托福必背 Paraphrase同义替换 词汇整理
paraphrase
paraphrase: Although Cairo has been the world's most heavily populated city for many years, the precise population was not known until four weeks ago.
3. 转变词性： The bomb exploded and caused many casualties.
paraphrase: The explosion caused many casualties.
4. 改变语态
We can relate a study of this kind to texts in other media too
关于PARAPHRASE
paraphrase是最重要的一种英文技能： 所谓的用英文思考最终就体现在能用 不同的句子表达相同的东西。常见的 paraphrase的方法：使用同义词，转 换词性，转换语态，句子关系替换等。 具体例子如下，划线部分皆有替换关 系：
1.使用同义词： It is worth looking at one or two aspects of the way a mother behaves towards her baby.
paraphrase: A study of this kind can be related to texts in other media too.
5. 综合
It has long been known that Cairo is the most populous city on earth, but no-one knew exactly how populous it was until last month.
托福阅读中的同义替换
托福阅读中的同义替换在托福考试中阅读的词汇量要求最大，这给很多学生都增加了负担，其实在提到一些难词、术语时一般都会进行paraphrase，即以更常见、更简单的词来解释说明这些词，通俗的说就是将这些不太好理解的单词进行同义替换。
一般说来，我们可以从如下几个方面来进行paraphrase转述表达：1. 同义词、反义词的替换AThe elephant is another animal that lives in groups. An elephant herd usually has from twenty to forty members. The elephants in theherd depend on one another for help in time of trouble.解析：此处groups/ herd是同义词;BDinosaurs were ancient species of reptiles. They lived on Earth for 160 million years. Some dinosaurs were as small as rabbits; others were enormous. Some ate meat, and others ate plants. They disappeared about 65 million years ago. Scientists believe that they starved to death. They think the climate changed quickly and caused many plants to die.解析：此处lived/ disappeared;small/enormous; meat /plants均为反义词词组;2. 词义词性的替换CRecently, more airport officers have been shocked by the growth of animal smuggling. Sometimes, they find live turtles, lizards, frogs, and snakes in passengers' carry-on bags. Smugglers use several tricks to bring animals through airports. They put live snakes into film boxes and birds into tennis ball cans. Police even found an iguana taped to a man's chest. Not all animals are smuggled alive, however. Many die on the way. Animal body parts are also found. These include antlers, skins, dried organs, hooves, or feet.解析：此处smuggling、Smugglers、smuggled都是单词smuggle的不同形式，为了表达不同的词性，做不同的成分，分别使用了不同的词性和词义。
托福口语替换词汇之中性词+贬义词
托福口语替换词汇之中性词+贬义词托福高级形容词替换之中性词+贬义词中性形容词1、许多 manynumerous ['nju?m(?)r?s]Numerous factories have sprung up in this once desolate area.过去这一带满目苍凉，现在却有了无数的工厂。
a host ofThe special theory of relativity has raised a host of questions.狭义相对论引出了许多问题。
multitude ofI was awed by the multitude of stars in the night sky.夜空中的繁星震撼了我。
2、不同的 differentvarious['ve?r??s]These data have been collected from various sources.这些数据是从各方面搜集来的。
a variety ofA variety of heavy industries grew up alongside the port.各种重工业沿着港口逐渐开展起来。
diverse[da?'v??s]People hold diverse attitudes toward these new regulations.人们对于这些新规定抱有不同的态度。
3、普遍的 commoncommonplace ['k?m?nple?s]Yet on the most commonplace occasion I can never know your thoughts.然而即便在最普通的事情上我也琢摸不透你的心思。
universal[ju?n?'v??s(?)l]Such problems are a universal feature of senior citizens.这类问题是老年人的通病。
paraphrase技巧例子
paraphrase技巧例子Paraphrasing（释义重述）是指用不同的措辞或表达方式来表达相同的含义。
这在写作、学术论文、或者进行文本转述时很有用。
以下是一些paraphrasing技巧的例子：1. 同义词替换：原文：The cat is on the mat.释义：The feline is on the rug.2. 更改句子结构：原文：The conference will take place in Paris next month.释义：Next month, the conference is scheduled to happen in Paris.3. 使用不同的形容词和副词：原文：She spoke loudly and confidently.释义：She spoke with a strong and assured voice.4. 变换时态：原文：The team won the championship last year.释义：Last year, the championship was won by the team.5. 改变从句的语序：原文：Although it was raining, they decided to go for a walk.释义：Despite the rain, they chose to take a walk.6. 加入或删除细节：原文：The painting depicts a serene mountain landscape.释义：In the painting, there is a calm landscape featuring mountains and rivers.7. 变化句子的语气：原文：He must finish the project by Friday.释义：It is imperative that he completes the project by Friday.8. 转换主动语态和被动语态：原文：The chef prepared a delicious meal.释义：A delicious meal was prepared by the chef.9. 使用近义词或短语：原文：The concept is difficult to understand.释义：Grasping the idea can be challenging.10. 删减或合并句子：原文：She has a habit of arriving late, which annoys her colleagues.释义：Her habit of arriving late is a source of annoyance for her colleagues.这些例子展示了paraphrasing的不同技巧，通过运用这些技巧，你可以更灵活地表达相同的意思，从而使文本更加多样化和富有表达力。
托福写作同义词替换大全
托福写作同义词替换⼤全在同学们平常学习⽣活中，总能看见⼀些同义词，在托福写作中进⾏同义词替换，以此来增加⽂章语⾔的多样性，在这⾥托福⼩编对同义词都做了⼀个整理，从⽽帮助⼤家备考。
托福写作同义词替换⼤全1合适的： suitable/ advisable/ sound/ temperate/ rational/ preferable/ reliable/ fitting/ modest/ moderate 精致的： elegant/ delicate/ elaborate/subtle美好的： gorgeous/ glorious/ splendid/ admirable/ breathtaking/ impressive/ spectacular/ superb杰出的： outstanding/ distinguished/ eminent/ excellent/ supreme/ extraordinary/ prominent/ matchless/ foremost托福写作同义词替换⼤全2著名的： famous/ illustrious/ celebrated/ notable聪明的： intelligent/ wise/ ingenious/ sensible/ smart/ clever/ knowledgeable/ capable⼤的： immense/ huge/ spacious/ prodigious/ massive/ enormous/ vast/ tremendous/ expansive⼩的： slight/ tiny/ microscopic/ small/ diminutive/ minuscule重要的： important/ significant/ concernful/ pivotal/ superb/ momentous/ vital/ primary/ essential/ principal/ leading/ major/ dominant/ predominant/ fateful最好的： optimum/ premium托福写作同义词替换⼤全3基本的： underlying/ elementary/ fundamental/ essential/ cardinal不⾜的： insufficient/ scanty/ meager/ needy/ poor/ scarce/ devoid/ empty/ lacking充⾜的： fraught/ sufficient/ enough/ adequate/ abundant过多的： excessive/ redundant/ overabundant/ inordinate特殊的： unique/ matchless/ unrivaled/ extraordinary / special奇怪的： odd/ bizarre/ quaint/ weird/ queer相似的： similar/ approximate/ proximate/ homogeneous/ identical/ equal/ equivalent/ coordinate.托福写作同义词替换⼤全4⽆效的： null/ invalid/ void有效的： valid/ acceptable/ effective/ resultful/ efficient/ competent⾼兴的： delightful/ happy/ hilarious/ exultant/ gleeful/ joyous/ exalted/ blessed/ pleasing/ amusing成就，成功： success/ triumph/ victory/ accomplishment/ achievement/ fruition/ consummation/ attainments失败： failure/ be defeated/ a case of crabs观点： point of view/ standpoint/ viewpoint/ frame of reference/ theory托福写作同义词替换⼤全5财产： treasure/ profit/ fortune/ moneybag/ wealth/ belongings/ estate/ possessions/ property/ riches/ worth好处： advantage/ behoof/ benefit/ gain/ good/ stead优点： excellence/ merit/ strongpoint/ virtue缺点： bug/ disfigurement/ limitation/ objection/ vice/ lacuna/ defect/downside发展： development/ evolution/ progress/ grow普及： popularization/ prevalence.。
Howtoparaphrase
HowtoparaphraseHow to paraphrase不会paraphrase的原因：1、客观原因阅读材料晦涩难懂，可能由于陌生词汇多，或者概念难理解，无法进行概括总结2、主观原因阅读量少，懒于练习，缺少方法。
Paraphrase的四种基本方法：同义词替换单词顺序调换单词形式改变主被动语态肯定否定转换一、Paraphrasing with synonyms同义词替换近义词替换是最常用的paraphrase方法，主要还是实意词（Content words),比如动词（verb)，形容词（Adjective)，副词（Adverb)的替换。
如importance可以换成significance，distinctive可以写作unique。
My car needs petrol.变成：My vehicle requires fuel.Clovis argued that significant improvements were required.变成：Clovis stated that substantial progress was needed.Students’responses to the questionnaire were collected quickly.变成：Students’answers to the survey were obtained rapidly.二．Reversing the order of information单词顺序调换一个句子中会有不一样的信息，通过改变信息的位置也是可以达到转述的目的，改变词序时要注意语法，有时候需要增减单词或改变单词的形式以确保句子的语法正确。
如果不能保证改变语法正确，便最好不要改变单词的位置。
As languages such as Spanish, Chinese and English become more widely used, there is a fear that that many minoritylanguages may die out.变成：There is a fear that many minority languages may die out, as languages such as Spanish, Chinese and English become more widely used.I finished my undergraduate study at University of Leicester in 1996.变成In 1996,I got my bachelor degree from University of Leicester.三、单词形式改变一个单词有多种不同的形式，譬如，名词，动词，形容词和副词，通过改变词性也可以重新paraphrase。
听力常用替换词
雅思听力常用同义词雅思听力中paraphrase，也就是转述或者同义词转换的能力是至关重要的，大多数题目（80%以上）考察的关键就是学生能不能听出录音中说的是题目中关键词的代替词，比如You’d be expected to write an essay each month……and also you need to hand in a short report every four weeks. 而题目问的是What two types of coursework are required each month on the part-time course这里如果考生掌握了every four weeks就是each month 的复现词也是它的同义转换词那么这道题就很容易选出an essay和a short report这两个选项。
以下是我为同学们总结的雅思考试常见同义词,希望能在你们做听力练习的时候有所帮助。
课class /session 报告report/essay 餐厅canteen /refectory/dining room认为believe/assume/suppose 买purchase/buy 限制constrain/restrict/limit环境circumstance/surroundings/environment 繁荣prosperous/thriving/booming/flourishing 有毒的poisonous/toxic 相似look like/resemble 预测forecast/predict分类categorize/classify 代替substitute/replace 导致contribute to/lead to/result in 缺乏inadequate/insufficient/lack/short of 强调emphasize/stress/highlight/focus on明显的apparently/obviously/evidently 组织，机构association/organization超过exceed/surpass 多样的diversity/variety 贫穷poor/in poverty/impoverished 任务job/assignment/task 当前recent/current/nowadays/present/up-to-date重要significant/important/essential/vital/critical 主要的major/most/main/principle解决solve/resolve/deal with/cope with/handle/tackle/address/settle/figure out/work out消除，摆脱get rid of/eliminate 依赖rely on/depend on/ count on要求require/demand/ask/request 给予give/offer/provide 发展develop/cultivate 巨大的significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/remarkable将近approximately/almost/about 参与be involved in/join in/participate许多a lot of/a significant proportion of/a wide range of/a variety of鉴于，考虑到given/considering/in regard to/ 能力capacity/ability复杂的complex/complicated/sophisticated 确保secure/ensure/guarantee唯一的solely/only/merely 房子空的available/vacant/unoccupied/on lease房东landlord/landlady/property owner 最大值maximum/up to最小值minimum/start from 提前ahead/in advance 入口entrance/access预定book/make a booking/reserve/make a reservation 注册enroll/register期刊periodical/journal 研讨课，补习班seminar/workshop包括include/involve 科目subject/discipline 遗传descend/inherit优点advantage/merit/plus/virtue/positive/benefit/strength缺点disadvantage/demerit/minus/drawback/negative/downside/weekness/shortcoming危险danger/hazard/threat/risk 费用fee/charge 允许permit/allow专家expert/specialist 考试成绩score/mark/exam result灾难disaster/catastrophe 污染pollute/contaminate下降decrease/fall/drop/dip/plunge/decline/downward上升increase/rise/go up/surge/hike/ascend/grow 发现discover/find遇到come across/encounter 在…方面in term of/with regard to基础的basic/fundamental 抓住catch/seize/grab著名的famous/renowned/celebrated/made someone’s name致命的lethal/fatal 指出indicate/show/point out工资pay/salary/wage 获得gain/get/obtain/acquire经济financial/economy 成就achievement/accomplishment/feat因素factor/element/reason/contributor 结果result/outcome/consequence困难difficulty/hardship/trouble 盈余surplus/have more than it need论文dissertation/essay 调查investigate/research/survey/questionnaire进行，执行carry out/conduct/implement 起草draw up/draft/prepare贷款loan/credit 数据statistics/data/figure 开始start/embark on/initiate晚于later than/dated after 发明innovation/invention/new things方法way/approach/method 搬move/relocate 努力try/struggle/strive/endeavor。
paraphrase (1) 雅思同义词
核心同义词转换重要important, valuable, essential, critical, crucial, vital, indispensable, turning point, require, depend on，priority下降decline, descend, fall, drop, slump, reduce, lessen, minimize, vanish(消失) 上升raise, rise, boom, grow, soar, surge, ascend, speed up, accelerate,充足enough, sufficient, suffice, adequate, plenty, abundant不足defective, inadequate, insufficient, scarce, shortage, lack, deplete促进boost, promote, enhance, further, facilitate繁荣flourish, boom, prosper, thrive有利的beneficial, profitable, rewarding, productive,成功achievement, accomplishments, feats, pay-off致命的deadly, fatal, lethal, mortal优点advantageous, virtue, merit, benefit, positive side,方法approach, access减轻relieve, alleviate退化deteriorate, degenerate, degrade落后的rudimentary, primitive破坏devastate, destroy, demolish, damage, spoil, ruin有害的harmful, devastating, detrimental, disastrous, destructive, catastrophic有毒的poisonous, toxic, noxious复杂的complex, complicated, sophisticated缺点disadvantage, failing, defect, fault, weakness, negative side, drawback, flaw, shortcoming阻碍obstacle, barrier, hurdle, hinder,快速的rapid, swift, quick, instant, immediate, prompt渐渐的gradual, step by step, by degrees 影响influence, effect, impact(负面)干涉interfere, intervene, disturb, disrupt很多的considerable, substantial, countless, numerous, innumerable, enormous, tremendous, dramatic, significant, vast, broad, wide, great强烈的intense, intensive, severe, extreme, drastic, explosive基本的fundamental, basic, foundation 卓越的excellent, stand out, exceptional, distinguished, remarkable, extraordinary, prominent, eminent, dominant明显的marked, obvious, evident, apparent, remarkable与…有关connected with, link to, associate with, relate to, involve with, concern with, with regard to, regarding, concerning, on, about创新novel, innovative, creative, original 最近的recent, current, nowadays, present, contemporary适合的appropriate, proper, suitable, fit 昂贵的expensive, costly, luxurious客观的objective, unbiased, impersonal公平的fair, equal, equitable, impartial, just随意的casual, random, unplanned改变transform, shift, revise, convert, turn, modify, change提供offer, grant, supply, render, provide 发送transmit, deliver, emit, give off取代displace, take the place of, give way to, substitute, take over同意agree, concur, reach consensus,限制restrict, restrain, constrain, confine, bound, limit产生create, produce, develop, manufacture, yield, generate强调emphasize, stress, focus on, highlight, concentrate激励motivate, spur, impetus, driving force, push, stimulus, thrust, incentive 导致lead to, contribute to, bring about, result in, breed, induce, spark源自于originate from, stem from, derive from, date back to, come from开始start, begin, initiate, launch, commence, embark on回忆recall, recollect, retrospect, remember, memorize预期anticipate, forecast, predict, expect, foresee大约approximate, about, almost, nearly 能力ability, capacity, faculty, competence环境circumstance, environment, surrounding, background, setting像like, such as, similar to, resemble附：雅思同义词转换不是像大家手机有道字典里的那种，用我上课时候说法是有人文气息。
解析雅思阅读同义替换(三)
解析雅思阅读同义替换(三)笔者所谓的高级Paraphrasing即为句子的同义转换，综合词与短语与句子结构本身，使学生对同义转换的技巧驾轻就熟。
通常会给出四个例句：Eg.1. People trying to interpret a situation often look at those around them to see how to react. (base reactions on)【Paraphrase】People trying to interpret a situation often base their reactions on those around them.Eg2. But Americans consider it bad manners to look closely at other people in public. (think that)【Paraphrase】But American think that it is bad manners to look closely at other people publicly.Eg3. And we are used to drinking milk from containers showing “contented” cows，whose real lives we want to hear nothing about，eating eggs and drumsticks from “happy” hens，and munching hamburgers advertised by bulls of integrity who seem to command their fate.【Paraphrase】And we are accustomed to drinking milk from containers with pictures of happy cows but we care nothing about the animals’ lives. We are accustomed to eating eggs and legs from the chickens whom we believe willingly and contentedly serve us. We are accustomed to eating hamburgers made from the meat of bulls whom we believe are righteously in control of their own fate.Eg4. “Why are they playing the music so loud？” Perhaps the children have listened to much of the music of oppressed people their parents danced to before they were born，with its passionate but soft cries for acceptance and love，and they have wondered why their parents failed to hear.【Paraphrase】Parents frown on their children playing music so loud. Actually the children are listening to exactly the same music that the parents loved when they were young because that music expressed cries for acceptance and love. But now these parents have become too “mature” to remember that. The parents fail to understand this.在实际授课中，经过这些练习后，笔者会请学生随意跳出阅读真题中任何一个两行以上的长句子，进行在课上即时演示Paraphrasing，激发学生同义转换的大量尝试兴趣。
托福听力中的同义词替换
托福听力中的同义词替换complement = supplement = add to 增加；substitute = replace 代替；so far = until present = up to now 目前为止；rooted in = based on 在……基础上；vulnerable = open to break = open to attack = weak=susceptible 易受伤的；perishable = easy to spoil 易腐烂的；seething = overflowing = excited = active 气氛热烈的；be consistent with = be compatible with 与……一致，与……兼容；property = characteristic = attribute特征，属性；simulated ---- artificial 人工的，后天的；sort = type = kind 类型；staggering = overwhelming压倒性多数；string = series 一系列；swell = enlargement = expand 扩大；tract- area – terrain 领土；symmetric = balance 对称的，均衡的；taper = diminish 逐渐变小；tenet = principle = belief 信念，信条，信仰；vast = immense = extensive 大量的；advent = arrival 出现；affair = matter 事情；chronic = constant = confirmed 慢性的，证实的；consequence = result = importance 结果，重要性；counter = oppose 与……相反；countervail = compensate = oppose补偿，抵消，对抗；distinction = differentiation = excellence = honor 突出的，卓越的；distribution = dispersion = dispersal 分布；embed = implant 植入，嵌入；euphoric = extremely happy 非常高兴地；flake = fragment 薄片，部分；hinder = interfere with阻碍，打扰；ladings = cargos shipment船货；mandatory = required = obligatory 强制要求的；mundane = ordinary世俗的，平凡的prerequisite = something required= something needed to happen 要求的；sank = descended = dropped to the bottom 沉底；scant = minimum 少量的；sited = located 位于；sophisticated = refined = elaborated = complex 复杂的，精致的；ubiquitous = common 到处存在的；unanimity = total agreement 完全同意，没有敌意；spectator = viewer 观众；sporadic = intermittent = irregular 不规则的；stylus = pen 铁笔，针状物；unconceivable = unimaginable 难以想象的…uniformly = evenly = without variation = consistently 一致的；unique = sole = distinct 独特的；warranted = authorized = justified授权的；assume=take on 呈现/suppose = posit 假定；foster=promote = encourage 促进；plumage = feather 羽毛；composition = mixture 混合物；substitute=replacement 替代品；premise= assumption 假设；vigorous = strong 繁荣的，健壮的；scope = extent 程度；extraordinary = exceptional 特别的；uneasy = unstable 心神不安的，不稳定的；bulk = major 大多数；spread = distribute 散布，分布；endeavor = enterprise 进取心；proximity = nearness 接近；rotate = turn 转动，旋转；assertion = strongly statement 主张，断言；evidence = proof 证据；preeminent = foremost 最重要的；barrier = obstacle 障碍物；primitive = early 最初的；sort = type 类型；rudiment = basic 初级的；intact = unaffected 未被碰过的；prize = value 珍视；lucrative = profitable有利可图的；ineffectively = with out any result 无效的；misleading = inaccuracy 不准确的；architecture = structure 结构，建筑物；accomplished = skilled 熟练的；embedded = enclosed 内含的，嵌入的；collaboration = joint effects 协作；identical = the same 相同的；allow=enable 使得；dispersal = distribution分散，散布；hampering = restricting 妨碍，牵制；cherished = valuable 珍爱的；precision = accuracy 准确；broadly = extensively 广泛的；yearly = annual 每年；tracking = following 接下来的；tolerant = endure 忍受；rather than = instead of 而不是；transformation = conversion 转变；sample = example 样板，例子；crawl = move 爬行；hobby = pastime 消遣，娱乐；inherent in = characteristic of 与生俱来的特征；recharge = refill 再充电，再装满；devise = create 设计，发明；attest to = confirm 证明；replicas = copies复制品；extant = not extinct 现存的；be closer resemblance to = be more like 与……更相像…attribute = credit 归功于，把……记作；attribute = character 特征，属性；aware of = familiar with 熟知；agile = astute = clever = quick and active 机警的；arise = emerge 发生，出现；being = creatures 生命，存在；beforehand = foreordain 预先，注定；bulk = major part 大批，大多数；blossom = flourish 开花，繁盛；barge = boat 驳船；cardinal = fundamental 最重要的；channel = direct = guide引导；contrive = create发明，设计；convinced = conviction = strong belief 坚信；chronically = constant 慢性地，长期地；crest = peak 鸟冠，顶部；compel = push 强迫；configuration = arrangement 配置，安排；camouflage = disguise 伪装；constraint = limit 有限的；consequent = resulting 后续的，导致的；convert to = change to 变为，转向；curb = control 控制；collaborate = cooperate 合作；depletion = drain 排干，流尽，耗尽；deluxe = lavish 豪华的；duplicate = copy 复制；delicate = dainty 精致的，精美的；distribution = geographic range 分布；extend = reach 伸出；excavation = dug-out 挖掘；enlist = obtain 征募，谋求；exercise = use练习，运用；exaggerate = overstate 夸张，言过其实；enthusiastic = eager 热切的，渴望的；follow =t rack跟踪；fertile = reproductive肥沃的，有繁殖力的；fashionable = popular 流行的，时尚的；feast = eating 用餐；flexible = adaptable 灵活可变的；fragmentize = break up 裂成碎片；govern = regulate 管制，控制；imposing = impressed 令人难忘的；intense = strong 强烈的；inhospitable = unfavorable 不适宜的；implausible = unbelievable 令人难以置信的；irreparable = permanent 不能挽回的，永久性的（伤害）；implement = tool 工具；inevitable = unavoidable 难以避免的；lucrative = profitable 有利可图的；myriad = numerous 无数的；manifest = reveal 展示；mandatory= required 必须的；mock = pretend 假装，模仿；nocturnal = nighttime 夜间；occasion = event 事件；pigmentation = color 染色；perilous = dangerous = risky 危险的；permit = allow 允许，容许；preordain = foreordain 命中注定的；preordain = appoint指定，约定；property = characteristic特征；proponent = supporter 组件；preserve = retain 保持，保留；propel = push驱使，推进；rigidly = strictly严格地；roam = wander徘徊，漫游；rigorous = harsh 严酷的；readily = easily 容易的；rendering = presentation 表现，表演；realm = area 领域；reinforce = strengthen 加强；surplus = extra 另外的，多余的…indicate = demonstrate 说明，表明；thrive = flourish 繁荣，兴盛；fluctuating = changing 持续波动的；mirror = reflect 反映；procure = obtain 获得；paradoxically = seemingly contradictory 表面上看起来矛盾的；counsel = advice 劝告，忠告；mock = pretend 嘲弄，模仿；spectacular = impressive 印象深刻的，引人入胜的；mimic = copy 仿制品；routinely = commonly 常规的；revolutionize = dramatic change 变革；initially = originally 最初；source = origin 源泉；diversity = variety 多样性；depict = portray 描绘；disassemble = break 分解；archive = record 档案；attribute = characteristic属性，特征；avid = enthusiastic 渴望的，热心的；basic = fundamental 基本的，基础的；collision = hit each other 撞击；copious = plentiful丰富的；disintegrate = tear apart 分解；dual = double 双重的；eager = enthusiastic 热切的；endeavor = enterprise 尽力，竭力；erect = build 矗立，建立；expediency = advantage便利；immigration = movement 迁徙；infrastructure = foundation 基础设施；locale = place场所；mean = average 平均值；myriad = innumerable == innumerous 大量的；peak = maximum 峰值，最大值；rate = classify鉴定等级，分级；save for = except for除……之外；tie = relation 联系；volume = quantity 容量；bulk = great quantity = majority 大量的；ferry = transport摆渡，渡运；hint = indication 暗示，提示；implausible = unbelievable 令人难以置信的；launch = start 开始；of legitimacy = lawful 符合法律规定的；of likelihood = probable 有可能；minute = tiny 少量的；misconception = wrong idea 错误想法；offset = balance 抵消，弥补；omit = exclude 遗漏；onset = beginning 开端；patchy = irregular 参差不齐的，不规则的；permanent = lasting 长久的，长期的；precede = come before 在……之前；preserve = protect 保护，保存；proximity = closeness = nearness 接近；right to some place = all the way一直向……地方；account = description 叙述，故事；arid = dry 干旱的，干燥的；allied with = linked to 与……结盟；access = reach 接近；astute = clever 狡猾且机敏的；avenue = method = vehicle = approach 方法，手段；appearance = rise出现；appreciable = noticeable可察觉到的；assert = strong statement 声称，断言；augment=increase 增加；absorb = take in 吸收…significant = considerable = important 重要的；surmise = guess 假设，猜想；scope = extent 程度；stealthily = silently 悄悄地，暗地里；suited = appropriate 合适的；staunch = strong 坚定的；sustenance = living 生计，生活；spectator = human viewer 观众…Sophisticated = refined 精致的，精良的；segment = portion 部分；take place = occur 发生；threatening = endangering 有危险性的；technique = method 方法；testify = give evidence 证明；toxic = poisonous 有毒的；unadorned = not decorative 朴实的，无修饰的；uniform = without variation 一成不变的；Undertake = attempt 试图；vagary = uncertainties 反复无常，不确定性；virtually = almost 几乎；vigor = energy 精力，能量；with respect of= in terms of 从……角度；warranted = justified有正当理由的，有保证的；aggravate = increase加重，恶化；Approach = move toward 接近；assertion = strongly statement 断言；central = essential 核心的，重要的；collect = gather 收集；counter = oppose 反对；dependable = reliable 可依靠的；deposit = laid down 存储，贮藏，放弃，放下；design = create 发明，设计；dim = decrease 削弱，降低；domestic = home 本地的；exaggerate = overstate 夸张，过言；extol = praise 称赞；focal point = centre area 焦点；solitary = alone 孤立的；foster = encourage 鼓励；however = yet 尽管；ignite = set on fire 点燃；immoral = improper 不道德的，不合适的；inert = motionless 迟钝的，不动的；indispensable = significant 必不可少的；largely = mostly 多数情况下；on the contrary = whereas 与……相反…。
常见同义词汇总---PARAPHRASE
1解决: Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle2损害：Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize3给与：Give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford4培养：：Develop, cultivate, foster5优势：Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength6 缺陷：Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness7 使迷惑：Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle8 重要的：Key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispens able, imperative'9 认为：Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced10 保护：Protect, conserve, preserve11确保：Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge12 有害的：Bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental13 要求：Request, demand, needs, requisition14 消除：Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away15 导致：Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate16 因此：So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingl y, as a result, because of this, as a result of this17 增长至：Grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to18降低至：Dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduc e to，slump to，descend to，sink to，slide to19保持稳定：Level out，do not change，remain stable，remain still，remain stea dy，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the sa me level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stabili ty，even out20 急剧地：Dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，subs tantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，rema rkably，vastly，noticeably21平稳地：Steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderatel y，mildly22 宣称：Allege, assert, declare, claim23 发生：Happen, occur, take place24 原因：Reason, factor, cause25 发展：Development, advance, progress26 有益的：Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding，advantageous27 影响：Influence, impact, effect28明显的：Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear29占：Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compose30与…相比：Compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison t o，by comparison with，by comparison to31对比而言：By contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary=，co nversely32展示：Show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describ e33 大约：Approximately，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly34波动：Fluctuate，go ups and downs，display a fluctuation，demonstrate a flu ctuation35事实上：Practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it is a fact that36换言之：Namely，that is to say，in other words，to put it like this，to put it differently，to put it from another way，to put it from another angle。
paraphrase 翻译
paraphrase 翻译基本解释●paraphrase：释义，意译●/ˈpærəfreɪz/●n. 释义，意译●v. 释义，意译变化形式●n. 复数形式：paraphrases●v. 第三人称单数：paraphrases●过去式：paraphrased●过去分词：paraphrased●现在分词：paraphrasing具体用法●●名词:o意思：释义，意译o同义词：rewording, rephrasing, restatement, interpretation, translationo反义词：quotation, citation, original, verbatim, exact wordso例句：●The teacher asked the students to write a paraphrase of thepoem to ensure they understood its meaning. (老师要求学生写一篇诗歌的释义，以确保他们理解其含义。
)●In academic writing, a paraphrase is often used to explaincomplex ideas in simpler terms. (在学术写作中，释义常用于用更简单的术语解释复杂的思想。
)● A good paraphrase captures the essence of the original textwithout copying it verbatim. (一个好的释义能够抓住原文的精髓，而不逐字复制。
)●The paraphrase of the speech helped the audience grasp themain points more easily. (演讲的释义帮助观众更容易地掌握要点。
)●When you paraphrase, it's important to maintain the originalmeaning while using different words. (当你释义时，重要的是在使用不同词汇的同时保持原意。
paraphrase之同意替换
Paraphrase 同意替换Firstly: previously, beforehand, foremost, initially, originally, formerly, principally, mainly, essentially, basically, generally, commonly, universally, on the whole, fundamentally, to begin with, to start with, first of all, at the out set…Then: subsequently, afterward, thereafter, after that, succeeding (adj.), secondarily, what is more, furthermore (further more)…Lastly: ultimately, eventually, in conclusion, to conclude, as a final point, last of all, last but not least, finally…Too: as well (句末), in addition, besides, moreover, additionally, to boot, excessively, also…And: plus, as well as, along with, in addition, bonus, with…+Or: otherwise, if not, before, or else…So (adv): therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, as a result, for that reason, hence, that’s whyBecause: as, due to, since, as to, in that, for the reason that, for, now that…But:however, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, 让步although, even thought, though, even if, while, as, despite the fact that…Only: just, merely, barely, singly, solely, rarely…Without: excluding,Very: extremely, acutely, decidedly, deeply, exceedingly, greatly, highly, uncommonly, profoundly, unusually…Actually: as a matter of fact, inde ed, in fact, in point of fact, in reality, in truth, literally, truly …形容词/副词Important: essential, significant, vital, crucial, profound, play a pushing role,indispensable, requisite, critical, fundamental, primary, elementary, underlying, rudimentary, basically, necessary…-附加-傻句替换：I think that A is more important than B. (这是经典大傻句！以下句中的'important'可随意替换同义词）1. A is important to B.2. A plays an/aimportant role to B.3. A is of (great\enormous\significant\awesome) to B.4. B can not (live\developed\grow\survive\achieve) without A.5. A means (a lot\a great deal\much) to B.6. The importance of A (to B) can never be (exaggerated\denied\ignored\doubted).7. A is everything/the whole world to B.8. B is fundamental on A.9. A matters/counts to B.10. Nothing is more crucial to B than A.11. A is to B what the (foundation is to a skyscraper\water is to fish\the heart is to a human)Big: gigantic, massive, colossal, enormous, immense, gargantuan, tremendous, titanic, giant, vast, large, huge, monster, bulky,->many: numerous, myriad, infinite,->forever (adv): infinity, eternal, timeless, everlasting，undying, endless, changeless, perpetually…Small: minimum, diminutive, minute, petite, wee, undersized, teeny, tiny, little, petite（女子身高娇小）Good: marvelous, fabulous, gorgeous, spectacular, outstanding, distinguished, remarkable, superb, incredible, unbelievable, out of this world, magnificent, charming, stunning, fantastic, terrific, excellent, great, wonderful, amazing, awesomeBad: awful, terrible, dreadful, defective, faulty, imperfect, inadequate, poor, substandard, unsatisfactory, harmful, damaging, deleterious, detrimental, hurtful, ruinous, unhealthy, evil, immoral…Clever: brilliant, knowledgeable, intellectual, intelligent, excellent, bright, smartHappy: delightful, delectable, elated, glad, overjoyed, pleased, jubilant, merry, joyful,Beautiful: charming, charismatic, attractive, gorgeous, pretty, endearing, sweet, adorable, eye-catching, handsome, hot, cute, good-looking, lovable, engaging…Fast：swift, quick, rapid, speedy, hasty, nippy, like lightning,+hurry (v): hustle, rush, make haste, tear, step on it, dash, get a move on, step on it, scoot.Easy: simple, effortless, no trouble, painless, plain sailing, uncomplicated, undemanding, unproblematic, a piece of cake (informal), child’s play (informal),…Clear: obvious, apparent, blatant, comprehensible, conspicuous, distinct, evident, manifest, palpable, plain, pronounced, recognizable, transparent, intelligible, lucid, plain, understandable, uninvolved, simple, …Direct: bald, basic, frank, naked, plain, sincere, stark, straightforward, candid, forthright, outspoken….Difficult: hard, tricky, complicated, complex, intricate, involved, knotty, perplexing, puzzling, thorny…Angry: annoyed, cross, displeased, enraged, exasperated, incensed, infuriated, irate, mad (informal), livid (informal), berserk, outraged, resentful...Dangerous: perilous, breakneck, chancy (informal), hazardous, insecure, precarious, risky, unsafe, vulnerable动词Think (that): hold the (opinion/ belief/ position/stand point/idea) that, assume, believe, deem, reckon, argue, maintain, suppose, conceive, insist, be convinced, to my knowledge, personally, from my personal perspective, as far as I am concerned, from my point of view, from my angle, consider, conceive, perspective...Show: convey, reveal, express, corroborate, justify, imply, verify, clarify, signify, exemplify, illuminate, substantiate, demonstrate, elucidate, denote, characterized as, instruct, display, disclose, indicate, means, explain, give an/a example (reason, explanation) of, bear out, point out, point toward…Know: realize, comprehend, identify, distinguish, discern, notice, perceive, recognize, see, understand, figure out, be acquainted with, be familiar with,Get: acquire, attain, acquire, achieve, ob tain, gain “学习” 不用learnSuggest: have a proposal in,Increase: magnify, expand, proliferate, mushroom, improve, enhance, advance…Impress: affect, inspire, engrave on, imprint of,Influence: impact, affect, guide, sway,Stop: halt, cease, conclude, de sist, end, pause, put an end to, quit, refrain, shut down, terminate…Make: create, assemble, built, construct, form, manufacture; fore, cause, compel, constrain, drive, impel, induce, oblige, prevail, upon, require…Give: present, award, contribute, deliver, donate, grant, hand over, hand out, provide, supply Break：separate, burst, crack, destroy, disintegrate, fracture, fragment, shatter, smash, snapDestroy: ruin, raze, annihilate, crush, demolish, devastate, eradicate, shatter, wipe out, wreck, obli terate, weaken, undermine…Happen: occur, come about, come to pass, develop, result, take place, transpire名词Problem: issue, question, case, trouble, difficulty, dilemma.Meeting: conference, discussion, assembly, conclave, congress, convention, gathering session, assignation, encounter, confrontation, argument, controversy…Study: learning, application, lessons, reading, research, school work, examination, analysis, consideration, contemplation, inspection, investigation, knowledge,scholarship…Adva ntage: benefit, dominance, precedence, profit, superiority, merit…Disadvantage: shortcoming, weakness, inconvenience, drawback, deficiency, flaw, handicap (also v. 妨碍), downside, limitation.Life: existence, conduct, life style, way of life。
paraphrase小汇总【整理】
Paraphrase小结重要的多次重复1.rigid/ stiff/ unchanged/ little change 僵硬的，一成不变的2.significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/appreciably/remarkable/crucial/ 巨大的,明显的，程度大的/substantial3.approximately 将近-nearly, almost4.proportion/ percentage 比例5.be involved (in)/ involve in/ involvement [n.] 涉及，卷入，参与6.given/ considering , in regard to / despite/ although 有鉴于考虑到，尽管6.induce [v] 引入，引导，引诱/ inductive [n] 归纳>< deduce /deductive推断7.fortune/ destiny/ chances8.deplete 开采完，耗尽/ exhaust –exhaust emission (尾气)排放/ exploitplex 错综复杂的/ complicated/ sophisticated 老奸巨滑的，复杂的10.capacity能力，容量/ competence （竞争）能力/ ability 能力（笼统的）11.确保，保障：Secure-security/ ensure (insure)/ guarantee 押金12.solely/ merely/ only13.a vast array of 系列/ a great variety of 花样，品种/ a great rang 系列of14.pesticide 杀虫/ suicide 自杀/ homicide/ murder杀人15.believe/ assume (responsibility)/ suppose16.授权，委托：authorize/ commission 佣金/ entitle 头衔+ ment =right （权利）17.purchase/ buy18. ethnic 种族的/ ethic 伦理，道德的+ s =[n ]19. modify/ change [v] shift work 轮班工作[n]20. insight/knowledge/ learning/ understanding/ knowing21.constrain拘泥，限制/ restrict 限制/ limit22. circumstance 环境（社会）/ surroundings/ environment 环境（环保）背景background 后台/ settings后台，布景/ context 上下文（文章中）23.notorious 臭名昭著的/ flagrant臭的><fragrant 香的24.移民：immigrant (进来)/ emigrant(出去)/migrant25.兴旺，繁荣；prosperous/ thriving/ booming（人口，行业）/flourishing26.神圣的：divine/ heavenly/ holy/ sacred27.有毒的：poisonous/ toxic ( in-, non- 无毒的)28.致命的：deadly/ fatal/ lethal/ mortal29.类似于：look like/ resemble30. chronic长期的,慢性的— long-term 长期的31.网恋：virtual love/ cyber love32.网友：on-line /net/ cyber friend上网（聊天）chat on line/ go on-line cyber café/网吧33.evolve-evolution 进化/ revolute-revolution 革命，旋转/ involve-involution 卷入，涉及34. indicator/ predictor 表示诠释，预测35.indicate/ demonstrate/ display/exhibit/betray36. therapist /expert/ specialist37. 优点，长处，美德：advantage/ merit/ virtue/ length38. commonest/ frequent39. 未开发的，初级的：rudimentary/ underdeveloped40. 退化：degenerate/ -tion [n] ->generate 生产，制造/ degrade ->grade 等级/ deteriorate 恶化，每况愈下41. 分类：category-categorize/ class-classify42. consequence后果->影响/ subsequence紧跟其后/ sequence=order秩序/ frequency频率43.clash 冲突（民族，种族）/crash 飞机坠毁44. substitution=> substitute sth for sb /replace45.alternative=> 选择性，代替性，辅助性46.孤立：isolate/ alienate/insulate隔绝，排外，孤立->be alien to/insulate (-ior) 绝缘，隔热（体）47．缺点，不足之处：defect/ flaw/ failing/ disadvantage /drawback48.创新的，发明的，新颖的，创新的：inventive (-tion)/ innovative (-tion)/ creative (-tion)/ ingenious (ity)/novel (-ty) =>[n]/creative/revolutionary易错拼写：environment/ convenient49．neutral 中立的，中性的/negative 否定，消极，阴性的/positive 肯定，积极，阳性的50．ambiguous->ambiguity 模棱两可的，暧昧的/obscuremunicate 沟通，传达，通报52.accommodate 1供...食宿，2=adapt to 适应，调整，3=hold 容纳，4使…停靠mitment 1 ~ to sth 奉献2 责任,义务54．contribute to 导致~ result in /account for (占据)导致54.缺乏的，不足的：inadequate/ insufficient/ deficient/lack (of)/ short (of)55.强调：emphasize/ stress/ highlight/ focus on/ concentrate on明显的：apparently 显而易见的/patently 道貌岸然的/ obviously=>evidently56.对…怀疑：(be) /skeptical/skeptical /dubious/ suspicious (about/of)57.缺点，缺陷：drawback/ fault/ defect/ imperfection/ failing/ weakness/ shortcoming/ flaw58.臭命昭著的：notorious->notoriety/ flagrant/ smelly/ odorous59.机构，组织：association/ structure /organization60.超过：exceed/ surpass61.岩浆：molten rock/ lava/ magma62.语言：linguist ~学家/ lingual和~有关的/ bilingual/ 双语63.多种多样的：diversity/ variety/ breed/ speciesbreed：[n]品种，[v]繁殖，培养，引起，造成64.dialect 方言 accent 腔调65.开始的，初步的：begin/ launch/ initial (-ly) [v] 首字母，开始的/ initiate开始，发动->initiative 原创性= origin66.贫穷：poor/ in poverty/ impoverished（被剥夺财产的）67.杰出：eminence (-t)/ prominence (-t)/unusual68.gene/ genetic defect ~缺陷/ anatomy解剖/ conceive构思，怀孕/ deliver分娩69.辅助性：alternative 补充性/ therapist70.演绎，推理：deduce->deductive / inferential >< induce 引导，引入，归纳-> induction 归纳71.令人困惑的：bewildering/ puzzling/ perplexing72.apply：紧靠，涂，将…应用于，适用，专心致力于，献身于73.subsidize辅助/ subsidy 补助，补贴/ subsidiary74.a factor in sth/ depend on sth75.be preferred by/ choice76.attitude to/ how77.the present century/ modern society78.broad/ great79.in term of 按照，在…方面，关于/with regard to, in spite of 不顾，尽管80. small-scale 小范围/ marginal 边缘处的81. physical/ medical82.negotiation/ agreement 谈判，洽谈/ 商定，协议83.evolve/ develop84.apartment/ accommodation 公寓/ 住房85.virtual (love)/ simulate 模拟的（网恋）/ 模拟86.catastrophe/ disaster 大灾难/ 灾难，不幸87.innovate/ invent 革新，创新/ 发明，创造sculpture/ craft 雕刻，雕塑/ 工艺88.exorbitant/ expensive 过度的，极高的/ 费用大的，昂贵的89. be participant in/ take part in /participate inbour [美，澳]/work91.attend to/ take care of92.dual employment/ dual-worker 双职工（家庭）93.indicate/ predict 指示，表明，象征/ 预料，预言A major contributor to/ be central to 来源，起点/ 是…的主要，中心原因94.expert/ therapist 专家，能手；知识丰富的/ 某个专科的专家95.lead to/ be associated with 相联系（带来…的好处）96.balanced/ equitable 平等的97.handicap/ disabled/primitive 残疾的，落后的98. could not-and cannot/ has always been unable toby/ from99.benefit/ advantage100.substantial influence/ greater likelihood101.agree on/ define102.considered desirable/ effectiveness103.masquerade/ (in) disguise 伪装104.insignificant/ didn’t seriously不重要/不严重的105.inspect/ examine 审核,检查106．caliber/ criterion 标准107．no-one know>< notorious 无人知晓><臭名昭著的108．dissatisfy/ argue 不满意/厌恶，讨厌109.pessimism/ negative/ blue>< optimistic 悲观的，忧郁的>< 乐观的110.unsatisfactory/ hardly be looked upon111.identify/ define112.turn… into/ become113.urban/ rural/suburban114.demolish/ knock down/ dismantle 毁坏，拆毁（建筑物）/ 敲，打115.migration/ move 迁移/ 移动116.pay/ charge sb for 向某人…猛攻，充电，负责，付费，控诉117.separate/ split 分开，使隔绝，提取/ 分，劈开118.fascination/attraction (-e:[v]) 迷住，吸引住119.not require/ unnecessary 不需要/ 不必要120.decode/ decipher 译解（密码），解释121.delay/ drawback= disadvantage 耽误，延迟/ 欠缺，弊端122.association/ organization 机构，关联/ 组织123.*recent/ current/ nowadays/present 最近的/ 现代的/ 当今的/现在124.intensive burst/ explosive release 强烈的爆发/ 爆炸性的释放125.recognized/ identified 承认，识别，认可/ 识别，鉴别126.aim to/ focus on 针对，目标，打算/ 集中127.link…to/ lead to 连接/导致，通向128. inadequate (diet)/ deficiency (in trace minerals) 不充分，不适当的/ 缺乏，不足129.basic/ fundamental 基础的，基本的130.seize/ catch 捕捉，抓住131.fatal/ lethal 致命的132.success on/ running on 成功133.costly/ be related by 有关系的134.be obtained in/ be derived in 获得，流行，通用/ 由…产生，起源于135.high-income/ wealthy 高收入的/富裕的136.be alike/ be similar to 相同的，相似的137.indicate/ show 显示，指出，象征138. eliminate/ lessen ><消除/ 减少139. not risen significantly/ stagnate 停滞不前的140.salary/ wage 工资：总称/ 蓝领的141.create/ gain 创造，造成/ 获得，增加efficiently/ increased productivity 有效率的/ 上升的生产率142.economy/ financial 经济143.administration/ management144.(be) sympathetic/ understand 同情的，赞同/ 理解145.introduce/ involve 引入/ 卷入146.change/ different147.die>< exist 死亡><存在148.almost/ approximately149.be out of date/ be developed150.solve/ reduce 减少151.famous/ eminent152.barrier/ hurdle153.higher position/ top post154.Advantage: virtue,merit,benefit, positive aspect, strength, 好处,优点,长处155.Disadvantage: weakness, failing, weakness,defect,drawback, negative aspect, fault不利,缺点,缺陷156.Casual: arbitrary, unplanned, unexpected, 随意的157.Effective: efficient, effectual, fruitful, productive, valid多效的158.Criticize: reproach, blame, 批评159.Flaw: weakness, defect 缺点160.Ability; capability, power, caliber能力161.Dishonest: deceptive 不诚实的162.Fair: equitable, equal, impartial, 公平的163.Success: achievement, feat 成功164.Reason: factor, contributor, origin, 原因165.Result: outcome, consequence, implication结果166.Result from: arise from, originate from, be due to, thanks to, 由于，因为167.Give rise to: contribute to, lead to, result in, cause, breed, create, incur导致168.Disaster: catastrophe 灾难169.Pollute: contaminate 污染170.Poisonous: toxic 有毒的171.Decrease; fall, drop, plunge, decline, step back, downward, minimize, abate下降172.Increase: rise, go up, surge, grow, 上升173.Growing: increasing, rising, 上升的剑桥雅思真题456中的替换关系Recognize = identify♣♣ Ethical=Moralplenty of=Considerable=significant amount of♣♣Almost certainly=little doubt♣ Modification=change=alteration=adjustBetter=Improve（方向词）♣♣Live=residence=inhabitantfirst=initial=primary♣♣ Important=worthy trying=significant=essential♣ People=mortal=human=mankindReflect=feature=represent♣• Legitimate= have right to• long term=chronic• Interest （for borrowing）=slightly more money• Feasible=practical• Susceptible =allergic predisposed vulnerable• mistaken=misconception =confusion=misunderstanding• have yet to determine =yet not known• release stress/tension= (psychic tension is) punctured=• Diversity=variety• accompanying=with• Aesthetic=beautiful• Rigid = not yieldingfocus on=emphasize=narrow down雅思高频同义词☆artificialsynthetic, fabricated, contrived, fake, mock, bogus, counterfeit, pseudo☆conventionaltraditional, historical, past; accepted, common, regular, routine, mainstream, ordinary☆demandrequest, claim, need, order, require, call for☆decline----再加上reducedecrease, degeneration, drop, fall, recession, depression, reduction, slump, worsening☆developevolve, advance, grow, improve, progress, flourish☆difficulty----再加上obstacle+损害+缺陷handicap, hardship, adversity, challenge, complication, dilemma, perplexity, plight, trouble☆earlyfirst, old, ancient, primitive, previous, former, remote☆finddiscover, come across, encounter, hit on, expose, notice, note, observe, recognize, spot, uncover☆futurewhat's next, prospect, approaching, expected, destined, forthcoming☆how+解决describe, operate, explain, clarify, demonstrate, elucidate, expound, illustrate, interpret, account for+表达：express voice utter pronounce☆inevitableunavoidable, certain, destined, fated, inescapable, sure☆militantarmed, belligerent, army, weapon, warlike☆objectioncommercial challenge, complaint, disapproval, opposition, protest, query, question, remonstration ☆obstacle----再加上difficultybar, barricade, barrier, block, blockage, check, obstruction, problem, snag, hurdle☆prevalentcommon, usual, prevailing, widespread, systematic, collective, general, popular☆reduce----再加上declinecurtail, cut, decrease, halve, impair, lessen, moderate, trim, slash☆rolefunction (provide, support, weaken, smooth, solve), job, position, duty, post, task, contribution☆recentmodern, current, now, nowadays, today, contemporaneous, new, novel, present, up-to-date不讲☆simulatevirtual, create, reproduce, pretend, imitate☆significanceimportance, milestone, impact, justification, gist, implication, point, purport, vital business, economic, financial, mercantile, profitable, pecuniary☆worldwideinternational, cosmopolitan, global, universal, ubiquitous, widespread, around the world【消极】：损害：damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair缺陷：disadvantage, detect, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness否认：deny negate有害的：baneful evil harmful detrimental使迷惑：puzzle bewilder perplex baffle21.constrain拘泥，限制/ restrict 限制/ limit【积极】：优势：advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength丰富的：abundant copious profuse ample解决：solve, resolve, deal with, cope with, handle, tackle消除：get rid of, eradicate, eliminate依赖：rely on, depend on, count on十分：very much, immensely, hugely, largely, greatly, enormously, tremendously给予：give, offer, render, impart, provide发展：develop, cultivate, foster关键的：key crucial critical保护(资源)conserve preserve改变：change alter modify convert into声称：allege assert declare claim评价：appraise assess evaluate estimate归功于: attribute ascribe credit impute确保：assure ensure guarantee pledge。
托福常用词替换表
常见的同义替换词和词组1) 替换词individual, characters, folks常用词people, persons2) 替换词positive，favorable, rosy(美好的)，promising（有希望的），perfect，pleasurable,Excellent, outstanding常用词good3) 替换词dreadful,unfavorable, poor, ad (有害的)常用词bad, 如果bad 作表语，可以用be less impressive 替代4) 替换词an army of , an ocean of , a sea of , a multitude of, many…if not most常用词many5) 替换词a slice of , quitea few, several常用词some6) 替换词harbor the ideathat, take theattitude that, holdthe view that, it iswidely shared that,it is universallyacknowledged that 常用词think7) 替换词affair，business，matter，issue常用词thing8）替换词shared常用词common9) 替换词reap huge fruits常用词ge much benefit10) 替换词for my part , from my ownperspective常用词in my opinion11) 替换词increase（ly）, growing常用词more and more12) 替换词little if anything 或little ornothing常用词hardly13) 替换词beneficial rewarding常用词helpful, be beneficial of14) 替换词shopper, client, consumer,purchaser常用词customer15)替换词exceedingly, extremely常用词very16）替换词hardly unnecessary, hardlyinevitable\常用词necessary, inevitable17) 替换词sth. appeals to sb. sth. ecerts atrmendous fascination on sb.常用词sb. take interest in18) 替换词capture one’s attention常用词attract one’s attention19) 替换词facet, demension, sphere常用词aspect20) 替换词be indicative of , be suggestiveof , be fearful of常用词indicate, suggest, fear21)替换词give rise to , lead to , result in,trigger常用词cause23) 替换词desire常用词want24) 替换词pour attention into\常用词pay attention to25) 替换词bear in mind that常用词remember26) 替换词enjoy, possess常用词have27)替换词interaction常用词communication28) 替换词frown on sth.常用词be against, disagree with sth. 29) 替换词to name only a few, as anexample, a good illustration ofthis is ,… is a case in point 常用词for example30) 替换词virtually impossible常用词nearly impossible托福写作常用同义词、近义词1.名词People: the public, individual, citizenthe young: juvenile, youthresidents: urban dwellersthe old: the elderly, senior citizens, the aged workers: employees, staff, clerkshuman beings: mankind, human racejob: career, employment, professionrival:competitor,opponents,adversary, contenderoutcome: result, consequencelack: shortage, insufficiencyopinion: view, viewpoint, judgment, standpoint, attitude, position, argument: controversy, dispute,contestationadvantages: merits, virtues, positive effects disadvantages: drawback, side/negative /adverse effects, demeritsproblem: question, issue, dilemma conditions: circumstances, contexts results: effects, outcomes, consequences chances: possibility, probabilityfield: area, domain, realm ,sectorkind: sort, typedifference: gap disparityfoundation:base,basis,keystone,cornerstone, building blockmeans:ways,methods,approachesability: capability, competence personality:character,personal, characteristics, natural disposition on, potentialduty: responsibility, obligation, liability teacher: instructor, educator, lecturerpollution: contamination形容词practical: feasible, workable, usable important: essential, crucial, critical ,key, significant, vital, of great importance several: various, diversedramatic: substantial, considerable, significant, enormous, drastic, marked harmful: detrimental, pernicious, adverse, evil,enough: adequate, sufficientmany/a lot of: enormous number/plenty of/numerous/countless/abundantmore and more: unceasingly moresure: undeniable, indisputable, irrefutable basic: primary, elementary, fundamental, rudimentarynecessary: essential, indispensable required: compulsory, mandatoryuseful: beneficial, advantageous, helpful favorable, desirablewise: reasonable, sensible, rational,well-founded, thoughtfulold: out-of date, outdated, obsolete, outmoded, stereotyperidiculous: unreasonable, shortsighted, improvident, ill-considered, ill-judged,thoughtlessrich: wealthy, well-offexpensive: costly, high-priced fashionable: stylish, chicfamous: renowned, celebrated, notable common: ordinary, averageunfair: one-sided, biased, partial, unjust动词produce: generate, trigger, engender solve: resolve, settle, tackle, cope with use: utilize, employ, exploit, harness support: sensor, back up , subsidize, finance improve: promote, enhance, strengthen, facilitate, boostchange: shift, alter, transform, convert ignore: neglect, overlook, underestimate have: possess, embrace, in possession of, beequipped withget: obtain, receive, gainreplace: take the place of, substitute predict: foresee, foretelldecide: make a decision, determine, resolve, make up one’s mindemphasize: lay/place emphasis/stress on, highlight, focus on, concentrate on,attach importance toimprove: upgrade, promote, boost, enhance get rid of : eliminate, removecultivate: foster, nurture, promote, enhance, boost, shape, form. Motivate, develop,strengthenencourage: inspire, stimulate spurbuild: erect, establishguarantee: assure, ensure, pledge。
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exclude, omit
Leave out
create
Come up with
seek
Look for
reduce
Cut down on,
Go back
increase
Go up
fail
Fall through
investigate
Look into
understand
Figure out
表现，显现出
show, display, demonstrate, represent
确保
ensure, guarantee, assure (of), promise
决定
decide, choose, make up one's mind
正在做，努力
work on
查明
find out, discover, figure out
eliminate
Rule out
resemble
Look like
find accidentally
Run across
examine
Look over
meet by accident
Run into
locate information
Look up
arrange
Set up
respect
Look up to
improve, make better, enhance
知道了解，意识到
know, be aware/conscious of, realize, get information about
证实，表明
show, suggest, indicate, make it clear that
影响
affect(vt.), influence(vt.), have influence/effect/impact on
appear unexpectedly
Show up
understand with difficulty
Make out
state in detail
Spell out
invent, compose
Make up
represent
Stand for
select
Pick out
protrude
Stick out
clarify
Clear up
precede
Go before
happen
Come about
decrease
Go down
find
Come across
review
Go over
accidentally
Come by find
experience, penetrate
Go through
publish, produce
上升，增加
increase, go up, rise, raise, growth
下降，减少/小
decrease, reduce, lower, fall, drop, go/come down, decline. (n.) fall, decline, drop
变
change, alter, become (different/big/small/..), get, grow
show, indicate
Point account
postpone
Put off
occur
Take place
tolerate
Put up with
discard
Throw away
finish
Wind up
test
Try out
discover
Turn up
Paraphrase同义替换
单词
同意替换
单词
同意替换
cause
Bring out
discover
Find out
continue, transact
Carry on,Go on,
Keep on
emit
Give off
complete,
accomplish
Carry out
follow
Go after
导致，引起
cause, result in, lead to, bring about, contribute to
需要
require, need, it is necessary for..to.., demand
担心
worry about, be concerned about, care about
参加
join, take part in, participate in, engage in, get involved in, attend, be a part of
调整，调节
adjust, regulate, control
产生，创造
create, produce, make, generate, bring about, form
解决
solve/resolve, address, deal with, work out, tackle
解释
tell, explain, spell out, say how..
限制
limit, restrict, confine, put a limit on
延期相关
extra time, extension, later deadline; put off, postpone, put back to, delay(until)
观点
idea, belief, view, opinion
行为方式，做法
act, practice
因素
cause, factor, reason
beneficial, helpful, useful, be a great help to, do good to, bring benefit to, be good for
名词
任务
assignment, job, work, task
方法
way, approach, strategy, method
（被）允许
allow, permit, can, may, be free to do
恢复，复原
restore, recover, bring back
阻止
prevent, stop, keep (sth/sb from doing sth)
花费
spend, take, cost, put in, make effort
不变
fixed, constant, stable, unchanged (unchanging)
采取(措施
adopt, take
提出(政策)
propose, offer
废除
eliminate, get rid of, dispense with
提供
provide, offer, give
提高，变好
transform
Turn into
conclude
Turn out
动词
能，会，可以
can, (would) be able to, have the chance/ opportunity to do
应该
should, be supposed to, shall, have to, must, be required to, it is necessary for sb. to..
副词
很大程度上，基本上
greatly, considerably, enormously, significantly, basically
最后
in the end, eventually, at last, finally
形容词
合适
fit, suit, be suitable/fit/right
有好处