stock规格材Dimple djohar波纹Door frame鸡翅木Door lining门框Dovetail门衬板Dowel燕尾榫Drawer front圆榫Drawer side屉旁板Dressed timber净材EEastern cottonwood(美国)东部杨木Eastern hemlock(加拿大)铁杉Eastern larch落叶松Eastern white pine(美国)白松Ebony乌木Edge cutting封边Elm榆木Elm burl榆木树瘤薄木板End cutting截头English plane英国悬铃木Eucalyptus桉木,桉树(类)Eucalyptus pom柠檬铁皮桉木板Europe cherry欧洲樱桃木板Eropean ash欧洲白蜡木European beech欧洲桦木European birch欧洲桦木European chestnut欧洲栗木European hop-hornbeam欧洲穗子榆European horse-chestnut欧洲七叶树European larch欧洲落叶松European lime欧洲椴木European spruce欧洲云杉European yew欧洲紫杉Excelsior-board木丝板Exotics外来木Exterior plywood室外用胶合板HFace veneer表面单板FAS一级和二级FAX1F单面一级Fibre board纤维板Fiddle back提琴背(板)Fiddle butt乐器用材Figured影木Figured sycomore梧桐影木Fine wood board纤维板Flakeboard碎料板Flakes薄片刨花Flame-retardant fibre building board耐火纤维板Flat-grain lumber平切纹板材Flooring地板Flush panel平(光)镶板Formed plywood模压(成型)胶合板Frame core flush panel中空合板From sustainable forests来自可持续发展的森林Furniture dimension stock家具规格材Furniture plywood家具胶合板Furniture veneer制作家具用的薄片GGap离缝Giant cedar(美国)侧柏Gloss光泽度Grade等级Grade of lumber成材等级Graded分等级Grain纹理HHackberry朴树Band selected手工挑选Hard board硬质纤维板Hard maple硬枫木,械树Hardy catapa(美国)梓树Heat board心板Hickory山核桃木High-density plywood压缩胶合板,高密度胶合板High gloss超光泽度High moisture resistant(HMR)高强度抗湿Hipboard细木工板Hole drilling打眼Honey-comb core plywood蜂窝心胶合板Huanghauli wood黄花梨木IIdentification of timbers木材识别Imitation wood仿制材Imported timber进口材Impregnated wood(合成树脂)浸渍木Indian camphor印度樟木Indian chestnut印度栗木Indian cinnamon印度肉桂Indian ebony印度乌木Indian“laurel”印度“月桂树”Insect attack虫眼Inserting panel装板Install wood strip flooring安装地板条JJapanese beech日本山毛榉Japanese larch日本落叶松Japanese(red)pine日本赤松Japanese thuja罗汉柏Japanese white pine日本五须松Joint flooring企口地板Jointless flooring无缝地板KKarelian birch克若利安桦木板Kerf width锯路宽度Khaya非洲桃花心木Kiln dried pine窑干松木Kiln drying人工窑干燥Kind of timber材种Kirl紫花泡桐Knob节子Knock-down carcass可随时拆卸的框架Knot木节,节疤LLaminate层压Laminated wood层积材,多层胶合木Leg腿,脚Liquid cutting of wood木材水力切割Log原木Log grade原木等级。
木材类专业英语123
木材材综合利用wood comprehensive utilization全树利用whole-tree utilization, complete-tree utilization 木材工艺学wood technology制材lumbering制材产品lumber product锯材sawn timber成材lumber板材board方材square毛方cant毛边材unedged lumber板条strip半圆材half-round wood半成材shop lumber净面材clear cutting board板皮slab下脚料offcuts跑锯材miss cut lumber粗锯材unwrought timber小方材butten钝棱材waney lumber灰板条lath制材工艺sawing technology原木剥皮log barking原木整形log rough rounding划线下锯pattern line sawing锯剖图sawing pattern避心下锯法side cut抽心下锯法box heart sawing弦向下锯法plain sawing, flat sawing径向下锯法center sawn三面下锯法three-faced sawing四面下锯法four-faced sawing毛板下锯法through-and-through sawing 锯路saw kerf[锯]齿料tooth setting拨料briar dressing, spring set压料swaging, swage set[原木]出材量mill run出材率out-put, percentage of cut-turn 木材干燥wood drying自然干燥natural seasoning, air seasoning又称“气干”。
人工干燥artificial seasoning除湿干燥dehumidification真空干燥vacuum drying微波干燥microwave drying太阳能干燥solar drying过热蒸汽干燥superheated steam drying高频干燥radio-frequency drying, high-frequency drying 高温干燥high-temperature drying气干材air-seasoned timber窑干材kiln-dried timber堆积材积stacked volume干燥基准drying schedule, kiln schedule干燥应力drying stress含水率梯度moisture gradient干燥缺陷drying defect表面硬化casehardening中心硬化reverse casehardening又称“逆表面硬化”。
材料专业英语翻译
材料专业英语翻译As a professional in the field of materials, it is essential to have a good command of English, especially in terms of translation. Material science and engineering is an international discipline, and mastering English translation skills is crucial for accessing the latest research, communicating with colleagues, and promoting academic achievements.First and foremost, it is important to understand the basic principles of translation. Translation is not simply about substituting words from one language to another, but rather conveying the original meaning accurately and effectively. It requires a deep understanding of both the source language and the target language, as well as the ability to capture the nuances and cultural connotations of the original text.In the context of material science and engineering, terminology is of great importance. Many technical terms and concepts are unique to this field, and accurate translation is essential for clear communication. Therefore, it is necessary to build a solid foundation of material science knowledge and master the corresponding English terminology. Additionally, keeping up with the latest developments in the field and staying updated on new terminology is crucial for maintaining translation accuracy.Furthermore, when translating technical documents, it is important to pay attention to the style and tone of the original text. Technical documents are often formal and precise, and the translated version should reflect this professionalism. It is important to maintain clarity and coherence while avoiding overly literal translations that may sound awkward in English.In addition to technical translation, it is also important to be familiar with academic writing conventions in English. This includes understanding the structure of academic papers, the use of citations and references, and the appropriate style and tone for different types of academic writing. Being able to produce well-written and properly formatted academic papers in English is essential for sharing research findings and collaborating with international colleagues.In conclusion, mastering English translation skills is essential for professionals in the field of materials. It requires a deep understanding of both the technical aspects of material science and the linguistic nuances of English. By building a solid foundation of knowledge, staying updated on terminology, and honing academic writing skills, material professionals can effectively communicate their research and contribute to the international academic community.。
木材科学与技术专业英语
木材科学与技术专业英语Lesson 1 Word and vocabulary Base on :基于State-planned:计划经济Follow therelationship between the supply and demand:遵循供求关系Resource allocation:资源分配Woodsupply shortage:木材资源短缺Be used to doing :习惯于Used to do Forester :林务官,护林人Renew:更新Rehabilitation :恢复Forest cover:森林覆盖Forest cover percent:森林覆盖率Chinese Ministry of Forestry:中国林业部Chinese forest bureau:中国林业局Productioncapacity:生产能力Housing :建筑Pulp and paper:制桨造纸Fuel:薪材Domestic supply:国内供应Afforestation:绿化Sentence 1 So far, China has been losing its forest resourcesat a rate of about 1.4 million ha/yr, or about 2.5 ha every minute. This is mainly due to indiscriminate felling, state-planned felling programs and natural disasters 2 With morethan one-fifth of the world’s population, China in 1988 had only 3%of the world’s forest cover, on 12% of the country’s land. In 2004 China had 16.7% forest cover of the land. 3 Moreover, according to statistics from the Chinese Ministry of Forestry, it is estimatedthat per-capita consumption of forest products will rise from 0.056 m3 in 1958 to 0.2 m3 in 1990(0.28 m3 now ). The world’s average currently is 0.58 m3 per capitation and 1.0 m3 per capitation for developed countries ) questions What is about wood supply and demand in China ? How to solve great gaps between wood supply and demand ? Lesson2 Word andvocabulary Gross feature :宏观特征定义Softwood and heartwood:软材心材Stem , trunk andbark:树干树皮Woody material:木质材料Utilization :利用Conversion :转化Chip and chipboard:木片碎料板Timber ,wood and lumber:木材锯材Hand lens;普通放大镜Growthincrement, growth ring and growth layer:生长轮与annual ring 却别Consist of and becomposed of Woody cells 木细胞Physiological role:生理作用Patterns of distribution:分布形态Vary with:变化Longitudinally :纵向Make up:构成Bulk体积grain :纹理Xylem:木质部parenchyma and prosenchyma:薄壁组织和锐端细胞组织。
木材专业英语
木材专业英语abnormal wood反常材absinth worm wood苦艾acetylated wood乙? ?acid wood干馏材, 酸性木材agatized wood玛瑙石化木air dried [seasoned] wood风干木材angiospermous wood被子树木aspen wood山杨木axial wood轴材back-woods wood处女林back woods wood处女林bahama white wood白木balsam wood香脂木bamboo wood竹材beef wood硬红木billet wood圆材bird's eye wood鸟眼纹材bituminous wood沥青木black wood黑檀callus wood愈合材cam wood紫木苏木cartwrights' wood车辆材case wood箱材cigar box wood烟香椿; 印度红木chemical wood化学加工用材chinese bandoline wood刨花楠chittagonywood桃花心木close-grainedwood细纹木材coarse grainedwood粗纹理木材cooper's wood桶材cork wood轻木, 软木compregnated wood胶压木材coniferous wood针叶树材, 松柏科木材coppice wood矮林, 萌芽林core wood薪柴cross laminated wood交叉层压材crude wood原木cull (ed) wood废材, 边材curled wood皱纹材cutting wood插条dead wood枯木, 朽木; 毫无价值的材料deciduous wood落叶树木材; 硬木缺陷材delta wood多层木densified wood(浸过树脂的)浸胶木材densified laminated wood强化层积材desiccated wood烘干木材dieotyledonous wood双子叶树材double heart wood复心材drift wood漂木durable wood耐久材dye wood染料木ebony wood (=ebony)黑檀乌木, 乌梅even-aged wood [forest]同龄林extract wood萃取用材faggot wood柴; 薪材figured wood有纹理木材figured porous wood花纹孔材fire proofed [fire-resisting] wood 耐火材, 抗火木材flaming porous wood火焰型孔材formaldehyde-treated wood甲醛处理材fossil wood木化石fuel wood薪材, 燃材fully stocked woodfustic wood黄木giant red wood巨杉glued laminated wood胶合木层板grain wood纹木green wood新材hard wood硬材, 阔叶树材heart wood (=duramen)心材heat-stabilized wood热塑材heat-stabilized compressed wood 加热稳定压缩木材heat-treated wood热处理(木)材heavy wood重材homoxylous wood同型木impregnated wood浸渍材imprenated poplar wood防腐(的)白杨木improved wood压缩木材incomplete wood稀疏的森林intermediate wood心边交界材, 中间材Jamaica wood洋苏木juvenile [core] wood中心木质部; 幼龄材knot wood有节疤木料knotty wood多节木料laminated wood叠层木板, 胶合板leopard wood豹木lima wood赤木live wood原材log wood洋苏木(制作色淀染料的原料)long-cut wood长原木lop wood枝桠材low-pole wood矮干树木manoxylic wood疏木质的木材metal wood金属胶合木, 金属胶合板metal-impregnated wood金属注入材, 金属化木材, 金属处理材modified wood改性(木)材monocotyledonous wood单子叶材mouldered wood朽木multiply wood多层胶合板opalized wood蛋白石化木oven-dried wood绝干材; 全干材packing case wood箱板材paper wood造纸材paraffin-impregnated wood石蜡浸注材peeled wood去皮木材pit wood矿柱, 矿用材plain wood of lacquerwareplastic wood塑化木plasticizing wood塑化木材pored [porous] wood有孔材, 阔叶树材pulp wood造纸木材; 制浆木材quassia wood苦木quebracho wood白雀木radial porous wood辐射孔材reaction wood畸形木red wood水杉; 红木red sandal wood紫檀香木refuse wood残材resonance wood共鸣材, 共振材ring pored [ring-porous] wood 环孔材rose wood花梨木, 青龙木rough wood带皮原木saddler's wood桥桁, 枕梁sandal wood檀香木sanders wood檀香木sandwich wood压制板sap wood边材seasoned wood风干(木)材; 风化材semi-ring-porus woodsham wood模造材short grained wood细纹木材silicified wood化石木, 硅化木small wood小材(径7厘米以下)soft wood软(质)木材soil-protection wood林地?な?solid wood紧密材sound wood坚实木材, 良木southern wood青莴stained wood着色木(浸染木材, 木材防腐) stave wood桶(板)材tallow wood脂木tortoise shell wood龟甲木transmuted wood变性木材tropical wood热带材veined wood花纹材waste wood废木材wet wood湿材wheelwright's wood车辆木材wild wood原始林, 天然林window lintel wood窗楣木window post woodyellow wood黄桑; 黄色桑; 盐肤木wood for pianoforte wood钢琴用材wood for shingles木瓦用材1 GB 449-1984 锯材材积表Sawn timber volume table2 GB/T 1926.1-1988 工业糠醛Technical furfural3 GB/T 1926.2-1988 工业糠醛试验方法Technical furfural test methods4 GB/T 1927-1991 木材物理力学试材采集方法Method of sample tree collection for physical and mechanical tests of wood5 GB/T 1928-1991 木材物理力学试验方法总则General requiements for physical and mechnical tests of wood6 GB/T 1929-1991 木材物理力学试材锯解及试样截取方法Method of sample logs sawing and test specimens selection for physical and mechanical tests of wood7 GB/T 1930-1991 木材年轮宽度和晚材率测定方法Method for determination of the annual rings width and latewood rate of wood8 GB/T 1931-1991 木材含水率测定方法Method for determination of the moisture content of wood9 GB/T 1932-1991 木材干缩性测定方法Method for determination of the shrinkage of wood10 GB/T 1933-1991 木材密度测定方法Method for determination of the density of wood11 GB/T 1934.1-1991 木材吸水性测定方法Method for determination of the water absorption of wood12 GB/T 1934.2-1991 木材湿胀性测定方法Method for determination of the swelling of wood13 GB/T 1935-1991 木材顺纹抗压强度试验方法Method of testing in compressive strength parallel to grain of wood14 GB/T 1936.1-1991 木材抗弯强度试验方法Method of testing in bending strength of wood15 GB/T 1936.2-1991 木材抗弯弹性模量测定方法Method for determination of the modulus of elasticity in static bending of wood16 GB/T 1937-1991 木材顺纹抗剪强度试验方法Method of testing in shearing stength parallel to grain of wood17 GB/T 1938-1991 木材顺纹抗拉强度试验方法Method of testing in tensile strength parallel to grain of wood18 GB/T 1939-1991 木材横纹抗压试验方法Method of testing in compression perpendicular to grain of wood19 GB/T 1940-1991 木材冲击韧性试验方法Method of testing in toughness of wood20 GB/T 1941-1991 木材硬度试验方法Method of testing in hardness of wood21 GB/T 1942-1991 木材抗劈力试验方法Method of testing in cleavage stregth of wood22 GB/T 1943-1991 木材横纹抗压弹性模量测定方法Method for determination of the modulus of elasticity in compression perpendicular to grain of wood23 GB 2772-1981 林木种子检验方法Inspection method of tree seeds24 GB/T 4812-1995 特级原木Logs of super grade25 GB/T 4813-1995 阔叶树锯切用原木尺寸、公差、分等Broad leaves ripping logs-Dimensioms--tolerances and grade classification26 GB 4814-1984 原木材积表Log volume table27 GB 4815-1984 杉原条材积表V olume table of chinese firtree poles28 GB/T 4817-1995 阔叶树锯材Broad leaves sawn timber29 GB 4820-1995 罐道木Sawn timber for shaft lifting guide30 GB/T 4823-1995 锯材缺陷Defects in sawn timber31 GB/T 4895-1991 合成樟脑Synthetic camphor32 GB/T 4897-1992 刨花板Particle board33 GB 6000-1985 主要造林树种苗木Tree seedlings of major species for afforestation34 GB/T 6001-1985 育苗技术规程Technical regulations for cultivation of tree seedlings35 GB/T 6491-1986 锯材干燥质量Drying quality of sawn timber36 GB/T 7643-1987 紫胶原胶Sticklac37 GB 7908-1987 林木种子Forest seed38 GB/T 7911.1-1987 热固性树脂装饰层压板技术条件Decorative laminated sheets based on thermosetting resins--Specification39 GB/T 7911.2-1987 热固性树脂装饰层压板试件尺寸的规定Decorative laminated sheets based on thermosetting resins--Determination of dimensions of test pieces40 GB/T 7911.3-1987 热固性树脂装饰层压板耐沸水煮性能的测定Decorative laminated sheets based on thermosetting resins--Determination of resistance to immersion boiling water41 GB/T 7911.4-1987 热固性树脂装饰层压板耐干热性能的测定Decorative laminated sheets based on thermosetting resins--Determination of resistance to dry heat42 GB/T 7911.5-1987 热固性树脂装饰层压板耐冲击性能的测定Decorative laminated sheets based on thermosetting resins--Determination of resistance to impact43 GB/T 7911.6-1987 热固性树脂装饰层压板滞燃性能的测定Decorative laminated sheets based on thermosetting resins--Determination of reaction to fire44 GB/T 7911.7-1987 热固性树脂装饰层压板表面耐磨性能的测定Decorative laminated sheets based on thermosetting resins--Determination of resistance to surface wear45 GB/T 7911.8-1987 热固性树脂装饰层压板表面耐污染性能的测定Decorative laminated sheets based on thermosetting resins--Determination of resistance to surface staining46 GB/T 7911.9-1987 热固性树脂装饰层压板抗拉强度的测定Decorative laminated sheets based on thermosetting resins--Determination of tension strengths47 GB/T 7911.10-1987 热固性树脂装饰层压板耐香烟灼烧性能的测定Decorative laminated sheets based on thermosetting resins--Determination of resistane to cigarette burns48 GB/T 7911.11-1987 热固性树脂装饰层压板耐开裂性能的测定Decorative laminated sheets based on thermosetting resins--Determination of resistance to cracking49 GB/T 7911.12-1987 热固性树脂装饰层压板尺寸稳定性性能的测定Decorative laminated sheets based on thermosetting resins--Determination of dimensional stability50 GB/T 7911.13-1987 热固性树脂装饰层压板耐老化性能的测定Decorative laminated sheets based on thermosetting resins--Determination of resistance to weathering51 GB/T 8081-1987 天然生胶标准橡胶规格Raw natural rubber--Standard rubber--Specifications52 GB/T 8082-1987 天然生胶标准橡胶包装、标志、贮存和运输Raw natural rubber--Standard rubber--Packing, marks, storage and transportion53 GB/T 8083-1987 天然生胶标准橡胶取样Raw natural rubber--Standard rubber--Sampling54 GB/T 8084-1987 天然生胶样品的制备Raw natural rubber--Sample preparation55 GB/T 8086-1987 天然生胶杂质含量测定法Raw natural rubber--Determination of dirt56 GB/T 8087-1987 天然生胶挥发物含量测定法Raw natural rubber--Determination of volatile matter content57 GB/T 8088-1987 天然生胶氮含量测定法Raw natural rubber--Determination of nitrogen58 GB/T 8089-1987 天然生胶烟胶片Raw natural rubber--Smoked sheets59 GB/T 8090-1987 天然生胶白绉胶片和浅色绉胶片Raw natural rubber--White crepes and pale crepes60 GB/T 8137-1987 颗粒紫胶Seed lac-Specification61 GB/T 8138-1987 紫胶片Shellac62 GB/T 8139-1987 脱蜡紫胶片, 脱色紫胶片和脱色脱蜡紫胶片Dewaxed shellac, Decolorized shellac and decolorized dewaxed shellac63 GB/T 8140-1987 漂白紫胶Bleached lac64 GB/T 8141-1987 军用紫胶片Shellac used for arms65 GB/T 8142-1987 紫胶产品取样方法Methods of sampling lac products66 GB/T 8143-1987 紫胶产品检验方法Methods of testing lac products67 GB/T 8145-1987 脂松香Gum rosin68 GB/T 8146-1987 松香试验方法Test methods of rosin69 GB/T 8277-1987 桐油Tung oil70 GB/T 8289-1987 天然浓缩胶乳氨保存离心胶乳的规格Natural rubber latex concentrate--Centrifuged ammonia preserved type-Specification71 GB/T 8290-1987 天然浓缩胶乳取样Natural rubber latex concentrate--Sampling72 GB/T 8291-1987 天然浓缩胶乳凝块含量的测定Natural rubber latex concentrate--Determination of coagulum content73 GB/T 8292-1987 天然浓缩胶乳挥发脂肪酸值的测定Natural rubber latex concentrate--Determination of volatile fatty acid number74 GB/T 8293-1987 天然浓缩胶乳残渣含量的测定Natural rubber latex concentrate--Determination of sludge content75 GB/T 8294-1987 天然浓缩胶乳硼酸含量的测定Natural rubber latex concentrate--Determination of boric acid content76 GB/T 8295-1987 天然胶乳铜含量的测定Natural rubber latex--Determination of copper content77 GB/T 8296-1987 天然胶乳锰含量的测定(高碘酸钾光度测定法) Natural rubber latex--Determination of manganese content--Potassium periodate photometric method78 GB/T 8297-1987 天然浓缩胶乳氢氧化钾值的测定Natural rubber latex concentrate--Determination of KOH number79 GB/T 8298-1987 天然浓缩胶乳总固体含量的测定Natural rubber latex concentrate--Determination of total solids content80 GB/T 8299-1987 天然浓缩胶乳干胶含量的测定Natural rubber latex concentrate--Determination of dry rubber content81 GB/T 8300-1987 天然浓缩胶乳碱度的测定Natural rubber latex concentrate--Determination of alkalinity82 GB/T 8301-1987 天然浓缩胶乳机械稳定度的测定Natural rubber latex concentrate--Determination of mechanical stability83 GB/T 8822.1-1988 中国林木种子区油松种子区Seed zones of Chinese forest trees--Seed zones of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr84 GB/T 8822.2-1988 中国林木种子区杉木种子区Seed zones of Chinese forest trees--Seed zones of Cunning hamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.85 GB/T 8822.3-1988 中国林木种子区红松种子区Seed zones of Chinese forest trees--Seed zones of Pinus koraiensis Sieb.et zucc.86 GB/T 8822.4-1988 中国林木种子区华山松种子区Seed zones of Chinese forest trees--Seed zones of Pinus armandii Franch.87 GB/T 8822.5-1988 中国林木种子区樟子松种子区Seed zones of Chinese forest trees--Seed zones of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica Litvin.88 GB/T 8822.6-1988 中国林木种子区马尾松种子区Seed zones of Chinese forest trees--Seed zones of Pinus massoniana Lamb.89 GB/T 8822.7-1988 中国林木种子区云南松种子区seed zones of Chinese forest trees--Seed zones of Pinus yunnanensis Franch.90 GB/T 8822.8-1988 中国林木种子区兴安落叶松种子区Seed zones of Chinese forest trees--Seed zones of Larix gmelinii Rupr.91 GB/T 8822.9-1988 中国林木种子区长白落叶松种子区Seed zones of Chinese forest trees--Seed zones of Larix olgensis Henry.92 GB/T 8822.10-1988 中国林木种子区华北落叶松种子区Seed zones of Chinese forest trees--Seed zones of Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.93 GB/T 8822.11-1988 中国林木种子区侧柏种子区Seed zones of Chinese forest trees--Seed zones of Platycladus orientalis (Linn) Franco.94 GB/T 8822.12-1988 中国林木种子区云杉种子区Seed zones of Chinese forest trees--Seed zones of Picea asperata Mast.95 GB/T 8822.13-1988 中国林木种子区白榆种子区Seed zones of Chinese forest trees--Seed zones of Ulmus pumila L.96 GB/T 9846.1-1988 胶合板分类Plywood--Classification97 GB/T 9846.2-1988 胶合板术语和定义Plywood--Terms and definitions98 GB/T 9846.3-1988 胶合板普通胶合板尺寸和公差技术条件Plywood--Specification for dimensions and tolerances of plywood for general use99 GB/T 9846.4-1988 胶合板普通胶合板通用技术条件Plywood--General specification for plywood for general use100 GB/T 9846.5-1988 胶合板普通胶合板外观分等技术条件Plywood--Specification for classification by appearance of plywood for general use101 GB/T 9846.6-1988 胶合板普通胶合板检验规则Plywood--Inspection codes for plywood for general use 102 GB/T 9846.7-1988 胶合板普通胶合板标志、包装、运输和贮存Plywood--Marking, packaging,transportation and storage of plywood for general use103 GB/T 9846.8-1988 胶合板测试胶合板的抽取方法Plywood--Sampling of test plywood panels104 GB/T 9846.9-1988 胶合板试件的锯割Plywood--cutting of test specimens105 GB/T 9846.10-1988 胶合板试件尺寸的测量Plywood--Determination of dimensions of test specimens 106 GB/T 9846.11-1988 胶合板含水率的测定Plywood--Determination of moisture content107 GB/T 9846.12-1988 胶合板胶合强度的测定Plywood--Determination of glue bond strength108 GB/T 10016-1988 林木种子贮藏Tree seed storage109 GB/T 11717-1989 造纸用原木Pulp logs110 GB/T 11718.1-1989 中密度纤维板定义和分类Medium density fiberboard—Defination and classification 111 GB/T 11718.2-1989 中密度纤维板技术要求和检验规则Medium density fiberboard—Technical requirement and test code112 GB/T 11718.3-1989 中密度纤维板试件的制备Medium density fiberboard—Cutting and measurement of test pieces113 GB/T 11718.4-1989 中密度纤维板密度的测定Medium density fiberboard—Determination of density 114 GB/T 11718.5-1989 中密度纤维板含水率的测定Medium density fiberboard—Determination of moisture content115 GB/T 11718.6-1989 中密度纤维板吸水厚度膨胀率的测定Medium density fiberboard—Determination of thickness swelling rate of water absorption116 GB/T 11718.7-1989 中密度纤维板平面抗拉强度的测定Medium density fiberboard—Determination of flush tensile strength117 GB/T 11718.8-1989 中密度纤维板静曲强度和弹性模量的测定Medium density fiberboard—Determination of static bending strength and elastic modulus118 GB/T 11718.9-1989 中密度纤维板握螺钉力的测定Medium density fiberboard—Determination of screw holding capability119 GB/T 11718.10-1989 中密度纤维板甲醛释放量的测定Medium density fiberboard—Determination of formaldehyde released120 GB/T 11917-1989 制材工艺术语Terms in lumber technology121 GB/T 12626.1-1990 硬质纤维板术语和分类Hard fibreboard—Terms and classfication122 GB/T 12626.2-1990 硬质纤维板技术要求Hard fibreboard—Technical requirement123 GB/T 12626.3-1990 硬质纤维板试件取样及测量Hard fibreboard—Samping and measurement of test pieces124 GB/T 12626.4-1990 硬质纤维板检验规则Hard fibreboard—Test code125 GB/T 12626.5-1990 硬质纤维板产品的标志、包装、运输和贮存Hard fibreboard—Marking, packaing, transportation and reservation of the products126 GB/T 12626.6-1990 硬质纤维板含水率的测定Hard fibreboard—Determination of moisture content127 GB/T 12626.7-1990 硬质纤维板密度的测定Hard fibreboard—Determination of density128 GB/T 12626.8-1990 硬质纤维板吸水率的测定Hard fibreboard—Determination of water absorption129 GB/T 12626.9-1990 硬质纤维板静曲强度的测定Hard fibreboard—Defermination of bending strength 130 GB/T 12901-1991 脂松节油Gum turpentine131 GB/T 12902-1991 松节油分析方法Analytical methods of turpentine132 GB/T 13009-1991 热带阔叶树材普通胶合板General use plywood of tropical broadleaved species133 GB/T 13010-1991 刨切单板Sliced veneer134 GB/T 13123-1991 竹编胶合板Bamboo-mat plywood135 GB/T 13124-1991 竹编胶合板试验方法Methods of testing bamboo-mat plywood136 GB/T 13803-1992 木质味精精制用颗粒活性炭Wooden granular activated carbon for refining of sodium glutamate137 GB/T 13804-1992 木质净水用活性炭Wooden activated carbon for water purification138 GB/T 13805-1992 糖液脱色用活性炭Activated carbon for refining of suger139 GB/T 13807.2-1992 腰状杆螺柱连接副螺柱Connections with waisted stud--Studs140 GB/T 13807.3-1992 腰状杆螺柱连接副螺母、受力套管Connections with waisted stud--Nuts, extension sleeves141 GB/T 13942.1-1992 木材天然耐久性试验方法木材天然耐腐性实验室试验方法Method for laboratory test of natural decay resistance of woods142 GB/T 13942.2-1992 木材天然耐久性试验方法木材天然耐久性野外试验方法Method for field test of natural durability of wood143 GB/T 14017-1992 木材横纹抗拉强度试验方法Method of testing in tensile strength perpendicular to grain of wood144 GB/T 14018-1992 木材握钉力试验方法Method of testing nail holding power of wood145 GB/T 14019-1992 木材防腐术语Glossary of terms used in wood preservation146 GB/T 14020-1992 氢化松香Hydrogenated rosin147 GB/T 14021-1992 马来松香Maleated rosin148 GB/T 14022.1-1992 工业糠醇Technical furfurylalcohol149 GB/T 14022.2-1992 工业糠醇试验方法Technical furfurylalcohol test methods150 GB/T 14071-1993 林木良种审定规范The standard of examination and approval of improved varieties of forest tree151 GB/T 14072-1993 林木种质资源保存原则与方法Conservation principle and method of germplasm resources of forest trees152 GB/T 14073-1993 主要造林阔叶林树种良种选育程序与要求Selection and breeding of procedure and request of the main broadleaf trees improved variety153 GB/T 14074.1-1993 木材胶粘剂及其树脂检验方法外观测定法Testing methods for wood adhesives and their resins--Method for determination of appearance154 GB/T 14074.2-1993 木材胶粘剂及其树脂检验方法密度测定法Testing methods for wood adhesives and their resins--Method for determination of density155 GB/T 14074.3-1993 木材胶粘剂及其树脂检验方法粘度测定法Testing methods for wood adhesives and their resins--Method for determination of viscosity156 GB/T 14074.4-1993 木材胶粘剂及其树脂检验方法pH值测定法Testing methods for wood adhesives and their resins--Method for determination of pH157 GB/T 14074.5-1993 木材胶粘剂及其树脂检验方法固体含量测定法Testing methods for wood adhesives and their resins--Method for determination of solid content158 GB/T 14074.6-1993 木材胶粘剂及其树脂检验方法水混和性测定法Testing methods for wood adhesives and their resins--Method for determination of miscibility with water159 GB/T 14074.7-1993 木材胶粘剂及其树脂检验方法固化时间测定法Testing methods for wood adhesives and their resins--Method for determination of gelation time160 GB/T 14074.8-1993 木材胶粘剂及其树脂检验方法适用期测定法Testing methods for wood adhesives and their resins--Method for determination of pot life161 GB/T 14074.9-1993 木材胶粘剂及其树脂检验方法贮存稳定性测定法Testing methods for wood adhesives and their resins--Method for determination of storage stability162 GB/T 14074.10-1993 木材胶粘剂及其树脂检验方法木材胶合强度测定法Testing methods for wood adhesives and their resins--Method for determination of wood glue bond strength163 GB/T 14074.11-1993 木材胶粘剂及其树脂检验方法含水率测定法Testing methods for wood adhesives and their resins--Method for determination of moisture content164 GB/T 14074.12-1993 木材胶粘剂及其树脂检验方法聚合时间测定法Testing methods for wood adhesives and their resins--Method for determination of curing speed165 GB/T 14074.13-1993 木材胶粘剂及其树脂检验方法游离苯酚含量测定法Testing methods for wood adhesives and their resins--Method for determination of free phenol content166 GB/T 14074.14-1993 木材胶粘剂及其树脂检验方法可被溴化物测定法Testing methods for wood adhesives and their resins--Method for determination of brominable substance167 GB/T 14074.15-1993 木材胶粘剂及其树脂检验方法碱量测定法Testing methods for wood adhesives and their resins--Method for determination of alkali content168 GB/T 14074.16-1993 木材胶粘剂及其树脂检验方法游离甲醛含量测定法Testing methods for wood adhesives and their resins--Method for determination of free formaldehyde content169 GB/T 14074.17-1993 木材胶粘剂及其树脂检验方法羟甲基含量测定法Testing methods for wood adhesives and their resins--Method for determination of methylol content170 GB/T 14074.18-1993 木材胶粘剂及其树脂检验方法沉析温度测定法Testing methods for wood adhesives and their resins--Method for determination of precipitation temperature171 GB/T 14175-1993 林木引种Introduction of exotic forest trees172 GB/T 14703-1993 生漆Raw lacquer173 GB/T 14721.1-1993 林业资源分类与代码森林类型Classification and codes for forestry resources--Forest types174 GB/T 14732-1993 木材工业胶粘剂用脲醛、酚醛、三聚氰胺甲醛树脂Wood adhesives--urea-formaldehyde,phenol-formaldehyde and melamine-formaldehyde resins175 GB/T 14795-1993 天然生胶术语Terminology of raw natural rubber176 GB/T 14796-1993 天然生胶颜色指数测定法Raw natural rubber--Colour index test177 GB/T 14797.1-1993 浓缩天然胶乳硫化胶乳Natural rubber latex concentrate--Prevulcanized rubber latex 178 GB/T 14797.2-1993 浓缩天然胶乳硫化胶乳粘度的测定Natural rubber latex concentrate--Prevulcanized rubber latex--Determination of viscosity179 GB/T 14797.3-1993 浓缩天然胶乳硫化胶乳溶胀度的测定Natural rubber latex concentrate--Prevulcanized rubber latex--Determination of swelling capacity180 GB/T 15035-1994 木材干燥术语Terminology in wood drying181 GB/T 15036.1-1994 实木地板块一般规定Solid wood blocks--Greneral rules182 GB/T 15036.2-1994 实木地板块镶嵌地板块技术条件Solid wood blocks--Mosaic parquet specifications 183 GB/T 15036.3-1994 实木地板块榫接地板块技术条件Solid wood blocks--Mortise join specifications 184 GB/T 15036.4-1994 实木地板块平接地板块技术条件Solid wood blocks--Flate join specifications185 GB/T 15036.5-1994 实木地板块竖木地板块技术条件Solid wood blocks--Vertical paving block specifications186 GB/T 15036.6-1994 实木地板块检验及试验方法Solid wood blocks--Examination and test methods for physical and mechanical characteristics187 GB/T 15102-1994 浸渍胶膜纸饰面人造板Surface decorated wood-based panels with paper impregnated thermosetting resins188 GB/T 15104-1994 装饰单板贴面人造板Decorative veneered wood-based panel189 GB/T 15105.1-1994 模压刨花制品家具类Molding articles from wood particle for furniture190 GB/T 15106-1994 刨切单板用原木Log of sliced veneer191 GB/T 15162-1994 飞机播种造林技术规程Technical guidelines for afforestation by aerial seeding192 GB/T 15163-1994 封山(沙)育林技术规程Technical guidelines for setting apart hills (sand area)for tree growing193 GB/T 15775-1995 林业资源分类与代码林木害虫Classification and codes for forestry resources--Injurious tree-insects194 GB/T 15776-1995 造林技术规程Technical regulations for afforestation195 GB/T 15777-1995 木材顺纹抗压弹性模量测定方法Method for determination of the modulus of elasticity in compressive parallel to grain of wood196 GB/T 15778-1995 林业资源分类与代码自然保护区Classification and codes for forestry resources--Natural reserves197 GB/T 15779-1995 旋切单板用原木Log of peeled veneer198 GB/T 15780-1995 竹材物理力学性质试验方法Testing methods for physical and mechanical properties of bamboos199 GB/T 15781-1995 森林抚育规程Regulations for tending of forest200 GB/T 15782-1995 集约经营用材林基地造林总体设计规程Forestation overall design regulations for intensively managed timber-forest base201 GB/T 15783-1995 主要造林树种林地化学除草技术规程The state technical standard of chemical weed control in main plantation trees202 GB/T 15787-1995 原木检验术语Terms in log inspection203 GB/T 16734-1997 中国主要木材名称Names of Chinese main woods204 GB 142-1995 直接用原木坑木Logs for direct--Pit-props205 GB/T 143.1-1995 锯切用原木树种、主要用途Ripping logs--Species--Main application206 GB/T 143.2-1995 针叶树锯切用原木尺寸、公差、分等Coniferous ripping logs--Dimensions--Tolerancesand-grade classification207 GB/T 144-1995 原木检验Log inspection208 GB/T 153-1995 针叶树锯材Coniferous sawn timber209 GB 154-1984 枕木Sleeper210 GB/T 155-1995 原木缺陷Defects in logs211 GB/T 17526-1998 漆蜡Lacquer wax212 GB/T 5849-1999 细木工板Blockboard213 GB/T 17656-1999 混凝土模板用胶合板Plywood for concrete form214 GB/T 17657-1999 人造板及饰面人造板理化性能试验方法Test methods of evaluating the properties of wood-based panels and surface decorated wood-based panels215 GB/T 17658-1999 阻燃木材燃烧性能试验火传播试验方法The test of burning behaviour for flame retardant treated wood--method of test for fire propagation216 GB/T 11716-1999 小径原木Logs of small diameter217 GB/T 17659.1-1999 原木锯材批量检查抽样、判定方法第1部分:原木批量检查抽样、判定方法Sampling and judging methods for lot inspection of logs and sawn timbers Part 1: Sampling and judging methods for lot inspection of logs218 GB/T 17659.2-1999 原木锯材批量检查抽样、判定方法第2部分:锯材批量检查抽样、判定方法Sampling and judging methods for lot inspection of logs and sawn timbers Part 2: Sampling and judging methods for lot inspection of sawn timbers219 GB/T 6043-1999 木材PH值测定方法Method for determination of PH of wood220 GB/T 17660-1999 木材缓冲容量测定方法Method for determination the buffering capacity of wood221 GB/T 5039-1999 杉原条Chinese firtree poles222 GB/T 4822-1999 锯材检验Swan timber inspection223 GB/T 17662-1999 原木缺陷术语符号The symbol of the logs defect terms224 GB/T 17663-1999 主要商品木材树种代号Code name of the main commercial timber225 GB/T 7909-1999 造纸木片Wood chips for the pulp226 GB/T 17664-1999 木炭和木炭试验方法Wood charcoal and test methods of wood charcoal227 GB/T 17665-1999 木质颗粒活性炭对四氯化碳蒸气吸附试验方法Test method of wooden granular activated carbon adsorption to CCl4 vapor228 GB/T 17666-1999 黑荆树栲胶单宁快速测定方法Quick test method for determination of tannin in wattle bark extracts。
木材科学与工程 英语音标
木材科学与工程英语音标English:"Wood Science and Engineering involves the study of the structure, properties, processing, and utilization of wood and wood-based materials. This interdisciplinary field combines principles from biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering to understand the complex nature of wood as a renewable and sustainable resource. Researchers in wood science and engineering investigate various aspects of wood, including its anatomical structure, chemical composition, mechanical properties, and environmental impact. They develop methods for harvesting, processing, and treating wood to enhance its strength, durability, and performance in different applications, such as construction, furniture manufacturing, and renewable energy. By studying wood at the microscopic and macroscopic levels, professionals in this field aim to optimize its utilization while minimizing waste and environmental footprint, contributing to the development of eco-friendly and efficient wood-based products and technologies."中文翻译:"木材科学与工程涉及对木材及木材基材料的结构、性质、加工和利用进行研究。
木材科学与工程专业英语
专业英语Scientific English Course(木材科学与工程专业用)徐剑莹余德新编中南林业科技大学2017年9月CONTENTS1. China: a country rich in tree species (1)2. Gross Structure of Wood (5)3. Microscopic Structure of Wood (10)4. Wood Cell-Wall Structure (14)5. Wood Chemical Components (18)6. Mechanical Properties of Wood (22)7. Deterioration of wood and wood products (27)8. The drying of wood (37)9. Drying Defects (45)10. Fiber Products (50)11. Plywood Production and Use (58)12. Particleboard and composite products (65)13. Furniture design (76)Lesson OneTextChina: a country rich in tree speciesChina has a total forest area of 208 million ha, covering 21.63% of its territory. The existing timber stock volume is about 15,100 million m3, equal to 11 m3 per capita.The forests are situated mainly in the Daxingan, Xiaoxingan and Changbai mountain ranges in the Northeast and Inner Mongolia; Fujian and Jiangxi Provinces in the East; Guangdong and Hunan Provinces and Guangxi Autonomous Region in Mid-south and Shennongjia in Hubei Province; Sichuan and Yunnan Province in Southwest and Tibetan Autonomous Region.From north to south, China‟s forests can be divided into coniferous belts in the frigid and temperate zones, mixed forest belts of coniferous, deciduous and broadleaf trees in the temperate zone, deciduous and broadleaf forest belts in the warm temperate zone, evergreen forest belts in the sub-tropical zone, and monsoon and rain forests in the tropical zone. Therefore, China is rich in tree species: there are more than 2,800 arbor species, of which about 1,000 are used for industry, 500 of these frequently.Some important industrial tree species are Korean pine, larch, spruce, fir, ash, basswood, birch, Chinese fir, masson pine, schima and castanopsis.Other valuable species are machilus, camphor and Chinese mahogany. Among the fast-growing species are paulownia and poplar, which are adaptable to the north and middle part of China. These trees, with diameters of about 40 cm at 10 years, can be used as timber. Chinese fir, which can be cut for timber at 20 years, is adapted to the broad area to the south of the Yangzi River. China also is rich in bamboo forest resources.New Words1. timber木材,木料2. log原木3. conifer […kounifә]针叶树4. conif erous [kou‟nifәrәs]针叶树的5. deciduous [di‟sidjuәs]落叶的6. broadleaf tree阔叶树7. pine松木8. Masson pine马尾松9. Korean pine红松10. larch [la:tʃ]落叶松11. spruce [spru:s]云杉12. Chinese fir杉木13. ash白蜡树14. bass-wood椴木15. birch桦木16. machilus润楠17. camphor […kӕmfә]樟木18. mahogany [mә‟hɔgeni]红木,桃花木19. schima木荷20. castanopsis栲树21. paulownia [pɔ‟louniә]泡桐22. poplar [pɔplә]杨木23. bamboo毛竹Lesson TwoTextGross Structure of WoodA mature tree, of either the softwood or the hardwood type, generally consists of a single stem which is covered with a layer of bark. This central trunk is the principal source of woody material for the manufacture of lumber and other products. While there is a trend toward the utilization of a greater portion of the tree, the conversion of tree tops and branches into usable material is done only where it is economically feasible. These parts can be converted into chips for pulping or for the manufacture of chipboard, but in many timber producing regions of the world they are considered to be waste and are left in the forest during a logging operation.The gross features of wood are those that are visible to the naked eye or with the aid of a hand lens. Characteristics such as growth increments, sapwood heartwood difference, wood rays and cell distribution patterns can be recognized at this level.1.Cellular CompositionA tree trunk is composed of millions of individual woody cells. These cells differ in size and shape, depending upon their physiological role in the tree, most of them being many times longer than broad. They are arranged on recognizable patterns of distribution within the wood, the organization varying with the species. The long cells which are arranged longitudinally make up the b ulk of the wood and provide “grain” to the material.Cells of the xylem or wood portion of the tree are of two general types, parenchyma and prosenchyma. Parenchymatous cells are food storage elements and must, therefore, remain alive for a longer period than prosenchymatous cells which lose their protoplasm the year in which they are formed. Parenchymatous cells are found in wood rays, as longitudinal or axial parenchyma, and as epithelial cells surrounding resin canals. The term prosenchyma may be applied to all of the other types of cells in mature wood, whether their major physiological role in the living tree may have been conductive or supportive.2.Wood RaysThere are also shorter cells in the tree, cells which areoriented perpendicular to the longitudinal elements andorganized into bands of tissue called wood rays. The cellsfound in wood rays are predominantly parenchyma cells,specialized for food storage, but the rays of some coniferscontain prosenchymatous cells. The presence and structure ofthis type of element (ray tracheid), the height, the width andthe composition of the ray are features frequently useful forthe identification of a wood species.Rays extend radially from the pith, at the center of thestem, to the cambium at the outer periphery of the xylem(wood), and continue into the phloem (bark). Depending onthe manner in which a log is cut, these ribbons of tissuecontribute to the natural figure of lumber and veneer. Woodsplits easiest along the grain and particularly in the plane ofthe wood rays.3.Planes of WoodWhen discussing structural elements and features of wood, it is convenient to specify the aspect or viewpoint with respect to three planes, cross or transverse, radial, and tangential. By cutting across the stem perpendicularly, a surface is exposed which is called a cross or transverse section. A radial section results from cutting longitudinally in the plane of the wood rays, from the pith to the bark. The plane which is perpendicular to the rays and tangent to the bark is called the tangential section. These planes and some of the gross features of wood are illustrated in Fig.1.4End grain and rays are visible on the cross section. This is also the aspect for viewing growth increments as concentric rings. The extent of heartwood development can also be observed in this plane, but both features can be seen on a radial section as well. Ends of rays appear on the tangential section and the pattern formed by them on this surface provides diagnostic evidence in some instances. Rays on the radial section give the appearance of broken ribbons and, depending on their size and contrast, may produce distinctive patterns.The vascular cambium is located at the xylem-phloem interface and is the initiating layer for both of these tissue systems. At the gross level this layer can barely be detected since it is but a few cells wide.4.Sapwood and HeartwoodThe sapwood-heartwood pattern is one of the most obvious features that can be observed on the cross or radial section of a mature tree trunk. Although not as pronounced in all species, most trees have an inner core of dark colored wood, heartwood, and an outer shell of light colored tissue called sapwood. This contrast in color has physiological significance in a general way, but it is not strictly correct to designate the core as heartwood only on the basis of its darker color. A more accurate criterion for heartwood determination is the absence of living cells within the zone, and in particular, cells of ray parenchyma which remain alive far longer than the neighboring prosenchymatous element. For commercial purposes, however, color is the determining factor used for the separation of sapwood from heartwood.Certain characteristic differences can be found between the sapwood and heartwood of the same tree. For example, weight, durability and permeability are often quite different and can be related to the changes which accompany sapwood-heartwood transformation. Reference to permeability differences will be made in the section dealing with pit membranes.5.Growth IncrementsAnother feature which is readily observed on the cross section is the growth increment. The boundaries of these increments are usually related to annual growth in trees grown in temperate climates. In tropical regions, however, growth increments can be the result of wet and dry seasons and the term “annual ring” often used for timbersfrom temperate zones would not be strictly applicable.The nature of the growth layer can be a helpful feature in the identification of wood. In temperate zone hardwoods, for example, patterns can often be observed with the unaided eye, if one examines the tissue within one annual increment. These patterns can be attributed to the size and distribution of pores, the term given to vessel openings as seen in cross section. When the pores in the earlywood are much larger than those formed later in the season, and when the size transition between earlywood and latewood pores is abrupt, the wood is classed as ring porous. If little or no transition in pore size exits between early-and latewood, the term diffuse porous is applied. Semi-ring porous or semi-diffuse porous are used to describe wood in which the pore patterns are not distinctly of the ring porous nor of the diffuse porous type. The three conditions are illustrated in Fig.1.6.New Words and Expression1. gross structure 宏观构造, 粗视构造2. mature tree 成熟林3. softwood 软材hardwood 硬材4. stem 树干5. bark 树皮6. trunk 树干7. chip 木片chipboard 碎料板8. pulp 浆料pulping 制浆9. logging 采伐10. growth layer 年轮, 生长层, 生长轮growth ring 年轮11.sapwood 边材heartwood 心材12. wood ray 木射线13. cell distribution pattern 细胞排列类型14. xylem [zailem] 木质部15. parenchyma [pә‟reŋki:mә]薄壁组织16. prosenchyma [p rou‟seŋki:mә]锐端细胞组织prosenchymatous cell 锐端细胞17. protoplasm [ 'prәutәplæzәm ] 原生质, 细胞质18. resin canal=resin duct 树脂道19. epithelial[ ,epi'θi:ljәl ] cell 分泌细胞20. tracheid [ 'treikiid ] 管胞21 cambium […kӕmbiәm]形成层22. phloem […flouem]韧皮部23. grain 纹理24. pith 髓(心)25. pit 纹孔26. pit membrane […membrein]纹孔膜27. ring-porous wood 环孔材28. diffuse porous wood 散孔材Lesson ThreeTextMicroscopic Structure of WoodMost of the gross structural features of wood considered in the previous sections have their origin in the sorting and arrangement of the various cell types found in wood. When thin sections of wood are examined with a light microscope, cellular composition can readily be observed. The cells are held together by inter-cellular substance, but should this middle lamella be dissolved through chemical treatment, the cellular composite is separated into individual elements. This, in fact, is the commercial process known as pulping which is employed to produce fibers for paper manufacture. Microscopic examination of pulp samples of hardwood and of softwood reveals that there are significant differences in the sizes and shapes of cells from these two sources.Major Cell TypesAs was mentioned earlier, wood contains parenchyma and prosenchyma. Parenchyma cells in softwood do not differ greatly from those found in heartwood. They are generally short, thin-walled cells with simple pits. Their shape can be quite variable, but in the wood rays, where most parenchyma is located, they are predominantly brick-shaped, particularly in coniferous wood. In softwoods, parenchyma forms but a small portion of the total woody tissue, less than five percent of the total volume in some species, probably averaging 7 to 8% for all conifers. In some hardwoods, parenchyma may form as much as one-third of the wood volume. This occurs in woods having aggregate or oak-type rays, but the average for hardwoods is less than 20%, or more than double that of the softwoods.The tissue of softwoods is simpler from the standpoint of variety of cell types. Besides the parenchyma in the wood rays, resin canals and longitudinal tracheids make up as much as 95% of the total wood volume of some coniferous species. These are long, imperforate cells having walls which may be thich or thin, depending on location of the cell in the growth increment. In cross section, tracheids are polygonal in shape, more or less square in earlywood and flattened radially in the latewood. In compressionwood, tracheids are more or less rounded in transverse section.Compared with the prosenchymatous elements of hardwood, coniferous tracheids are very long. In some species they are 7 mm or more in length. This feature makes wood of the conifers more desirable for paper manufacturing because it contributes to greater paper strength.Ray tracheids appear in the wood of some conifers, usually at the upper or lower margins of the wood rays, but in some cases the ray may consist solely of this type of cell. These prosenchymatous elements have bordered pits that are smaller than those found in the longitudinal tracheids and which distinguish them from the ray parenchyma cells which have only simple pits. In the hard pines, ray tracheids contain dentate thickenings on their inner walls. Ray tracheids do not occur in woods of the angiosperms.The vessel is the distinctive tracheary structure of the hardwoods. As viewed in cross section, where it is called a pore, it has a larger lumen than other cell types. Individual vessel elements are tubular, open-ended cells which, when joined end-to-end, form the vessel. They are relatively thin-walled cells specialized for conduction longitudinally in the tree. Extensive pitting is typical of most vessel walls, these openings providing for lateral conduction to neighboring cells. As viewed on the cross section, pores may be arranged in clusters, chains, multiples or as solitary openings. Grouping is sometimes of diagnostic significance.Vessel elements vary in size and shape depending upon the wood species and upon location in the growth increment. Vessels of the springwood in the ring-porous woods are of large diameter while those of the summerwood are quite small. In diffuse-porous woods, vessel diameters are nearly uniform across the growth ring. The variability in size and shape of vessel elements is illustrated in Fig.1.12b, d and e.A cell type of completely different appearance than the vessel element is the libriform fiber. This type of element is thick-walled, narrow-lumened and elongated. It is adapted for strength and support rather than conduction since it has imperforate tapered ends and small, slit-like, simple pits.In addition to these two specialized hardwood prosenchymatous elements, there are others which have features that would indicate a dual role in the living tree, involving both conduction and support. Tracheids or fiber-tracheids, similar in appearance to coniferous tracheids though shorter in length, (ca. 1.5mm), are relatively thick-walledwith bordered pits. Vascular tracheids resemble small vessel elements, but the ends of the cells are imperforate. Vasicentric tracheids are more fiber-like, but are nevertheless short, thin-walled and irregular-shaped. They also have bordered pits.On a weight basis, coniferous tracheids make up 97.8% of the wood of pinus sylvestris (PERILA and HEITTO, 1959) and an equal amount in Picea abies. Therefore, the parenchyma constitute a small percentage of the weight of softwood and only about 7% of the volume.In hardwoods there is wide variation in the proportions of cell types. PERILA found that the fibers of Betula verrucosa make up 86.1% of the weight of the wood, the vessels 9.3%, and the parenchyma cells 4.6%. volumetric data for this species are not available, but in Betula lutea, the fibers make up 63.8%, the vessels 21.4% and the parenchyma 12.8%. In a more porous species, Tilia Americana L., the vessels form as much as 55.6% of the volume of the wood, the fibers 36.1%, and the total parenchyma volume is only 8.3%, a small amount for a hard wood. At the other extreme, the vessels of Hicoria ovata (now Carya ovata) constitute only 6.5% of the total wood volume, while parenchyma totals 28% and fibers 66.5%New Words1. aggregate [ 'ægrigeit ] rays 聚合射线2. Longitudinal tracheid 轴向管胞3. ray tracheid 射线管胞4. margin 边缘5. dentate […denteit] thickenings锯齿状加厚6. angiosperm 被子植物7. bordered-pit 具缘纹孔8. distinguish[ dis'tiŋgwiʃ ] 区别, 识别, 辨别9. distinctive 区别性的, 有特色的, 与众不同的10. lumen […lu:min]细胞腔(单)lumina […lu:minә]细胞腔(复)11. lateral 侧向的12. cluster 一串, 一束, 一群, 一组13. multiple pores 复管孔14. ring-porous wood 环孔材15. diffuse-porous wood 散孔材16. libriform [laibraifɔ:m] fiber 木纤维, 韧性纤维17. imperforate [im‟pә:fәrit]无孔隙的, 不穿孔的Lesson FourTextWood Cell-Wall StructureOne must delve deeply into the structure of wood to understand its basic nature. Examination with a light microscope will reveal the details of pit and wall structure essential to making identifications at the species level. Even greater detail of the wall structure is revealed by the higher resolving power of the electron microscope. These observations are not only useful for identification but also essential to our understanding of the relationships between wood structure and its properties and behavior.Examination at the higher levels of magnification, as shown in Figure 3.14, reveals the cell wall to be composed of a number of layers. The neighboring cells are joined together by a lignin-rich layer known as the middle lamella. This layer is dissolved in a chemical pulping process to separate the wood into pulp fibers. The main structural components of the cell wall are threadlike elements called microfibrils, which are organized and oriented differently in each layer of the cell wall.Primary WallThe thin, outermost layer of the cell wall, which is formed first during the development of the cell, is known as the primary wall (p). The microfibrils in this wall are arranged irregularly in flat helixes. As the cell reaches full size, the wall is thicken by the addition of a three-layered secondary wall laid down from inside the cell. The layers of the secondary wall are numbered consecutively: s1 is closest to the outside primary wall, s2 makes up the bulk of the cell wall, and s3 is nearest the inside lumen of the elongated tracheid cell.S1 LayerThe s1 layer is relatively thin and is composed of several laminae, or layers. The microfibrils in successive laminae exhibit an alternating right-and left-handed, almost flat helical arrangement.S2 LayerThis thick layer contains many laminae and makes up the bulk of the cell wall. The microfibrils are arranged in a steep right-handed helical arrangement so that they are nearly parallel to the cell axis.S3 LayerThe innermost layer of the secondary wall, the s3 layer, is similar to the s1 layer, being thin and having microfibrils oriented in flat helixes with both right-and left-handed orientations. An even thinner layer known as the warty layer may line the lumens of the tracheids and fibers of many species.MicrofibrilsThe importance of the orientation of the microfibrils to many properties of wood becomes clearer when the structure of the microfibril is considered.Each microfibril consists of linear cellulose molecules arranged in strands which pass through phases of parallel and nonparallel order, known as crystalline andamorphous regions. In the crystalline regions, the molecules are called crystallites, afterthe crystallike form they assume, and are oriented essentially parallel to the microfibril axis. In the amorphous regions, the cellulose molecules exhibit a lack of parallel order and there may be a higher proportion of shorter chain molecules. Thus, the crystallites are separated from each other by amorphous regions. The forces bonding the crystallites together along the microfibril axis are much stronger than those that bond them together laterally. As a result, strength and stiffness of wood are influenced by the orientation of the microfibril elements.New Words1. delve [delv] 探究,钻研2. reveal 揭示, 揭露3. resolve [ri:zɔlv] 分辨, 解析, 解决4. magnification 放大5. lignin 木素6. middle lamella [lә‟melә]胞间层7. microfibril[ ,maikrәʊ'faibril] 微纤丝8. primary wall 初生壁9. helix […hi:liks]螺旋线(单)10. secondary wall 次生壁11. consecutively 连续地, 顺序地12. warty layer 瘤层13. cellulose[ 'seljulәus ] 纤维素14. crystalline […kristәlain] region结晶区15. amorphous [ә‟mɔ‟fәs] region非结晶区, 无定形区16. crystal […kristl]结晶(体)17. crystallite […kristәlait]微晶Lesson FiveTextWood Chemical ComponentsThe Components of WoodIn contrast to petroleum and other nonrenewable raw materials, wood is a constantly renewable resource. All wood is formed from carbon dioxide, which is taken from the air, and from water, which is taken from the soil along with small amounts of dissolved minerals. The element composition of dry wood is about 50% carbon, 6% hydrogen, 44% oxygen, and less than 0.1% nitrogen. There is little variation in these figures from one species of wood to another. During photosynthesis, cells containing chlorophyll in the leaves and needles absorb radiant energy from sunlight and use it to convert these simple compounds into more complex substances, which eventually form the different components of wood.Wood is composed of several different types of organic material, the principal components being cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. Other components present in lesser amounts are extractives (approximately 5%) and inorganic material (approximately 0.3%), consisting mainly of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and manganese, and including a wide variety of trace elements. Bark makes up 10-15% of the bole or main stem of the tree; foliage, 6-9% of the bole.Wood is stronger than steel per unit of weight. Its great strength is due to the cellulose and in part to the hemicelluloses. Lignin acts as a glue, binding the cellulose molecules together to form the basic wood structure. Wood can thus be compared with glass-reinforced resin, or fiberglass, in which the strong glass fibers are held together by the synthetic resin. Wood differs from fiberglass, however, in having a cellular structure.A wide variety of substances, commonly called extractives, are nonuniformly distributed within the walls and cavities of the cells. Many of these extractives are of relatively low molecular weight and tend to make one wood species superior or inferior to another for certain uses.LigninLignin is a complex and high molecular weight polymer built upon phenylpropane units. Although composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, lignin is not a carbohydrate nor even related to this class of compound. It is, instead, essentially phenolic in nature. Lignin is quite stable and difficult to isolate and occurs, moreover, in a variety of forms; because of this, the exact composition as it occurs within wood remains an uncertainty.Lignin occurs between individual cells and within the cell walls. Between cells, it serves as a binding agent to hold the cells together. Within cell walls lignin is very intimately associated with cellulose and serves in imparting rigidity to the cell. Lignin is also credited with reducing dimensional change with moisture content fluctuation and is said to add to wood‟s toxicity, thus m aking it resistant to decay and insect attack.Lignin is thermoplastic—meaning that it becomes soft and pliable at higher temperatures and hard again as cooling occurs. The thermoplastic character of lignin is basic to the manufacture of hardboard and other densified wood products.CelluloseThe most important component of both hardwoods and softwoods is cellulose, which generally amounts to 41-45% of the dry wood by weight. It is the main structural element of tree fibers and the major constituent of pulp.Cellulose is a linear polymer composed of several thousand glucose units. The chemical linkages between the glucose units can be broken by mineral acid, reverting the cellulose polymer to the glucose molecules for which it was built.Each glucose unit of cellulose contains three hydroxyl (-OH) groups, except the two end units, which contain four. The hydroxyl groups give cellulose its principal chemical properties and are the reactive sites to which other chemical groups can be attached in the preparation of derivatives, such as cellulose acetate. The hydroxyl groups strongly attract water molecules and thus are the major cause of the swelling and shrinking of wood. They also attract the hydroxyl groups of adjacent cellulose molecules, creating microfibrils, which are threadlike bundles of cellulose molecules that lie approximately parallel to each other (Muhlethaler 1965).Microfibrils contain regions where the cellulose molecules are sufficiently rigid and regular to be distinguished by x-ray diffraction as crystalline. These crystalline regions, or crystallites, which form up to 70% of natural wood celluloses, make much of it relatively inaccessible to chemical reaction. Water, for example, readily penetrates the amorphous regions of cellulose but cannot enter the crystallites.HemicellulosesHemicelluloses are the noncellulosic polysaccharides of the cell wall. Polysaccharides are polymers formed from simple sugars. Cellulose is a polysaccharide formed from glucose sugar only. The hemicelluloses, in contrast, are formed from a number of sugars, the most important of which are glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose,and arabinose.Hemicelluloses usually constitute 23-30% of both hardwoods and softwoods. They are structurally more complex than cellulose, lower in molecular weight (usually between 100 and 200 sugar units per molecule), and generally amorphous before isolation.New Words and Expressionsin contrast to与…相反renewable可再生的, 可更新的photosynthesis [foutou‟sinѲәsis]光合作用chlorophyll [klɔ:rәfil]叶绿素cellulose […seljulous]纤维素hemicelluloses半纤维素trace element 痕量元素foliage [foulidʒ]树叶extractives [iks‟trӕktives]抽提物cavity of the cell细胞腔glucose […glu:kous]葡萄糖hydroxyl [hai‟drɔksil]羟基galactose [gә‟lӕktous]半乳糖mannose […mӕnous]甘露糖xylose […zailous]木糖arabinose [әreibnous]果胶糖, 阿拉伯糖xylan […zailӕn]木聚糖phenylpropane [fenilproupein]苯丙烷carbohydrate […ka:bou‟haidreit]碳水化合物fluctuation [ ,flʌktju'eiʃәn ] 波动, 起伏, 变化thermoplastic […Ѳә:mo u‟plӕstik] 热塑性材料pliable […plaiәbl]可塑的, 可弯的derivatives [di‟rivәtivs]派生物, 衍生物acetate […ӕsitit] 醋酸盐polysaccharide […pɔli‟sӕkәraid]高聚糖, 多糖Lesson SixTextMechanical Properties of WoodThe strength and resistance to deformation of a material are referred to as its mechanical properties. Strength is the ability of a material to carry applied loads or forces. Resistance to deformation determines the amount a material is compressed, distorted, or bent under an applied load. Changes in shape that take place instantaneously as a load is applied and are recoverable when the load is removed are termed elastic deformation. If the deformation, on the other hand, develops slowly after the load is applied, it is termed a rheological or time-dependent property.Mechanical properties are usually the most important characteristics of wood products to be used for structural building materials. Structural application may be defined as any use where mechanical properties are the primary criteria for selection of the material. Figure 10.1 shows two structural applications of wood. Structural uses of wood products include floor joists and rafters in wood-frame homes, power line transmission poles, plywood roof sheathing and subflooring, glue-laminated beams in commercial buildings, particleboard flooring in mobile homes, laminated roof decking in commercial buildings, rails of wood ladders, sailboat masts, and frames of upholstered furniture.The term strength is often used in a general sense to refer to all mechanical properties. This can lead to confusion, since there are many different types of strength and elastic properties. It is important to be very specific about the type of mechanical properties being discussed. A wood that is relatively strong with respect to one strength property may rank lower in a different property as compared to another species. Some of the most important mechanical properties of wood products are listed in table 10.1.To appreciate the meaning of the various strength properties of wood, it is necessary to understand some basic definitions of engineering mechanics.Concepts of stress, strain, and flexureTwo basic terms used throughout the study of mechanics are stress and strain.。
木材科学专业词汇大全讲解
木材科学专业词汇大全Mechanical Properties of Wood木材的力学性质木材流变学rheology of wood弹性elasticity塑性plasticity弹性模量modulus of elasticity蠕变creep蠕变恢复creep recovery应变strain应力stress应力—应变曲线stress-strain curve 分应力stress component分应变strain component应力松驰stress relaxation松弛失效failure byrelaxation疲劳fatigue刚性模量modulus of rigidity变形deformation载荷loading各向异性anisotropy正交对称性rhombic symmetry弹性形变elastic deformation弹性常数elastic constant木材弹性异向性the anisotropic elasticity of wood对称轴axis of symmetry柔度compliance泊松比Poisson’s ratio压缩系数compressibility体积模量bulk modulus理想弹性变形ideal elastic deformation粘滞流动形变viscous flow deformation木材硬度hardness of wood屈服点yieldpoint拉伸tension压缩compression弯曲bending木材冲击韧性toughness of wood木材抗劈强度cleavage strength of wood木材抗弯强度bending strength of wood木材静曲弹性模量the modulus of elasticity in static bending of wood木材顺纹抗剪强度shearing strength parallel to grain of wood木材顺纹抗拉强度tensile strength parallel to grain of wood木材顺纹抗压强度compressive strength parallel to grain of wood木材横纹压力compression perpendicular to grain of wood木材横纹抗压弹性模量modulus of elasticity in compression perpendicular to grain of wood静力试验测定determination by static test动态试验测定determination by dynamic test木材断裂力学Fracture Mechanics ofWood断裂韧性FractureToughness裂纹shake(check)径裂heart shake轮裂ring shake环裂round shake弧裂cup shake冻裂frost crack干裂drying shake贯通裂through shake脆性破碎(brittle/brash fracture):又称做胡萝卜破碎。
木材 专业外语
• 针对中国人口密度大,土地资源稀少的住宅建设 现状,轻型木结构可用于建造密度较大的多层多 户式住宅,欧美的经验表明,多层多户式住宅在 中国有着更为广阔的发展前景。 • For the status quo of China's population density, land resources are scarce residential construction, light wood structure can be used for the construction of high density multi-layer multi-family dwelling, experience has shown that Europe and the United States, multi-layer multifamily dwelling in the broader developmentprospects.
– 轻型木结构使用标准的规格材(软木) Standard dimension softwood lumber used in wood-frame construction
• 板材 Boards
– 标准尺寸的软木板材 Standard sizes of softwood lumber boards
框架用木材 Framing Lumber
• 用于轻型木结构的软木树种 Species of softwood lumber used in wood frame construction
– – – – – – 花旗松 Douglas Fir 西部落叶松 Western Larch 西部铁杉 Western Hemlock 云杉 Spruce 松 Pine 冷衫 Fir
木材学专业英语单词
木材学专业英语单词Aabrasion 磨损absorption 吸收acetate 醋酸盐acid copper chromate (ACC)酸性铬酸铜acquire 获得;取得adhere to 粘附,坚持,遵守adsorption 吸附(作用)aggregate rays 聚合射线ammoniacal copper arsenite (ACA)氯化亚砷酸铜amorphous region 无定形区,非结晶区anatomical 结构上的anatomy 结构angiosperm 被子植物arabinose 果胶糖,阿拉伯糖ash 白蜡树asphalt 沥青assembling 组坯axially 轴向地,轴状地Bbacteria 细菌(复数)bamboo 毛竹bark 树皮basswood 椴木be subjected to 受到,遭遇到beetle 甲虫birch 桦木blister 鼓泡block 木段blue stain 蓝变,青变bordered-pit 具缘纹孔borer 蛀虫bow 弓弯broadleaf tree 阔叶的brown stain 褐变browse 浏览Ccabinet 橱子,柜子cambium 形成层camphor 樟木capillary force 毛细管力carbohydrate 碳水化合物carcass 架子,骨架,构架carve 切开castanopsis 栲树catastrophic 大灾难的cavity of the cell 细胞腔cell distribution pattern 细胞排列类型cellulose 纤维素char 炭化check 干裂,开裂Chinese fir 杉木chip 木片chipboard 刨花板chlorophyll 叶绿素chromated copper arsenate(CCA) 铬化砷酸铜(加铬砷酸铜)chromium 铬circumference 圆周,周长clipper 剪切机cluster 一串,一束,一组,一群collapse 皱缩commercial lumber 商业木材,商品木compatible 可相容的,可共存的com-ply panel 组合板composite lumber 组合成材composite panel 复合板comprehend 了解,领会concoct 编造conifer 针叶树coniferous 针叶树的consecutively 连续地,顺序地continuous press 连续压机contour 画…的轮廓conveyor 运输机copper naphthenate 环烷酸铜corrosion 腐蚀,侵蚀crack 干裂,开裂creosote 杂酚油crook 弯曲,边弯crustacean 甲壳纲动物crystal 结晶crystalline 结晶的crystalline region 结晶区crystallite 微晶cup 横弯,瓦弯cure 固化Ddainty 轻巧的,精致的dashboard 挡泥板,仪表板deciduous 落叶的decorative veneer 装饰单板defibrate 热磨defibration 纤维分离defibrator 热磨机deflection 挠度deformation 变形delve 探究,钻研dentate thichenings 锯齿状加厚depression 凹地,凹陷derivatives 派生物,衍生物design 设计desorption 解吸作用deterioration 变质,败坏diamond 菱形变形diffuse porous wood 散孔材discoloration 变色distinctive 区别性的,有特色的,与众不同的distinguish 区别,识别,辨别distort 扭曲distortion 扭曲,畸形,变形Douglas-fir 花旗松drive off 驱散,蒸发,挥发drying defect 干燥缺陷dub 授予,给…取绰号dust stop 垃圾箱Eelliptical 椭圆的end check 端裂epithelial 分泌细胞equilibrium moisture content 平衡含水率erode 腐蚀,侵蚀evaporate 使蒸发evaporation 蒸发,蒸发作用evergreen 常绿的excelsior 木丝expedient 方便的,权宜之计explosion process 爆破法extractives 抽提物Ffaddish 一是流行的,喜爱时尚的fence post 篱柱(桩)fiber bundle 纤维束fiber saturation point 纤维饱和点fire-retardant salt 滞火剂flake 片状刨花flammable 易燃的,可燃物flammable gases 易燃气体flatsawn 弦切的flexure 挠曲,弯曲flimsy 脆弱的,易损坏的floor-joist 地板托梁fluctuation 波动,起伏,变化fluffy 松散的foliage 树叶forming medium 成型介质frigid 寒带的full-cell process 满细胞法fungal 真菌的,由真菌引起的fungi 真菌(复数)fungus 真菌(单数)Ggalactose 半乳糖give off 释放,散发glucose 葡萄糖glue-laminated beam 胶合层积梁gradient 梯度grain 纹理gross structure 宏观构造growth layer 年轮,生长层,生长轮growth ring 年轮gum canal 树胶道Hhardwood 硬材harmony 调和,协调hazard 危害,公害heartwood 心材helix 螺旋线(单)hemicellulose 半纤维素hexagonal 六角形的honeycomb 蜂窝hydrogen bond 氢键结合hydroxyl 羟基hygroscopic 吸湿的hysteresis 滞后现象Iimperfection 缺陷imperforate 无空隙的,不穿孔的impinge 碰撞,冲击in a general sense 从广义上来说in contrast to 与…相反in response to 响应,应…而,随…而incise 切入,切开indiscriminate 无选择的,不加区别的inhabit 居住于,栖居于,寄生于injurious 有害的,致伤的instantaneous 瞬时的,瞬间的intend for 想要,打算KKorean pine 红松Llarch 落叶松latent 潜热latent heat 潜伏热lateral 侧向的lathe 旋切机lay-up 组坯libriform fiber 木纤维,韧性纤维lignin 木质素log 原木logging 采伐longitudinal tracheid 轴向管胞lumen 细胞腔(单)lumina 细胞腔(复)Mmachilus 楠木magnification 放大mahogany 红木,桃花木mannose 甘露糖margin 边缘marine 海上的,海生的masson pine 马尾松mast 桅杆mat 板坯,板材mature tree 成熟林menisci 弯月面(液柱的)(复数)meniscus 弯月面(液柱的)单microfibril 微纤丝middle lamella 胞间层migration 迁移,移动mobile homes 房车molecules 分子,微粒mollusk 软体动物multiple pores 复管孔Nnondestructive testing 无损检测Oobstruct 阻塞,堵塞,阻碍,阻止octagonal 八角形的overlay 覆面,贴面板Pparenchynma 薄壁组织patio 庭院,室外就餐处paulownia 泡桐peeler 旋切机peeling 旋切pentachlorophenol 五氯苯酚perforate 钻孔,打孔phenylpropane 苯丙烷phloem 韧皮部photosynthesis 光合作用pine 松木pit 纹孔pit membrane 纹孔膜pith 髓(心)plastic laminates 塑料层积材pliable 可塑的,可弯的plywood 胶合板polysaccharide 高聚糖,多糖poplar 杨木ppropriate 擅用prepress 预压机preservative 防腐剂press roll 压辊pressing 压机pressure bar 压尺,压铁primary wall 初生壁prime 最初的,主要的,首次的prosenchyma 锐端细胞组织prosenchymatous cell 锐端细胞protoplasm 原生质,细胞质pulp 浆料pulping 制浆pulpwood 胶合板pyrolyze 热解Rradial 径向的radially 放射状地railway tie 铁轨枕木ray tracheid 射线管胞reaction wood 应力木recede 退,缩回,收回,缩减reel 卷轴,卷筒refiner 精磨机renewable 可再生的,可更新的resemble 类似,相似,像resin canal 树脂道resin duct 树脂道resolve 分辨,解析,解决retain 留住,保持reveal 揭示,揭露rheological 流变的rheology 流变学right angle 直角ring-porous wood 环孔材roller glue spreader 辊筒涂胶机roof sheathing 屋面板Ssapwood 边材Schima 木荷sculpture 雕塑,雕刻secondary wall 次生壁severity 严重shaving 机床刨花sheet 板坯,板材simulate 模拟,模仿single-opening press 单层压机sleeper 枕木slicing 刨切softwood 软材spherical 球的,球形的,球面spruce 云杉squeeze 压榨,挤stain 变色stem 树干sticker 隔条sticker stain 隔条变色strain 应变strains 菌株strand 长条片状刨花stress 应力surface check 表裂Ttemperate zone: 温带tempering 热处理termite 白蚁texture 质地,结构thermoplastic 热塑性材料timber 木材,木料tip 倾斜to drain away 脱水tone 色彩,色调trace element 痕量元素tracheid 管胞trunk 树干twist 扭曲Uupholstery 家具装饰品,家具装饰业,沙发包布utility pole 公用电杆Vvapor pressure 蒸汽压veneer 单板vessel 导管vertically 垂直地,纵向地voids 空隙volatility 挥发性Wwaferboard 华夫板warp 翘曲Warty Layer 瘤层washboarding 搓板纹water repellent 憎水剂,防水剂wire screen 长网,垫网wobble 摆动,摇晃wood-cement board 木质水泥刨花板wood ray 木射线Xxylan 木聚糖xylem 木质部xylose 木糖。
木材科学专业英语
structure of wood 木材结构lumber 木材cross section横切面bark 树皮pith 髓心sapwood 边材heartwood 心材annual growth ring 年轮earlywood 早材latewood 晚材fiber 纤维tracheid 管胞vessel 导管pore 管孔hardwood 硬材softwood 软材wood ray 木射线cellulose 纤维素hemicelluloses 半纤维素lignin 木质素extractive 提取物physical properites of wood 木材的物理性能moisture content 含水率orthotropic 正交的anisotropic 各自异性的hygroscopicity 吸湿性longitudinal 纵向的radial 径向的tangential 弦向的bound water 结合水free water 自由水cell wall 细胞壁cell cavity 细胞腔fiber saturation point 纤维饱和点EMC=equilibrium mositure content 平衡含水率dimensinal stability 尺寸稳定性shrink 收缩swell 膨胀split 开裂check 裂纹warp 弯曲adhesive 胶粘剂stiffness 刚度,韧性interphase 中间相,界面adherens 被粘物adhesion 胶合interfacial 两表面间的interlocking 连锁,互锁synthetic 合成的formulation 配方,组成thermoplastic 热塑性的thermosetting 热固性的polyvinyl acetate聚乙酸乙烯酯phenolic 苯酚的shelf-life 储存期spreading 涂胶量filler 填料extender 填充剂exterior 室外的interior 室内的phenol-formaldehyde 酚醛树脂resorcinol-formaldehyde间苯二酚树脂phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde 苯酚-间苯二酚-甲醛melamine-formaldehyde 三聚氰胺甲醛melamine-urea-formaldehyde三聚氰胺脲醛树脂isocyanate 异氰酸酯epoxy 环氧树脂urea-formaldehyde 脲醛dry-bulb thermometer 干球温度计wet-bulb thermometer 湿球温度计time schedule 时间基准RH=relative humidity 相对湿度kiln dry 窑干dry kiln 干燥窑air dry 气干drying schedules 干燥基准moisture content schedules 含水率基准drying defect 干燥缺陷tensile stress 拉伸压力compression stress 压缩压力elastic limit 弹性极限permanent set 永久变形maximum strength最大强度tissure 裂痕distortion 扭曲end split 端部开裂corrugation 皱缩sap stain 边材变色discolour 变色。
南京林业大学 材料科学与工程专业 专业英语1
Chapter 1 Wood1,Classification of woody plants(木本植物的分类)hardwood——阔叶材softwood,conifer——针叶材cone——圆锥体;球果vessel——导管pore——孔ring porous——环孔材2,Wood as a Renewable Natural Resource (木材作为可持续的自然资源) veneer——单板*什么是木材?Wood is the hard , fibrous tissue that comprises the major part of stems , branches and roots of trees belonging to the plant groups known as the gymnosperms and the dicotyledonous angiosperms . Its function in living trees is to transport liquids , provide mechanical support , store food and produce secretions .3,Structure of Wood (木材的结构)trunk——树的主干lumber——板材;木板grain——纹理*木材的结构The fibrous nature of wood strongly influences how it is used. Wood is primarily composed of hollow, elongate cells that are arranged parallel to each other along the trunk of a tree. When lumber and other products are cut from the tree, the characteristics of these fibrous cells and their arrangement affect such properties as strength and shrinkage as well as the grain pattern of the wood. This part briefly describes some elements of wood structure.3.1bark,wood branches, and cambiumcross section——横截面;横切面bark——树皮cambium——形成层sapwood——边材heartwood——芯材pith——髓心wood rays——木射线radial plane——径向3.2sapwood and heartwoodextractive——抽提物black walnut——黑胡桃cherry——樱桃木preservatives——防腐剂3.3growth rings(生长轮)earlywood ——早材springwood ——早材latewood ——晚材summer wood ——晚材southern pines——南方松(包括:西黄松;火炬松)ring-porous ——环孔材环孔材阔叶材(ash:水曲柳hickory:山核桃oak:橡木)3.4wood cellsresin——树脂fiber——纤维(阔叶材才有)tracheid——管胞(针叶材)vessel——导管pore——管孔wood ray ——木射线parenchyma——薄壁细胞3.5chemical composition(化学构成)木材三大素——纤维素;半纤维素;木素cellulose——纤维素hemicellulose——半纤维素lignin——木素extraneous materials——抽提物formula——分子式hygroscopicity——吸湿性resin——树脂wax——石蜡3.6species identification(树种识别)*species——树种,一般以复数形式出现4,Characteristic Properties of Wood木材——wood;lumber;timber三向:纵向——longitudinal 径向——radial 弦向——tangentialcross section——横截面tensile strength——抗拉强度stiffness——硬度、刚性relative humidity——相对湿度(RH)moisture content——含水率(MC)fiber saturation point——纤维饱和点(FSP)cell wall——细胞壁absorbed water——吸着水free water——自由水bound water——吸着水*木材吸湿性As a hygroscopic material wood will take up or give up moisture depending on the temperature and relative humidity of surrounding atmosphere. Changes the moisture content below the fiber saturation point, which is the state where the cell walls are saturated with absorbed water and free water is present in the cell cavities, have an affect on virtually all properties of wood. Wood also shrinks as it dries, and conversely swells when it is wetted again. The total shrinkage in volume of wood from a freshly felled tree dried in an oven will range from about 6% to 20%, depending on species. About two-thirds of shrinkage will be in the tangential direction and one-thirds in the radial direction, the longitudinal shrinkage being almost negligible.。
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刨花板生产的基础:木材水分的关系卡姆克;沃尔科特,布莱克斯堡,弗吉尼亚州,美国摘要:对刨花板板坯在热压过程中相对蒸汽压,平衡含水率,刨花平均温度,刨花平均含水率进行估计。
这种方法是基于对板坯热压过程中温度和气压的测量,改编自一个预测个别刨花内的温度和含水率的传热传质模型的文献。
明显的水分梯度可预测内部刨花发展情况。
每个刨花内部的水分含量的变化通过对流换热控制。
在热压过程中热力学气相和板坯之间没有达到平衡。
简介受到热压时,刨花板坯的气压,温度,湿度迅速改变(Kamke, Casey 1988 a, b)。
板坯的变化引起温度梯度和水分梯度的变化,影响板材形成机制。
极端的温度和水分含量影响胶液的固化和渗透(Brady, Kamke 1988; Chow, Mukai 1972),胶液的固化和渗透也反过来影响粘接质量。
温度,含水量,压实压力的相互作用下面板形成垂直密度梯度(Strickler 1959; Wolcott et al. 1989)。
局部密度通过影响相邻的木元素(Back 1988)和刨花损害(Geimer et al. 1985)形成的粘接面积,以及每单位体积板材所含细胞壁的量而影响板材物理性能。
刨花板热压过程中板坯内部温度和水分含量变化可用已开发的数学模型来预测(Humphrey 1979; Kayi- han, Johnson 1983; Harless et al. 1987)。
这些模型刨花板坯当作一个特殊的连续空隙体积。
假设局部热力学平衡,那么,任何气相和相邻木构件间的传热传质过程中的阻力可以忽略。
这就可以预测板坯内的刨花温度和水分含量的差异。
板坯木构件热压时水分变化的实验测量方法尚未开发。
但是,现场温度和气体总压力可以测量(Humphrey 1979; Kamke, Casey 1988 a, b)。
这些参数可以被用来描述木构件周围的气体成分构成。
随着系统热力学平衡过程,木构件进行跨边界的热量和质量交换。
木材元素的表面存在着一些温度和湿度变化的阻力。
以前的实验对于这些阻力的影响通过结合连续板坯上实验得出的传热传质系数来解释。
对流过程的传热传质系数是通过对于粒状物料的固定流化层进行计算得出的(Frantz 1961; Toei et al. 1967; Treybal 1980)。
这些系数是用来描述颗粒层中热量或质量从气相转移到固相的过程。
如果刨花周围的气体成分和阻力传送可以测量或预测,那么必要的边界条件将作为输入条件,提供好了个别片状刨花热量和质量的传输模式。
(Stanish et al. 1985)。
因此,它可以使用广义方程和派生独立的刨花板坯热质变化模型来预测热压时个别木刨花的温度和湿度的改变。
然而,这种方法确实需要知道刨花板坯内的气相成分。
这项工作的目标是:1.制定一个刨花板热压时的气相成分估算方法。
2.使用已经开发的木材传热传质模型来估计刨花在热压时的温度和含水率。
3.评估单个刨花表面的热压操作中传热传质阻力。
方法高温EMC吸附模型早已被用来预测的平衡含水(EMC )的木材作为相对湿度和温度的函数(小于100〜(辛普森1971年,1973年)。
辛普森(1973)评估了几种木材手册中以描述平衡含水率能力排列的各种类型的吸附方程(美国森林中的EMC 数据产品实验室1987年)。
当一个非线性回归技术被用来进行曲线拟合,辛普森的判断是,Hailwood Horobin 方程提供了最合适的二水合物的形成机理。
这个方程被用来描述EMC 木材传热传质模型。
辛普森确定的方程和系数为(1973):其中:H 代表相对蒸汽压;T 代表温度。
而在低温度,木材平均吸附的关系是有据可查。
在高温下(高于100℃)的数据却是有限的,辛普森和罗斯(1981)通过回顾在1个大气压力和温度升高时木材水分含量的推算数据和实验数据。
他们的结论是高温下的数据使用单水合物形式的Hailwood Horobin 方程可以充分说明,通过参数辛普森提出了低温吸附数据(1971年)。
然而,Hailwood Horobin 理论的二水合物的形式没有评估。
此外,雷希等公布了黄杨树在高温和大于一个大气压的压力下的吸附特性数据(1988)。
辛普森和罗斯(1981)提出的高温及一个大气压下的数据同雷希等提出的高温及大于一个大气压时的数据一样都同时使用单水合物和二水合物的Hailwood Horobin 方程。
雷希等在方程中使用的系数和辛普森提出的相同(1971(1)年,1973年)。
使用root的经验公式的结果与EMC值均方误差(本杰明1970年,康奈尔大学)进行比较实验是测试可以预期的实验值范围内平均偏差的措施。
表1表示的均方误差方程和数据集的最大偏差。
一个大气压力下EMC预测数据和收集的实测数据之间的误差大于高于一个大气压下的误差。
预测数据是在最差的加压条件和140℃时的数据。
在此温度下的数据是不值得怀疑的,因为脱附等温线没有显示120℃和160℃的S形形式(雷希等。
1988年)。
通过分析协方差,确定个别回归线之间的EMC实验值与预测值是否存在差异(1967,Snedecor,科克伦)。
这一分析表明,在0.05α水平下比较这四组数据在回归线上没有显著差异。
已经证明预测的EMC和在一定条件下实验 EMC相差不大。
但是,考虑到实验数据有限,我们选择使用辛普森1973年提出的二水合物Hailwood- Horobin方程。
表1通过协方差分析100℃以下单水合物、二水合物的Hailwood- Horobin模式的EMC数据。
该数据来自辛普森和罗森和雷希等。
气相成分估计当压板初步压缩时,一些空气和水蒸汽被困于木材间隙中。
由于空隙小,木材成分控制的水蒸汽的含量。
随后在压板外表面迅速加热,产生水蒸汽,从而增加了其表面的气体总压力。
表面与板坯内部水蒸汽的压力差促使热蒸汽向板坯内部传递。
在内部,在内部,传入的水蒸汽与现有的环境混合,可能发生水蒸气内部缩合。
表面的水蒸气的加入导致了内部总压力的增加。
这就形成了从板坯的内部到边缘的横向压力差。
因此,水蒸汽和空气的混合物从板坯的边缘溢出。
热压时气相的空气将不能得到补充。
因此,空隙中的空气的摩尔分数会不断下降。
卡姆克和凯西(1988B)研究出在热压过程中,压板的温度和刨花板内部气体总压力的一系列关系。
总的气体压力会上升,直到通过板坯边缘的失水率超过水蒸汽产生的速度。
发生这种情况时,由于排气而导致结合水接近枯竭或板坯横向渗透率增加。
热压时板坯内部环境差异就体现在温度和总气压的变化。
然而,木材中结合水的含量影响温度和气压的变化。
描述木构件水分变化时,板坯中相对蒸汽压的计算基于局部温度和总体气压数据。
压力循环开始时,板坯内初始相对压力由初含水率和温度通过方程(1)倒推回来。
初含水率计算如下:其中:H代表相对蒸汽压;代表饱和蒸汽压;是使用由Stanish 等所得的经验公式计算:其中:R代表气体常数;T代表温度。
水汽含量被定义式如下:其中:C代表水汽含量,水汽摩尔数/气体总摩尔数;P代表总气压;压力循环中其他时间的水汽含量估计基于以下假设:1、板上任何位置的气压变化是由于板坯内部产生的水蒸气,板坯其他位置的流体动力影响,理想气体定律中的温度影响。
2、气体通过垫子的边缘继续泄漏。
泄漏率与气压差成正比。
泄漏系数是恒定的,不管时间的推移和在板上的位置变化。
3、板内空气得不到补充。
在热压时水汽含量不减少。
4、只有水蒸气和空气是呈气相的时候。
(2)(3)(4)假设4中,总气压是由水和空气的部分压力构成,方程如下:(5)理想气体替代为局部压力条件产量:(6)其中:代表水蒸气的摩尔浓度,代表空气的摩尔浓度,下面是方程6关于时间的导数方程式:(7)以时间求导时,水汽相对浓度是由于内部水蒸气的产生、流动以及泄漏。
这是分析板上某一点的得出的。
因此,水蒸气的摩尔浓度变化的机制是不能分开分析的,每个部分都作为独立的因变量处理。
空气摩尔浓度主要由于板内气体的生成和泄露。
气体的泄露使得板坯内压力持续下降。
假设3中气体不能得到补充,加上内部水汽产生,因此,水汽含量C 将增加。
空气流动的影响机制就不能用这种方法分析。
为了说明水汽含量变化所导致的泄漏,定义了一个明显的板坯渗透性系数。
定义为板坯内部和周围环境之间空气和总压力的相对变化。
(8)其中:K代表板坯渗透系数,代表周围环境总气压;必须强调方程8中渗透系数的运用不是很严格。
渗透系数应与几何条件相结合。
板坯的渗透系数通常被当作一个常数,但是板坯物理性能和刨花将会影响它的值。
摩尔浓度的可以表示为采用理想气体定律时的局部压力,如方程5、方程6的应用。
水蒸气摩尔浓度的时间导数如下:将方程8、方程9代入方程7,得出部分水蒸气压力的时间导数如下:方程10中P 和T 的范围是和C 都是t=0时的值,和R 是常数。
PW 值超过一定的时间时,K 可以用实验数据计算。
卡姆克和Casey 报告的数据显示,板坯芯层在15%的水分含量时温度和气体压力呈现饱和状态。
在这种情况下,水蒸汽压力的变化等于饱和水蒸汽压力,这仅是温度的函数的变化。
根据方程10,可以求得K 的值为这个值适用于所有含有相同的刨花几何形状,平均密度和大小的板坯。
方程10是部分蒸汽压对于时间的求导得出的方程。
相关蒸汽压计算根据方程2。
平衡含水率的计算就可以通过方程1,根据相关的吸附关系得出。
通过以上分析计算,可以确定刨花周围的环境条件,整个压力循环中的温度、总气压的数据以及相对蒸汽压的估计值。
下一步就是模拟这些板坯内部木材刨花的温度和水分含量的变化。
传热传质模型用来描述单个刨花的传热传质模型首先由Stanish 等人和Casey 提出。
木材中的传热传质过程的数学描述由一组热力学相平衡的一维输运方程(长度和宽度方向不计)。
该模型认为传热过程是通过传导和对流换热进行的。
传质过程是气态和结合水扩散、气态和液态的水的流体的结果。
结合水的扩散被认为是由化学势梯度驱动的。
结合水含量通过在当地温度下一水合物Hailwood 霍罗宾模型拟合低温吸附数据(辛普森1971年)使用倒推形式计算得出。
木材的物理性质随空间和时间改变。
因此,任何与这些物理性质相关的传送方程都有相似之处。
读者可根据文献材料做进一步的讨论研究。
边界条件传热传质模型中刨花的温度和相对蒸汽压的边界条件必须是已知的。
卡姆克和Casey (1988)提出的板坯测量数据提供了相关数据。
12块黄杨树刨花板被压在一个61×61厘米的实验室热压至到750公斤/米3的标称密度。
控制两个滚筒(9)(10), 。
的温度在154〜190℃,初含水率在6%〜15%。
板坯用酚醛树脂胶胶合,热压总时间12分钟,其中热压机闭合时间1分钟。
温度和总气压数据通过表面和中心位置设置测试点,通过电脑分析取得数据。