新概念英语第一册:从句【三篇】
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新概念英语第一册:从句【三篇】
导读:本文新概念英语第一册:从句【三篇】,仅供参考,如果觉得很不错,欢迎点评和分享。
【篇一】定语从句
1.了解定语从句的构成,首先应了解一些相关的基本概念。
a.被修饰的名词等成分通常叫做先行词;
b.连接先行词和定语从句的词为关系词。
2.定语从句由关系代词、关系副词和关系限定词三类关系词连接而成,这三种也将在定语从句讲解中一一说明。
定语从句讲解关系词的具体用法
1.关系代词which,who,whom,that 和as
2.关系代词,顾名思义,必有代替对象。
上述五个关系代词各有其具体指代对象,在从句中作相应的成分。
此外,它们引导的定语从句和先行词是形容词与名词的修饰关系。
例句1:
Pumas are large,cat-like animals( that/which are found in America.)
【译文】美洲狮是体形似猫的大型动物,产于美洲。
【注解】关系代词作从句主语,不可省略。
例句2:
The house (that/which we built last year) is very attractive.
【译文】我们去年建造的房子很讨人喜欢。
【注解】关系代词作从句宾语,可省略。
例句3:
The novel (with/which most of you are familiar) has been adapted for the screen.
【译文】你们大多数都很熟悉的那部小说已被改编搬上了荧屏。
【注解】关系代词直接置于介词后作介词宾语,此时不可被that 替换,也不可省略。
例句4:
He was no longer the reckless young man( that/which he was two years ago).
【译文】他不再是两年前那个莽撞的小伙子了。
【注解】关系代词作从句表语,可省略;此外,先行词the young man代表一种状态,属物的范畴,不能用who来引导定语从句。
例句5:
Migrant workers(to whom much more attention has been paid) strongly desire that their wages should be duly paid.
【译文】现在民工受到了社会更大的关注,他们强烈渴望自己的工资能够及时发放。
【注解】关系代词直接置于介词后作介词宾语,此时不可被who 替换,也不可省略。
例句6:
Such accommodations(as they could find) were generally expensive.
【译文】他们能够找到的这些住所费用往往比较昂贵。
【注解】之所以选择关系代词as引导定语从句,是因为前面有such之故。
例句7:
Such inns(as there were in the mountains) were generally poor.
【译文】这些山区里的酒馆条件往往比较糟糕。
【注解】之所以选择关系代词as引导定语从句,是因为前面有such之故。
例句8:
This is the same mosquito(as bit you just now).
【译文】这只蚊子和刚才咬你的那只是同一种蚊子。
【注解】之所以选择关系代词as引导定语从句,是因为前面有the same之故。
定语从句讲解小结:
(1)一般来讲,which和that用来替代指物的先行词,在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语(that不能作介词后面的宾语);who替代指人的先行词,在定语从句中作主语或宾语(但不能作介词后面的宾语);whom是who的宾格形式,替代指人的先行词,在定语从句中只能作宾语;as作为关系代词,只能用于一些特殊搭配(such...
as/the same... as)。
(2)that既可指物也可指人,但在当代英语中,多指物。
(3)当关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语或表语时,经常可省略,但当which,whom 紧跟在介词后则不可省略。
例如:
Is that the man(with whom you are going to set up a law firm)?
Is that the man(who/whom)(you are going to set up a law firm with)?
(4)只能用that的情形
a.当先行词为all,much,anything, something, nothing,everything, little,none 等不定代词,或先行词被all,any,every等不定代词修饰时,只能用that替代指物的先行词。
例如:
①That'a all(that I ask for).
【译文】这就是我要的一切。
②Is there anything(that I can do for you) ?
【译文】我可以为您效劳吗?
③Every tearo(that intends to participate in the contest) is to submit a fee of 2000.
【译文】每一个意欲参加比赛的队伍都应该缴纳两千元的费用。
b.先行词被形容词最髙级修饰,或被the only,the first,the
last,the next,the very等修饰时,只能用that替代指物的先行词。
例如:
①He eats the finest food(that is available).
【译文】他吃的是所提供的最精美的食物。
②The first case of bird flu( that was reported in Thailand) captured the attention of officials with WHO.
【译文】泰闰报道的第一例禽流感引起了世界卫生组织官员们的注意。
③This is the very book(that I have been hunting for a long time).
【译文】这就是我长期以来一直寻找的那本书。
c.先行词既包括人,又包括物时。
例如:
①He is always talking brilliantly of the book and author(that interested him)
【译文】他对那本书及其作者很感兴趣,总是兴高采烈地谈论着他们。
② We were deeply impressed by the school and its teachers (that we had visited there).
【译文】我们访问的学校和老师给我们留下了深刻的印象。
(5)只能用which的情形
a.用于介词之后(可参见A例句3)。
b.用于非限制定语从句中。
以上是对于定语从句讲解中关系代词的独立讲解,更多的关于定语从句讲解知识将会陆续更新。
【篇二】限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。
限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。
关系代词
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which 在从句中作宾语则不能省略。
而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语。
5.限定性定语从句在句中的主要作用是修饰前面的先行词,并且两者之间紧密联系,无逗号。
如出现关系代词是that的情况,that
是可以省略的。
在句中起修饰限定作用,不能不省去。
A.The sports meeting will be held tomorrow when all the things are prepared.
明天所有的事情都准备就绪时,便会举行运动会。
(限定性)
B.We think about the final exam which (that)will become a standard of scores in the semester.
【篇三】时间状语从句
一、定义
顾名思义,状语从句就是指句子中的状语原本是由单词或短语来充当的,但当状语是由句子来充当时,这个充当状语的句子就叫状语从句。
如:
He left the party at eight.
He left the party when it was eight.第一句中的at eight是时间状语,是由短语来充当的。
第二句中的when it was eight也是时间状语,但是由句子来充当的,这个句子就叫(时间)状语从句。
二、分类
英语里的状语总共有九种,即:时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、比较、方式、让步。
而英语里的状语从句也因此包括这九种,接下去我们就一一来梳理这九种从句的用法。
需要注意的是,状语从句的学习其实就是有关连接这些状语从句的连接副词的学习。
时间状语从句
常连接时间状语从句的连接词有:
when, while, as;
before, after;
as soon as, hardly...when..., no sooner...than...;
till, until;
since;
by, by the time, by the end of。
(一)when、while和as的用法
三者都表示“当...时候”,需要注意的是:
1、当所要描述的动作或状态发生的时间是现在时间时
1)when要采用“主将从现”的原则,即:主句谓语动词采用一般将来时,从句谓语动词采用一般现在时。
如:
When he comes, I will tell him the good news.
需要注意的是,此时的从句谓语动词虽然采用的是一般现在时,但其实是表将来的。
如上句中的he comes,他其实还没来。
此外,主句也有可能是祈使句或是含有情态动词的句子。
如:
When he comes, please tell him the good news.
When he comes, you can tell him the good news.
2)as的用法跟when差不多,但其主句谓语动词也可以使用一般现在时。
如:
A sudden chill of horror sweeps over her as she feels the drip of saliva upon her hand. (当她感觉到滴到她双手上的唾液时,
恐怖的寒栗突然遍布了她全身。
)
3)while所在的句子主从句的谓语动词一般都采用现在进行时。
如:
While my mother is cooking in the kitchen, my father is working in the garden.
2、当所要描述的动作或状态发生的时间是过去时间时
1)when所在的从句谓语动词一般采用一般过去时,主句谓语动词采用过去进行时或是一般过去时。
如:
When he entered the room, she was playing the piano.
But when I returned the door was open.
需要注意的是,when也有可能表示“正在这时”。
如:
I was walking in the park, when a little child bumped into me. (我正在公园里散步,这时一个小孩撞到了我怀里。
)
2)as与while的用法差不多,即:as和while所在的句子的谓语动词一般用过去进行时,而另外一个句子的谓语动词则采用过去进行时或一般过去时。
如:
As/While the royal visitors were passing by, the crowd burst into cheers.
As/While she was reading in the study, he was watching TV in the living room.
(二)before和after的用法
before表示“在...之前”,after表示“在...之后”。
使用时要
注意要描述的动作或状态时基于现在时间还是过去时间。
1、基于现在时间
这时,其用法基本遵循时间状语从句的“主将从现原则”,即before或after所在的从句谓语动词采用一般现在时,其主句谓语动词采用一般将来时。
如:
Before the guests come, we will have to clean the house.
After he comes, we will set out for Shanghai.
2、基于过去时间
这时,before所在的从句谓语动词要采用一般过去时,其主句谓语动词要采用过去完成时,而after所在的从句谓语动词要采用过去完成时,其主句谓语动词要采用一般过去时。
如:
Before it began to rain, she had already arrived home.
After she had arrived home, it began to rain.
(三)“一...就...”的表达
英语里常用来表“一...就...”的结构主要有:as soon as, hardly...when..., no sooner...than...。
、
1、as soon as
as soon as既可以用在现在时间中,也可以用在过去时间中。
当用在现在时间中时,遵循“主将从现”的原则;当用在过去时间中时,as soon as所在的从句谓语动词采用一般过去时,其主句谓语动词采用一般过去时或过去完成时(如果要强调主从句谓语动作的连续性很强,则采用一般过去时)。
如:
现在时间:As soon as she comes to the party, we will give her a big surprise.
过去时间:As soon as he got to the station, the train left/had left.
2、hardly...when...和no sooner...than...
这两个句型都表示“一...就...”,而且用法都差不多,即when 和than所在的从句谓语动词采用一般过去时,其主句谓语动词采用过去完成时。
如:
He had hardly arrived at school when the class began.
He had no sooner arrived at school than the class began.
需要注意的是,hardly有时可以换成scarcely或rarely或barely。
3、特殊表达
英语中用来表达“一...就...”的结构还有:the moment/instant/minute/second...;immediately/instantly/direc tly...;at/on等。
如:
He came directly I called.
The moment she gets off the bus, we will give her a big hug.
On hearing the news, he burst into cries.
(四)till和until
都表示“直到...时候”,两者一般可以相互替换,但till多用于肯定句,until多用于否定句。
如:
She will stay in the office till he comes back.
She won't leave the office until he comes back.
需要注意的是,until常与not搭配使用,而且会用在强调句中。
如:
He didn't arrive until the film had already begun.
It was not until the film had already begun that he arrived.
(五)since
当since用来引导时间状语从句时,意思是“自从...以来”,其往往被当作是主句谓语动词要采用完成时的标志性时间状语。
如:Since he was born, he has lived here for over eighty years.
Since we last met, we haven't seen each other for more than ten years.
(六)by、by the time和by the end of
这组结构都表示“到...时候为止”,其主句谓语动词一般都要采用完成时。
需要注意的是,这些结构后面所接的时间不同,主句谓语动词就要采用不同的完成时态。
1、后接将来时间
这时,主句谓语动词一般要采用将来完成时或将来完成进行时。
如:
He will have read ten books by next Friday this month.
She will have been learning English for ten years by the end of this term.
They will have already left by the time she comes.
2、后接过去时间
这时,主句谓语动词一般要采用过去完成时。
如:
They had learned English for ten years by last Saturday.
The students had already left the party by the time she arrived.
We had worked on the bridge for two years by the end of last month.。