英美文学史简介

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英美文学主要内容

英美文学作品选读Selected Readings of British LiteratureThis subject is about the historical development of British literature, it describes the lives and careers of the great and major writers, especially their representative works.英国1. 中古英国文学（8世纪-14世纪）2. 文艺复兴时期（14世纪-17世纪中）3. 新古典主义时期（17世纪中-18世纪）4. 浪漫主义时期（18世纪中-19世纪中）5. 维多利亚时期（1836- 1901）6. 现代主义时期（19世纪末-20世纪）Mediaeval times (the 8th ~ 14th century)1)The Anglo-saxon period:About Teutons: before the invasion of Britain, the Teutons inhabited the central part of Europe as far as the Rhine, a tract which in a large measured coincides with the modern Germany. The Jutes, Angles and Saxons were different tribes of Teutons. These ancestors of the English dwelt in Danmark and in the lands extending southward along the North Sea.The literature form of this period falls into two divisions –pagan and Christian. The former represents the poetry which the Anglo-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of oral saga. The latter represents the writings developed under the teaching of the monks. Two important poets in this period are Caedmon and Cynewulf.The Song of Beowulf: the poem can be justly termed England’s national epic, its hero Beowulf is one of the national heroes of the English people. Thematically, the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles again the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.2)The Anglo-Norman period: the literature of this period is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales oflove and adventure, in contrast with the strength and somberness of Anglo-Saxon poetry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the representative. Its theme is a series of the tests on faith, courage, purity and human weakness for self-preservation. The story presents a profoundly Christian view of man’s character and his destiny. By placing self-protection before honour, and deceit before his trust in the love of God, Gawain has sinned and fallen and become an image of Adam. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is undoubtedly a romance told with the purpose of portraying ideal character in action.3)Geoffrey Chaucer,the ‘father of English poetry”and one of the greatest narrative poets of England.Chaucer greatly contributed to the founding of the English literary language, the basis of which was formed by the London dialect, so profusely used by the poet. Chaucer’s masterpiece is the Canterbury Tales, one of the most famous works in all literature, which has given us a picture of contemporary English life, its work and play, its deeds and dreams, its fun and sympathy and hearty joy of living such as no other single work of literature has ever equaled. These people include young squire, yeoman, forester, Prioress, miller, ploughman, etc.文艺复兴时期文学The Renaissancethe 16th century in England was a period of breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism. New social and economic conditions brought about great changes in the development of science and art, this period is marked by a flourishing of national culture known as the Renaissance, which originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism (vagueness).In Elizabethan period, English literature developed with a great speed. The most distinctive achievement of Elizabethan literature is drama. Next to drama is the lyrical poetry, remarkable for its variety and freshness and romantic feeling. In the renaissance period, scholars began to emphasize the capacities of human mind and the achievement of human culture. So humanism became the keynote of English renaissance.1. William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets in the world. He has also been given the highest praises by various scholars and critics the world over. His greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. His greatest comedies are: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the Merchant of Venice, as you like it and Twelfth Night. In them, he portrayed young people just freed from feudal fetters. He sang of their youth, love and ideal of happiness. They trust in themselves and their efforts are crowned with success. The general spirit is optimism.The Merchant of Venice: A moneyless young man Bassanio loves a rich beauty Portia. He wants to marry to her, so he appeals to his friend Antonio for help. To aid Bassanio in his courtship, he borrows money from Shylock the Jewish usurer. Shylock agrees to lend the money on the condition that if the loan is not paid in three months, he may cut a pound of flesh from Antonia’s body. Unfortunately, Antonio can’t pay the money because his ship doesn’t return on time. Shylock demands his pound of flesh and Antonio is in danger now. At the critical moment, a young doctor of law comes to help him. He asks Shylock to take no more or no less than one pound of flesh and spilling no drop of blood. Shylock can’t do this, so Antonia is saved. The man who saves the life of Antonio is no other than Portia in disguise! Portia: she is one of S hakespeare’s ideal women--- beautiful, cultured, courteous（谦恭）and capable of rising to an emergency. Shylock: he is an avaricious money-lender and a Jew of pride and deep religious instincts. He has suffered much in the hands of the Christians. His revolting bond is counterbalanced by Antonio’s arrogant treatmen t of him. We can see his loud protest against racial discrimination.Hamlet is considered the summit of Shakespeare’s art. The whole story shows how hamlet, who represents good and justice, fights against his uncle in whom all the evil things can be seen. The famous line in the play “to be or not to be” by hamlet is often quoted by people. He is a hero of the renaissance. He loves good and hates evil. He is a scholar, soldier and statesman. His learning, wisdom, noble nature, limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the 16th and the 17th century.Othello is a splendid Moorish general in Venice. He marries to a beautiful girl and they live happily together. Iago is a very bad man and he envies his happiness. He tells Othello that his wife betrayed him. He believes him and kills his wife. But at last he knows the truth and regrets very much, so he killed himself. It is a tragedy of humanism and a tragedy of the colored people in a society of racial prejudice. Othello is a great warrior and too noble-minded to suspect those whom he loves. Though his kin is dark, he has great moral beauty. He loves Desdemona dearly because he finds her to be the embodiment of integrity, sincerity and loftiness of mind. Their tragedy shows that noble-minded people maybe led astray by evil forces in an evil society and commit mistakes if they can not distinguish falsehood from truth, and evil from good.King Lear: Lear is the king of Britain and he is a self-wild old man, intends to divide his realm among his three daughters by asking them how much they love him. The two elder daughters win his trust by fine words. But his little daughter Cordelia says she loves him according to her duty, not more or less. Her father is angry and decides to give her nothing.Sonnet: the sonnet is a poem in 14 lines with one or the other rhyme scheme.Francis Bacon:an outstanding prose writer in time. His works may be divided into three classes, the philosophical (the Advancement of Learning), the literary (Essays - Of Truth, Of Death, Of Friendship), and the professional (Reading on the Status of Uses) works.17世纪文学(The Period of Revolution and Restoration)The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous periods in English history. It was a period when absolute monarchy impeded the further development of capitalism in England and the bourgeoisie could no longer bear the sway of landed nobility. The contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted in a revolutionary outburst.1. John Milton is the greatest writer of the 17th century. He is often considered the greatest English poet after Shakespeare. In his life and literary career the two dominant historical movements of renaissance and Reformation combine and receive their most intense and intelligent expression. His works include paradise lost, paradise regained and Samson Agonistes. Milton has noble thought and splendid imagery. He is a great stylist. His poetry has a grand style. His poetry is noted for sublimity of thought and majesty of expression. Milton is a great master of blank verse. He is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry. He has used it as the main tool in his masterpiece Paradise Lost. His blank verse is rich in every poetic quality and never monotonous. His works are marked by cosmic themes and lofty religious idealism. Paradise lost is his masterpiece and the greatest English epic. In the poem, god is no better than a selfish despot, who is cruel and unjust in punishing Satan, the rebel. Adam and Eve embody his belief in the powers of man. Satan is the real hero of the poem.2. John Bunyan. The Pilgrim’s Progress.The story starts with a dream in which the author sees Christian the Pilgrim, with a heavy burden on his back, reading the Bibble, from which he learns that the city in which he and his family live shall be burnt down in a fire. He tries to convince his family and his neighbours of the on coming disaster and asks them to go with him i search of salvation, but most of them simply ignore him. so he starts off with a friend Pliable. Pliable turns back after they stumble into a pit, the Slough of despond. Christian struggles on by himself. Then he is misled by Mr. Worldly Wiseman and is brought back onto the right road by Mr. Evangelist. There he joins Faithful, a neighbor who has set out later but has made better progress. The two go on together through many adventures, including the great struggle with Apollyon, who claims them to be his subjects and refuses to accept their allegiance to God. After many other adventures, they come to the Vanity Fair where both are arrested as alien agitators. They are tried and Faithful is condemned to death. Christian, however, manages to escape and goes on his way, assisted by a new friend, Hopeful. Tired of the hard journey, they are attempted to take a pleasant path and are thn captured by Gelestial City at last. There they enjoy eternal life in the followship of the blessed.The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in English language. Its predominant metaphor –life as a journey –is simple and familiar. The objects that Christian meets are homely and commonplace, and the scenes presented are typical English scenes, but throughout details. Here the strange is combined with familiar and trivial joined to the divine, and at the same time, everything is based on universal experiences. Besides, a rich imagination and a natural talent for story-telling also contribute to the success of the work which is at once entertaining and morally instructive.Th secret of its success is probably simple. It is, first of all, not a procession of shadows repeating theauthor’s declamations, but a real story, the first extended story in English. The Puritans may have read it because they found in it true personal experience told with strength, interest humour, in a word, with all qualities that cuch a story should possess. Young people have read it, first, for its intrinsic worth, because the dramatic interest of the story lured them on to the very end; and second, because it was their introduction to true allegory. It was the only book having an story interest in the great majority of English and American home for a full century.18世纪文学(the age of Enlightenment in England)After the tempestuous events of the 17th century, England entered a period of a comparatively peaceful development.Enlightenment: it was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. They thought the chief means for bettering the society is enlightenment or education for the people.Realism. The eighteenth century was the golden age of the English novel. The novel of this period spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage. What the writers described in their works were social realities and the main characters were usually common men. The writers and philosophers of the Enlightenment held that man is good and noble by nature but many succumb to an evil environment.1. Daniel Defoe has been regarded as the discoverer of the modern novel. Defoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible and fascination. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular.Robinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel. Crusoe was a sailor, a merchant and a slave-owner. On the voyage to Africa, he met a shipwreck and found himself cast by the sea waves upon the shore of an uninhabited island. He managed the livelihood there by himself. Finally, he was saved and got married in England. At last, he sailed back to the island and established a colony there.2. Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s travels ; A Modest Proposal3. Joseph Addison. Sir Roger at Church; Sir Roger at the Assizes.3. Henry Fielding The History of Tom Jones4. William Blake songs of innocence, songs of experience- the chimney-sweeper, London and the tiger. It shows the poet’s eyes are open to the evils and vices of the world.5. Robert burns a red, red rose. He wrote poems to express his hatred for the oppression of the ruling class and his love for freedom.浪漫主义时期The Romantic Period1. William Wordsworth was a major English Romantic poet. His major poets include I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud and The solitary reaper. His poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of its language.2. George Gordon Byron is one of the most excellent representatives of English romanticism. His literary career was closely associated with the struggle and progressive movement of his age. She walks in beauty and Don Juan. Don Juan is a Spanish youth of aristocratic birth. T he long poem describes Don Juan’s adventures in many countries.3. Percy Bysshe ShelleyHis short poems on nature and love form an important part of his literary output. His best love lyrics are Ode to the west wind and to a skylark. “If winter comes, can spring be far behind?” is a famous line in ode tothe west wind.4. John KeatsHis famous works are ode to a nightingale, ode on a Grecian Urn and ode to autumn. Ode is his main form of poetry. He sought to express beauty in all his poems. His leading principle is beauty in truth, truth beauty. His poetry is distinguished by sensuousness and the perfection of form.5. Walter ScottWaverley, Rob Roy and Ivanhoe. He is the first novelist to recreate the past. In his novels, historical events are closely interwoven with the fates of individuals. He is always mindful of the role and fates of the ordinary people.In a sense, his literary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.6. Jane AustenHer major works are Pride and prejudice, Emma, sense and sensibility. She was popular all through the 19th century. Pride and prejudice is his masterpiece. The central character is Elizabeth Bennet, one of the daughters in the Bennets. Elizabeth meets a young man Darcy and has prejudice against him because she thinks he has nothing but pride. After many twists and turns, misunderstandings disappear and they are happily united. The plot is simple, but Austen has woven vivid pictures of everyday life of English country society. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire. Her dialogues are admirably true to life. 维多利亚时期文学The Victorian AgeCritical realism appeared during this period. Dickens is the representative writer. With striking force and truthfulness, he pictured bourgeois civilization, showing the misery of common people. The 19th century critical realists made use of the form of novel for full and detailed representation of social and political events, and one of the fate of individuals and of whole social class.1. Charles Dickens is the greatest representative of English critical realism. He wrote lots of famous works, such as a tale of two cities. David Copperfield, Hard times and.Oliver Twist,Oliver Twist is one of the best works of Dickens. Oliver Twist is an orphan boy. He is born in a workhouse and brought up under cruel conditions. Then he runs to London and meets a gang of thieves. They try to convert Oliver into a thief. He is rescued by a rich man, but the thieves kidnap him, make him join them again. At last, he is saved and adopted by the kind man. His vivid description of the thieves’ den and the underworld of London shows the sympathy for the lower classes. Among the characters of the lower strata, Oliver is the only one who emerges happy and successful in the end. This happy issue shows his optimistic belief in the inevitable triumph of good over evil.2. William Makepeace Thackeray is a representative of critical realism in 19th century. He is a realist, a satirist and a moralist.Vanity fair: the title was taken from Bunyan’s pilgrim’s Progress. The main characters are Amelia and Becky. Amelia is a simple but kind girl and Becky is a craft and resourceful girl. Becky is an orphan and tries to make her way into the upper society. She is a classic example of those who grub money by all means.3. Charlotte Bronte:Jane Eyre is a story about an orphan girl called Jane Eyre. Maltreated by her aunt, she goes to a charity school. Later she becomes a governess of Mr. Rochester. He loves her. Before their wedding, she learns that he has got a mad wife. Shocked by the news, she left him. When she heard that his house is destroyed in a fire and he becomes blind, she returned to him and became his wife. In the novel, Jane Eyre maintains that women should have equal rights with men. Charlotte also aims to criticize the bourgeoisie educational system.4. Emily Bronte:Wuthering Heights it deals with the story of the hero Heathcliff who is a gipsy. He ispicked up by Me. Earnshaw and brought up together with his children. Healthcliff and the daughter Miss Catherine have loved each other since childhood. When he grows up, he joins the army and three years later he becomes a rich man. When he comes back, he finds his lover has been married to another man. Later, he becomes the master of the family and takes revenge upon the next generation. It’s a powerful attack on the bourgeoisie marriage system.5. George Eliot: has three remarkable novels: Adam Bede, The mill on the floss, silas marner. The hero of Adam Bede is a village carpenter, an honest young man. He falls in love with a girl, but the girl gives her heart to a selfish squire. Later the girl is put into prison for deserting her own child. Adam and a woman preacher get married.7. Alfred Tennyson was recognized as the greatest poet of Victorian England. His main poetical works include Ulysses; break, break, break; Crossing the Bar. He has a total mastery of the sounds and rhythms of the English language. He has genius for evoking moods and states of mind in his poems. No poet could surpass him at linking descriptions of nature to the state of the mind.8. Robert Browning is realistic, optimistic and believes in the progress of mankind. His contribution to poetry is his dramatic monologues.现代作家—twentieth century literature.In modernist writers concentrate more on the private and subjunctive than on the public and the objective, mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, man and himself. 1. John Galsworthy is one of the greatest novelists in the early 20th century. He was born in a wealthy family. After graduation from Oxford, he began to devote himself to literary work. His style is noted for its strength and elasticity. His language is simple, clear and straightforward.The forsyte saga has been regarded as his masterpiece. It includes three novels and two interludes. And the man of propert y marks the peak of critical realism in all Galsworthy’s works. Forsyte is the central figure of the story, who is the man of property. He has married a girl, but pays no attention to her thoughts and feelings, regarding her as a piece of his property. Then his wife loves another who is killed by a car.2. Bernard Shaw was a greatest dramatist in the 20th century. He used stage to criticize the evils of capitalism. He is a critical realist writer and a humorist. His play deals with contemporary social problems. His major plays include widowers’ houses, the apple cart, Major Barbara, Mrs. Warren’s profession and heartbreak house. Widowers’ houses satirizes bourgeois businessmen whose ill-gotten money is squeezed out of poor, suffering people. An English businessman Mr. Sartorius and his daughter meet a young doctor Harry Trench while traveling in Germany. The two youth fall in love with each other and plan to get married. Then Trench finds that his future father-in-law makes his money by renting slum housing to the poor, so he refuses to marry her daughter. Later, Sartorius reveals that Trench's income is as dirty as the money made by Sartorius. At last, Harry and Blanche reunite.3. David Herbert Lawrence was an English author, poet, playwright and literary critic. In his works, he confronts issues relating to emotional health and vitality, spontaneity, human sexuality and instinct. He is best known for his novels Sons and Lovers, the Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley's Lover. Within these Lawrence explores the possibilities for life and living within an Industrial setting. In particular Lawrence is concerned with the nature of relationships that can be had within such settings. Though often classed as a realist, Lawrence's use of his characters can be better understood with reference to his philosophy. His use of sexual activity, though shocking at the time, has its roots in this highly personal wayof thinking and being. It is worth noting that Lawrence was very interested in human touch behavior and that his interest in physical intimacy has its roots in a desire to restore our emphasis on the body, and re-balance it with what he perceived to be western civilization's slow process of over-emphasis on the mind.Sons and Lovers is Lawrence’s semi-autob iographical novel. It tells the story of a coal miner’s family with the son Paul as the central character. The thread of the story evolved around Paul’s love for the two girls Miriam and Clara as well as his love for his mother Mrs. Morel.4. James Joyce was born in Dublin. His major novels include: a portrait of the artist as a young man, Ulysses and Dubliners. James Joyce is the founder of stream of consciousness.He tried not merely to describe how a character might think, but also to present a record of the character’s thoughts.5. Thomas Hardy1)The underlying theme of Hardy’s writing is the struggle of man against the mysterious force which rulesthe world, brings misfortune into his life and predetermines his fate. 2) fatalism is strongly reflected in his writings. 3) Hardy has a strong sense of humor and often describes nature with charm and impressiveness.Tess of the D’Urbervilles, His masterpieces are Tess of the D’Urbervilles, the major of Casterbridge, far from the madding crowed and Jude the obscure. Tess is a poor dairymaid who has been seduced by Alec D’Urbervilles, a wealthy villain, and gives birth to a child. Later she falls in love with a man called Clare. On their wedding night, she confesses to her husband that she has been seduced and given birth to a child. He husband can not accept the fact and goes abroad. Some years later, he comes back and wants Tess to come back to him. Tess murders her seducer and is arrested and hanged. The tragedy of Tess is an exposure of the wicket oppressors represented by Alec.The son’s veto。

英美文学史简介

英美文学史简介Part A British LiteratureⅠEarly and Medieval English Literature 早期及中世纪英国文学1. “Beowulf”, the national epic of the English people.《贝奥武夫》（Beowulf），完成于八世纪，约750年左右的英雄叙事长诗，长达3000多行。

是以古英语记载的传说中最古老的一篇。

是现存古英文文学中最伟大之作，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。

2. Geoffrey Chaucer ,the founder of English poetry.乔叟(1343-1400),英国诗歌之父.The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》, 以一伙来自社会各个阶层的香客在宗教朝圣的路上讲述故事为线索，向我们清楚地展示了那个时代人们的生活。

在所有的23个故事中，除了两篇之外，其余都是诗歌体裁的作品。

ⅡThe Renaissance [ri′neis(ə)ns] 文艺复兴时期文学1.William Shakespeare 莎士比亚（1564～1616）英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。

莎士比亚给世人留下了37部戏剧play，其中包括一些他与别人合写的一般剧作。

此外，他还写有154首十四行诗sonnet和三、四首长诗poem。

四大喜剧： A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人As You Like It 皆大欢喜Twelfth Night 第十二夜四大悲剧:Hamlet 哈姆雷特(To be, or not to be, that is the question)Othello 奥赛罗King Lear 李尔王Macbeth 麦克白其他：Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶2.Francis Bacon 培根（1561-1626 ）The founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science.Bacon is especially famous for his Essays.培根,英国唯物主义和现代科学奠基人,散文家.代表作：散文Of Studies 《论学习》ⅢThe period of English Bourgeois [buə′ʒwɑ:] Revolution and Restoration 资产阶级革命时期文学1.John Milton 米尔顿Paradise Lost 《失乐园》2. John Bunyan 班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》ⅣEighteenth Century English Literature 十八世纪英国文学1. Daniel Defoe: 笛福Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》2. Jonathan Swift：斯威夫特Gulliver’s Travels 《格列佛游记》3. Henry Fielding 菲尔丁the Founder of the English Realistic Nov 英国现实主义小说奠基人Joseph Andrew 《约瑟夫·安德鲁》4. William Blake 布莱克and Robert Burns彭斯: PoetⅤRomanticism in England 浪漫主义时期文学1. William Wordsworth 华滋华斯the representative poet of the early romanticism. 标志着浪漫主义的开始2. George Gordon Byron 拜伦Don Juan 《唐·璜》3. Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了,春天还会远吗?4. John Keats 济慈Ode to a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》5. Jane Austen 简·奥斯汀Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》ⅥThe Victorian Age 维多利亚时期文学1. Charles Dickens 狄更斯代表作：Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》、A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》、David Copperfield 《大卫·科波菲尔》2. William Makepeace Thackeray 萨克雷代表作：Vanity Fair 《名利场》3. George Eliot 乔治·艾略特4. The Brontë Sisters 勃朗特三姐妹Charlotte Brontë夏洛蒂·勃朗特：Jane Eyre《简·爱》Emily Brontë艾米莉·勃朗特：Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》Annie Brontë安妮·勃朗特5. The Brownings 勃朗宁夫妇Husband: Robert BrowningWife: Elizabeth BrowningSonnets from the Portuguese 《葡语十四行诗集》ⅦTwentieth Century English Literature 20世纪英国文学1. Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代Tess of the d’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》2. John Galsworthy 高尔斯华绥3. Oscar Wilde 王尔德Poet，dramatist, novelist and essayist.The Happy Prince and Other Tales 《快乐王子和其他故事》4. George Bernard Shaw 萧伯纳the most important English dramatist5. D. H. Lawrence 劳伦斯Lady Chatterley’s Lover 《查泰来夫人的情人》6. Virginia Woolf 伍尔芙Feminism, the stream of consciousness意识流女权主义与现代主义小说的先驱7. James Joyce 乔伊斯Ulysses《尤里西斯》the stream of consciousness意识流Part B American LiteratureⅠThe Literature During the Colonial American and the American Revolution殖民地时期及独立战争时期的文学Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林ⅡAmerican Romanticism and New England Literature 浪漫主义及新英格兰时期文学1. Washington Irving华盛顿•欧文(1783-1859)the first American to achieve an international literary reputation. 是美国文学的奠基人之一。

专业的英美文学史概览

专业的英美文学史概览英美文学史是研究英国和美国文学发展的学科，通过对文学作品及其创作背景的研究，探索文学的发展脉络和影响力。

本文将概览英美文学史的主要阶段和代表作品，以及相关的文学运动和重要作家。

一、古典时期（古希腊罗马时期）古希腊和古罗马时期是英美文学发展的重要起点，为后世文学作品提供了丰富的灵感和创作元素。

古希腊的两大史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》，以及古罗马的《埃涅阿斯纪》等作品，描绘了英雄神话和动人的传奇故事，对后世文学产生了深远的影响。

二、中世纪文学中世纪文学主要包括英国的亚瑟王传说和民间传说，以及宗教文学等。

其中，亚瑟王传说的代表作品包括吉奥弗里·乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》和托马斯·马洛里的《亚瑟王与圆桌骑士》，描绘了勇士和骑士的传奇故事，反映了中世纪人们对理想和骑士精神的追求。

三、文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期是英美文学发展的重要转折点，标志着人文主义思想的兴起和艺术创作的巅峰。

威廉·莎士比亚是这一时期最杰出的作家之一，他的戏剧作品如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等，以其深刻的人物描写和丰富的情感表达，成为后世戏剧的经典代表。

四、启蒙时代启蒙时代是18世纪英美文学的重要时期，代表作家包括约翰·洛克、乔纳森·斯威夫特等。

他们通过文学作品，倡导理性、自由和人权等思想，对当时社会产生了深刻的影响。

其中，《格列佛游记》是斯威夫特最著名的作品之一，通过对格列佛的冒险旅程和对社会问题的讽刺，展现了作者对人性的思考和社会的批判。

五、浪漫主义运动19世纪初的浪漫主义运动在英美文学史上具有重要地位，代表作家包括威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治和华盛顿·欧文等。

浪漫主义文学追求个人内心的情感和感受，崇尚自然和幻想，批判工业化和现代社会的冷漠。

华兹华斯的《抒情诗集》和柯勒律治的《侏罗纪祭》等作品，表达了浪漫主义作家对自然和人性的深刻关怀。

英美文学的历史与发展

英美文学的历史与发展英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，追溯至英国的中世纪文学，至今经历了数个世纪的发展，并逐渐形成独特的风格和特点。

本文将探讨英美文学的历史与发展，并介绍几位重要的英美文学家和他们的代表作品。

一、中世纪文学英美文学的历史可以追溯至中世纪，该时期的英国文学受到了宗教和骑士文化的影响。

著名的作品包括乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》，该作品通过描绘一群朝圣者的故事，展现了当时社会各阶层的形象，并探讨了宗教、道德和人性的问题。

二、文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期是英美文学的重要阶段，这一时期的作家受到古希腊罗马文化的启发，并开始研究人类的本质和人类关系。

莎士比亚是这一时期的重要代表，他的作品《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等成为经典，并对后世剧作产生了深远的影响。

三、17世纪的清教徒文学17世纪是英美文学中的一个重要转折点。

清教徒运动影响了当时的文学创作，约翰·米尔顿的《失乐园》被视为是英美文学史上最重要的作品之一。

该作品探讨了人类的堕落和原罪，并呼吁自由与正义。

四、浪漫主义时期浪漫主义时期是英美文学的又一重要阶段，这一时期的作家强调想象力、个人情感和对自然界的热爱。

威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治是该时期的代表作家，他们的作品反映了对自然与人类关系的思考，以及对社会问题的关注。

五、现代主义与后现代主义20世纪以来，现代主义和后现代主义对英美文学产生了深远的影响。

这一时期的作家追求形式上的创新，并对现实进行批判性的探讨。

T·S·艾略特的《荒原》和弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙的《至灯未灭》都是这一时期的重要作品，它们以其独特的叙事方式和思考角度引起了广泛的关注。

六、当代文学当代英美文学呈现出多样化和多元化的特点，作家们对文学的形式和内容进行了全新的探索。

托尼·莫里森的《亲爱的》和菲利普·罗斯的《美国牧歌》等作品引起了广泛的争议和讨论。

文学史知识：英美文学的发展历程和风格特点

文学史知识：英美文学的发展历程和风格特点英美文学是世界文学中最具代表性和影响力的文学分支之一，其发展历程丰富多彩，涌现出了众多经典作品和著名作家。

本文将从英美文学的起源、发展历程和风格特点三方面进行探讨。

一、英美文学的起源英美文学的起源可以追溯到16世纪初的英国文艺复兴时期。

这个时期以威廉·莎士比亚、约翰·密尔顿等伟大的文学大师为代表，充满了浓厚的人文主义气息，并在诗歌、戏剧等方面取得了重要的成就。

同时，英国也开始逐渐拓展海外领土，并在北美洲建立了殖民地。

这些殖民地后来成为了美国，也为发展美国文学提供了契机。

二、英美文学的发展历程1.文艺复兴时期（16世纪）文艺复兴时期是英美文学的起源时期，并载入了英美文学的重要篇章。

这个时期的文学作品大多选材广泛，体裁丰富，涵盖了诗歌、戏剧、小说等多种文学类型。

威廉·莎士比亚、约翰·米尔顿等文学大师的作品也在这个时期诞生。

2. 17世纪17世纪是英美文学发展的关键时期，也是古典主义文学的鼎盛时期。

作家们大多遵循了经典主义的规范，重视形式美，强调自然和理性。

约翰·德莱顿、约翰·洛克、亚当·史密斯等诸多知名学者和作家在这个时期诞生。

3. 18世纪18世纪是英美文学的发展时期，其中美国文学也开始有了独立的发展。

在这个时期，文学作品多呈现出理性和启蒙的特点，也有不同于古典主义的文学形式的兴起。

约翰逊、约翰·厄尔特、本杰明·富兰克林等诸多知名作家在这个时期诞生。

4. 19世纪19世纪是英美文学的黄金时期，代表着浪漫主义和现实主义文学继续发展的阶段。

在这个时期，出现了许多文学巨匠，如奥斯卡·王尔德、查尔斯·狄更斯、纳撒尼尔·霍桑、爱默生等，他们的作品具有深刻的人性关怀，反映了当时的社会变迁和人们内心的真实情感。

5. 20世纪20世纪是英美文学的现代时期，随着世界格局的变化，文学形式和内容都发生了较大变化，体现出更加多元化和自由化的特点。

英美文学重点知识归纳

英美文学重点知识归纳1. 英美文学的定义英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等。

英美文学具有悠久的历史，涵盖了从古代文学到现代文学的各个时期和流派。

2. 英美文学的时期和流派2.1 古代英美文学古代英美文学包括早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学、中世纪文学和文艺复兴时期文学。

其中，早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学以史诗《贝奥武夫》为代表，中世纪文学以《坎特伯雷故事集》为代表，文艺复兴时期文学以莎士比亚的戏剧作品为代表。

2.2 浪漫主义文学浪漫主义是英美文学的一个重要流派，包括诗人拜伦、雪莱和济慈等人的作品。

浪漫主义文学强调个体的感情和想象力，关注自然、爱情、自由等主题。

2.3 现实主义文学现实主义是英美文学的另一个重要流派，出现于19世纪后期。

代表作家包括狄更斯、托尔斯泰和马克·吐温等人。

现实主义文学揭示社会问题，关注人性的复杂性和社会的不公平。

2.4 现代主义文学现代主义是20世纪英美文学的主要流派，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、塞缪尔·贝克特和詹姆斯·乔伊斯。

现代主义文学对传统的文学形式进行了颠覆和重塑，追求形式上的创新和思想上的深度。

3. 英美文学的重要作家和作品3.1 威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家和诗人之一。

他的代表作品包括《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等。

3.2 简·奥斯汀（Jane Austen）简·奥斯汀是19世纪英国小说家，被誉为英国小说的经典作家。

她的代表作包括《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》和《艾玛》等。

3.3 弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德（F. Scott Fitzgerald）弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德是20世纪美国作家，代表作品有《了不起的盖茨比》。

他被认为是美国“爵士时代”的象征之一。

英美文学简史

Upper crust 上层阶级
Holding a wake (守灵）
Байду номын сангаас
Graveyard shift Dig one’s grave
• It is raining cats and dogs. • 倾盆大雨
• 为什么这些床是这个样子？为什么这些床是这个样子？
• Peas porridge hot , peas porridge cold , peas porridge in the pot nine days old .
• 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国
大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国
England
Scotland
Wales
North Island
17世纪的英国
• Do not throw the baby out with the bath water. • 不要把婴儿和洗澡水一起倒掉了。不要把婴儿和洗澡水一起倒掉了。 • 不分好坏，一概摒弃。不分好坏，一概摒弃。
英美文化
我国与其他国家在那些方面有不同点
英美文化的相似处
• 1语言——都是英语 • 2宗教——以基督教新教为主 • 3社会交往的一些细节——女士优先，文明有礼，保护隐私，忌讳星期五，数字十三等 • 4节日——万圣节、复活节等。
America（美国）
• The capital of America(美国的首都）美国的首都）美国的首都 • Washington （华盛顿）
• United States of America • 美利坚合众国
British （英国）英国）
• The capital of British • London • United Kingdom • United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland

英美文学的历史背景与影响

英美文学的历史背景与影响英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，它们有着丰富的历史背景和深远的影响。

本文将从历史背景和文学影响两个方面来探讨英美文学。

一、历史背景1. 古代英国文学的起源古代英国文学的起源可以追溯到公元前450年的盎格鲁-撒克逊时期，此时盎格鲁-撒克逊人开始在英国定居。

他们的文学作品主要以口头传输形式存在，包括史诗、民间传说等，如《贝奥武夫》和《杰弗里·乔叟之坎特伯雷故事集》。

2. 文艺复兴时期的英国文学文艺复兴时期是英国文学史上的重要时期，主要集中在16世纪至17世纪，这一时期的作品受到古希腊罗马文化的影响，并追求艺术上的完美和人文主义的思想。

著名的作家包括莎士比亚和培根。

此外，英国文学在这段时期也开始出现宗教改革的影响，如约翰·冯·累因写的宗教诗歌。

3. 工业革命及维多利亚时代的英国文学工业革命对英国文学生了巨大的影响，在18世纪末期到19世纪中期，维多利亚时代英国文学迎来了鼎盛期。

作家们开始探讨社会问题和人性的复杂性，如狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》和勃朗特姐妹的《呼啸山庄》。

4. 美国独立与美国文学的崛起美国的独立战争为美国文学的兴起创造了条件。

美国文学在19世纪逐渐崛起，代表作家如爱默生、梭罗和马克·吐温。

同时，美国的白人和非洲裔文学开始同时存在，其中哈莱姆文艺复兴时期的文学成为美国文学的重要里程碑。

二、文学影响1. 对世界文学的影响英美文学的影响远远超出了英美两国的范围，它对世界文学产生了深远的影响。

莎士比亚的戏剧作品在全球范围广为演出，影响了戏剧、文化和艺术领域。

同时，美国文学作品如《钢铁是怎样炼成的》和《飘》也在全球范围内引起了广泛的关注。

2. 对文化的塑造英美文学承载了丰富的历史和文化，其作品不仅可以反映时代背景和价值观念，更对塑造文化起到了重要作用。

例如，莎士比亚创造了许多深入人心的角色形象和经典台词，如《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中的“情人之死”和《哈姆雷特》中的“生存还是毁灭，这是一个问题”。

英美文学简史及名篇选读

Old ages (Angles-Saxons Period)●Period: 449AD Three tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes——1066 The Norman Conquest●Beowulf: the first English epic1. Three epics: (Beowulf; Paradise Lost; White Whale)2. Epic is a long narrative poem that records the adventure of a hero, whose exploits are important to the history of a nation.3. Features: alliteration; a lot of metaphors and understatementsMedieval ages:●Period: about1066——about1500●Three languages:1. French became official language used by the king and Norman lords.2. Latin was the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities.3. Old English was used only by common English people.●Romance: describes the adventure of a knight who devoted himself to the king, the church or the lord.Eg. the best of Arthurian romance: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight●Geoffrey Chaucer1. The father of English poetry2. The founder of English realism3. The forerunner of humanism4. The first writer to use current English language; use common English words;And be interred in the “Poets’ Corner” in Westminster Abbey.●The Canterbury Tales1. describes comprehensive realistic picture of English society of his time/ panorama(ordinary daily life)2. heroic couplets（英雄双韵体）: iambic pentameter(抑扬格五音步) which rhymes in pairs or couplets（双韵）●Scotland Ballad: a narrative poem written in four-line stanzas. Usually only the second and fourth lines rhyme.Eg. Get Up and Bar the Door by Robin HoodRenaissance (14-17.5): transition from medieval to modern worldItaly; literature(poetry and drama), painting, sculpture●Reasons:1. rediscovery of Roman and Greek culture2. discovery of geography and astrology3. religious reformation4. economic development●Reaching England slowly:1. separating from the Continent2. domestic unrest●Background1. The War of the Roses2. The Reformation3. The Enclosure Movement4. The Commercial Expansion●Two features1. literary spirit: humanism(keynote): human activities; Man is the measure of all things.2. literary form: classical literature especially drama: 5 acts and many scenes●Period(15.5——16——17.5)1. (beginning)Henry Ⅷ; (summit)Queen Elizabeth2. First period: imitation and assimilation(Petrarch)3. Second period: classical literature and Italy humanism●Status:1. Best representatives of humanist: William Shakespeare; Thomas More; Christopher Marlowe2. The most outstanding forms: poetry and poetic drama(William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson)3. The most famous dramatists: William Shakespeare; Christopher Marlowe; Ben Jonson●Trivial Figures:1. Wyatt introduced sonnet and Surrey introduced the blank verse to England.2. Francis Bacon: essayist; the founder of modern science; the founder of materialist philosophy; scientific method Advancement of Learning; New Instrument; Of Truth; Of Studies; Of Travel; Of Wisdom3. William Caxton: the first person to introduce printing4. Christopher Marlowe used the blank verse with mighty lines; “University Wits”;Tamburlaine the Great帖木儿大帝5. John Donne: metaphysical poetry6. Thomas More: Utopi a meaning “no place”7. Edmund Spenser: poet’s poet;Spenserian stanza: 8 lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding line of iambic hexameter; ABAB BCBC C The Fair QueenWilliam Shakespeare1. works: 37 plays, 2 long poems and 154 sonnets(126 friendships and 28 love)2. First period: different genresRomeo and Juliet3. Second period: comediesThe Merchant of Venice; Twelfth Night; A Midsummer Night’s Dream; As You Like It4. Third period: tragedies reflects social contradictions of the age(feudalism VS capitalism)Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; Macbeth5. Fourth period: (Period of Romance)The Tempest; The Winter’s Tale6. Hamlet: soliloquy; blank verse(unrhymed iambic pentameter)7. sonnet: Italian sonnet and English sonnet(three quatrains and a couplet rhyming abab cdcd efef gg)The Seventeenth Century●Three events:Bourgeois revolution(civil war) between Charles Ⅷ and the parliamentOliver Cromwell built a commonwealthThe Restoration by Charles Ⅷ.●Two features:Two groups (Milton and Cavalier poets)+ Metaphysical poetLiterature in the Puritan Age expressed rage and sadness.●John Milton(Christian humanist)His creed: the freedom of manHis grand style: sublimity of thought and majesty of expressionHe has ambition to write an epic which English would “not willingly let die”.1. Lycidas2. (prose) Areopagitica《论出版自由》; A Defense of the English People3. Paradise Lost(Restoration in 1660); Paradise Regained(Christ); Samson Agonistes(Bible or Greek literature)●Paradise Lost: 12 books; from Old Testament-Genesis; blank verseThe theme is “Fall of Man”. It tells disobedience of men and the loss of Paradise with the prime cause Satan.His intention is to expose the way of Satan and to “justify the ways God to men”.He expresses implicitly the fundamental concerns of freedom and choice.●Paradise Regained: Man shall find grace.●Samson Agonistes: bring destruction upon the enemy at the cost of his own life.While his achievements in literature not only make him tower over all the other English writers of his time, but also exert a great influence on later ones.Trivial figures:1. John Donne: metaphysical poet; The Flea (conceit/metaphor); Songs and Sonnet2. John Bunyan: Christian allegory The Pilgrim’s Process-Vanity Fair3. John Dryden: critics An Essay of Dramatic PoesyThe Eighteenth Century: The Age of ReasonThis century is the most peaceful era in Great Britain.●Three reasons for the eighteenth century1. Glorious revolution helped the bourgeoisie come to power.2. Industrial revolution and fast-expanding colonization boosted the development of capitalism.3. The Enlightenment Movement focusing on reason flourished.●Three literature trends:●Other writers:1. Sheridan：The School of Scandal●Daniel Defoe: describing the enterprising capitalist society; one of the forerunner of English realistic novelRobinson Crusoe (optimistic enterprising spirit)●Jonathan Swift: a master of pamphlet and the greatest satiristNovels: Gulliver’s Travels; Battles of the books (a satire of two-party state system); A Tale of a Tub (a satire of church)Pamphlet: A Modest Proposal (attacking the English government exploiting and draining Ireland of wealth and resources);●Henry Fielding: “father of the English novel”; Chaucer “father of the English poetry”One of founders of the English realism;giving a comprehensive picture of the life of 18th century England, from country to cityJoseph Andrew; The Story of Tom Jones, a Foundling; Amelia;●Tomas Gray: one of the leading figures of Sentimentalism; one of “Graveyard Poets”Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardPre-romanticism is to resist rationality and restraint, to call for passion and romance, and to return to medieval literature.●William Blake: Pre-romantic poet and painter; He wrote his poems in a plain, simple, and direct way.His poems often imply romantic spirit, natural sentiment and individual originality.Two collections of short lyrics: Songs of Innocence (beautiful nature, innocent children and harmonious world); Songs of Experience (more mature and gloomier darker in the theme and the tone)The Marriage between Heaven and Hell; Milton;Prophecy: The French Revolution; America●Robert Burns: Pre-romantic Scottish poet; a poet of peasants and common peopleHe was greatly influenced by Scottish folk songs.Expressing the feelings and daily life of working people and the optimism and dignity of common people Theme: fresh romantic spirit of friendship and loveA Red Red Rose; Farewell to ScotlandEnglish Literature in Romantic Age (1798-1832)●Duration: the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s joint work Lyric Ballads-the death of Walt Scott.●Reasons:1. Industrial Revolution and Enclosure Movement2. French Revolution and American Revolution●Features:1. As a violent struggle against the Enlightenment, romanticism focused on passion, individual and inner life.Romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of working class who were discontented with and opposed to the development of capitalism.Working class hailed the doctrine of “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity”.●Key poets and two novelists of Romantic movement:Novelists: Walt Scott (historical novelist) and Jane Austin (realistic female novelist)●William Wordsworth: “Laureate Poet”; poet of natureExperience: roaming in free area→touring in Europe and witnessing the French revolution→full of sympathy for the lives of common peopleLyric Ballads; Lucy Poems; in Two V olumes; The Excursion; The Prelude;She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways; I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud; The Solitary Reaper●George Gordon Lord Byron: “Byronic Heroes” who are man with fiery passion and unbending willHours of Idleness; Don Juan; Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage; The Age of Bronze；She Walks in BeautyPercy Bysshe Shelly: a master of poetry and politics; the first poet who sang for working class in Europe “Mad Shelly” for his sensitive nature and crazy rebellion against injusticeHis work reflected radical ideas and revolutionary optimism.A pamphlet against religion: The Necessity of Atheism;Odes: Ode to the Skylark; Ode to the West Wind (political lyrics with five stanzas of iambic pentameter) Four-act poetic drama: Prometheus UnboundA great theory of poetry: A Defense of PoetryPoems: Song to the Men of England; Queen Mab●John Keats: a poet of “pure poetry”; “art for art’s sake”; poems with sensual imaginary; surgeon→poetOde to a Nightingale; Ode to Melancholy; Ode to a Grecian Urn; To Autumn; Ode to PsycheThe Eve of St. Agnes●Walt Scott: Scottish historical novelist; the founder and master of the historical novel; lawyer→novelistTo combine historical fact with romantic imagination: Waverley; Ivanhoe●Jane Austen: the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middle-class peopleShe explored the independence of woman on marriage and brought the novel of family life to its highest point of perfection.Pride and Prejudice(Elizabeth Bennet and Darcy); Sense and Sensibility;English Literature of Modernization (WWⅠ and WWⅠ)●Features:1. The sun-never-set empire collapsed.2. There were various philosophical ideas:Marx and Engels’s theory of scientific socialismDarwin’s theory of evolutionEinstein’s theory of relativityFreud’s analytical psychology3. Irrational philosophy (非理性哲学) against realism: Arthur Schopenhauer→Nietzsche→Henry Bergson4. Modernism rose out of skepticism (Victorian values) and disillusion of capitalism (to explore).●George Bernard Shaw: great playwright secondary to Shakespeare; critic and polemicist (清朝)Fabian society; socialism; against “arts for arts’ sake” and for reflecting human lifeCashel Baryon’s Profession (novel);Early drama: Widowers’ Houses (unfair landlordism); Mrs. Warren’s Profession (prostitude; economic oppression of woman);Middle drama: The Doctor’s Dilemma: ignorance, incompetence, arrogance and bigotry of the medical profession Major Barbara; Pygmalion 卖花女; Saint Joan 圣女贞德（a satire of the rigid British social hierarchy and a commentary of woman independence）Later drama: Too True to be Good(难以置信);●John Galsworthy● James Joyce: Irish writerDubliners （a collection of short stories which reflect three aspects of life in politics, culture and religion ）； Ulysses (parodying the episodes of Homer’s Odyssey)Three exponents of the stream -of –consciousness: James Joyce, Virginia Woolf and Faulkner. ● Virginia Woolf : the central figure of Bloomsbury Group; forerunner of feminismThe Mark on the Wall （first ）; Mrs. Dalloway 达洛维夫人; To the Lighthouse 到灯塔去; A Room of one’s Own; The Waves (the climax of Virginia Woolf’s experiments through the novel form of stream of consciousness) ● D. H. Lawrence: a controversial figure because his frank treatment of sexThe Rainbow; Women in Love (Ursula and Birkin; Gudrun and Gerald); Lady Chatterley’s Lover (noblewoman’s love affair with a servant)William Butler Yeats: 叶芝 first writer to win the Noble Prize in Literature in Ireland When You Are Old (to Maud Gonne)three trilogiesfirst trilogyThe forstye SagaThe Man of Property 财主The Chancery 骑虎难下To let 出租second trilogyModern ComedyThe White MonkeyThe Sliver Spoon Swan Song third trilogyEnd of the ChapterMaid in WaitingThe Flowering Wilderness Over the riverEnglish Literature of Realization (Victorian Age 1832-1902Queen Victorian: 1837-1902;This period is the remarkable in the development of the country, marked by a great expansion of British Empire. 1832: the death of Walter Scott; The Reform ActSocial problems:1. the political power passed into hands of middle-class industrial capitalists2. the problem of women influenced by Industrial Revolution3. contradiction between the rich and the poor4. the conflicts between capital and labor5. the widespread unemployment6. the severe depression7. the system of workhouseEnglish critical realism: to describe traits of English society and criticize the capitalism from a democratic view Main figures: Charles Dickens; William Makepeace Thackeray; Charlotte Bronte; Mrs. Gaskell; George Eliot; Tomas HardyCharles Dickens: the greatest novelist in Victorian Age; the greatest representative of English critical realism First period (naïve optimism): Sketches by Boz博兹札记; Pickwick Papers; Oliver Twist; The Old Curiosity Shop Second period (A travel to America; hopelessness to democracy): David Copperfield; A Christmas CarolLast period (intensifying pessimism): Bleak House; Hard Times; A Tale of two Cities (London and Pairs); Great ExpectationBronte sisters:Charlotte Bronte; Emily Bronte; Ann BronteJane Eyre; Wuthering Heights; Agnes GreyTomas Hardy: semi-fictional region of Wessex; theme is the futility of man’s effort to struggle against cruel fate Tess of the d’Urbervilles (fatalism)Browning:Robert Browning; Mrs. BrowningMy Last Duchess; How do I Love Thee?Other writer:1. Mrs. Gaskell: The Life of Charlotte Bronte2. George Eliot: pseudonym of Mary Ann Events; Middlemarch3. Lewis Carroll: a university teacher in Oxford; Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland; Through the Looking-glass4. Robert Lewis Stevenson: travel a lot due to his weak lungs; Treasure Island5. Oscar Wilde: The Importance of Being Earnest 不可儿戏6. William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair (a satirical novel with title from Bunyan)7. Alfred Lord Tennyson: The EagleAmerican Literature of Romanticism (1820-1860) The American Renaissance●New England Transcendentalism: Emerson and Thoreaudivinity; individual’s intuition; feeling over reason●Washington Irving: father of American short story; comic fablesThe Sketch Book: The Legend of Sleepy Hollow; Rip V an Wrinkle; Life of George Washington●Nathaniel Hawthorne: Psychological fictions; symbolism; Calvinistic beliefThe Scarlet Letter; The Minister’s Black Veil; The Birthmark; Young Goodman Brown; The House of Seven Gables ●Edgar Allan Poe: father of detective stories; Gothic tales (horror and mystery); poetry for beauty: To Helen●Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: the most beloved American poet; great versatility;A Psalm of Life (the first American poem introduced to China); I Shot an Arrow (friendship)●Walt Whitman: the most influential poet in America; free verseLeaves of Grass: Democratic Bible/ National Epic; Drum Taps; O Captain! My Captain! To the StatesWhen Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d: Air his sorrow about the death of LincolnThere was a Child Went Forth: himself and AmericaCavalry Crossing a Ford: Civil WarSong of Myself: belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value●Harriet Beecher Stowe: abolitionistAnti-slavery novel: Uncle Tom’s Cabin●Other writers:1. James Fenimore Cooper: frontier adventuresLeatherstocking Tales: The Pioneers; The Last of Mohicans; The Prairie; The Path Finder; The Deerslayer2. Emerson: Nature;3. Thoreau: Walden (Nature is divine, and human can communicate with it by way of pure senses.)4. Rebecca Harding Davis: social realism4. Herman Melville: Moby-Dick; TypeeAmerican Literature of Realism (1860-1914 ) Civil War-WWⅠ●Three reasons for the coming of American Realism:1. The Civil War overturned the moral value of American, and people began to question the human nature and thebenevolence of God.2. After the Civil War, industrialization and mechanization flourished, giving rise to the affluent mid-class.3. The gap between poverty and wealth expanded.●Three characteristics of American Realism:1. Realists focused on the straightforward and objective description of real life2. Realists were interested in commonplace and depicted people from all social levels.3. American realism approached the harsh realities by experience.●Naturalism: Darwin’s evolutionary theory+ French novelist Emile ZolaTheodore Dreiser; Stephen Crane: A Red Badge of Courage;Jack London: Martin EdenKate Chopin: the forerunner of feminist authors; The Awakening●Three novelists: Mark Twain (lower class); Howells (middle class); Henry James (upper class)●Mark Twain(Samuel Langhorne Clemens):vernacular(colloquial); local colorist; father of American literature(William Faulkner);His writing features are strong local colors, colloquial speech and witty remarks.The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County; The Innocents Abroad; The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; Life on Mississippi;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Huck and Jim looked for freedom; Hemingway: all modern American literature comes);The Gilded Age (Charles Warner; post-Civil War)●Henry James: the forerunner of “stream of consciousness”;the founder of psychological realismdescribe inner world by his psychological approach; international theme; cosmopolitan novelist; literary essayist First period: The American; Daisy Miller; The Portrait of a Lady; The Europeans;Second period: The Turn of a ScrewThird period: What Maisie Knows; The Golden Bowl; The Wings of the Dove; The AmbassadorsLiterary criticism: The Art of Fiction (The novel aims to present the life.)●Emily Dickinson(——): great poet with 1775 poemsTheme: love, religion, death and immortality in physical, psychological and emotional termsnature (more than 500)：Nature’ inscrutability(不可预测) and indifference to human beingsSuccess; I’m Nobody; I Died for Beauty;I Like to See it Lap the Miles (Train is the part of nature like an animal.)I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I Died(the moment of death)This is my Letter to the World (her anxiety about her communication with the outside world)Because I Could Not Stop for Death (personification of Death and Immortality)Her poems are usually based on her experiences, her sorrows and joys.●Theodore Dreiser:Naturalism: Darwin’s idea; The world is like a juggle; Man is a “victim of forces over which he has no control”.Sister Carrie; An American Tragedy: real criminal cases; “Trilogy of Desire”: Financier; The Titan; The Stoic●Robert Frost: living in New England; Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for four times; Congressional Gold MedalA link between the 19-century American literature and Modernism with traditional form and modern themeHis work is distinguished by its simple style, colloquial speech and metaphorical images.A Boy’s Will (the development of a boy from egoism to maturity full of characteristics of New England)North of Boston “a book of people in New England”New Hampshire-Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening (continue to proceed after having a break)The Road Not Taken (Different way of life)After Apple Picking (a sense of completeness yet hopelessness)American Literature of Modernism (1914-1915) WWⅠ - WWⅠ●Reasons for modernism:1. Two wars cost many lives and destructed much property.2. Philosophical ideas such as Einstein’s theory of relativity and Freud’s analytical psychology flourished.3. The establishment of Nobel Prize in literature has promoted the development of literature.●Feature for modernism: to express disillusionment with tradition and interest in new technologies and visions●Feature of the Lost Generation: to express their loss, despair and disillusionment●Figures of the Lost Generation: Ernest Hemingway and Fitzgerald●Ezra Pound: imagism (A visual image and concrete instances can be poetic and abstract.)Confucius; Shih-Ching; In a Station of the Metro● E. E. Comings: an avant-garde poet with typographical style (scattered words); mimic Ezra Pound’s imagismIn Just-●Wallace Stevens: gifted nonprofessional poet; power of imagination and description of concrete objects Anecdote of the Jar: jar (imagination and creation); hill (bewildering and chaotic world)●Williams Carlos Williams: variable foot; meter(格律：stressed) and lineation (分行：line breaks and stanzas) The Red Wheelbarrow●William Faulkner: composite stream of consciousness(free form); Southern Renaissance-The fugitive Yoknapakawpha county;The Sound and the Fury(four characters; no capitalization and punctuation); A Rose for Emily;●T. S. Eliot: an innovative poet, playwright and criticPoems using a lot of mythology, allusion, symbolism and disconnected images;New Criticism focusing on regarding work as an independent of both author and reader;Poems: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock; The Waste Land (disillusionment of spirit of the former generation); The Hollow Men; For Quartets Play: Murder in Cathedral●Ernest Hemingway: Lost generation(disillusioned and confused); iceberg theoryEconomical and understated(terse) writing styleCoded heroes have “grace under pressure” and “despairing courage”.A Farewell to Arms; Green Hills of Africa; The Snows of Kilimanjaro; For Whom the Bell Tolls;A Clean, well-Lighted Place (nihilism and existentialism)● F. Scott. Fitzgerald: chronicler of the Jazz Age of America(1918-1929 Roaring Twenties); Lost GenerationStyle: satire and criticism of the worship of hedonism and moneyThe Great Gatsby: aspiration and desire, innocence and hypocrisy, idealism and decadence(堕落), illusion and disillusionTender is the Night；The Side of Paradise●Eugene O’Nell: one of the greatest playwright in America; the first dramatist to win the Nobel Prize in Literature The Hairy Ape: dehumanization (非人性化) and oppression of capitalism, disillusion and loss of the working class The Emperor Jones●Other writers:1. Sinclair Lewis: novelist; the first American to win the Nobel Prize in LiteratureMain Street: criticism of capitalism and materialism after World War ⅧBabbitt: (babbittry: narrow-minded, complacent and bourgeois )2. Pearl S. Buck: an American having lived in China; the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in LiteratureGood Earth: peasant life of China3. Gertrude stein: hosting a Pairs Salon for famous writers4.Margaret Mitchell：Gone with the Windngston Hughes: Harlem Renaissance 哈莱姆(New Negro Movement); the earliest innovator of Jazz poetry Dream（Martin Luther King-I Have a Dream）6. Richard Wright:a black writer focusing on racism; The Native Son6. John Steinbeck: plight of working class and migrant workers in rural areas in Great DepressionThe Grapes of Wrath: economic and social plight of farmers; Of Mice and Men。

英美文学简史及名篇选读

英美文学简史及名篇选读英美文学简史及名篇选读英美文学历史悠久，兼收并蓄，蕴含着丰富的文化底蕴和独特的文学风格。

本文将从文学发展、主要作家及其代表作，以及作品内容等方面，介绍英美文学的发展史和一些著名的文学代表作品。

一、英美文学的发展英美文学的历史可以追溯到古代，但是现代英美文学发展以文艺复兴时期开始，并在18世纪达到顶峰。

19世纪和20世纪，英美文学经历了象征主义、现代主义和后现代主义等派别的影响，作家的风格也日渐多样化。

二、英美文学的主要作家及其代表作1.威廉·莎士比亚威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学史上最著名的作家之一，他的作品包括诸如《麦克白》、《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等经典作品，在当时非常受欢迎。

2.詹姆斯·乔伊斯詹姆斯·乔伊斯是20世纪最具代表性的小说家之一，其作品以《尤利西斯》和《都柏林人》最为知名，他以流露出来的内心世界和音乐般的语言呈现了人性和命运。

3.欧内斯特·海明威欧内斯特·海明威是20世纪最著名的小说家之一，他的作品以《老人与海》和《太阳照常升起》最为著名。

他以简练而概括的语言，描绘出战争和人性的无边悲剧。

他的作品经常强调男子汉的美德和荣誉感，深受广大男性读者的喜爱。

4.弗朗西斯·司各特·菲茨杰拉德弗朗西斯·司各特·菲茨杰拉德是20世纪最著名的小说家之一，他的代表作品有《了不起的盖茨比》、《钻石大亨》等。

他的作品描绘了20世纪初美国精神和道德的沉沦，抨击了金钱至上的社会价值观。

5.托马斯·品钦托马斯·品钦是20世纪最具代表性的诗人之一，他创作的诗歌以《地狱直到最后一分钟》尤为著名，其风格多以梦幻、神秘和超自然的元素为主。

三、英美文学的代表作1.《为食神授》——乔纳森·斯威夫这是一部富有讽刺意味的小说，反映了社会弊病和人性的扭曲，同时又通过讽刺和幽默的手法进行了批判。

英美文学概述

英国文学The old periods450 —— 1066The medieval periods1066 —— mid-14th centuryThe renaissance periods14th century —— mid-17th centuryThe neoclassical periods1660 —— 1789(the return of the Stuarts to the English to publishment of Lyrical Ballads)The romantic periods1789 —— 1832(publishment of Lyrical Ballads to Sir Walter Scott’s death)The victorian periods1836 —— 1901The modern periodsthe second half of the 19th century —— the early of the 20th century英国文学— The old and medieval periods1．Beowuf这部作品Romance是这个时期最流行的文学形式；Chaucer第一个引进“英雄偶句”诗体。

Beowulf（贝奥武甫(八世纪初的一篇古英语史诗;该史诗中的主角)）, a typical example of old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic (民族史诗) of the Anglo-Saxons. Literary position: The poem was originally in an oral form, it is written down in the 10th century. Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.Romance (骑士抒情诗)，a popular literary form in the medieval period) uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or otherheroic deeds, whose motifs（主题, 主旨） of the quest is for truth, beauty and kindness.Chaucer(乔叟): whose masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》. The famous character of his works is the Wife of Bath. Chaucer employed the heroic coupletverse form (英雄双韵诗形式)with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature. He is the father of English poetry.英国文学—The renaissance periods1.《仙后》一部寓言(allegory), 人物象征意义与主题.The Faerie is an allegory.The Red-crosse Knight stands for St.George, the patron saint of England, and he also represent Holiness.A lovely Ladie, virgin Una, symbolizes the thruth or the true faith of religion.A milke white lambe reprents the God.Dragon and infernall feend refer the SatanThe theme is not “Arms and the man,” but something more romantic—“fiece warres and faithful loves”.2. 斯宾塞的诗歌特点The five main quailites of spenser’s poetry are:1) a perfect melody;2) a rare sense of beauty;3) a splendid imagination;4) a lofty purity and seriousness;5) a dedicated idealism.3.《浮士德》的主题Dr. Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil. The play’s dominant moral is human than religious. It celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness; it also reveals man’s frustration in realizing the high aspiration in a hostile moral order. And the confinement to time is the cruelest fact of man’s condition.4.《威尼丝商人》的故事及主题The play has a double plot:1) Bassanio——Portia2) Antonio——ShylockThe traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship betweem Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of greate beaulity, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew. Tody, many people tend to regard the play as a satire of the christians’ hypocrisy and their false standards of frindship and love, their cunning way of pursuing worldliness(俗心, 俗气) and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews.5．Milton的三部作品Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes.英国文学—The neoclassical periods1．Bunyan的《天路历程》是一部寓言(allegory)，其主题及《名利场》的寓意The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and all kinds of social evils. Its predominant metaphor —life as a journey — is simple and familiar. The objects that Christian meets are homely and commonplace, and the scence presented a typical English ones, but throughout the allegory a spiritual signifiance is added to the commonplace details.The Vanity Fair symbolizes human world, for “All that cometh is vanity.”Everything and anything in this world is “vanity”, having no value and no meaning. The Vanity Fair, a “marcket selling nothingness” of all sorts, is a dirty place originally built up by devils, but, this town “lay”in the way to the Celestial City, meaning pilgrims had to resist the tempatations there way through. So, the depiction of the “Fair”in selling things worldly and in attracting people bad, represents John Bunyan’s rejection of the worldly seekings and pious longing for the pure and charming “Celestial City” his Christian ideal.2．鲁宾逊的意义Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century Enlish middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in stuggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist.3．Gulliver’s Travel的四个部分The book contains four parts.The first part —— LilliputThe second part —— BrobdingnagThe third part —— flying IslandThe fourth part —— Houyhnhnm land, YahooAs a whole, the book is one of the most effcetive and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in then English and European life —socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally.4．Fielding的贡献Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English Novel”.He was first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose,”the first to give the modern novel its structure and syle. Before him, the relating of a story in a novel was either the Episolary form or the picaresque form, but fielding adopted “the third-person narration,” in which the author become the “all-knowing God”.英国文学—The romantic periods1．Blake青春之歌与经验之歌的比较The Song of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and suffering.His Songs of Experiecnce paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with melancholy tone.The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor, and an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making compiant to exploitation. The poem from the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect(景色, 前景) of “illusory happiness;” the poem from the Songs of the Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor child.2．拜伦式英雄Buyron’s chief contribution is his creation of the“Byronic hero,”a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burdens of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustilbe energies.3．KEATS的希腊古瓮颂的主题Ode on an grecian Urn shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transcience of human passion.4．奥丝丁的三种婚姻观Stories of love and marriage provide the major theme in all Jane Austen’s novels, in which female chatacters are always playing an active part. In their pursuit of a marriage, they ate usually categorize into three types according to their different attitudes: those who would marry for material wealth and social position, those who would marry just for beauty and passion, and those who would marry for true love with a consideration of the partner’s personal merit as well ad his economical and social status.5.《傲慢与偏见》的故事及主题Pride and Prejudice mainly tells of the love story between a rich, pround young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizaeth Bennet. None of the daughters can inherit the estate of the family for it has been entailed upon the nearest male heir, Willian Collins, Collins intends to marry and he decides to shoose Elizabeth as a way of making amends for inheriting the family’s estate. Collins is a preposterous(荒谬的) suitor, and Elizabeth rejects the proposal. Another young man called Darcy proposes her, but she has prejudice against him because she thinks that he has nothing but pride. After many twists and turns, they are happily united. This book tells us a great deal about attitude toward marriage in Austen’s time.Stories of love and marriage provide the major themes in all her novels, Jane Austen tries to say that it is wrong to marry just for money or for beauty, but it is also wrong to marry without it.as it is said in the book that it is a truth universally acknowledged that a singe man in possession of a good foutune must be in want of a wife.英国文学—The victorian periods1．Dickens小说的3种角色类型及创作生涯。

天津市考研外国语言文学复习资料英美文学与语言学重点知识点梳理

天津市考研外国语言文学复习资料英美文学与语言学重点知识点梳理天津市考研外国语言文学复习资料 - 英美文学与语言学重点知识点梳理英美文学与语言学是外国语言文学专业考研中的重要科目之一。

为了帮助考生更好地复习准备，本文将对英美文学与语言学的重点知识点进行梳理。

以下是相关知识点及其概要：1. 英美文学史英美文学的历史可以追溯到古老的民间故事和传说，其中包括古希腊和古罗马的文学作品。

英美文学史可大致分为古代文学、中世纪文学、文艺复兴时期、启蒙时期、浪漫主义时期、现代主义以及当代文学等。

2. 莎士比亚与他的作品威廉·莎士比亚被誉为英语文学史上最伟大的戏剧家之一，他的作品具有广泛的代表性和深远的影响。

莎士比亚的作品包括悲剧、喜剧、历史剧等，他通过对人性、权力、爱情等主题的深入探讨，揭示了社会和个体的复杂性。

3. 浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学是18世纪末19世纪初兴起于欧洲的一种文学思潮。

浪漫主义作家追求个人情感的表达和内心体验的真实性，重视自然、幻想和想象力。

浪漫主义文学在英美文学中有着重要的地位，其代表作品包括雪莱的《西风颂》、拜伦的《唐璜》等。

4. 英美现代主义文学现代主义文学是20世纪初起源于欧美的文学运动，其作品以对传统形式和价值观的抗拒为特征。

英美现代主义作品以流派多样、风格独特而著称。

代表作家包括乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》、福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》等。

5. 英美语言学英美语言学研究英语的发展、演变和使用规则等问题。

重点研究包括语音学、形态学、句法学、语义学等方面的内容。

在英美语言学中，还包括对英语教学和学习的理论研究，以及对不同地区和社会群体使用英语的语言变体和方言的研究。

6. 英美文学与社会变革英美文学与社会变革密切相关，作家们通过作品表达对社会问题、种族关系、文化冲突等的看法和思考。

在奥斯丁的《傲慢与偏见》中，揭示了贵族社会的种种局限与偏见；在奥威尔的《1984》中，对权力与控制的恐怖描写引起了人们对社会现实的深思。

英美文学简介

(一）美国文学的历史不长，但发展较快，20世纪以来，在世界上的影响越来越大。

我国早在19世纪70年代就翻译了朗费罗的《人生颂》（A Psalm of Life）.1901年，林抒翻译出版了第一部美国小说--斯托夫人的《黑奴吁天录》（Uncle Tom's Cabin，今译《汤姆叔叔的小屋》），在读者中引起极大的震动，使他们从黑奴身上看到自己亡国灭种的危险。

根据小说改编的话剧对我们的话剧运动的发展起很大的作用。

五四运动前后，惠特曼对郭沫若等诗人、奥尼尔对曹禺、洪深等戏剧家都产生过影响。

马克·吐温、辛克莱、德莱塞等人都曾受到鲁迅等左翼作家的好评。

改革开放以来，美国文学对我国新时期的作家们有着巨大的吸引力。

盛行一时的朦胧诗恐怕就是在美国及西方现代派诗歌的影响下产生的。

海明威、福克纳及塞林格等人几乎成为我们年轻一代作家文学创作的楷模。

至于在世界上，埃德加·爱伦·坡曾被法国象征派诗人称为他们的诗歌之父，福克纳对法国的萨特和加级以及拉丁美洲的加西亚·马尔克斯的影响也是有目共睹的事实。

美国作家喜爱的描写少年初涉人世，寻求生活道路和人生真谛的"成长小说"形式受到加拿大女作家的欣赏，也正在被我国的儿童文学作家所采用。

美国作家的探索、试验、创新的精神也激励着世界各国的作家不断革新，超越前人。

今天，在改革开放的时代，在我们加强跟美国的交往的时候，我们有必要学一点美国文学，了解他们的文化以促进与美国人民的交流、沟通和理解，同时也借以丰富我们的知识，充实我们的文化修养，提高我们的精神素质。

（二）严格地说，美国文学的形成应从美国立国开始。

但实际上，在此以前一二百年的殖民时期的文学虽然并不发达，主要以模仿为主，没有自己鲜明的特色，但那时的政治、经济和社会的发展对美国文学的形成还是有很大的影响。

例如，由于殖民者大量屠杀原来居住在北美大陆的印第安人，使他们的文化和民间口头文学的传统受到致命的摧残，因此美国文学没有英国《贝奥武甫》那样的口头文学遗产。

英美文学史名词解释

英美文学史名词解释
英美文学史是研究英国和美国的文学发展及其作品的学科。

在这个领域中，有许多重要的名词需要解释和拓展。

以下是其中几个关键的名词解释：
1. 古典主义：指的是17世纪至18世纪初期的文艺复兴时期，以古希腊和古罗马文化为基础的艺术和文学风格。

这一时期的作品强调对古典文学的借鉴，追求理性、秩序和对称。

2. 浪漫主义：指的是18世纪末至19世纪初期的文学和艺术运动，强调个人情感、幻想和对自然的热爱。

浪漫主义作品追求超越现实的境界，注重情感表达和个人体验。

3. 现实主义：19世纪中期至20世纪初期的文学流派，强调对现实生活的描写和分析。

现实主义作品试图通过真实和客观的方式呈现社会问题和人类经验，反映现实世界的复杂性。

4. 自然主义：19世纪末至20世纪初期的文学流派，强调环境和遗传对人性的影响。

自然主义作品探讨人类行为和性格的原因，强调环境和遗传因素对人们的决定性作用。

5. 现代主义：20世纪初期至中期的文学运动，突破传统的文学形式和观念。

现代主义作品倾向于使用非线性结构、流派交叉和意识流等实验性的写作技巧，探
索意识、时间和现代社会的复杂性。

除了这些名词，还有许多其他重要的概念和作品，如文艺复兴、启蒙运动、维多利亚时代、现代派诗歌、战争文学等。

研究英美文学史可以帮助我们了解不同时期的文学发展和作品背后的思想、价值观和文化背景。

考研英美文学基础知识

考研英美文学基础知识引言：英美文学是世界文学史上的重要组成部分，其源远流长，涵盖了丰富多样的文学作品和文化背景。

本文将从英美文学的起源和发展、代表作品以及对现代文学的影响等方面，介绍考研英美文学基础知识。

一、英美文学的起源和发展英美文学的起源可以追溯到古代英国和美洲原住民的口头传统。

英国的文学起步于古代民歌和英雄史诗，如《贝奥武夫》和《坎特伯雷故事集》。

而美洲原住民则通过口头传统将自己的文化和历史记录下来。

中世纪时期，英国文学开始出现骑士传奇和中世纪浪漫诗歌。

著名的作品有《亚瑟王传奇》和《诺曼征服者之歌》。

文艺复兴时期，英国文学迎来了巨大的发展，莎士比亚的作品成为了世界文学的瑰宝，如《哈姆雷特》和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》。

18世纪，英国文学迎来了启蒙运动，代表作家有弥尔顿和斯威夫特等。

19世纪则是英美文学的黄金时期，浪漫主义、现实主义和自然主义等文学流派相继兴起。

英国的浪漫主义代表作家有拜伦、雪莱和济慈，而美国的文学巨匠爱默生、霍桑和梭罗等也在这一时期崭露头角。

20世纪以后，英美文学进入了现代主义和后现代主义的阶段。

代表作家如乔伊斯、弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫和托马斯·品钦等，他们的作品对文学史产生了深远的影响。

二、英美文学的代表作品英美文学涵盖了众多经典的代表作品，这些作品不仅具有文学价值，更代表了不同历史时期和文化背景下的思想和情感。

英国文学的代表作品包括莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》，查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》，简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》，以及乔治·奥威尔的《1984》等。

美国文学的代表作品则有马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》，弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》，赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的《白鲸》，以及杰克·凯鲁亚克的《在路上》等。

这些作品通过不同的文学形式和风格，反映了当时社会的价值观和人类的内心世界，对后世的文学创作产生了深远的影响。

英美文学简史及名篇选读田祥斌课文

英美文学简史及名篇选读田祥斌课文一、引言英美文学是世界文学宝库中的重要组成部分。

在很大程度上，英美文学的发展与英国和美国两国的历史、文化以及社会背景密切相关。

本文将以田祥斌的教材为基础，深入探讨英美文学的发展史以及一些经典名篇的选读。

二、英美文学的发展史1. 古代文学时期•古代英国文学古代英国文学的代表作品主要包括《贝奥武夫》和《坎特伯雷故事集》等。

《贝奥武夫》是一部骑士传奇史诗，描绘了贝奥武夫的英雄故事，表现了中世纪骑士精神和荣誉观念。

《坎特伯雷故事集》由乔叟创作，以众多故事框架串联起来，展示了中世纪社会各阶层的人物形象和价值观念。

•古代美国文学古代美国文学的兴起主要可以追溯到十七世纪末的清教徒文学。

作家约翰·温斯罗普和威廉·布拉德福德等人的作品弘扬了清教徒的信仰和价值观念。

其中，布拉德福德的《普利茅斯记事》是美国殖民地时期最重要的文学作品之一。

2. 文艺复兴时期•文艺复兴时期英国文学文艺复兴时期英国文学的代表人物是莎士比亚。

他的作品包括许多戏剧，如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。

莎士比亚的作品不仅在当时英国的戏剧舞台上受到广泛关注，而且至今仍然被世界各地的观众所喜爱。

•文艺复兴时期美国文学文艺复兴时期美国文学的代表作品主要是新英格兰清教徒的文学创作。

著名作家如威廉·布莱克、安妮·布拉德斯威尔和艾米莉·狄金森等人的作品充满了宗教和道德的思考，并对美国文化产生了深远影响。

3. 浪漫主义时期•浪漫主义时期英国文学浪漫主义时期英国文学的代表人物包括济慈、拜伦和雪莱等。

这些作家的作品反映了个人情感、对自然的热爱以及对社会问题的关切。

其中，济慈的诗歌作品以其深情和美感闻名于世。

•浪漫主义时期美国文学浪漫主义时期美国文学的代表作家包括爱默生、霍桑和梭罗等。

他们注重个体的内心体验，强调与自然的和谐共处，同时也对社会问题表达了关切。

爱默生的《自然》和梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》被认为是美国浪漫主义文学的代表作之一。

英美文学发展史归纳总结

英美文学发展史归纳总结英美文学发展史可以追溯到17世纪，经历了数百年的演变和发展。

在这段时间里，英美作家创造了许多经典的文学作品，影响了世界各地的文化和艺术。

本文将概括总结英美文学发展史的重要里程碑和主要特点。

1. 宗教与殖民时期英美文学发展史的起点可以追溯到17世纪初的殖民时期。

当时的英国殖民者，主要是清教徒，带着宗教信仰来到美洲。

他们在殖民地建立了宗教社区，并创作了许多宗教文学作品，如《晓谕令》和《殖民新英格兰的宝藏》等。

这些作品强调对上帝的虔诚和个人敬畏，体现了清教徒的宗教信仰。

2. 哥伦布时代哥伦布发现新大陆后，许多探险家和旅行家开始记录他们的经历和发现。

这段时期被称为哥伦布时代，是英美文学发展史上的重要时期。

旅行家如约翰·史密斯和威廉·布拉德福在他们的作品中描述了新大陆的风景和文化，向欧洲读者展示了一个前所未见的世界。

3. 华盛顿·欧文和美国文学的诞生19世纪初，华盛顿·欧文成为美国文学的奠基人之一。

他以短篇小说集《河畔的传说》和《伊金刚的故事》等作品为人所知。

欧文的作品揭示了美国的历史和民间传说，塑造了许多著名的虚构角色，如睡美人和猛士伊金刚。

他被认为是美国短篇小说的鼻祖，对后来的美国作家产生了深远的影响。

4. 哈莱姆文艺复兴时期20世纪20年代，哈莱姆区成为美国黑人文学和文化的中心。

在这个时期，许多黑人作家如朗·邓恩和卡伦·霍纳等开始发表作品，并形成了哈莱姆文艺复兴的浪潮。

这些作家通过小说、诗歌和戏剧反映了黑人的社会经历和文化认同，挑战了当时的种族隔离和歧视。

5. 现代主义文学运动20世纪初，英美文学界出现了一股现代主义的文学运动。

这一运动以托马斯·哈代、弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙和T·S·艾略特等作家为代表，注重对内心世界的描绘和对传统文学形式的颠覆。

现代主义作品强调个人的体验和对现实的怀疑，追求形式上的创新和复杂性。

英美文学PPT课件

对未来发展的启示
激发创新精神
英美文学作品中所蕴含的创新精神和探索精神，可以激发读者的创新意识和创造力。
培养批判性思维
通过对英美文学作品的分析和解读，可以培养读者的批判性思维和独立思考能力。
引领社会进步
英美文学作品中所反映的社会问题和人性的探索，可以为解决现实问题提供启示，推动社会的进步和发展。
《哈姆雷特》赏析
• 总结词：莎士比亚的经典悲剧之一，讲述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特为报父仇而与亲人、爱人之间发生的一系列故事。
《哈姆雷特》赏析
• 详细描述 • 《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚的经典悲剧之一，讲述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特为报父仇
而与亲人、爱人之间发生的一系列故事。故事中充满了复仇、背叛、爱情和人性的挣扎等元素，通过这些元素的描绘，莎士比亚深刻地探讨了人性的复杂性和悲剧的本质。 • 哈姆雷特是一个复杂多面的人物形象，他既是一个勇敢、智慧的王子，又是一个内心充满矛盾和痛苦的人。他的性格特点和情感纠葛是小说的核心内容之一，通过他的经历，小说探讨了人性中的善恶、忠诚与背叛等问题。同时，《哈姆雷特》中的其他人物形象也十分鲜明，如克劳狄斯王后的虚伪、奥菲利娅的悲惨命运等。 • 《哈姆雷特》的语言优美、生动，情节曲折跌宕。莎士比亚运用了丰富的修辞手法和文学技巧，使得小说的表达更加生动有力。同时，《哈姆雷特》作为一部悲剧作品，深刻地探讨了人性的
《傲慢与偏见》赏析
• 总结词：简·奥斯丁的代表作，展现了19世纪英国乡村的日常生活和婚恋观念。
《傲慢与偏见》赏析
• 详细描述 • 简·奥斯丁的《傲慢与偏见》是一部描绘19世纪英国乡村生活和婚恋观念的经
典小说。通过对班纳特家庭中五个女儿的婚恋经历的叙述，展现了当时社会对于婚姻和家庭地位的看法。小说中通过对人物性格、社会习俗和道德观念的刻画，反映了当时社会的价值观和道德观念。 • 《傲慢与偏见》中的主要人物形象鲜明，伊丽莎白·班纳特和达西先生是小说中最具代表性的角色。他们的性格特点和情感纠葛是小说的核心内容。通过他们的经历，小说探讨了人性中的傲慢、偏见、爱情和社会地位等问题。 • 《傲慢与偏见》的语言优美、幽默，情节紧凑。小说中通过对人物心理活动的描写和对社会现象的讽刺，展现了简·奥斯丁独特的文学风格。同时，小说中通过对自然景观和乡村生活的描绘，展现了19世纪英国乡村的美丽风光和人文风情。

英美文学知识点总结

英美文学知识点总结英美文学是指在英国和美国国家领土内产生的文学作品，包括英国文学与美国文学。

英美文学史是人类文明史的一个重要组成部分，包括从古典到现代的文学作品，涵盖了从莎士比亚到奥斯卡·王尔德等众多作家的作品。

英美文学的知识点众多，具有深刻的历史、文化和社会背景，下面将总结英美文学知识点，帮助读者更好地了解和学习英美文学。

1. 英国文学的起源和发展英国文学的起源可追溯至中世纪，早期的英国文学作品包括《贝奥歌》、《坎特伯雷故事集》等。

而随着文艺复兴的到来，英国文学迎来了新的发展时期，莎士比亚、斯宾塞等众多作家的作品为英国文学的繁荣与发展奠定了基础。

18世纪的启蒙运动影响了英国文学的发展方向，霍华德、斯威夫特等作家的作品在英国文学史上留下了重要的痕迹。

2. 美国文学的诞生与发展美国文学的起源较晚，17世纪移民新英格兰书信文学是美国文学的开端。

18世纪，美国文学开始迈入现代化阶段，风格多样的文学作品层出不穷。

19世纪的浪漫主义运动、现实主义运动以及自然主义运动，都为美国文学的繁荣与发展贡献了力量。

3. 英美文学的经典作品在英美文学史上，有许多经典作品，这些作品对后世文学产生了深远的影响。

如莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》、奥斯卡·王尔德的《风华绝代》、简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》、查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》等。

4. 英美文学的主题和风格英美文学作品的主题和风格多种多样，既有对家国情怀的歌颂，也有对人性命运的探索。

从文艺复兴时期的骑士文学到现代主义文学，英美文学作品的风格也是千姿百态。

5. 英美文学的流派英美文学的作品涉及的流派众多，包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、散文等。

在戏剧方面，莎士比亚的作品是最具代表性的；在小说方面，狄更斯的作品是最为典型的；在诗歌方面，弗罗斯特的作品是最为著名的。

6. 英美文学的影响英美文学对全球文学产生了深远影响，从语言、风格、主题等方面都对其他国家的文学产生了影响。

英美文学史简介

英美文学主要内容

英美文学史简介

专业的英美文学史概览

英美文学的历史与发展

文学史知识：英美文学的发展历程和风格特点

英美文学重点知识归纳

英美文学简史

英美文学的历史背景与影响

英美文学简史及名篇选读

英美文学简史及名篇选读

英美文学概述

天津市考研外国语言文学复习资料英美文学与语言学重点知识点梳理

英美文学简介

英美文学史名词解释

考研英美文学基础知识

英美文学简史及名篇选读田祥斌课文

英美文学发展史归纳总结

英美文学PPT课件

英美文学 知识点总结

英美文学知识点总结