希腊罗马神话复习材料
希腊罗马神话问题及答案
Greco-RomanMythol ogy StudyGuide, part 1Part 1.1. Who are the Twelve Olympi an Gods, and what are theirpowers?Zeus. He is lord of the sky.Hera.protector of marria g e, famili ar with magic.Poseid on.God of the sea, horses, and of earthqu akesAres. He is the god of war.Athena.She is the goddes s of the city, handic rafts, and agricu lture.Apollo.He is the god of music,Artemi s. the goddes s of chasti tyHephae stus.Lame god of fire and the forge.Aphrodite.Goddes s of love, romanc e, and beauty.Demete r.Goddes s of agricu ltureHestia.Calm goddes s of home and homeli fe,Hermes. He is the god of thieves and the god of commer ce.2. Who was Promet heus? Why was he import ant to the humanrace?He was one of the Titans.Becaus e he brough t down fire to man.3. What happen ed when Pandor a's box was opened?All the painsthat mightplague mankin d such as Old Age,Labor,sickne ss.Insani ty,Vice,and Passio n flew in a cloud,stung Epimeth eusand Pandor a in everypart of theirbodies,and then attack ed the race of mortal s.4. What were the Five Ages of Man, and what happen ed afterthem?The Golden Age,the Silver Age,the Bronze Age,the Age of Heroes,the Iron Age5. What did King Midaswish for, and what proble ms did his wish bringhim?He asked that whatev er he might touchshould be change d into gold.He turned food into gold so he couldn’t eat,starvation seemed to await him.6. How does the storyof Persep honeexplai n the differ enceof the season s?7. What is Tartar us, and who is its king?Tartaru s is the deeper of the Underw orld,the prison of the Sons of the Earth.Hades is its king.Part 2.8. How did Hippom eneswin his race agains t Atalan taWith the help of Venus.9. Why did Daphne become a laurel tree?She asked h er father to change he form to protec t her from beingpursui ng.10. Why did Cupidfall in love with Psyche?Cupid was surpri sed by Psyche’s wonderful beauty that wounde d him with his own arrow,consequentl y,instea d of making Psyche fall in love with some ragged beggar,himsel f fell in love with Psyche.11. Why did Venus/Aphrod ite advise Adonis not to attack wild animal s?12. What did Hera do to Echo when she foundout that Echo was lyingto her, and what happen ed to Echo when Narcis sus died?She passed senten ce upon Echo in words.13. What was the name of the statue that Pygmal ion fell in love with?Galate a14. What object was the direct causeof the tragic end of Pyramu s and Thisbe?Part 3.15. Who was Perseu s's father?Zeus16. Why did Acrisi us put Perseu s and his mother in a coffin and throwthem into the sea?He was alarme d by an oracle which h ad told him that Perseu s wouldbe the instru m entof his death.17. Who was Medusa?She was a terrib l e monste r who had laid waste the countr y18. Why did Polydi ctessend Perseu s to kill Medusa?For an easy access to Danae.19. How did Perseu s save Androm eda from the sea monste rHe killed the sea monste r20. Why did Jasonwant the Golden Fleece?He was requir ed to attemp t what was though t to be an impossi bledeed to satisf y the demands ofa hard-hearte d taskmaster.21. What was the name of the ship the Argona uts sailed on?The Argo.22. Who were two of the Argona uts?Argos,Tiphys23. How did Medeahelp Jasonwhen he fought the crop of armedmen?She instru cted him that he should throw stones into their midst so that they wouldattack each otherrather than Jason himself.24. How did Medeaget her father's ship to stop chasin g the Argona uts?She murder ed her younge r brother Apsyrt os and cut him up into smallpieces whichshe threwover the side of the ship.Aeetes stoppe d to pick up the pieces,and so the Argo made good her escape.25. What was Hercul es famous for?He was famous for his streng th and courag e and for his legend ary adventu res.26. Why did Hercul es have to comple te twelve labors?He was told to serve Eurysth eus f or twelve yearsand win immort ality by performing the labors the king impose d upon him27. Name six of the twelve labors of Hercul esThe Nemean Lion,the Hydra,the Ceryni tian Hind,the Eryman thian Boar,the Stymph alian Birds ,the Augean Stable s28. How did Hercul es demons trate his streng th in his infanc y?29. How did Hercul es kill the Hydra?He dipped his arrows in the Hydra’s bloodor venomand so made them poison ous30. What caused the deathof Hercul es?The poison of Hydra.。
Unit 2-希腊罗马神话提纲
Unit 2 Beginning of the World1. The basic elements common to most creation myths.Common FeaturesChaos/ Darkness as the primal cosmos●Movement (wind, dance)●Female Mother (mostly, early) as the creator●Single-sex production/parthenogenesis 单性繁殖●Incestuous production 近亲繁殖●The universal egg as the original form/container of life●Man as the last creation and coming after NatureDifferences@ reflection of matrilineal order in the old version, the transition to patriarchal order in the later versions@ emphasis of natural elements (wind/ snake/egg hatching/Eros) in the old2. What is the scientific explanation of Chaos and beginning of the universe? For instance, can you relate the different versions to the Big Bang theory?●Substance (basic chemical elements) existent to make up life forms;●Movement engenders life;●Evolution from disorder to order, from movement to comparative stability; from formlessness toa specific shape or structure (binary, quarterly);●Gradual evolution and/or sudden change of form: change of amount/quantity to change of form(Big Bang theory and Darwin’s Evolution theory)3. What revelation do we get from the animalistic element in the myths? How do we see snakes, doves, dogs, bees, etc. in our real life?●Western and eastern snake or dragon myths: etiological explanation of our relation with Nature●The commonalities human beings share with animals●Regional or racial totem 图腾and pets (forest, mountain and seaside) deified神化4. What psychoanalytical motifs can you find in the myths? Discuss the meanings of “Chaos” and “Eros” according to Freudian theories of the unconscious and sexuality.Chaos: formless, void, indefinite, unknown and unknowable, yet very much alive with particles of life---the human unconsciousEros:●original god: Libido as the primal drive of human activity; stimulant & ultimate goal●As the god of order:---the essence of human life is love---positive love and negativegreed---relative relationship of life(Also read p.365-367 Psyche and Eros)4.In terms of structure, what makes up the order of the universe/world? What dualities or binary oppositions are firstconstructed in the creation myths?1→2→ 4disorder→/vs. orderearth→/vs. heavenfemale→/vs. malematriarchal→/vs. patriarchalunion→/vs. separationdarkness→/vs. lightcentre→/vs. edge5.In many versions, the universe began with a goddess, but in some the first being was a (He-)God.Explain this from a historical and cultural perspective, or in accordance with the development of human history.●Matriarchal to patriarchal●Survival upon natural product to survival of the fittest●Worship of life productivity to that of goods productivity●Natural and free grouping to the cultural, ordered communityQuestions for Unit 3:1.What picture of historical development do you get from the account of the Five Ages? Do you agreewith Hesiod? Why?2.What role did Prometheus play in the primal history of mankind? What cultural value does thePromethean fire have in the history of human civilization?3.How do you like the mythical account that Prometheus was unbound and restored to Olympus? Andwhy?4.What is the traditional understanding of Pandora? In what way is she the “lovely evil”?5.Pandora is often regarded as Eve, the first woman in the Bible. How does she resemble Eve? How doyou defend her from the feminist point of view?6.What does it mean that “hope”alone remains in Pandora’s jar/box? What is the significance of“hope”?7.How do you interpret the accounts of human creation by Prometheus and Deucalion and Pyrrha?What scientific proof can you find to support them?8.What similarities can you find in the different accounts of creation of man given here as well as inthe Supplementary Reading?9.From the ending paragraph of the Flood passage, what have you learnt as essential to life? And whatis the nature of life formation after the flood？10.W hat was the most outrageous sin or crime man committed that brought gods’anger andpunishment? (Refer to Supplementary Reading)。
希腊罗马神话知识点总结
希腊罗马神话知识点总结希腊罗马神话是古希腊和古罗马文化中重要的一部分，它是这两个文明的重要组成部分，贯穿其宗教、文学、艺术等多个领域。
神话中的神祗和英雄，以及相关的故事、传说和符号，对于理解古希腊和古罗马文化，以及欧洲文化的发展都具有至关重要的意义。
以下将对希腊罗马神话中的一些重要知识点进行总结。
1.希腊罗马神话的起源和特点希腊罗马神话起源于古希腊和古罗马的宗教信仰和文化传统，它是古希腊和古罗马人对自然现象、人类生活和命运等问题的一种解释和表达方式。
希腊罗马神话具有宗教性、传说性和艺术性的特点，它不仅是古希腊和古罗马宗教信仰的一个重要组成部分，还贯穿了古希腊和古罗马的文学、戏剧、雕塑、绘画等多种艺术形式。
2.希腊罗马神话的神祗希腊罗马神话中的神祗是神话的核心内容，他们是古希腊和古罗马世界观的象征和体现，也是人们对自然和社会现象的一种解释和想象。
希腊罗马神话中的神祗包括宙斯、赫拉、波塞冬、雅典娜、阿波罗、阿瑞斯等众多神祗和半神半人的英雄人物，他们具有超人的力量和智慧，也拥有丰富的人性和情感，是古希腊和古罗马文化中的重要象征和精神支柱。
3.希腊罗马神话的故事和传说希腊罗马神话中蕴含着丰富多彩的故事和传说，这些故事和传说包括了神祗的起源和命运、英雄的冒险和传奇、人类的命运和情感等多种主题。
其中，最为经典的故事和传说包括《奥德赛》《伊利亚特》《神话传说》《城邦的兴衰》等，这些作品代表了古希腊和古罗马文学艺术的巅峰之作，也成为后世文学艺术的重要源泉和灵感之源。
4.希腊罗马神话的艺术表现希腊罗马神话对古希腊和古罗马的艺术发展产生了深远影响，它不仅在文学、戏剧、雕塑、绘画等多个艺术领域中得到了充分表现，还成为了西方文化艺术的重要源头和灵感之源。
古希腊和古罗马的雕塑作品中经常出现神祗和英雄的形象，这些形象既具有超人的力量和美丽，又具有丰富的人性和情感，成为古希腊和古罗马雕塑的重要主题和表现形式。
5.希腊罗马神话的影响希腊罗马神话对西方文化的发展产生了深远影响，它不仅为欧洲文学、艺术、哲学、政治等多个领域提供了丰富的素材和灵感，还为欧洲文化和思想打开了新的天地。
大一希腊罗马神话期末复习英文
希腊罗马神话复习一．单选（课文）10分二．判断（课文）10分三．表格（默写）20分四．名词解释（课后）20分 C1 : It relates to Delphi.It means ambiguous.1.delphic: It relates to Olympian Gods.It means that some one is like a god,especially by being 2.Olypian calm and not concerned about ordinary things. martial: It relates to Mars.It means something connected with war and fighting.3. : It relates to Nemesis.It means a punishment that is deserved and cannot be avoided.4.nemesis :I t relates to Titans.It means something big ,strong and powerful.5.titanicC2 :It relates to Juno.It means someone is elegant and beautiful like Juno.1.Junoesqueeyed.Argus2-:It relates to Argus.It means someone is watchful and alert.3.satyr/satyriasis:It relates to Satyr.It means someone that has an abnormally intense sexual desire in men.4.mercurial:It relates to Mercury.It means having feelings that change suddenly and without warning.C41.chaotic:It relates to Chaos.It means messy and disorder.2.Pandora's box:It relates to Pandora. It means the root of troubles.3.Promethean:It relates to Prometheus.It means a person who resembles Prometheus.1.Dionysiac:It relates to Dionysus.It means Sensuality, debauchery, and revelry.C71.Midas'/ass's ears:It relates to Midas.It means A secret that cannot be hid.It also menas someoneis shallow and uninformed.2.Midas/the golden touch:It relates to Midas.It means touching a stone and turning it into gold.3.cut the Gordian knot:It relates to Alexander.It means solving a complex problem with a bold strike.C81.cereal:It relates to Ceres.It means grains.2.aureole:It relates to Aurora.It means a bright circle of light.C91.Charon's boat/ferry:It relates to Charon.It means some one is going to die.2.cross the Styx:It means some one is going to die.C121.gain/reap/win（one's）laurels: It relates to Daphne. It means gaining one's honors.2.Look to one's laurels:It relates to Daphne.It means to work hard in order not to lose the achievement.3.rest/repose/retire/sit(back)on one's laurels: It relates to Daphne.It means to satisfy with whatyou have achieved and stop trying.4.a Noble/poet laureate:It relates to Daphne.It means to be a noble price winner.C131.cupidity: It relates to Cupid.It means a very strong desire for something.2.erotic:It relates to Eros.It means sexual excitement.C141.Aphrodite's girdle:It relates to Aphrodite.It means unlimited female sexuality.2.adonis:It relates to Adonis.It means some one is a handsome young man.C161.Narcissism:It relates to Narcissus.It means the habit of always thinking about yourself and admiring yourself.C171.Pygmalion effect:It relates to Pygmalion. It is a phenomenon in which the greater theexpectation placed upon people ,the better they perform.C181.atlantean:It relates to Atalanta. It means strong ,powerful and gigantic.2.Mount one's Pegasus: It relates to Pegasus.It means to write a poem.3.a chimera in one's brain: It relates to Perseus.It means the fantasy in one's mind.C201.the choice of Heracles: It relates to Heracles.It means some one is in a dilemma.2.Cleanse the Augean Stable:It relates to Augeas.It means to remove something totally.3.Herculean effort:It relates to Hercules.It means great effort.C211.sow dragon's teeth: It means to provoke war by spreading dispute;or cultivate warriors or monster.2.a Cadmean/Pyrrhic victory:It relates to Cadmus.It means a victory that comes at a great cost.C221.sphinx riddle:It relates to Sphinx.It means a puzzle which is very difficult to solve.C241.the apple of discord: It means the root of the trouble and any subject of possible of contention or disagreement.2.Achilles'heel:It relates to Achilles.It means a weak point in something that is otherwise perfect.3.hector: It relates to Hector.It means to intimidate or dominate in a blustering way.4.Achilles and Patroclus:It relates to Achilles and Patroclus.It means male friendship, a heroic friendship.5.Fight like a Trojan:It means to fight with great determination.6.Sulky like Achilles in his tent: It relates to Achilles.It means sulky.7.a Trojan horse:It means the hidden danger.8.Myrmidon: It means a faithful follower who carries out orders without question.9.Helen of Trojan:It relates to Helen.It means the root of war; a beauty who ruins her country;a terrible disaster brought by somebody or something you like best.10.Greek gift:It means a gift with evil purpose of the enemy; a gift to murder.五．简答题20分C11.What did the ancient Greeks know about their world?The Greeks believed the earth to be flat and circular,their own country occupying the middle ofit,the central point being either Mount Olympus,The earth is divided into two equal parts by theSea.Around the earth flowed the River Ocean.2.To which place were mortals favored by the gods taken when they died? The Aethiopians.3.How did Zeus divide the rule of the world with his brother?Zeus's portion was the heavens,Poseidon's the ocean and Hades's the realms of the dead.4.How was Venus married off to Vulcan?Jupiter gave her to Vulcan, in gratitude for the service he had rendered in forging thunderbolts.5.How did the Fates mete out human destiny?The three goddesses were assigned distinct task:Clotho spun the “thread”of human fate,Lachesis dispensed it and Atropos cut it.C21.What was Zeus' usual way of hiding his scandals?He raised a cloud to hide some of his doings that would not bear the light and He turned the girlinto an animal.2.How did the musical instrument “panpipe” come into being?Pan fell in love with A nymph called Syrinx,who was a faithful worshipper of Artemis.He chasedher to the bank of river .With the water nymph's help,Syrinx was turned into reeds.Pan was so sadand he made an instrument with the reeds,which called Syrinx.And that is the panpipe.3.How can you account for Zeus's promiscuity?The promiscuity of Zeus serves more than entertaining purposes.It is out of political purpose.Menhave a powerful ability to reproduce in order to reproduce more offspring, . For most of the peoplein the world flows his blood, is one of the methods can have more faithful follows.And thenumber of the faithful follows decide whether his regime is firm.C41.What was the direct cause of Prometheus' obtaining fire for man?When Epimetheus created man ,he had nothing left for him.2.What attitude toward women is shown through the story of Pandora?The story shows the ancient Greeks thought women were inferior and affiliated to men,and theywere the root evil and trouble.3.Which age of man applies to our own age?Please elaborate.I think we are in the Iron Age.People work day and night and man's character is morecomplex,though mixed with kindness, but more evil.Human wants to rule everything.People nolonger trust each other.Married people do not love each other.V ows are regarded as dust.Kindnessand justice are no longer seen as the norm of conduct, but merely violence.How is the first woman often described as a “lovely evil”?How does she compare with Eve 4. in the Book of Genesis?Pandora is described as a “lovely evil”because she was the most beautiful and sweetestwoman,but she opened box and made many evil things free.Both Pandora and Eve are beauties.They are also described as the root of troubles to take theblame for the male society.But they were created out of different purpose.Pandora was created asthe cost of Prometheus stealing the fire for man.She symbolizes a great temptation and human misery.Eve is inferior and affiliated to the man and just like a slave and she was created to helpman.Why did Zeus try to withhold fire from human beings?5.Because fire is a symbol for technology and civilization.civilized. & and wild raw & cooked A basic distinction in mythbetween portions.finest sacrificial theft of the As a revenge for Prometheus' earlierZe humiliation ofsacrifice impracticable. The makes Zeus the division of the By withholding fire,m whichfrom mankind, withoutextreme measure of withholding fire us promptedhim to take the animals.thanlittle more an would soonbeC6 1.What led to Bacchus' wanderings?around waswandering brew wine. He Bacchus invented howto plant grapes and drinking.of the joy kind of knowledgeto bring people and spreadthisC7 1.How did Midas acquire the power of turning everything to gold? entertaining hospitably, Slilenus,and treated himBacchus's MidasBecause rescued teacher,himfortendaysandnightswithanunceasingroundofjollity.Inreturn,Bacchusgavehimthepower of turning everything to gold.C81.What made Hades fall in love with Proserpine?As signs of womanly beauty began to shine along side her childlike innocence, the adolescent goddess Persephone unwittingly attracted the attention of the Greek god Hades.2.Why was Venus displeased with Athena,Diana,and Proserpine?Because she thought all of them looked down upon the power of her and her son.3.What prevented Proserpine's freedom from the Underworld?Three pomegranate.4.From what aspects can the Demeter myth be interpreted?Change of seasonsC91.Where are the different ghosts conveyed in the underworld?The evil ghosts will be sent to Tartarus.The virtuous ghosts will be sent to Elysium.2.Describe the difference between Elysium and Tartarus and the situation of their respectiveinhabitants?Elysium ,ruled over by Cronus, lies near Hades' dominions.It s a happy land of perpetualday,without cold or snow,where games,music,and revels never cease,and where the inhabitantsmay elect to be reborn on earth whenever they please.In Greek mythology ,Tartarus is a deep chasm surrounded by three heavy curtain and three bronze doors.In Roman mythology,it is a vast river of lava.It is a painful place in where the Furieslive.Inhabitants in it suffer a lot.C111.How were Atalanta and her husband changed into lions?They forgot to pay due honor to Venus and the goddess was provoked attheir ingratitude.She caused them to give offence to Cybele.Cybele tookfrom them their human form and turned them into animals of charactersresembling their own.C121.what was the cause of Apollo's love for Daphne?Cupid's golden arrow struck Apollo's heart.2.What did Peneus mean by “ Your face will forbid it”?He meant Daphne's wish would not come true because of her beautiful face.C131.What did the oracle of Apollo say about Psyche's future husband?He said her future husband awaited he on the top of the mountain and he was a monster whomneither gods nor men could resist.2.What tempted Psyche to open the box she was bringing back to Venus?A longing desire to put the beauty on her cheeks to become more beautiful.3.What is the significance of the union of Cupid and Psyche?Love itself is really a happy and painful pursuit of the process,and the process of love must be upsand downs.C141.Why did Venus advise Adonis against attacking wild animals? Because the wild animals were dangerous and she didn't want to lose her beloved Adonis.2.What did Venus do to commemorate her ill-fated lover?She changed his blood into short-loved flowers and its blossom open when the wind blows.C151.What aspect does this story show about love?The miserable and beautiful aspect of love.C161.What incurred Juno's anger towards Echos?Her talk that contrived to detain Juno till Zeus and the nymphs madetheir escape.2.What was Juno's punishment for her?No power to speak first.C181.What was the cause of Perseus's adventures?Polydectes wanted an easy access to Danae and got rid of Perseus.So he sent Perseus to kill Medusa.2.How was Medusa killed?Perseus borrowed the shield from Minerva and winged shoes from Hermes,approached Medusa while she slept. He was guided by her image reflection in the bright shield and cut off her head.C191.How did the Argonauts pass through the Clashing Rocks?They went along the passage found by the dove they sent out and passed the Clashing Rocks safely.2.What made Medea kill her own children?The fury with jealousy and the thought to punish Jason further.C201.How did Heracles demonstrate his prowess in his infancy?He strangled two snakes which Zeus' jealous wife Hera had sent to attack him.2.What incident motivated the Labors of Heracles?He was told by the Delphic Oracle to serve Eurystheus for 12 years and win immortality by performing the labors the king imposed upon him.3.What does the last labor of Heracles symbolize?C211.What was the cause of Cadmus' adventures?Because his sister was carried away by Zeus,and his father commandedhim to go in search of his sister.C221.How did he kill his own s father?In order to avoid killing his father and married his mother of, he escaped from the Collins, on the way, he killed his father by accident.2.What do you know about the Sphinx riddle?Sphinx riddle is often used to describe the problems which are complex, mysterious and hard to understand.C241.Who presented the apple of discord and for what purpose?Eris was angry because she had been left out of the feast. She threw among the guest the apple of discord inscribed “for the fairest”to make an issue between Hera, Athena and Aphrodite.2.Why was Paris as a baby left in the wilderness to die?Because when her mother Hecuba was pregnant, she dreamed she was giving birth to a torch from which streamed hissing serpents and it would bring unfortunate and disasters to the kingdom.3.Why were the former suitors of Helen willing to help Menelaus in the war of reclaiming hiswife from Troy?Because Helen's father Tyndareus made all the suitors swear an oath to come to the aid of her husband if she should ever be abducted.4.What's behind the reluctance of Odysseus and Achilles to join in the expedition?Their love to their families.5.What dose the argument between Agamemnon and Achilles show about their character?It showed Agamemnon was stubborn while Achilles was honest and strong-minded.6.What brought Achilles back to the battlefield?His reconciliation with Achilles and his pride and glory.7.Why was Achilles so barbaric in his treatment of Hector's corpse?Because he was so angry with what Hector had done.pare the values in the story with those that people hold today.Tow what extent aredignity, honor,glory,fame,and revenge still important?六．问答题20分1.Make a comparison between Dionysus and Apollo from their attributes, mottoes and spirits.MusicHuman psycheSelf-control, moderation, mental Golden lyre, with clear melodies, Apollobalanceevoking feelings of harmony and(rational) serenitySpontaneous and instinctive Dionysus Tambourine, with furious andemotions; self-indulgence,erratic rhythms, expressing(irrational)passionate and impulsive nature. excess2.What do you think is love ?Explain your opinion with the mythologies.(期中论文）C203.What heroic qualities dos Heracles possess?How does he differ from the other heroes likeJason and Perseus?C224.Do you believe in fate? To what degree are we in control of our own life?。
Unit 3-希腊罗马神话提纲
Unit 3 Five Ages of Man---Human Alienation from the DivineHome Assignment:Comment on human creation myths (Deucalion, Chinese , Indian, Hopi).Prepare the questions 1-4, 6, and 9 on page 54.Five Ages of Mankind1.Golden Age黄金时代(c. 3000 B.C.-?)Paradise; Cronus’s reign, Old Stone Age, Pre-agricultural timesA．men born spontaneously from the earth or fashioned from earth and water by PrometheusB．ruled by Cronus (and Mother Earth), but without lawsC．life peaceful, care-free, labor-free, painless, but vegetarian (acorns and honey from the trees) D．everlasting youth until peaceful death in sleepE．spirits as genii神怪/invisible protectors or helpers of later generations(a life of plenty, freedom and primitiveness;ending with Pandora’s creation)2.Silver Age白银时代(?-1900B.C.)the Moon goddess’s reign, Middle and New Stone Age, Agricultural/ matriarchal periodA．the first race created by the OlympiansB．beginning of agriculture and primitive domestic life (bread)C．the rule of Mothers and men the despised sexD． a full 100 years’ childhood, but only a short time’s adult lifeE．death from “reckless violence”F．savage, ungrateful to creatorsG．spirits as demons( eradicated with the flood?)3.Bronze Age青铜时代(1900-1250B.C.)New Stone Age + Copper Age,agriculture and manufacture,a hunting and warring age, an age of men A．created by Zeus alone, reputedly from ash trees桉树，白蜡树B．ate bread as well as fleshC．bronze houses, bronze armors, and bronze tools or weaponsD．great warriors pursuing brutal, violent conflictsE．spirits went down to Hell(ending with Black Death or Deucalion flood)4.Bronze Age or Age of Heroes青铜/英雄时代(1250-1100B.C.)A．children out of gods’ or goddesses’union with mortals; semi-godsB． a nobler race, “better and more just” than the preceding or succeeding generationC．heroes who fought at Troy (Unit 9) or Thebes (p.386-393)D．their spirits went to the Happy Isles/the Isles of the Blest/ Homeric Edenic Elysium极乐岛to live forever in peace and happiness5.Iron Age黑铁时代(1100-600 B.C.)loss of ParadiseA．all evils and corruptions, injustice and strivesB．toil for survival and suffer endless miseryC．spirits condemned1. What picture of historical development do you get from the account of the Five Ages? Do you agreewith Hesiod? Why?A Human life is in a process of decline (spiral/ circular/ linear downward) with each stage of devolution 退化represented by a metal of inferior value to the one preceding it.B As men degenerate both physically and spiritually, they alienate themselves from the gods; the farther away from thegods/divinity, the nearer to the earthly/earth; also there is alienation between mind and heart/ instinct.C The human sufferings are self-induced punishment by gods; Natural disasters are ways of punishing humans.D Human civilization/knowledge/power leads to its separation from Divinity and Nature.E The account is symbolic and apocalyptic 启示性的: According what has happened to the 5 earlier ages, what is tohappen is predicted. Human history is thus a painful lesson teaching mortals to obey the gods.II. Gods’ Punishment of HumansDeucalion Flood myththe Biblical legend of Noah’s Ark p.282-3●Lycaon or his fifty sons or Tantalus●Historically several big floods in remote pastIII. PrometheusWhat role did Prometheus play in the primal history of mankind? What cultural value does the Promethean fire have in the history of human civilization?How do you like the mythical account that Prometheus was unbound and restored to Olympus? And why?●Family historyTitan Iapetus +Clymen e, daughter of Oceanos--- Atlas holding the broad sky at the ends of the earth---Hesperides p.307-310--- Menoetius sent by Zeus to Erebus---Prometheus ( Forethought先觉者)--Deucalion---Epimetheus(Afterthought后觉者) ---Pyrrha●Creator of humans:---dust/earth (with Uranus’s seeds)---wet the earth with water (water of life)---fashioned it into the image of Gods---to put life into it, confined good and evil of animals into human body, making it half living being(animal life)---Athene gave it soul/psyche and breath of life●Human benefactor:---fire---arts of healing, medicine---mathematics---astronomy---navigation航海---divination占卜---architecture---metallurgy冶金●Defender of human interest:---cheating at sacrifice---leaving meat to men---bringing the needed fire, the symbol of civilization (the Forbidden Fruit)[Promethean Fire: the Forbidden Fruit, which makes civilization possible and simultaneously severs humanity’s primal bond with Nature (Eden/animal)]●Savior of mankind:Christ-like, to suffer for the sake of mankind●Rebel against tyranny:refused to tell the secret (Zeus/Poseidon+Thetis ) and give in to ZeusPrometheus’s acceptance to Olympus: a compromise or a triumph?IV. PandoraWhat is the traditional understanding of Pandora? In what way is she a “lovely evil”?Pandora is often regarded as Eve, the first woman in the Bible. How does she resemble Eve? How do you defend her from the feminist point of view?What does it mean that “hope” alone remains in Pandora’s jar/box? What is the significance of “hope”?1. Nature of Woman●“all-gifted”有着一切天赋的女人●“the root of all evils”, the symbol of extravagance and ill-nature●the being with “curiosity”●the first woman, Greek Eve● a complementary curse and blessing for men[If a man refuses to marry, he has a dismal old age with no one to look after him and no family to inherit his possessions. If a man has a good wife, he has at least a mixture of good and evil.]2. Different accounts of the jarA．all good things flew back to heaven, only Hope was caughtB．both good and evil, Hope the last one to fly out before the jar was shutC．all evils in the jar flew out to attack humans, only Hope remained3. Cultural interpretation of Pandora● a product of earth and a gift of malevolence, the polar opposite of Prometheus’s gift, thecelestial flame that ignites the spark of civilization●this “lovely evil”, the lovely blessing an d curse, like Eve, is the catalyst催化剂of human“decline” and marks the beginning of tension between male and female●with the opening of her jar or box ends the Golden Age, shattering the link between humanityand divinity, and plunging human history into an irreversible downward spiral● a being of complexity with distinctive features of female good and evil, e.g. Ares’s , Hermes’s, Athene’s,Aphrodite’s, etc. as a blessing necessity as well as a curse to men4. Feminist Reading of Pandora●Gods punish men for civilization/brutality, women become the scapegoat.●Her story is really about men’s gullibility (Epimetheus) or innate weakness.●Women have played a decisive role in human civilization: It is human nature to be curious, and itis female curiosity/intelligence/cunning that leads to human civilization/knowledge.---Is female curiosity/intelligence bringing downfall of mankind or initiating Man into larger possibilities of civilized awareness?---Would you rather live contentedly in ignorance or suffer with a good knowledge of what you。
希腊罗马神话期末考试
Section1:T or FSection2:ChoiceSection3:Explain idioms•1、Pandora’s Box 灾难之盒含义:to open Pandora's box means to create evil that cannot be undone、来源:Pandora's box involves a mythological story in which the a box was given to a human who was warned never to open the box, but his curiosity made him open it resulting in a disaster、•2、The Horn of Amalthea丰饶角含义:A symbol of abundance and nourishment, commonly a large horn-shaped container overflowing with produce, flowers, nuts, other edibles, or wealth in some form、来源:One day, as Amalthea played with little Zeus, she accidentally broke off her horn、To make up for it and as a sign of gratitude, Zeus made the broken horn always be full of whatever its owner desired、•3、The Midas/Golden Touch点石成金含义:Ability to turn everything he touched into gold、if someone has the Midas touch, everything they do is successful and makes money for them来源:Midas’s job knew no bounds and as soon as he got home, he ordered the servants to set a splendid repast on the table、•4、A Procrustean Bed 强迫一致含义:When something is Procrustean, different lengths or sizes or properties are fitted to an arbitrary standard、来源: Procrustes was a rogue smith and bandit from Attica who physically attacked people by stretching them or cutting off their legs, so as to force them to fit the size of an iron bed、•5、Sow the Dragon Teeth挑起纠纷含义:The dragon's teeth, once planted, would grow into fully armed warriors、来源:In Greek myth, dragon’s teeth feature prominentl y in the legends of the Phoenician prince Cadmus and Jason's quest for the Golden Fleece、•6、Apple of Discord祸根含义: A euphemism for a small matter that could lead to a bigger dispute、来源:The Greek goddess of discord, Eris, became disgruntled after she was excluded from the wedding of Peleus and Thetis、In retaliation, she tossed a golden apple inscribed Kallisti(‘for the most beautiful one'), into the wedding party、Three goddesses claimed the apple: Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite、Paris of Troy was appointed to select the recipient、He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, thus indirectly causing the Trojan War、•7、The Heel of Achilles唯一的弱点含义:A deadly weakness in spite of overall strength, that can actually or potentially leads to downfall来源:The mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, metaphorical references to other attributes or qualities that can lead to downfall are common、Thetis treated Achilles with Ambrosia, making him invulnerable、Thetis burned away his mortality in the house fire except on the heel, with which he was held、Thetis dipped the infant Achilles in the river Styx, holding onto him by his heel、•8、Penelope’s Web永远做不完的工作含义:The tactics of delaying sth on purpose; the task that can never be finished来源:Penelope is the wife of Odysseus who was called to fight in the Trojan War、She waits twenty years for the final return of her husband 、In order to put off remarriage, She has devised tricks to delay her suitors, one of which is to pretend to be weaving a burial shroud for Odysseus's elderly father Laertes and claiming that she will choose a suitor when she has finished、Every night for three years, she undoes part of the shroud, until Melantho, one of twelve unfaithful serving women, discovers her chicanery and reveals it to the suitors、•9、Between Scylla and Charybdis进退维谷含义:Being between Scylla and Charybdis is an idiom expresses the meaning of "having to choose between two evils"、来源: Scylla was rationalized as a rock shoal (described as a six-headed sea monster) on the Italian side of the strait and Charybdis was a whirlpool off the coast of Sicily、They were regarded as a sea hazard located close enough to each other that they posed an inescapable threat to passing sailors; avoiding Charybdis meant passing too close to Scylla and vice versa、According to Homer, Odysseus was forced to choose which monster to confront while passing through the strait; he opted to pass by Scylla and lose only a few sailors, rather than risk the loss of his entire ship in the whirlpool、•10、Necklace of Harmonia不祥之物含义:Necklace of Harmonia brought great misfortune to all of its wearers or owners、来源:Aphrodite bore a daughter, Harmonia, from Ares' seed、Harmonia married Cadmus, the founder of Thebes、Upon hearing of the royal engagement, Hephaestus presented Harmonia with an exquisitenecklace as a wedding gift、The necklace was made by Hephaestus' own hand and was cursed to bring disaster to any who wore it、•13、A Sisyphean Task含义:Endlessly laborious or futile来源:Sisyphus was famed as the craftiest of men、He was condemned forever to roll a huge stone up a hill in Hades only to have it roll down again on nearing the top、•15、Give a cake to Cerberus含义:bribe来源:Cerberus is a watchdog at the gates of Tartarus、He would let the souls in but not out、However he could be bribed with a honey cake on occasion or with sweet music、Section4:Explain in English the meaning of following terms、15% (5)•1、Anthropomorphism神人同形同性In Greek myth, the gods and goddesses are not only personifications of the forces of the universe, they are seen as beings much like common men and women、The te rm for this is “Anthropomorphism”, meaning “in the form of a human being、”•2、The Five Ages of Men五个时代The Golden Age; the Silver Age; the Bronze Age; the Heroic Age; the Iron Age•3、Tartarus 地狱The deeper region, where the Titans had been imprisoned(Tartarus itself formed a dismal picture, it had gates of bronze guarded by Cerberus, surrounded by fire, encased by triple wall, and within, the wailing and cries of those being punished、It is the underworld zone of eternal torment, where the greatest sinners have been punished for their wrong doing、)•4、The Elysian Field 天堂领域The paradise for the Greeks•5、The Asphodel Field 充满游魂的地方A field inhabited by wandering souls•6、Styx 冥河A river in Hades across which Charon ferried the souls of the dead、•7、Hubris 过分骄傲Overbearing pride or presumption、•8、Satyr森林之神,好色的人Satyrs are a troop of male companions of Pan and Dionysus 、In myths they are often associated with pipe-playing•9、Maenad 酒神的女祭司,异常激动的女人Often the maenads were portrayed as inspired by him into a state of ecstatic frenzy, through a combination of dancing and drunken intoxication、In this state, they would lose all self-control、•10、Narcissism 自恋Narcissus is a man who was renowned for his beauty、He was exceptionally proud, in that he disdained those who loved him、Nemesis saw this and attracted Narcissus to a pool where he saw his own reflection in the water and fell in love with it, not realizing it was merely an image、Unable to leave the beauty of his reflection, Narcissus died、•11、Harpy鹰身女妖Half woman, half bird ;vicious winged monster; often depicted as a bird with the head of a woman•12、Xenia好客Xenia is the Greek concept of hospitality, or generosity and courtesy shown to those who are far from home、•13、Dionysia 酒神节(in ancient Greece) festivals of the god Dionysus, an orgiastic festival in ancient Greece in honor of Dionysus•14、Aegis 羊皮盾(宙斯及其女儿雅典娜所持的帝盾)A shield hold by Athena、Under one’s aegis means doing something under the protection of a powerful, knowledgeable, or benevolent source、15、Metamorphosis 变形,变质A person or thing develops and changes into something completely different、( 变形a complete change of physical form or substance especially as by magic or witchcraft、)•16、Demigod 半人半神A less important god, especially one who is half god and half human、•17、Centaur 人首马身的动物,半人马A creature with the head, arms, and chest of a man, and the body and legs of a horse、( In classical mythology, a centaur is a creature with the head, arms, and body of a man, and the body and legs of a horse、)•18、The Deucalion FloodAphrodite's magic girdle was a golden girdle that caused men and gods to fall hopelessly in love with her、( Zeus visited Arcadia and Thessaly,and disliked the deadly wrongs of men .He decided to clear the earth of them all.Without hesitation he released the rainy south wind and called upon the heartless Poseidon to help.Soon the whole world sank in a vast ocean, and the entire human race disappeared in the unheard of flood,all but two poor Thessalians .)Section5:Essay questions 15 %( 3)•Unit 1: Examples of mythological accounts explaining the explainable、Uranus lay upon Gaia and made love to her without stop、(The interplay between rain and soil that makes plants come to life and grow、)Human Beings fashioned from clayGods and heroes descending into the Underground in the west and emerging in the East、( Sun rises in the East and sets in the West、)Persephone lived three months in the Underground with her husband and returned to live with her mother Demeter for the rest of year、(The return of spring after winter、)Eros, equipped with his sharp and blunt arrows, brings about many tragedies of human love、(Freud’s theory about love or sex as the most fundamental drive from humans、)•Unit 2: Similarities between “the first woman” i n the Greek(Pandora) and Christian creation myth(Eve)Eve was the instigator of tbe whole affair, for through her beauty and her wiles she seduced Adam to taste of the forbidden fruit、"Woman is like an apple, lovely without, rotten within、"Eve was lured by the snake、Pandora was driven by her curiosity、Their behaviors caused evil and plagues to human-beings、•Unit 3: Reasons that ancient Greeks tend to depict Zeus as a promiscuous man, an unfaithful husband?Zeus’ fatal Weaknesses: an uncontrollable lus t for sexual driveThis shows the anthropomorphism、The ancient emperors usually had many lovers, so the Greeks depict Zeus as a promiscuous man、This also shows the ancient Greeks’ imagination for a man、Reproduction is blessing、•Unit 4: Symbolic meaning of Olive Tree in the Greek story and Holy BibleWhen Poseidon and Athena disputed as to which of them should give the name to the capital of Attica, the gods decided, that it should receive its name from him who should bestow upon man the most useful gift、Poseidon then created the horse, and Athena called forth the olive tree, for which the honor was conferred on her、The olive branch in Bible appears in the story of Noah’s ark、When the water receded, a dove flied with an olive branch in its mouse、In the Greek story, Olive Tree means peace and wealth、In the Holy Bible , Olive Tree appeared after the flood ,so it represents peace、•Unit 5:•Differences between Athena and AresAres: thirst for the “hand to hand combat” and the “frenzy of battle and bloodshed”Athena: “war for the purposes of justice”, “peaceful settlements” "war at a distance", “strategic planning of war”•What are the distinctive features of Dionysus as a religious festival?The Dionysia was a large religious festival in ancient Athens in honor of Dionysus、The central event was the performance of tragedies and comedies、Dionysus was a god, mirroring the innate wildness of humanity which Athenians abhorred and tried to control、The Dionysia was a time to let out their inhibitions through highly emotional tragedies or irreverent comedies、People dressed like Satyrs and Maenads、Some men dressed as women and women as men、The Dionysia was also marked by an element of role-reversal and boundary-crossing: lower class citizens could mock the upper class; or women could insult their male relatives、•What are the Apollonian and Dionysian elements in music style and human psyche?•Unit 6•Interpretation of the Furies’, Apollo’s and Athena’s judgment on Orestes’ matricide、( See the scripts in PPT for Unit 6)Orestes is being hounded and terrorized by the Furies for the blood crime of matricide、Orestes killed his mother Clytemnestra, who murdered his father Agamemnon、(背景)Furies: holiness of motherhood, reminiscent of matriarchies; tribal laws = an eye for eyeApollo: laws of males-dominated societyAthena: representing the voice of womanhood to deny mother’s role as the creator、•In the tales of Callisto being transformed into a bear, and Acteon being transformed into a stag, what common theme does the “transformation” reveal?Ancient Greeks were sober and contemplative、They explore the mystery of human identify and human destiny、1) Transformation from human to non- human which indicates the loss of human identifies、2) Inescapable destiny of “the Hunter being hunted”•Unit 7•How do you interpret the landscape imagery in the story of Narcissus? (See PPT for session 7)Landscape imagery:"There was a clear fountain, with water like silver, to which the shepherds never drove their flocks、Nor did the mountain goats resort to it, nor any of the beasts of the forest; neither was it defaced with fallen leaves or branches; but the grass grew fresh around it, and the rocks sheltered it from the sun、His tears fell into the water and disturbed the image、The "stillness" of clear fountain suggests Narcissus' insusceptibility to the lust of the world、While his tears disturbed the image, his lust of eyes had "deflowered" him, taking away his virginity - a pure soul and a peaceful mind、•Interpretation of how Cupid (Eros) falls in love with Psyche、(See the scripts in PPT for unit 7)The erotic love (Eros) and the spiritual love (Psyche) belong together in an inseparable union、The symbol ic meaning of “the union of Cupid (Eros) and Psyche” is "animating spirit"、In Venus's garden there are two fountains: one with sweet water, the other one with bitter、Cupid fills two vases with each and then goes to Psyche's bedchamber where she is sleeping、Cupid proceeds to leta few drops from the bitter fountain water fall on her lips, then touches her side with his pointed arrow、Feeling the touch of the arrow, Psyche wakes up, opens her eyes, and seems to be gazing straight at Cupid who is invisible、This startles Cupid enough that he ends up wounding himself、Cupid immediately sets out to repair the damage he has done to Psyche, and pours a few drops of the sweet water in her hair、•Interpretation of ancient Greeks’ attitudes toward immortality in the love story of Tithonus and EosAncient Greeks against immortal youth、They thought that a man shouldn't desire in any way to vary from the kindly race of men, or pass beyond the goal of ordinance、•Unit 8&9• 1 Why is Perseus regarded as a perfect hero?Perseus was the most perfect Greek hero in myths、He was the only Greek hero who maintained supportive relationship with women throughout his career、In his pursuit of glory, he exhibited both courage and wisdom、In killing Medusa, he outwitted the monster by his shrewdness and tricks rather than mere courage and strength、He was favored by gods when he was alive and after his death, he was transformed into a constellation、• 2 What is Greeks’ conception of Hero as the story of Heracles/Jason reveals、Hercules is Greece's greatest heroes in myth, is the embodiment of strength, courage and wisdom、Jason :youthful confidence and the spirit of adventurecourage to come alone to capture a kingdomleader of a group of heroesvaliance to fight enormous evils and conquer monsterssuccess in accomplishing the impossible• 3 What is Greeks’ conception of destiny as the story of Oedipus reveals?It reflects the contradiction between human will and fate, hero of courage, integrity, kindness, courage to take responsibility、Highlight the complex relationship between necessity and contingency, the fate of the "uncertainty" and "frustrated"、Describes the fate predominates in Western myth point of view、The riddle of the Sphinx is a symbol of human self-understanding and self-discovery for the first time, began the era of human philosophy、It is also the ancient Greece formation of new moral concepts, expressing the painful memories of humanity from barbarism to civilization、•Unit 10• 1 Please interpret the bird imagery i n Odysseus’ speech树上坐着一窝小鸟,一窝嗷嗷待哺的麻雀,鸟巢筑在树端的枝桠上,叶片下,雏鸟嗦嗦发抖,一窝八只,连同生养它们的母亲,一共九只。
希腊罗马复习上课用37页PPT文档
• 身临其境——听故事《一个雅典公民的政治生活》，结合所学知识，回答故事中的小 问题。
第一：帕罗椰是个雅典郊区的农民，今年30岁，他是家庭中 的男主人。今天是个太阳高照的日子，他要去雅典参加公民 大会，这个公民大会虽然每十天就开一次，严重影响帕罗椰 干农活，但他还是很愿意去。 提问：他为什么愿意去？
提问：帕罗椰的妻子为什么不能进入会场？
女人、儿童、外邦人、奴隶不是雅典公民，无权参加 公民大会
第三：海伦怏怏地离开了会场，帕罗椰一个人进去后， 听到执政官宣布今天的议题有两项：第一项是投票选 出民主妨碍者。每个有投票资格的雅典公民，在自己 选区的入口处领取一块陶片，陶片一人一块，写下名 字后，交给工作人员。帕罗椰不识字，他只好请旁边 的一位体面的贵族写，写了谁也不知道。这次票最多 的是一个贵族库李维。他的名字被宣布时，整个会场 一片欢呼雀跃，人们争相谴责他不利国家的行为： “他以为自己在对波斯人的战争中立下了功劳，就居 功自傲，现对国家大事从不关心，总是关心自己的个 人利益。
提问：亚哥斯为什么会被人们轰下台？
根据雅典公民大会的辩论章法，亚哥斯没有发言资格
第五：公民大会结束后，帕罗斯有资格参与法庭审头版员的抽签， 倒霉的帕罗斯在参加无数次的抽签后，这一次终于如愿地抽中了 黄豆而不是黑豆。他成为民众法庭6000名审判员中的一名，这次 他审判的对象是苏格拉底！！哲学家苏格拉底，现年70岁，被控 犯有“不敬国神”、“另立新神”和“败坏青年”的罪行而送交 审判。在法庭上，苏格拉底为自己辩护，并再一次重申了自己的 哲学观点。帕罗椰根本听不懂什么意思，但他竟然听见苏格拉底 说：像自己这样目不识丁的人没有资格参加审判？！被激怒了的 帕罗椰决定举手投他有罪！可能大多数人也有这样的想法，结果 表决以360票通过了对苏格拉底的死刑判决。
Unit 4-希腊罗马神话提纲
Unit Four Titanic and Olympian GenealogyI.Gaia’s Children (p. 37; 477)II. Uranus vs/& Cronus Cronus vs/& Zeus1.What psychoanalytical motifs can you find in the birth stories of Cronus and Zeus?2.What role did Mother (Gaia and Rhea) play in the birth story of the son(Cronus and Zeus)?3.What role did Gaia play in each change of the divine administration? Why did she always side withthe sons in overthrowing their fathers? Why did she create the most formidable opponent of Zeus? Cronus and Zeus’s Bir th1.Father-Son Rivalry: hostility between Father and Son and alliance of Mother with Son: Father’sfear of his son and his life-denying policy, and Son’s rebellion against Father to avenge his Mother and with the help of Mother(Psychological reading:Mother-Son-Father triangle & Freudian pre-oedipal theory and Oedipus complex)2.The replacement of the old by the young and the war between the two generationsEtiological reading:A.the ancient tribal部落的practice of strongest son overthrowing his old tribal father-leader (bykilling him, or through ritual castration阉割to show the loss of virile有男性气概或生殖力的authority of the old, or leaving him to die or kill himself;B.the ancient matriarchal rites of killing the male consort to ensure fertility of human community;with the castration, taking away the driving life power and ending the paternal/male authority；C.the animal kingdom, to ensure the quality of the flock.3.With the castration of Uranus, separates the sky from the earth, beginning the binary二元对立的structure of the universe4.The prototype 原型of Homicide---Patricide or the first treacherous brutality of murder case for the purpose of power 弑父/君；---Cannibalism 食人War between Old and Young GodsHow do you interpret the war between the Titans and the Olympians?III. The Principal Gods Family Tree (p.41)(Heaven) Uranus = Gaia (Earth)|---------------------------------------| | | | |Cronus = Rhea Coeus = Phoebe Iapetus = Theia/Clymene| | |---------------------- Leto = Zeus|=Zeus| ----------------| | | | |Persephone| | Prometheus|Athena |--------- | || | | Atlas Epimetheus--------------- Apollo Artemis | || | | | |Ares Hebe Hephaestus Zeus=Maia Zeus=Dione| |Hermes AphroditeFrom Edith Hamiltion's Mythology4.In what specific ways do the old and the new divine families resemble a human family?5.In aspect of sex, how different was the Olympian family membership from that of the Titanic? Whatdid the change signify? What was the major diffe rence between Cronus’s reign and Zeus’s in terms of familial and societal structure?V. Minor Gods and GoddessesGroups:the Charites (Graces) the Fatesthe Furies (Eumenides) the Harpiesthe Hesperides the Horaethe Muses the SirensNymphs: (Hama)dryads of woods;River gods and Nereids;the wind gods: Eurus, Auster, Zephyrus, Boreas Individuals:Hecate Nemesis 正义女神Eros小爱神Eris不和女神Eos（Aurora）黎明女神Pan潘神Hebe侍女神Hymen主婚神Iris彩虹女神Nike胜利女神Circe巫术女神Asclepius药神Heroes and Demi-gods:Bellerophon （Chimera, Pegasus）Chiron, the centaurPerseus (Medusa)HeraclesTheseus (minotaur)Jason (golden fleece)Orpheus (music, Eurydice)Daedalus (aviator, inventor, Icarus)heroes of Thebes (Oedipus)heroes of Trojan War (Agamemnon, Achilles, Hector, Odysseus, Ajax) AeneasFour great expeditionsthe journey of the Argonautsthe Calydonian boar huntSeven against Thebesthe Trojan WarTwo great adventure storiesOdysseus’s home journey to IthacaAeneas’ journey to Italy4 Famous familiesHouse of Thebes:Cadmus, Amphion, Zethus, Europa,/Laius, Jocasta, Oedipus,/Eteocles, Polynices, Antigone /Agave, Pentheus/NiobeHouse of Atreus:Tantalus, Pelops/Atreus, Thyestes/Agamemnon, Clytemnestra, Menelaus, Helen, Aegisthus/Iphigenia, Orestes, and ElectraHouse of Troy:Teucer; Dardanus/Erichthonius, Ilus/Laomedon/Priam, Hecuba, Hesione, Anchises/Hector, Paris, Cassandra, Helenus, Troilus/AeneasThe most terrible monstersthe Calydonian boar—killed by Meleager and AtalantaCerberus---3-headed dog of Underworld;Typhon and Echidna;the Chime’ra ---head lion, body goat, tail serpent; daughter of Typhon and Echidna; killed by Perseusthe Cyclops --- one-eyed giants, Poseidon; wounded by OdysseusEchidna---half woman, half serpent; Ceto and Phorcysthe Harpies ---winged, faces of women, bodies of vultures and sharp claws; Poseidon, killed or driven away by Zethes and Calaisthe Hecatoncheries---100 hundred handed giants, Gaia, Erebusthe Lernean Hydra---9-headed serpent, more growing when cut off; killed by HeraclesMedusa---the one mortal Gorgon; killed by Perseusthe Minotaur---bull head, man body; in the labyrinth made by Daedalus; killed by Theseusthe Nemean lion---skin impenetrable; Typhon; killed by Heracles (squeeze)Python---serpent of Delphi; Gaia or Hera; killed by Apollothe Sphinx---head & breast woman, body dog, tail serpent, wings of bird, paws of lion, human voice; Typhon and Echidna; killed by OedipusTyphon---a giant; Gaia; Olympians (Zeus/Heracles)Great love storiesAphrodite and Adonis** Aphrodite and AresApollo and Daphne*Ariadne and DionysusCeyx and Alcyone*Clytie and ApolloEcho and Narcissus** Eros and Psyche**Helen and Pari Hero and Leander*Hyacinthus and Apollo* Odysseus and PenelopeOrpheus and Eurydice**Perseus and AndromedaPygmalion and Galatea*Pyramus and Thisbe *Selene and Endymion *Tithonus and Eos*。
文学：古代希腊罗马文学考点(题库版)
文学：古代希腊罗马文学考点（题库版）1、单选贯穿希腊神话的基本思想是（）。
A、偶像崇拜B、命运观念C、人本主义D、现实主义正确答案：C2、单选维吉尔的《埃涅阿斯纪》被称为欧洲文学史上第一部（）。
A、英雄史诗（江南博哥）B、文人史诗C、民族史诗D、悲剧史诗正确答案：B3、单选在古希腊神话中，匠神的名字是（）。
A、得墨忒耳B、赫尔墨斯C、阿弗洛狄忒D、赫维斯托斯正确答案：D4、问答题比较《埃涅阿斯纪》与《荷马史诗》的异同。
正确答案：《埃涅阿斯纪》与《荷马史诗》有很多相似之处。
在结构布局上，《埃》分前后两部分，前半部分模仿《奥德修斯纪》写埃涅阿斯的流浪，后半部分模仿《伊利昂纪》写埃涅阿斯与图尔努斯之战。
在艺术手法上，《埃》也运用了大量的“荷马式”的比喻、重复、对比等手法。
但两者的区别也很大，《埃》更象是一首民族史诗，有着成熟的思想和更沉重的历史感，《埃》更充满悲天悯人的忧郁情调，是第一部“文人史诗”。
《埃》具有鲜明的罗马文学特色。
主人公除了勇敢、刚毅之外，还具有敬神、爱国、仁爱、公正等品德，且政治目的性强，为了国家，历经千辛万苦，能克制个人情感，表现出较强的理性意识、集体意识、责任观念和自我牺牲精神，这与个体意识很强的荷马史诗不同。
艺术上，《埃》没有荷马史诗的自然质朴的特点，缺少口头文学的活力，它的风格哀婉严肃，格律严整，在心理描写上超过荷马史诗。
5、单选希腊神话中，取金羊毛的英雄是（）。
A．赫拉克勒斯B．伊阿宋C．狄俄尼索斯D．忒修斯正确答案：B6、名词解释斯芬克斯之谜正确答案：出自古希腊神话。
传说斯芬克斯是希腊神话中带着翅膀的狮身人面女妖。
赫拉派她到忒拜，给忒拜人出了一个谜，谜面是：什么动物早晨用4只脚，中午用两只脚，晚上用3只脚走路？脚最多的时候，正是他走路最慢，体力最弱的时候？忒拜人解不开这个谜语。
谁猜错了，她就把谁吃掉，俄狄浦斯揭开她的谜底是人，她因羞愧投崖而死。
斯芬克斯这个名字常用来比喻难以猜度、让人捉摸不透的人或事物。
希腊罗马神话复习材料
以下为名词解释题。
1．Mutilation of Uranus2．The Horn of Plenty3．Oedipus Complex4．Titanomachia5．Apple of Discord6．Graces7．Talos8．Recreation of Man9．Pandora’s Jar10．Between Scylla and Charybdis以下为连线题。
Hades EagleZeus LionTerpsichore CerberusRhea PeacockCalliope God of WarMelpomene Epic PoetryHera DancingAres TragedyHermes Queen of UnderworldPersephone Messenger of GodsPoseidon CerberusRhea LionDemeter God of SeaArtemis SunAphrodite Goddess of huntingApollo BeautyEros HearthHestia Love以下为简答题。
1．Briefly state the tragedy of Niobe2．Briefly state the mortal lovers of Zeus as well as their fates respectively. 3．What kinds of hardships does Psyche encounter in order to pursue her love? 4．How does Medea help Jason to get the Golden Fleece?5．What are the twelve labors of Heracles?6．Briefly state the pains Leto encountered.7．List the immortal lovers of Zeus.8．List the five stages of man and illustrate the main features of each respectively. 9．State the adventuring experience briefly of Persues.10．State the 12 labors of Heracles.以下为论述题。
第6课 希腊罗马古典文化【2023秋统编九上历史期中期末复习考点梳理+专项训练】(解析版)
第6课希腊罗马古典文化知识点一 .文学和雕塑1.总体成就：希腊、罗马的古典文化体现在神话、文学、艺术、哲学、科学、史学、法学、体育等各个方面，有些至今还在继承、发展。
2.文学成就：希腊神话影响广泛，其特点是“神人同形同性”。
《荷马史诗》是宝贵的文学遗产，也是了解早期希腊社会的主要文献。
3.雕塑成就：（1）希腊的人物雕刻艺术达到了一种完美境界。
（2）作品：奥林匹亚神庙中的宙斯像是世界古代七大奇迹之一。
《掷铁饼者》是希腊雕塑艺术中的杰作。
知识点二．建筑艺术1.希腊建筑的特点及代表作：（1）艺术主要体现在神庙。
神庙四周以廊柱环绕，柱身有粗有细。
（2）代表：雅典帕特农神庙是典型代表。
2.罗马建筑的特点及代表作：（1）吸收了希腊建筑的特点，并有所创新，如石拱门，穹顶等，既坚固结实，又华丽宏伟。
（2）代表：罗马大竞技场、引水道工程、凯旋门、方尖碑和万神庙。
知识点三．哲学和法学1.古希腊的哲学成就（1）德谟克里特提出了“原子论”，认为宇宙万物是由微小的“原子”组成。
（2）苏格拉底的思考转向人类社会，这位哲学家终生探讨人的灵魂、美德和幸福等问题。
他指出，求得知识的最好办法是有系统的问和答；他还主张“人应该认识你自己”，这对认识人的内心世界具有重要意义。
（3）亚里士多德是一位百科全书式的学者。
他对许多学科都有贡献。
他还创立了逻辑学等新的学科。
2.法学是罗马人最伟大的成就之一。
（1）《十二铜表法》是罗马法制建设的第一步，是后世罗马法典乃至欧洲法学的渊源。
（2）罗马帝国的法学家们对法律进行了广泛论证，包括适用于罗马公民和非公民之间关系的万民法、关于商品生产和交换的经济法，以及众多的法律概念。
它们共同构成了完整的罗马法学系统。
知识点四．公历的缘起1.公历的缘起：（1）来源：今天使用的公历，是古代罗马人创设的。
罗马的历法来源于古埃及人的太阳历。
（2）编制：凯撒命人以太阳历为蓝本编制新的历法，称“儒略历”。
为纠正每年将近6小时的误差，采取每4年增加1天的办法进行调整，即每逢被4整除的那一年为闰年，在2月份增加一天。
外国文学史复习题
外国文学史复习题篇一：外国文学史复习题库(附答案)第一章古希腊罗马文学试题库一、填空题1、希腊神话既包括神的故事，也包括半神的英雄的传说。
2、希腊神话中俄林波斯神统最高统治者是宙斯，他的妻子赫拉是司婚姻和生殖的女神。
3、普罗米修斯是一个为了人类文明而受到宙斯残酷迫害的英雄，被马克思称“哲学日历中最高尚的圣者和殉道者”。
4、古希腊抒情诗分为合唱琴歌、独唱琴歌，前者的代表有品达，后者的代表有阿拉克瑞翁和女诗人萨福。
5、古希腊喜剧分为旧喜剧和新喜剧，前者的代表有阿里斯托芬，后者的代表有米南德。
6、埃斯库罗斯被誉为古希腊的“悲剧之父”，其代表作是《普罗米修斯》三部曲中的第一部《被绑的普罗米修斯》7、贺拉斯在他的文学论著《诗艺》中提出了“寓教于乐”这一原则。
8、雅典奴隶主民主制时期是希腊文学的繁荣时期，主要成就是诗歌和文艺理论。
9、古希腊的旧喜剧被称为政治讽刺剧，新喜剧被称为世态喜剧。
10、欧里庇得斯被称为“舞台上的哲学家”，他擅长以妇女命运为题材，刻画她们的心理，《美狄亚》是其中最著名的一部。
11、古希腊诗人赫西俄德的叙事长诗《神谱》是关于宇宙起源和众神谱系的系统描述。
12、被称为“舞台上的哲学家”的古希腊悲剧家是欧里庇德斯。
13、希腊神话既包括神的故事，又包括英雄传说。
14古希腊流传下来的最早一首以现实生活为主要内容的长诗是赫西俄德写的教诲诗《工作与日子》。
15、古罗马有两部《变形记》，一部是奥维德写的希腊罗马神话的诗体总集，另一部是罗马作家普列姆尤斯写的小说。
16、古希腊文学共分为三个时期：第一时期是荷马时期，主要文学成就是神话和史诗；第二时期称古典时期，主要文学成就是有戏剧和文艺理论等；第三时期称为希腊化时期，主要文学样式是新喜剧。
中期的罗马文学成就最高，是罗马文学的“黄金时代”17、希腊神话中反映四季变化、春荣秋枯的神话是关于司农业女神得墨忒尔和她的女儿的故事。
关于英雄的传说有建立十二件大功的赫拉克勒斯的故事和关于取金羊毛的伊阿宋的故事，希腊神话中的普罗米修斯盗火给人类，被马克思称为“哲学日历中最高尚的圣者和殉道者”。
大一《希腊罗马神话》期末深刻复习(英文)
希腊罗马神话复习一．单选（课文）10分二．判断（课文）10分三．表格（默写）20分四．名词解释（课后）20分C11.delphic: It relates to Delphi.It means ambiguous.2.Olypian: It relates to Olympian Gods.It means that some one is like agod,especially by being calm and not concerned about ordinary things.3.martial: It relates to Mars.It means something connected with war and fighting.4.nemesis: It relates to Nemesis.It means a punishment that is deserved and cannot be avoided.5.titanic:I t relates to Titans.It means something big ,strong and powerful.C21.Junoesque:It relates to Juno.It means someone is elegant and beautiful like Juno.2.Argus-eyed:It relates to Argus.It means someone is watchful and alert.3.satyr/satyriasis:It relates to Satyr.It means someone that has an abnormally intense sexual desire in men.4.mercurial:It relates to Mercury.It means having feelings that change suddenly and without warning.C41.chaotic:It relates to Chaos.It means messy and disorder.2.Pandora’s box:It relates to Pandora. It means the root of troubles.3.Promethean:It relates to Prometheus.It means a person who resembles Prometheus.C61.Dionysiac:It relates to Dionysus.It means Sensuality, debauchery, and revelry.C71.Midas’/ass’s ears:It relates to Midas.It means A secret that cannot be hid.It also menas someone is shallow and uninformed.2.Midas/the golden touch:It relates to Midas.It means touching a stone and turning it into gold.3.cut the Gordian knot:It relates to Alexander.It means solving a complex problem with a bold strike.C81.cereal:It relates to Ceres.It means grains.2.aureole:It relates to Aurora.It means a bright circle of light.1.Charon’s boat/ferry:It relates to Charon.It means some one is going to die.2.cross the Styx:It means some one is going to die.C121.gain/reap/win（one’s）laurels: It relates to Daphne. It means gaining one’s honors.2.Look to one’s laurels:It relates to Daphne.It means to work hard in order not to lose the achievement.3.rest/repose/retire/sit(back)on one’s laurels: It relates to Daphne.It means to satisfy with what you have achieved and stop trying.4.a Noble/poet laureate:It relates to Daphne.It means to be a noble price winner.C131.cupidity: It relates to Cupid.It means a very strong desire for something.2.erotic:It relates to Eros.It means sexual excitement.C141.Aphrodite’s girdle:It relates to Aphrodite.It means unlimited female sexuality.2.adonis:It relates to Adonis.It means some one is a handsome young man.C161.Narcissism:It relates to Narcissus.It means the habit of always thinking about yourself and admiring yourself.C171.Pygmalion effect:It relates to Pygmalion. It is a phenomenon in which the greater the expectation placed upon people ,the better they perform.C181.atlantean:It relates to Atalanta. It means strong ,powerful and gigantic.2.Mount one’s Pegasus: It relates to Pegasus.It means to write a poem.3.a chimera in one’s brain: It relates to Perseus.It means the fantasy in one’s mind.C201.the choice of Heracles: It relates to Heracles.It means some one is in a dilemma.2.Cleanse the Augean Stable:It relates to Augeas.It means to remove something totally.3.Herculean effort:It relates to Hercules.It means great effort.C211.sow dragon’s teeth: It means to provoke war by spreading dispute;or cultivate warriors or monster.2.a Cadmean/Pyrrhic victory:It relates to Cadmus.It means a victory that comes ata great cost.C221.sphinx riddle:It relates to Sphinx.It means a puzzle which is very difficult to solve.C241.the apple of discord: It means the root of the trouble and any subject of possible of contention or disagreement.2.Achilles’heel:It relates to Achilles.It means a weak point in something that is otherwise perfect.3.hector: It relates to Hector.It means tointimidate or dominate in a blustering way.4.Achilles and Patroclus:It relates to Achilles and Patroclus.It means male friendship, a heroic friendship.5.Fight like a Trojan:It means to fight with great determination.6.Sulky like Achilles in his tent: It relates to Achilles.It means sulky.7.a Trojan horse:It means the hidden danger.8.Myrmidon: It means a faithful follower who carries out orders without question.9.Helen of Trojan:It relates to Helen.It means the root of war; a beauty who ruins her country;a terrible disaster brought by somebody or something you like best.10.Greek gift:It means a gift with evil purpose of the enemy; a gift to murder.五．简答题20分C11.What did the ancient Greeks know about their world?The Greeks believed the earth to be flat and circular,their own country occupying the middle of it,the central point being either Mount Olympus,The earth is divided into two equal parts by the Sea.Around the earth flowed the River Ocean.2.To which place were mortals favored by the gods taken when they died?The Aethiopians.3.How did Zeus divide the rule of the world with his brother?Zeus’s portion was the heavens,Poseidon’s the ocean and Hades’s the realms of the dead.4.How was Venus married off to Vulcan?Jupiter gave her to Vulcan, in gratitude for the service he had rendered in forging thunderbolts.5.How did the Fates mete out human destiny?The three goddesses were assigned distinct task:Clotho spun the “thread”of human fate,Lachesis dispensed it and Atropos cut it.C21.What was Zeus’usual way of hiding his scandals?He raised a cloud to hide some of his doings that would not bear the light and He turned the girl into an animal.2.How did the musical instrument “panpipe”come into being?Pan fell in love with A nymph called Syrinx,who was a faithful worshipper of Artemis.He chased her to the bank of river .With the water nymph’s help,Syrinx was turned into reeds.Pan was so sad and he made an instrument with the reeds,which called Syrinx.And that is the panpipe.3.How can you account for Zeus’s promiscuity?The promiscuity of Zeus serves more than entertaining purposes.It is out of politicalpurpose.Men have a powerful ability to reproduce in order to reproduce more offspring, . For most of the people in the world flows his blood, is one of the methods can have more faithful follows.And the number of the faithful follows decide whether his regime is firm.C41.What was the direct cause of Prometheus’obtaining fire for man?When Epimetheus created man ,he had nothing left for him.2.What attitude toward women is shown through the story of Pandora?The story shows the ancient Greeks thought women were inferior and affiliated to men,and they were the root evil and trouble.3.Which age of man applies to our own age?Please elaborate.I think we are in the Iron Age.People work day and night and man’s character is more complex,though mixed with kindness, but more evil.Human wants to rule everything.People no longer trust each other.Married people do not love each other.Vows are regarded as dust.Kindness and justice are no longer seen as the norm of conduct, but merely violence.4.How is the first woman often described as a “lovely evil”?How does she compare with Eve in the Book of Genesis?Pandora is described as a “lovely evil”because she was the most beautiful and sweetest woman,but she opened box and made many evil things free.Both Pandora and Eve are beauties.They are also described as the root of troubles to take the blame for the male society.But they were created out of different purpose.Pandora was created as the cost of Prometheus stealing the fire for man.She symbolizes a great temptation and human misery.Eve is inferior and affiliated to the man and just like a slave and she was created to help man.5.Why did Zeus try to withhold fire from human beings?Because fire is a symbol for technology and civilization.A basic distinction in myth between raw & cooked and wild & civilized.As a revenge for Prometheus' earlier theft of the finest sacrificial portions.By withholding fire, Zeus makes the division of the sacrifice impracticable. The hu miliation of Zeus prompted him to take the extreme measure of withholding fire fr om mankind, without which man would soon be little more than animals.C61.What led to Bacchus’wanderings?Bacchus invented how to plant grapes and brew wine. He was wandering around and spread this kind of knowledge to bring people the joy of drinking.C71.How did Midas acquire the power of turning everything to gold?Because Midas rescued Bacchus’s teacher, Slilenus, and treated him hospitably, e ntertaininghim for ten days and nights with an unceasing round of jollity. In return, Bacchus g ave him thepower of turning everything to gold.C81.What made Hades fall in love with Proserpine?As signs of womanly beauty began to shine along side her childlike innocence, the adolescent goddess Persephone unwittingly attracted the attention of the Greek god Hades.2.Why was Venus displeased with Athena,Diana,and Proserpine?Because she thought all of them looked down upon the power of her and her son.3.What prevented Proserpine’s freedom from the Underworld?Three pomegranate.4.From what aspects can the Demeter myth be interpreted?Change of seasonsC91.Where are the different ghosts conveyed in the underworld?The evil ghosts will be sent to Tartarus.The virtuous ghosts will be sent to Elysium.2.Describe the difference between Elysium and Tartarus and the situation of their respective inhabitants?Elysium ,ruled over by Cronus, lies near Hades’dominions.It s a happy land of perpetual day,without cold or snow,where games,music,and revels never cease,and where the inhabitants may elect to be reborn on earth whenever they please.In Greek mythology ,T artarus is a deep chasm surrounded by three heavy curtain and three bronze doors.In Roman mythology,it is a vast river of lava.It is a painful place in where the Furies live.Inhabitants in it suffer a lot.C111.How were Atalanta and her husband changed into lions?They forgot to pay due honor to Venus and the goddess was provoked attheir ingratitude.She caused them to give offence to Cybele.Cybele tookfrom them their human form and turned them into animals of characters resembling their own.C121.what was the cause of Apollo’s love for Daphne?Cupid’s golden arrow struck Apollo’s heart.2.What did Peneus mean by “Your face will forbid it”?He meant Daphne’s wish would not come true because of her beautiful face.C131.What did the oracle of Apollo say about Psyche’s future husband?He said her future husband awaited he on the top of the mountain and he was a monster whom neither gods nor men could resist.2.What tempted Psyche to open the box she was bringing back to Venus?A longing desire to put the beauty on her cheeks to become more beautiful.3.What is the significance of the union of Cupid and Psyche?Love itself is really a happy and painful pursuit of the process,and the process of love must be ups and downs.C141.Why did Venus advise Adonis against attacking wild animals?Because the wild animals were dangerous and she didn’t want to lose her beloved Adonis.2.What did Venus do to commemorate her ill-fated lover?She changed his blood into short-loved flowers and its blossom open when the wind blows.C151.What aspect does this story show about love?The miserable and beautiful aspect of love.C161.What incurred Juno’s anger towards Echos?Her talk that contrived to detain Juno till Zeus and the nymphs made their escape.2.What was Juno’s punishment for her?No power to speak first.C181.What was the cause of Perseus’s adventures?Polydectes wanted an easy access to Danae and got rid of Perseus.So he sent Perseus to kill Medusa.2.How was Medusa killed?Perseus borrowed the shield from Minerva and winged shoes from Hermes,approached Medusa while she slept. He was guided by her image reflection in the bright shield and cut off her head.C191.How did the Argonauts pass through the Clashing Rocks?They went along the passage found by the dove they sent out and passed the Clashing Rocks safely.2.What made Medea kill her own children?The fury with jealousy and the thought to punish Jason further.C201.How did Heracles demonstrate his prowess in his infancy?He strangled two snakes which Zeus’jealous wife Hera had sent to attack him.2.What incident motivated the Labors of Heracles?He was told by the Delphic Oracle to serve Eurystheus for 12 years and win immortality by performing the labors the king imposed upon him.3.What does the last labor of Heracles symbolize?C211.What was the cause of Cadmus’adventures?Because his sister was carried away by Zeus,and his father commandedhim to go in search of his sister.C221.How did he kill his own s father?In order to avoid killing his father and married his mother of, he escaped from the Collins, on the way, he killed his father by accident.2.What do you know about the Sphinx riddle?Sphinx riddle is often used to describe the problems which are complex, mysteriou s and hard tounderstand.C241.Who presented the apple of discord and for what purpose?Eris was angry because she had been left out of the feast. She threw among the guest the apple of discord inscribed “for the fairest”to make an issue between Hera, Athena and Aphrodite.2.Why was Paris as a baby left in the wilderness to die?Because when her mother Hecuba was pregnant, she dreamed she was giving birth to a torch from which streamed hissing serpents and it would bring unfortunate and disasters to the kingdom.3.Why were the former suitors of Helen willing to help Menelaus in the war of reclaiming his wife from Troy?Because Helen’s father Tyndareus made all the suitors swear an oath to come to the aid of her husband if she should ever be abducted.4.What’s behind the reluctance of Odysseus and Achilles to join in the expedition?Their love to their families.5.What dose the argument between Agamemnon and Achilles show about their character?It showed Agamemnon was stubborn while Achilles was honest andstrong-minded.6.What brought Achilles back to the battlefield?His reconciliation with Achilles and his pride and glory.7.Why was Achilles so barbaric in his treatment of Hector’s corpse?Because he was so angry with what Hector had done.pare the values in the story with those that people hold today.Tow what extent are dignity, honor,glory,fame,and revenge still important?六．问答题20分1.Make a comparison between Dionysus and Apollo from their attributes, mottoes and spirits.2.What do you think is love ?Explain your opinion with the mythologies.(期中论文）C203.What heroic qualities dos Heracles possess?How does he differ from the other heroes like Jason and Perseus?C224.Do you believe in fate? To what degree are we in control of our own life?。
第6课希腊罗马古典文化复习课程
3、某位古希腊哲学家终身探讨人的灵魂、美德和 幸福等问题，这位哲学家是（ ）
A、德谟克利特 B、苏格拉底 C、柏拉图 D、亚里士多德
此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！ 感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢
希腊神话是古希腊 的神英雄、自然和 宇宙历史的神话， 是原始氏族社会的 精神产物，是欧洲 最早的文学形式。
同一时期的欧洲还 有一种文学形式， 那就是“史诗”
叙述英雄传说或重大历史事件的叙事长诗
《荷马史诗》有着怎样的历史价值？
是了解早期希腊社会的主要文献。
宙斯神像高12米， 用黄金杉木、象 牙、乌木以及各 种珍贵的宝石镶 嵌而成。被誉为 世界七大奇迹之一 公元426年，罗马 皇帝下令拆除， 宙斯像遭到破坏
内容
起源 编制 确立 地位
1、关于左图说法错误的是（ ）
A、名称是《掷铁饼者》 B、是古希腊雕塑艺术的杰作 C、是世界古代七大奇迹之一 D、表明希腊人物雕塑艺术达到
一种完美境界
2、某校准备邀请某学者做讲座，下面图文框中的 内容来自该校同学制作的宣传海报，下列选项中 适合出现在海报内容一栏的是（ ）
第6课希腊罗马古典文化
公元前1000年 公元前509年 公元前3世纪初 公元前2世纪 公元前73年 公元前27年 公元2世纪 4世纪末 476年
1、知道《荷马史诗》古希腊著名雕塑的名称 2、了解古希腊、罗马建筑艺术的典型代表和
特点。 3、知道古希腊著名的哲学家，了解他们的
哲学观点。 4、掌握罗马法的形成，了解公历的缘起。
《掷铁饼者》取材于希腊 现实生活中体育竞技运动 刻画的是一名强健的男子 在掷铁饼过程中最具有表 现力的瞬间，虽是一件静 止的雕塑，但艺术家把握 住了从一种状态转换到另 一种状态的关键环节，使 观众获得了“运动感”效果
希腊罗马神话各章考查要点
②women in Odyssey;
③Telemachus’ search for father;
④Greek heroism
Calypso; Penelop;Circe; Sisyphus; the Sirens; Scylla and Charybidis; Telemachus
13
Roman hero Aeneas
①the underworld in Roman mythology and Aeneas’ journey to the underworld
②similarities and differences between Aeneas’ journey and Odysseus’ journey
4
features of five ages of mankindandthe reasons for human alienation from the divine
①the view of history showed in the five ages of mankind;
②the importance of Prometheus;
the cultural reading ofthe Illiad
Homer,;The Illiad;the Trojan War; Achilles’ Heel,; Agamemnon; Hector; Trojan Horse
11
Major events of Odysseus’ journey
③feminist reading of Pandora
the names of the five ages of mankind;the counterpart of GoldenAge in Bible; Prometheus;Chiron the centaur;Pandora; the Deucalion Flood, Deucalion and Pyrrha
希腊罗马神话问题及答案
Greco-Roman Mythology Study Guide, part 1Part 1.1. Who are the Twelve Olympian Gods, and what are their powers?Zeus. He is lord of the sky.Hera.protector of marriage, familiar with magic.Poseidon.God of the sea, horses, and of earthquakesAres. He is the god of war.Athena.She is the goddess of the city, handicrafts, and agriculture.Apollo.He is the god of music,Artemis. the goddess of chastityme god of fire and the forge.Aphrodite.Goddess of love, romance, and beauty.Demeter.Goddess of agricultureHestia.Calm goddess of home and homelife,Hermes. He is the god of thieves and the god of commerce.2. Who was Prometheus? Why was he important to the human race?He was one of the Titans.Because he brought down fire to man.3. What happened when Pandora's box was opened?All the pains that might plague mankind such as Old Age,Labor ,sickness.Insanity,Vice,and Passion flew in a cloud,stung Epimetheus and Pandora in every part of their bodies,and then attacked the race of mortals.4. What were the Five Ages of Man, and what happened after them?The Golden Age,the Silver Age,the Bronze Age,the Age of Heroes,the Iron Age5. What did King Midas wish for, and what problems did his wish bring him?He asked that whatever he might touch should be changed into gold.He turned food into gold so he couldn’’t eat,starvation seemed to await him.he couldn6. How does the story of Persephone explain the difference of the seasons?7. What is Tartarus, and who is its king?Tartarus is the deeper of the Underworld,the prison of the Sons of the Earth.Hades is its king.Part 2.8. How did Hippomenes win his race against AtalantaWith the help of Venus.9. Why did Daphne become a laurel tree?She asked her father to change he form to protect her from being pursuing.10. Why did Cupid fall in love with Psyche?Cupid was surprised by Psyche Cupid was surprised by Psyche’’s wonderful beauty that wounded him with his own arrow,consequently,instead of making Psyche fall in love with some ragged beggar,himself fell in love with Psyche.11. Why did Venus/Aphrodite advise Adonis not to attack wild animals?12. What did Hera do to Echo when she found out that Echo was lying to her, and what happened to Echo when Narcissus died?She passed sentence upon Echo in words.13. What was the name of the statue that Pygmalion fell in love with?Galatea14. What object was the direct cause of the tragic end of Pyramus and Thisbe?Part 3.15. Who was Perseus's father? Zeus16. Why did Acrisius put Perseus and his mother in a coffin and throw them into the sea? He was alarmed by an oracle which had told him that Perseus would be the instrument of his death.17. Who was Medusa?She was a terrible monster who had laid waste the country18. Why did Polydictes send Perseus to kill Medusa?For an easy access to Danae.19. How did Perseus save Andromeda from the sea monsterHe killed the sea monster20. Why did Jason want the Golden Fleece?He was required to attempt what was thought to be an impossible deed to satisfy the demands of a hard-hearted taskmaster.21. What was the name of the ship the Argonauts sailed on?The Argo.22. Who were two of the Argonauts?Argos,Tiphys23. How did Medea help Jason when he fought the crop of armed men?She instructed him that he should throw stones into their midst so that they would attack each other rather than Jason himself.24. How did Medea get her father's ship to stop chasing the Argonauts?She murdered her younger brother Apsyrtos and cut him up into small pieces which she threw over the side of the ship.Aeetes stopped to pick up the pieces,and so the Argo made good her escape.25. What was Hercules famous for?He was famous for his strength and courage and for his legendary adventures.26. Why did Hercules have to complete twelve labors?He was told to serve Eurystheus for twelve years and win immortality by performing the labors the king imposed upon him27. Name six of the twelve labors of HerculesThe Nemean Lion,the Hydra,the Cerynitian Hind,the Erymanthian Boar,the Stymphalian Birds,the Augean Stables28. How did Hercules demonstrate his strength in his infancy?29. How did Hercules kill the Hydra?He dipped his arrows in the Hydra’’s blood or venom and so made them poisonousHe dipped his arrows in the Hydra30. What caused the death of Hercules?The poison of Hydra.。
希腊罗马神话复习
希腊罗马神话复习一．单选（课文）10分二．判断（课文）10分三．表格（默写）20分四．名词解释（课后）20分C11.delphic: It relates to Delphi.It means ambiguous.2.Olypian: It relates to Olympian Gods.It means that some one is like a god,especially by being calm and not concerned about ordinary things.3.martial: It relates to Mars.It means something connected with war and fighting.4.nemesis: It relates to Nemesis.It means a punishment that is deserved and cannot be avoided.5.titanic:I t relates to Titans.It means something big ,strong and powerful.C21.Junoesque:It relates to Juno.It means someone is elegant and beautiful like Juno.2.Argus-eyed:It relates to Argus.It means someone is watchful and alert.3.satyr/satyriasis:It relates to Satyr.It means someone that has an abnormally intense sexual desire in men.4.mercurial:It relates to Mercury.It means having feelings that change suddenly and without warning.C41.chaotic:It relates to Chaos.It means messy and disorder.2.Pandora’s box:It relates to Pandora. It means the root of troubles.3.Promethean:It relates to Prometheus.It means a person who resembles Prometheus.C61.Dionysiac:It relates to Dionysus.It means Sensuality, debauchery, and revelry.C71.Midas’/ass’s ears:It relates to Midas.It means A secret that cannot be hid.It also menas someone is shallow and uninformed.2.Midas/the golden touch:It relates to Midas.It means touching a stone and turning it into gold.3.cut the Gordian knot:It relates to Alexander.It means solving a complex problem with a bold strike.C81.cereal:It relates to Ceres.It means grains.2.aureole:It relates to Aurora.It means a bright circle of light.C91.Charon’s boat/ferry:It relates to Charon.It means some one is going to die.2.cross the Styx:It means some one is going to die.C121.gain/reap/win（one’s）laurels: It relates to Daphne. It means gaining one’s honors.2.Look to one’s laurels:It relates to Daphne.It means to work hard in order not to lose the achievement.3.rest/repose/retire/sit(back)on one’s laurels: It relates to Daphne.It means to satisfy with what you have achieved and stop trying.4.a Noble/poet laureate:It relates to Daphne.It means to be a noble price winner.C131.cupidity: It relates to Cupid.It means a very strong desire for something.2.erotic:It relates to Eros.It means sexual excitement.C141.Aphrodite’s girdle:It relates to Aphrodite.It means unlimited female sexuality.2.adonis:It relates to Adonis.It means some one is a handsome young man.C161.Narcissism:It relates to Narcissus.It means the habit of always thinking about yourself and admiring yourself.C171.Pygmalion effect:It relates to Pygmalion. It is a phenomenon in which the greater the expectation placed upon people ,the better they perform.C181.atlantean:It relates to Atalanta. It means strong ,powerful and gigantic.2.Mount one’s Pegasus: It relates to Pegasus.It means to write a poem.3.a chimera in one’s brain: It relates to Perseus.It means the fantasy in one’s mind.C201.the choice of Heracles: It relates to Heracles.It means some one is in a dilemma.2.Cleanse the Augean Stable:It relates to Augeas.It means to remove something totally.3.Herculean effort:It relates to Hercules.It means great effort.C211.sow dragon’s teeth: It means to provoke war by spreading dispute;or cultivate warriors or monster.2.a Cadmean/Pyrrhic victory:It relates to Cadmus.It means a victory that comes at a great cost.C221.sphinx riddle:It relates to Sphinx.It means a puzzle which is very difficult to solve.C241.the apple of discord: It means the root of the trouble and any subject of possible of contention or disagreement.2.Achilles’heel:It relates to Achilles.It means a weak point in something that is otherwise perfect.3.hector: It relates to Hector.It means to intimidate or dominate in a blustering way.4.Achilles and Patroclus:It relates to Achilles and Patroclus.It means male friendship, a heroic friendship.5.Fight like a Trojan:It means to fight with great determination.6.Sulky like Achilles in his tent: It relates to Achilles.It means sulky.7.a Trojan horse:It means the hidden danger.8.Myrmidon: It means a faithful follower who carries out orders without question.9.Helen of Trojan:It relates to Helen.It means the root of war; a beauty who ruins her country;a terrible disaster brought by somebody or something you like best.10.Greek gift:It means a gift with evil purpose of the enemy; a gift to murder.五．简答题20分1.What did the ancient Greeks know about their world?The Greeks believed the earth to be flat and circular,their own country occupying the middle of it,the central point being either Mount Olympus,The earth is divided into two equal parts by the Sea.Around the earth flowed the River Ocean.2.To which place were mortals favored by the gods taken when they died?The Aethiopians.3.How did Zeus divide the rule of the world with his brother?Zeus’s portion was the heavens,Poseidon’s the ocean and Hades’s the realms of the dead.4.How was Venus married off to Vulcan?Jupiter gave her to Vulcan, in gratitude for the service he had rendered in forging thunderbolts.5.How did the Fates mete out human destiny?The three goddesses were assigned distinct task:Clotho spun the “thread” of human fate,Lachesis dispensed it and Atropos cut it.C21.What was Zeus’ usual way of hiding his scandals?He raised a cloud to hide some of his doings that would not bear the light and He turned the girl into an animal.2.How did the musical instrument “panpipe” come into being?Pan fell in love with A nymph called Syrinx,who was a faithful worshipper of Artemis.He chased her to the bank of river .With the water nymph’s help,Syrinx was turned into reeds.Pan was so sad and he made an instrument with the reeds,which called Syrinx.And that is the panpipe.3.How can you account for Zeus’s promiscuity?The promiscuity of Zeus serves more than entertaining purposes.It is out of political purpose.Men have a powerful ability to reproduce in order to reproduce more offspring, . For most of the people in the world flows his blood, is one of the methods can have more faithful follows.And the number of the faithful follows decide whether his regime is firm.C41.What was the direct cause of Prometheus’ obtaining fire for man?When Epimetheus created man ,he had nothing left for him.2.What attitude toward women is shown through the story of Pandora?The story shows the ancient Greeks thought women were inferior and affiliated to men,and they were the root evil and trouble.3.Which age of man applies to our own age?Please elaborate.I think we are in the Iron Age.People work day and night and man’s character is more complex,though mixed with kindness, but more evil.Human wants to rule everything.People no longer trust each other.Married people do not love each other.Vows are regarded as dust.Kindness and justice are no longer seen as the norm of conduct, but merely violence.4.How is the first woman often described as a “lovely evil”?How does she compare with Eve in the Book of Genesis?Pandora is described as a “lovely evil” because she was the most beautiful and sweetest woman,but she opened box and made many evil things free.Both Pandora and Eve are beauties.They are also described as the root of troubles to take the blame for the male society.But they were created out of different purpose.Pandora was created as the cost of Prometheus stealing the fire for man.She symbolizes a great temptation and human misery.Eve is inferior and affiliated to the man and just like a slave and she was created to help man.5.Why did Zeus try to withhold fire from human beings?Because fire is a symbol for technology and civilization.A basic distinction in myth between raw & cooked and wild & civilized.As a revenge for Prometheus' earlier theft of the finest sacrificial portions.By withholding fire, Zeus makes the division of the sacrifice impracticable. The humiliation of Ze us prompted him to take the extreme measure of withholding fire from mankind, without which m an would soon be little more than animals.C61.What led to Bacchus’ wanderings?Bacchus invented how to plant grapes and brew wine. He was wandering aroundand spread this kind of knowledge to bring people the joy of drinking.C71.How did Midas acquire the power of turning everything to gold?Because Midas rescued Bacchus’s teacher, Slilenus, and treated him hospitably, entertaining him for ten days and nights with an unceasing round of jollity. In return, Bacchus gave him thepower of turning everything to gold.C81.What made Hades fall in love with Proserpine?As signs of womanly beauty began to shine along side her childlike innocence, the adolescent god dess Persephone unwittingly attracted the attention of the Greek god Hades.2.Why was Venus displeased with Athena,Diana,and Proserpine?Because she thought all of them looked down upon the power of her and her son.3.What prevented Proserpine’s freedom from the Underworld?Three pomegranate.4.From what aspects can the Demeter myth be interpreted?Change of seasonsC91.Where are the different ghosts conveyed in the underworld?The evil ghosts will be sent to Tartarus.The virtuous ghosts will be sent to Elysium.2.Describe the difference between Elysium and Tartarus and the situation of their respective inhabitants?Elysium ,ruled over by Cronus, lies near Hades’ dominions.It s a happy land of perpetualday,without cold or snow,where games,music,and revels never cease,and where the inhabitants may elect to be reborn on earth whenever they please.In Greek mythology ,Tartarus is a deep chasm surrounded by three heavy curtain and three bronze doors.In Roman mythology,it is a vast river of lava.It is a painful place in where the Furieslive.Inhabitants in it suffer a lot.C111.How were Atalanta and her husband changed into lions?They forgot to pay due honor to Venus and the goddess was provoked attheir ingratitude.She caused them to give offence to Cybele.Cybele tookfrom them their human form and turned them into animals of charactersresembling their own.C121.what was the cause of Apollo’s love for Daphne?Cupid’s golden arrow struck Apollo’s heart.2.What did Peneus mean by “ Your face will forbid it”?He meant Daphne’s wish would not come true because of her beautiful face.C131.What did the oracle of Apollo say about Psyche’s future husband?He said her future husband awaited he on the top of the mountain and he was a monster whom neither gods nor men could resist.2.What tempted Psyche to open the box she was bringing back to Venus?A longing desire to put the beauty on her cheeks to become more beautiful.3.What is the significance of the union of Cupid and Psyche?Love itself is really a happy and painful pursuit of the process,and the process of love must be ups and downs.C141.Why did Venus advise Adonis against attacking wild animals?Because the wild animals were dangerous and she didn’t want to lose her beloved Adonis.2.What did Venus do to commemorate her ill-fated lover?She changed his blood into short-loved flowers and its blossom open when the wind blows.C151.What aspect does this story show about love?The miserable and beautiful aspect of love.C161.What incurred Juno’s anger towards Echos?Her talk that contrived to detain Juno till Zeus and the nymphs madetheir escape.2.What was Juno’s punishment for her?No power to speak first.C181.What was the cause of Perseus’s adventures?Polydectes wanted an easy access to Danae and got rid of Perseus.So he sent Perseus to kill Medusa.2.How was Medusa killed?Perseus borrowed the shield from Minerva and winged shoes from Hermes,approached Medusa while she slept. He was guided by her image reflection in the bright shield and cut off her head.C191.How did the Argonauts pass through the Clashing Rocks?They went along the passage found by the dove they sent out and passed the Clashing Rocks safely.2.What made Medea kill her own children?The fury with jealousy and the thought to punish Jason further.C201.How did Heracles demonstrate his prowess in his infancy?He strangled two snakes which Zeus’ jealous wife Hera had sent to attack him.2.What incident motivated the Labors of Heracles?He was told by the Delphic Oracle to serve Eurystheus for 12 years and win immortality by performing the labors the king imposed upon him.3.What does the last labor of Heracles symbolize?C211.What was the cause of Cadmus’ adventures?Because his sister was carried away by Zeus,and his father commandedhim to go in search of his sister.C221.How did he kill his own s father?In order to avoid killing his father and married his mother of, he escaped from the Collins, on the way, he killed his father by accident.2.What do you know about the Sphinx riddle?Sphinx riddle is often used to describe the problems which are complex, mysterious and hard to understand.C241.Who presented the apple of discord and for what purpose?Eris was angry because she had been left out of the feast. She threw among the guest the apple of discord inscribed “for the fairest” to make an issue between Hera, Athena and Aphrodite.2.Why was Paris as a baby left in the wilderness to die?Because when her mother Hecuba was pregnant, she dreamed she was giving birth to a torch from which streamed hissing serpents and it would bring unfortunate and disasters to the kingdom.3.Why were the former suitors of Helen willing to help Menelaus in the war of reclaiming his wife from Troy?Because Helen’s father Tyndareus made all the suitors swear an oath to come to the aid of her husband if she should ever be abducted.4.What’s behind the reluctance of Odysseus and Achilles to join in the expedition?Their love to their families.5.What dose the argument between Agamemnon and Achilles show about their character?It showed Agamemnon was stubborn while Achilles was honest and strong-minded.6.What brought Achilles back to the battlefield?His reconciliation with Achilles and his pride and glory.7.Why was Achilles so barbaric in his treatment of Hector’s corpse?Because he was so angry with what Hector had done.pare the values in the story with those that people hold today.Tow what extent are dignity, honor,glory,fame,and revenge still important?六．问答题20分1.Make a comparison between Dionysus and Apollo from their attributes, mottoes and spirits.2.What do you think is love ?Explain your opinion with the mythologies.(期中论文）C203.What heroic qualities dos Heracles possess?How does he differ from the other heroes like Jason and Perseus?C224.Do you believe in fate? To what degree are we in control of our own life?。
第6课 希腊罗马古典文化 综合复习课件 2023-2024学年统编版九年级历史上册
一。《④ 掷 铁饼者 》是希腊雕塑艺术中的杰作之一
希腊 主要体现在神庙，雅典⑤ 帕特农神庙 是典型代表
吸收了希腊建筑的特点，并有所创新，如石拱门、穹
顶等。代表性建筑有罗马大竞技场、引水道工程、
罗马 ⑥ 凯旋门 和⑦ 万神庙 等
希
腊 罗 哲学
马和 古 典 法学
文 化
古希腊 哲学
罗马法学
·德谟克利特提出了“⑧ 原子论 ”
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点拨：根据题干可知，希腊神话中赋予诸神以人的形态和 肉体、情感，体现出以人为主体，尊重人的价值，关心人 的利益的思想观念根植于希腊文化中，B项正确；希腊神 话与宗教信仰无关，排除A项；启蒙运动时期理性占据主 导地位，排除C项；题干与民主进程无关，排除D项。故 选B。
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古希腊花瓶上跑步的运动员 《掷铁饼者》
A. 追求思想解放
B. 重视体育运动
C. 提倡民主自由
D. 主张男女平等
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知识点2 建筑艺术
3. 【学科素养 史料实证】文物古迹有助于我们考证历史。
下面的两个古迹有助于我们考证(
)
帕特农神庙遗址 古罗马高架引水桥
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A. 帕特农神庙体现了古罗马建筑艺术成就 B. 古罗马对古埃及建筑艺术的继承与创新 C. 古希腊对古罗马建筑艺术的继承与创新 D. 古罗马对古希腊建筑艺术的继承与创新 答案：D
8. 在古埃及太阳历的基础上创制了儒略历；吸收古希腊建筑 的特点，创新出石拱门、穹顶。这说明古罗马( B ) A. 成为欧亚文明发祥地 B. 善于学习并创造新成果 C. 建立完整的法学体系 D. 搭建了欧亚和平之桥
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以下为名词解释题。
1．Mutilation of Uranus
2．The Horn of Plenty
3．Oedipus Complex
4．Titanomachia
5．Apple of Discord
6．Graces
7．Talos
8．Recreation of Man
9．Pandora’s Jar
10．Between Scylla and Charybdis
以下为连线题。
Hades Eagle
Zeus Lion
Terpsichore Cerberus
Rhea Peacock
Calliope God of War
Melpomene Epic Poetry
Hera Dancing
Ares Tragedy
Hermes Queen of Underworld
Persephone Messenger of Gods
Poseidon Cerberus
Rhea Lion
Demeter God of Sea
Artemis Sun
Aphrodite Goddess of hunting
Apollo Beauty
Eros Hearth
Hestia Love
以下为简答题。
1．Briefly state the tragedy of Niobe
2．Briefly state the mortal lovers of Zeus as well as their fates respectively. 3．What kinds of hardships does Psyche encounter in order to pursue her love? 4．How does Medea help Jason to get the Golden Fleece?
5．What are the twelve labors of Heracles?
6．Briefly state the pains Leto encountered.
7．List the immortal lovers of Zeus.
8．List the five stages of man and illustrate the main features of each respectively. 9．State the adventuring experience briefly of Persues.
10．State the 12 labors of Heracles.
以下为论述题。
1.State the reason, process and the result of the Titanomachia.
2.State the life experience of Oedipus.
3.State the three music contests of Apollo.
4.State the reasons and the process, as well as the result of Trojan War.
5．State the similarities and differences between Uranus and Cronus, Cronus and Zeus 6．State the similarities related to those mortal lovers of Zeus
7．State the love experiences of Apollo.。