国际会计学第六版chapter(1)
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国际会计学第六版cha
Terminology 6.2 BANKGROUND AND TERMINOLOGY(P127-129)
• Conversio n
• Translation
• Act of exchanging • one type of
money • or security for • another
It is simply a change in monetary expression.
Spot & Foward exchange rate
Bid quote 买方出价
• Is what the foreign exchange dealer would pay you for foreign currency.
ask quote 卖方报价
• Is the rate at which the dealer would sell you foreign currency.
currency translation differ from the
current rate method? What is the relationship between
currency translation and inflation?
Why do Firms Translate? 〔P127〕
Types of Transaction Rates
Spot transactions: the physical exchange of one currency for another in which delivery takes place immediately. 〔P128〕
Factors:
Learning Objectives
第1章国际会计
（1）全球性国际组织
（2）地域性国际组织 （3）其他民间国际组织
第二节 会计国际化的协调进程与面 临的困境 一、国际组织的协调活动
1、联合国在会计国际化中活动
（1）概况
1945年10月24日《联合国宪章》签定生效。 是一个统一的世界性综合性的政府间国际 组织，现有192个会员国。
（2）设立国际会计研究与协调机构
1972年建立跨国公司委员会和跨国公司中心
1976年建立会计和报告国际准则专家组 1979年，成立了有34个成员国代表参加的会计和 报告国际准则特设政府间专家工作小组小组 1982年，常设的会计与报告国际准则政府间专家 工作组。 成果不好 提供讨论、支持IASC
2、欧盟的会计协调与转轨
美国管理会计认证考试(IMA)
美国（IMA）目前是一个拥有70万会员的专业组织。 IMA主要从事注册管理会计师（ CMA) ）及注册财 务管理师（ CFM ）的考试认证工作。 是目前全球管理会计及财务管理领域的最权威的 证照。 拥有中/英文双语试卷的CMA认证被列为中国国际 化人才重点培养项目。中国地区已于1999年9开始 CMA考试。
（2）兼具国际和国内性质的会计师事务 所
会计职业界提供国际性服务的第二个层次。 目前在世界上约有20多家，其前4名的年营业额只 是“四大”的1/7——1/8。
（3）国内会计师事务所为从事国际业务 而进行的临时性协作
会计职业界提供国际性服务的第三个层次
目前可在国内参加考试、国外认证的会计 师资格证书主要有 ACCA（特许公认注册会计师） AIA（国际会计师专业资格证书）
二战后，国际贸易的迅猛发展，国际借贷、国际 筹资活动日益增多；伴随国际资本流动而来的是 货币市场和资本市场的国际化；促进了经济的全 球化。
国际会计学第六版chapter_1
Consolidation of foreign accounts Accounting for foreign currency fluctuations Accounting for changing prices International planning and control Performance evaluation of foreign operations Financial risk management International taxation and transfer pricing
International Accounting, 6/e Frederick D.S. Choi Gary K. Meek
Chapter 1: Introduction
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1
Learning Objectives
How is international accounting distinct from domestic accounting?
Accounting serves people and institutions whose decisions are international in scope.
Accounting diversity creates a demand for harmonization.
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Contributing Factors (contin)
Growth and spread of multinational operations
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International Accounting, 6/e Frederick D.S. Choi Gary K. Meek
Chapter 1: Introduction
Choi/Meek, 6/e
1
Learning Objectives
How is international accounting distinct from domestic accounting?
Accounting serves people and institutions whose decisions are international in scope.
Accounting diversity creates a demand for harmonization.
Choi/Meek, 6/e
9
Contributing Factors (contin)
Growth and spread of multinational operations
Choi/Meek, 6/e
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国际会计学第六版chapter1共24页文档
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Contris international heritage
Double-entry originates in the Italian city states.
Bookkeeping spreads to Germany and assists the spread of capitalism.
What is meant by the term, global capital markets, and what does development mean for capital market participants?
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2
What is International Accounting?
Domestic accounting: an information specialty providing information about a firm to users of that information as a basis for economic decisions.
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Dutch enhance income measurement.
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French use accounting for governmental planning and control.
Double entry assists the British in managing and controlling commercial interests in the colonies.
Consolidation of foreign accounts Accounting for foreign currency fluctuations Accounting for changing prices International planning and control Performance evaluation of foreign operations Financial risk management International taxation and transfer pricing
第一章 国际大会计概述
• 一、传统国际商务理论 • （一）静态传统国际商务理论 • （二）动态优势理论
一、传统国际商务理论
• （一）静态传统国际商务理论 • 1.静态传统国际商务理论含义。传
统国际商务理论的兴趣是在静态的意 义上, 取出发展阶段静止的断面, 在严 格假定的基础上分析贸易形式, 从福利 角度解释对外贸易产生的利益, 它所分 析的是已经标准化的商品和初级产品 的贸易。假定技术水平不变、生产要 素在国际间不能流动, 从而各国优势固 定不变。
（二）国际会计的发展
• 根据国际会计发展的重要阶段及主要事件以及
国际会计重点的转移过程。国际会计的发展主
要经历了三个阶段:
• 第一阶段是从1900年至1972年，在此期间的国
际会计进展较为缓慢，主要是陆续成立了一些
国际性的组织，召开了一些学术研讨会。当时
的工作虽然没有涉及国际会计理论的实质性内
容，但为以后的研究起到了探索和铺垫的作用
二、国际会计的必要性与可行性
• （一）国际会计的必要性 • （二）国际会计的可行性--会计准则的国际化
（一）国际会计的必要性
• （一）国际会计的必要性 • 1.适应经济全球化的要求。 • 2.作为经济全球化的保障。 • 3.遵循成本效益原则。
（二）国际会计的可行性—— 会计准则的国际化
• 国际会计的本质是国际会计的重点从“协调化”转向“标准化”，即建立和推行 一套世界通用的国际会计准则。
国际会计第一章 国际会计概述
第一节 国际会计的形成和发展
一、国际会计及其发展 （一）国际会计的概念 （二）国际会计的发展 （三）国际会计的特征
（一）国际会计的概念
• 1. 国际会计(International Accounting)。国际 会计内容广阔但研究时间较短，因此，较难有一个 确切的定义。美国加州理工大学教授M.Zafar Iqbal等认为，国际会计是针对国际间经济业务的 会计，是对不同国家会计准则的比较，以及世界范 围内的会计准则的协调。而美国会计学家Weirch和 Anderson则进一步将国际会计细化为三个概念，即 跨国公司会计(Multinational Corporation Accounting)、比较会计(Comparative accounting)和世界会计(World Accounting)。
一、传统国际商务理论
• （一）静态传统国际商务理论 • 1.静态传统国际商务理论含义。传
统国际商务理论的兴趣是在静态的意 义上, 取出发展阶段静止的断面, 在严 格假定的基础上分析贸易形式, 从福利 角度解释对外贸易产生的利益, 它所分 析的是已经标准化的商品和初级产品 的贸易。假定技术水平不变、生产要 素在国际间不能流动, 从而各国优势固 定不变。
（二）国际会计的发展
• 根据国际会计发展的重要阶段及主要事件以及
国际会计重点的转移过程。国际会计的发展主
要经历了三个阶段:
• 第一阶段是从1900年至1972年，在此期间的国
际会计进展较为缓慢，主要是陆续成立了一些
国际性的组织，召开了一些学术研讨会。当时
的工作虽然没有涉及国际会计理论的实质性内
容，但为以后的研究起到了探索和铺垫的作用
二、国际会计的必要性与可行性
• （一）国际会计的必要性 • （二）国际会计的可行性--会计准则的国际化
（一）国际会计的必要性
• （一）国际会计的必要性 • 1.适应经济全球化的要求。 • 2.作为经济全球化的保障。 • 3.遵循成本效益原则。
（二）国际会计的可行性—— 会计准则的国际化
• 国际会计的本质是国际会计的重点从“协调化”转向“标准化”，即建立和推行 一套世界通用的国际会计准则。
国际会计第一章 国际会计概述
第一节 国际会计的形成和发展
一、国际会计及其发展 （一）国际会计的概念 （二）国际会计的发展 （三）国际会计的特征
（一）国际会计的概念
• 1. 国际会计(International Accounting)。国际 会计内容广阔但研究时间较短，因此，较难有一个 确切的定义。美国加州理工大学教授M.Zafar Iqbal等认为，国际会计是针对国际间经济业务的 会计，是对不同国家会计准则的比较，以及世界范 围内的会计准则的协调。而美国会计学家Weirch和 Anderson则进一步将国际会计细化为三个概念，即 跨国公司会计(Multinational Corporation Accounting)、比较会计(Comparative accounting)和世界会计(World Accounting)。
国际会计学第六版cha(1)
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Have a basic working knowledge of accounting classifications and how they compare with one another.
Explain the difference between the “fair presentation” and “legal compliance” orientations of accounting and identify nations in which each is prevalent.
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5
Development
Sources of finance – who, how many, how close? Equity markets
Profits measure how well managers have run the company.
Accounting is used to assess cash flows, risks, and to value the firm.
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Political and economic ties
Accounting ideas and technologies are transferred through conquest, commerce, and other forces.
Inflation
Extensive disclosures.
Banks
Conservative earnings for creditor protection. Less extensive disclosures.
国际财务管理第六版中文版第一章
114其他目标发生在安然世通和环球电讯等公司的一系列丑闻中公司管理人员在监管不力的情况下以牺牲股东利益为代价追求个人利益这些灾难使人们沉重认识到公司治理的重要性也就是说建立一种监控公司管理层和股东之间关系的财务法律架构
国际财务管理
Sixth Edition
EUN / RESNICK
1-0
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
1-5
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What’s Special about “International” Finance?
市场不完全Market Imperfections 法律限制商品、人员和资本的跨国自由流动 交易成本 运输成本 税收套利 有人甚至说，跨国公司是市场不完全所带来的 礼物。
国际财务管理的目标
本书的重点在于使读者具备全球管理人员的知 识储备。—but what goal should this effective global managhareholder wealth? or Other Goals?
Currency futures and options Multi-currency bonds Cross-border stock listings International mutual funds
1-17
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
国际财务管理
Sixth Edition
EUN / RESNICK
1-0
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
1-5
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What’s Special about “International” Finance?
市场不完全Market Imperfections 法律限制商品、人员和资本的跨国自由流动 交易成本 运输成本 税收套利 有人甚至说，跨国公司是市场不完全所带来的 礼物。
国际财务管理的目标
本书的重点在于使读者具备全球管理人员的知 识储备。—but what goal should this effective global managhareholder wealth? or Other Goals?
Currency futures and options Multi-currency bonds Cross-border stock listings International mutual funds
1-17
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
国际会计学第六版chapter-2
Reveals what group members have in common, and What distinguishes groups from each other
5
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Development
Sources of finance – who, how many, how close? Equity markets
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Development (contin)
Taxation
Must companies record revenues and expenses in their accounts to claim them for tax purposes?
Are financial accounting and taxation the same? Or are they different?
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Development (contin)
Linking the two:
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Classification
Four approaches to accounting development (Mueller 1967)
Macroeconomic approach
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Classification
Helps understand why and how national accounting systems differ. Helps analyze whether these systems are converging or diverging. Are a way of viewing the world.
国际会计 第一章
85400
75700 135500 171200 268200 366300 75700 135500 171200 268200 366300 34600 47100 68200 16700 24900 45300 54600 70500
中南美 13600 22400
全球*
3816
00
7805
00
3174 41219 721 151887
288546
13142 124177 13408 525609
资料来源：普化永道2001
国际化的货币、资本融资，客观上对贷款人或 筹资者提出了提供在国际间可比且可信的财务 信息的要求，大大加快了会计国际化的进程。 伴随着货币、资本市场的国际化，国际金融机 构，如国际货币基金组织、世界银行、国际性 的证券交易所快速发展，已经成为推动会计国 际化的重要力量。 在国际化货币、资本市场中，金融工具证券化 及其创新迅猛发展，推动了金融工具会计处理 的国际性研究，丰富了会计国际化的内容。
（一）会计的世袭遗产就是国际性的 （即会计具有能国际化的特性）
意大利式的复式簿记 英国的会计、审计方法 和会计职业界组织 美国的管理会计的概念和实务 、财务会计的 理论与实务 可见：在长期的历史进程中，会计的理论和 方法都有一种国际渗透的趋向，随商业活动 的扩展而传播。 思考：会计是随商业活动的扩展而传播的吗？
单ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้：百万美元
1999年 23963
总计
86335
欧洲
非洲/中东 亚太地区 拉美 总计
31526
1797 12235 878 57725
49873
1612 21687 5204 93134
68180
国际会计International Accounting(chapter1)
10
In debt-oriented capital market: Companies annual reports tends to be more matter-of fact. Cause:Bank financing is the main source of capital for companies in those countries.The banker providing the loan doesn’t mainly depend on the annual reports (2) Substantive level equity-oriented capital market : Since stockholders are the primary providers of capital, the companies try to put the best face on them. Debt-oriented capital market : There is a tendency to under report earnings. e.g. German firms’ earnings computed in acc. principles are lower than that computed in U.S. acc. principles
11
(二) the level of sophistication of financial instruments equity-oriented countries-----complex and innovative financial instruments Debt-oriented countries----relatively simple (三) the level of globalization of capital markets -----The influence will vary with the type of nondomestic firms that enter a country’s capital market If the entering firms are from a country with high financial reporting and disclosure requirements,this will raise the level of financial reporting e.g. U.S. firms list on the London Stock Exchange
国际会计第六版教学设计
国际会计第六版教学设计一. 教学目标本课程的目标是：1.让学生了解国际财务报告的背景与作用；2.帮助学生掌握财务会计部分的相关知识；3.告诉学生如何比较与分析财务报告；4.让学生掌握财务报告的编制与解读方法。
二. 教学内容本课程的教学内容如下：1. 国际财务报告背景与作用•国际财务报告的定义和要求•国际财务报告标准体系2. 财务会计部分•资产负债表•利润表•现金流量表3. 比较与分析财务报告•财务比率分析•财务趋势分析•财务结构分析4. 财务报告的编制与解读方法•财务报告编制准则•财务报告解读技巧三. 教学方法1.讲课：通过PPT等教案，向学生阐述相关概念和知识点。
2.分组讨论：将学生分成小组，让每组讨论财务报告相关的案例和问题，提高学生的思考和沟通能力。
3.实践操作：让学生通过财务报告解读实践操作，加深其对财务报告理解。
四. 文献资料•Deegan, C. M. (2014). Financial Accounting Theory.4th ed. United States: Mcgraw-hill.•Kieso, D. E., Weygandt, J. J., & Warfield, T. D.(2016). Intermediate Accounting.16th ed. United States: John Wiley & Sons.•IFRS2018).IFRS Standards - Consolidated without early application. International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).五. 评价方法1.学生平时表现（40%）：包括参与度、思考问题能力、作业完成情况等各方面表现。
2.期末论文（60%）：学生需撰写一篇不少于3000字的论文，探讨财务报告某一方面的问题，如财务比率分析等。
六. 教学日程时间教学内容第1周国际财务报告背景与作用第2-4周财务会计部分第5-6周比较与分析财务报告第7周财务报告的编制与解读方法第8-9周学生小组讨论及实践操作第10周学生期末论文答辩七. 总结思考本课程是国际会计领域的入门课程，涉及到了财务报告的方方面面，因此，在教学设计中增加了分组讨论及实践操作环节，使得学生不仅能够掌握相关理论知识，还能够在实践中不断提高自己的分析与解读财务报告的能力。
国际会计学第六版cha(1)
Dual financial reporting is becoming more common, particularly where duality is sanctioned.
Development (contin)
Level of economic development
Affects the types of transactions and which ones are most prevalent in the economy which, in turn,
Are financial accounting and taxation the same?
Or are they different?
Political and economic ties
Accounting ideas and technologies are transferred through conquest, commerce, and other forces.
Have a basic working knowledge of accounting classifications and how they compare with one another.
Explain the difference between the “fair presentation〞 and “legal compliance〞 orientations of accounting and identify nations in which each is prevalenapproach
Accounting derived from microeconomics.
▪ Maintaining physical capital ▪ Separation of capital and income ▪ Replacement costs
Development (contin)
Level of economic development
Affects the types of transactions and which ones are most prevalent in the economy which, in turn,
Are financial accounting and taxation the same?
Or are they different?
Political and economic ties
Accounting ideas and technologies are transferred through conquest, commerce, and other forces.
Have a basic working knowledge of accounting classifications and how they compare with one another.
Explain the difference between the “fair presentation〞 and “legal compliance〞 orientations of accounting and identify nations in which each is prevalenapproach
Accounting derived from microeconomics.
▪ Maintaining physical capital ▪ Separation of capital and income ▪ Replacement costs
国际会计学第六版chapter_6-42页文档资料
Is similar to a translation gain or loss as it results from a restatement process.
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Types of Translation Methods
Single rate method: applies a single exchange rate, the current rate, to all foreign currency assets and liabilities.
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How does a translation gain or loss differ from a transactions gain or loss?
Is there more than one way of translating financial statements from one currency to another? If so, what are they?
Preserves the original cost equivalent of a foreign currency item in the reporting currency.
Use of historical rates do not give rise to
translation gains or losses, which are
At the transaction date, each asset, liability, revenue, and expense denominated in a foreign currency is measured and recorded in the functional currency of the reporting entity at the spot exchange rate in effect on that date.
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Types of Translation Methods
Single rate method: applies a single exchange rate, the current rate, to all foreign currency assets and liabilities.
Choi/Meek, 6/e
2
How does a translation gain or loss differ from a transactions gain or loss?
Is there more than one way of translating financial statements from one currency to another? If so, what are they?
Preserves the original cost equivalent of a foreign currency item in the reporting currency.
Use of historical rates do not give rise to
translation gains or losses, which are
At the transaction date, each asset, liability, revenue, and expense denominated in a foreign currency is measured and recorded in the functional currency of the reporting entity at the spot exchange rate in effect on that date.
国际会计学第六版chapter_1Introduction培训资料
Choi/Meek, 6/e
6
Contributing Factors
Accounting’s international heritage
Double-entry originates in the Italian city states.
Bookkeeping spreads to Germany and assists the spread of capitalism.
Choi/Meek, 6/e
2
What external and internal reporting issues arise when business and investing transcend national borders?
What is meant by the term, global capital markets, and what does development mean for capital market participants?
Consolidation of foreign accounts Accounting for foreign currency fluctuations Accounting for changing prices International planning and control Performance evaluation of foreign operations Financial risk management International taxation and transfer pricing
programs
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Contributing Factors (contin)
国际会计学第六版_cha
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AMF – Financial Markets Authority Supervises securities markets
OEC – Institute of Public Accountants Represents the accounting profession Members prepare financial statements, and provide tax, information systems, and management advisory services
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France
Overview
“The Plan” – national uniform chart of accounts (national accounting code)
Objectives and principles of financial reporting Definitions of elements Recognition and valuation rules Standardized chart of accounts Model financial statements
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CNCC – National Institute of Statutory Auditors
Members audit and give an opinion on financial statements
Must report criminal acts to the High Council of External Auditors
Develops recommendations for consolidated financial statements
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the price of a unit of the domestic currency in
terms of the foreign currency.
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Forward transaction: agreements to exchange a specified amount of one currency for another at a future date.
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How does a translation gain or loss differ from a transactions gain or loss?
Is there more than one way of translating financial statements from one currency to another? If so, what are they?
How does the temporal method of currency translation differ from the current rate method?
What is the relationship between currency
translation and inflation?
Facilitates the measurement of a firm’s exposure to foreign exchange risk.
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Facilitates the recording of foreign currency transactions; i.e., foreign currency sales, purchases, borrowing or lending in the consolidated entity’s reporting currency.
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Functional currency is the primary currency in which the reporting entity transacts business and generates and spends cash; e.g., dollars in the case of a U.S. reporting entity.
Spot transaction: occurs when an enterprise purchases or sells goods for which payment is made in a foreign currency, or when it borrows or lends foreign currency.
Swap transaction: involves the simultaneous spot purchase and forward sale, or spot sale and forward purchase of a currency.
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Accounting for Spot Transactions
International Accounting, 6/e Frederick D.S. Choi Gary K. Meek
Chapter 6:
Foreign Currency Translation
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Learning Objectives
Why do firms translate from one currency to another?
What is the difference between a spot, forward, and swap transaction?
What exchange rates are used in the currency translation process and what are their financial statement effects?
Facilitates reporting domestic accounts to foreign audiences-of-interest.
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Spot transactions: the physical exchange of one currency for another in which delivery takes place immediately.
Direct quote: the exchange rate specifies the number of domestic currency units needed to acquire a unit of foreign currency.
Indirect quote: the exchange rate specifies
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Why do Firms Translate?
Facilitates the preparation of consolidated financial statements that allow readers to see the performance of a multinational company’s total operations both domestic and foreign.
At the transaction date, each asset, liability, revenue, and expense denominated in a foreign currency is measured and recorded in the functional currency of the reporting entity at the spot exchange rate in effect on that date.