unit12 汉译英中从句的使用复习过程
Unit12SectionAGrammarFocus-4c
1．概念
过去完成时
过去完成时表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经发生
或完成了的动作，它表示动作发生的时间是过去的过去。
2．结构
(1)肯定句：主语＋had＋过去分词＋其他．
(2)否定句：主语＋had not＋过去分词＋其他．
(3)一般疑问句：Had＋主语＋过去分词＋其他？
过去完成时
3．用法归纳 (1)常与before，by，by the time，by the end of等引导的时间状语 (从句)连用。状语从句的谓语动词常用一般过去式。如： By the time/Before I came to this school，I had learned English.在来 这个学校之前，我已经在学英语了。 (2)表示从过去某一时间开始，持续到过去另一时间的动作或状 态，与“for＋时间段”连用，谓语动词用延续性动词。如： He had been ill for a week when he told me.当他告诉我时，他已经 病了一周了。
3. The teacher collected the math homework. I got to school. _B_y_t_h_e__ti_m__e _I_g_o_t_t_o__sc_h_o_o_l_, _t_h_e_t_e_a_ch__er__ _h_a_d_c_o_l_le_c_t_e_d_t_h_e_m__a_t_h_h__o_m_e_w_o_r_k_._____
__h_a_d_s_t_a_r_t_ed_ (start) teaching. 3. We ___h_a_d__le_a_r_n__t _ (learn) over 1,000 words 4. bI y_h_tah__de_ec_nl_ed_a_on_fe_dla(sctletearnm) t.he room before he
unit12 汉译英中从句的使用
副词从句
副词从句在整个句子中起状语作用，一般划 分为九种：时间、地点、方式、比较、原因、 结果、目的、让步和条件。每种从句都有相 应的引导连词，这些连词可以是单字或者词 组。在很多情况下，从汉语复句中使用的关 联词，很容易找出对应得英语关联词，已构 成副词从句。
e.g. 只要他一进屋，她就不说话了。 She fell silent whenever he came into the room. 你一旦了解它们的处境，就会改变看法。 Once you know their plight, you will change your opinion. 但汉英在表达形式上有差别。 孩子们现在应该做作业，却在玩儿电子游戏。 The children are playing video games when they should be doing their homework.
但是，这种汉英大体对应的情况只会出现于英语形容 词从句修饰名词的时候。如果英语形容词从句修饰代 词、短语或句子，汉语往往要换用其它结构。 E.g. He laughs the best who laughs the last (谁笑在最后，谁笑得最美)； She said she was in a traffic jam, which was quite possible. (她说路上堵车了，这倒有可能) ; He tried to persuade his wife, which was in vain. (他试图说服妻子，但徒劳无益)；
3 她不喜欢他那样盯着她看。 She doesn’t like him to stare at her like that. She doesn’t like the way he stares at her.
Unit 12 汉英翻译应试技巧
抓住主要信息点进行组句 在汉译英中要抓住主要信息点进行组句，使 译文重点突出。 例： 唐长安城包括今西安市城区和近郊区，面积 相当于现在西安城的七倍半，城周有三十六 点七千米，城内居住着约一百万人口。
例：唐长安城包括今西安市城区和近郊区，面积 相当于现在西安城的七倍半，城周有三十六点七 千米，城内居住着约一百万人口。 During the Tang Dynasty, Chang’an included present-day Xi’an and its suburbs, 6.5 times larger than pre-liberation Xi’an. It was 36.7 km in circumference, and had a population of one million. In Tang Dynasty, its capital city Chang’an, with a circumference of 36.7 km, was 7.5 times as large as Xi’an today, equal to the whole area of present-day Xi’an together with its outskirts, and had a population of about one million.
吃透原文，周密考虑每个词语的确切含义 我们的共产党和共产党领导的八路军，新 四军，是革命的队伍。 Our Communist Party and the Eighth Route and New Fourth Armies led by our Party are troops of the revolution. Troop → battalion
努力传达原文中的各方面信息 ●首先要确定译文的基本时态和基本语域。 例： 他回到离别三年的故乡。 ① He returned to his hometown from which he had been away for 3 years. ② He returned to his hometown which he had been away from for 3 years. ③ He returned to his hometown he had been away from for 3 years.
Unit12重要知识点讲解2021-2022学年人教版九年级英语
Unit12 Life is full of the unexpected.重要知识点讲解Section A_Grammar Focus_Section B_综合Section A一、时间状语从句回顾[点拨]时间状语从句：表示时间的连词连接一个句子作状语，这样的主从复合句就是时间状语从句。
连接时间状语从句的连接词有：when, before, after, while, as soon as, until, since...这里要注意一点的是，在使用时间状语从句时一定要正确使用主从句时态的搭配形式。
二、过去完成时[点拨]1."过去完成时":表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。
它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，侧重事情的结果。
2.结构：主语+had+动词过去分词，否定式是在had后加not，缩写为hadn’t.3.一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语，与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：1)when+从句(谓语为过去式)2)As+从句(谓语为过去式)3)by+过去的时间点；4)before+过去的时间点5)by the end of+过去的时间点Grammar Focus一、when...与by the time+从句比较By the time I got back to school,the bell had rung.当我到学校的时候，铃声已经响了。
When I got to school,I realized I had left my backpack at home.当我到学校时，我就意识到我把背包落在家里了。
[点拨]1."by the time+从句"表示“到...时”，主句的谓语动词通常用过去完成时，有时状态性动词根据情况可用一般过去时，介词by后面也可接表示时间点的词语，主句则表示在此时间之前某个动作已完成。
新目标九年级英语unit12知识点汇总
新目标九年级英语unit12知识点汇总九年级英语Unit 12知识点汇总Unit 12是九年级英语的最后一个单元，内容涵盖了阅读理解、语法、词汇以及写作等多个方面。
本文将对这些知识点进行汇总，总结归纳，以帮助同学们更好地复习和掌握。
一、阅读理解本单元的阅读理解主要围绕旅游主题展开，包括观光旅游和生态旅游等。
文章的难度适中，同学们应注重理解文章的主旨和细节，并学会运用阅读技巧来解答问题。
二、语法1. 宾语从句：宾语从句是指出现在一个句子中作宾语的从句。
宾语从句通常以连接词that, if, whether等开头。
如：I know that he is a good student.2. 将来进行时：将来进行时表示将来某个时间正在进行的动作或某个未来的事件。
构成：will be + 动词ing。
如：They will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow.3. 动词不定式的被动语态：动词不定式的被动语态由to be + 过去分词构成。
如：The problem needs to be solved.4. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问句用来询问某个具体的信息，常见的特殊疑问词有：what, who, when, where, why, how等。
如：What time is it?三、词汇1. 旅游相关词汇：tourist, travel, destination, attraction, guide, sightseeing等。
2. 计量词：本单元涉及了一些计量词，如：a pair of, a group of,a piece of等。
在使用时要注意与名词的搭配。
3. 形容词和副词：学习一些形容词和副词可以丰富语言表达，如：breathtaking, fascinating, slightly等。
四、写作本单元的写作任务是写一篇关于英国旅游的文章。
写作时可以运用所学的词汇和语法知识，通过添加细节和论述观点来丰富文章。
人教版初中英语9年级全一册Unit12知识清单+习题(含答案)复习过程
人教版初中英语9年级全一册U n i t12知识清单+习题(含答案)九年 Unit 12 Life is full of the unexpected 一、必背词汇unexpected adj.出乎意料的；始料不及的backpack n．背包；旅行包oversleep v．睡过头；睡得太久block n．街区worker n．工作者；工人stare v．叮着看；凝视disbelief n．不信；怀疑above prep．在…上面 adv在上面burn v．着火；燃烧burning adj.着火的；燃烧的alive adj.活着；有生气的airport n．机场till prep．＆conj，到；直到west adv．向西；朝西adj.向西的；西部的n．西；西方cream n．奶油；乳脂workday n．工作日pie n.果馅饼；果馅派bean n．豆；豆荚market n．市场；集市fool n．蠢人；傻瓜v愚弄costume n，服装；装束embarrassed adj.窘迫的；害羞的announce v.宣布；宣告spaghetti n．意大利面条hoax n骗局；恶作剧discovery n．发现；发觉lady n．女士；女子cancel v．取消；终止officer n．军官；官员believable adj.可相信的；可信任的disappear v．消失；不见embarrassing adj.使人害羞的二、常考短语、用法by the time在…以前give…… a lift捎…一程in line with与…成一排show up赶到；露面by the end of在（某时间点）以前costume party化装舞会sell out卖光take a shower洗淋浴be late for．做……迟到go off（闹铃、警铃等）响起wake up醒来put on穿上rush out冲出；奔出brush one’s teeth刷牙end up最终成为，最后处于be full of充满；装满stare at 凝视……；盯着……看in disbelief怀疑地；难以置信地take off起飞turn into变成arrive at到达leave for动身去…get dressed穿衣服stay up熬夜on April Fool’s Day在愚人节那天all kinds of各种各样的play jokes on sb.开某人的玩笑no more不再get married结婚hundreds of数以百计的the whole country全国run away逃跑hear about 听说invite sb. to＋某地邀请某人去某地leave+宾语＋地点状语把…忘在某处start doing sth. 开始做某事be about to do sth．刚要／即将做某事decide to do sth．决定做某事forget to do sth．忘记做某事keep doing sth.继续做某事ask sb． to do sth．请求某人做某事marry sb．＝ get married to sb．和某人结婚as much＋不可数名词＋ as one can／ could尽可能多so＋adi./adv＋that．如此…以至于…（that引导结果状语从句）finish doing sth．完成某事get a chance to do sth．得到机会做某事三、重点句型1. By the time I got up, my brother had already gotten in the shower.我起床时，我的哥哥已经在洗淋浴了。
九年级Unit12基础知识复习
A．what does Christmas mean B．what Christmas does mean
C．what mean Christmas does D．what Christmas means
11. He said __ she would leave the message on the headmaster's desk.
Often we justthe town center,as many of our friends.
4.如果事先没打电话我们是不会去拜访朋友家的。
We never visit a friend’s housefirst.
5.我们经常计划做一些有趣的事情。
We usually plan to do.
宾语从句专项练习
I.将下列句子合并为一句
1. His money is running out. He said …
2. Did the monkey escape from the zoo? I don’t know …
3. What has happened to her? Could you please tell me …?
A. that B. where C. which D. what
12. In the bookshop, a reader asked the shopkeeper _______ Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book.
A. that B. how C. what D. if
A. how many people have been out of hospital B. when is Thanksgiving Day C. which animal does he like best D. what time will the dolphin show start
第12章名词性从句的翻译ppt课件
Not long ago the scientists made an exciting discovery that this “waste” material could be turned into plastics. (同位语从句)
名词性从句的翻译
英语名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语 从句、同位语从句 四类。这些从句的翻译一般按 原句的语序处理 即可，相对比较容易，但有时也 可以译为并列分句、定语从句或其它形式的句子。
1.名词性从句译成并列分句 2.名词性从句译成定语从句 3.名词性从句译成其它句子
1.译成并列分句
如果名词性从句包含两层以上的意思，需要把主句与从句 分开译。一般先译出从句，放在句首，然后用汉语的复指 代词“这”“那”，与主句的其他成分连成一句。同位语 从句的翻译与定语从句的翻译非常近似，可以将同位语从 句放在名词前，相当于前置的修饰语，但不必使用定语的 标志“的”字；可以保持原句的语序，译为后置的并列句， 加入冒号、破折号或“这样”、“这…”、“那就是”、 “即”等字眼；也可以改变原句的同位语结构，采用汉语 的无主句或其它方式的译法。
（宾语从句） 如果没有城市的支持, 简直难以想象会有大学、医院和大 企业, 甚至连科学技术也不会有。
4.We fail to learn that pain is the body's way of in-
forming the mind that we are doing something wrong, not necessarily that something is wrong.
人教版英语九年级全册Unit12知识点归纳讲解和写作指导
Unit12 知识点归纳讲解和写作指导重点知识归纳Section Atake a shower洗淋浴by the time ...在... 以前alarm clock 闹钟go off （闹钟）发出响声keep doing sth. 一直做某事wake up 醒来put on some clothes穿上衣服rush out of the door 冲出门夕卜give ... a lift 捎... 一程at least 至少be five minutes late for class上课迟至U 5 分钟be full of ...充满...arrive at 至达be about to do sth.正要做某事eve n though即使；尽管wait in line with ... 与.... 一起排队等待go on 继续；发生stare at sb. / sth盯着某人/某物in disbelief 不信；怀疑地jump out of bed 从床上跳下来go straight to the airport 直奔机场miss my pla ne 误了航班think to oneself 心中想；盘算wait till the next day 等至第二天hear about 听说the day before 前一天turn into 变成show up 露面；赶到by the end of在（某时间点）以前Section Bget dressed穿上衣服costume party化装舞会stay up all night 整晚熬夜April Fool ' san in troduct ion to ...对.. 的介绍take place 发生local supermarkets当地的超市sell out 卖光lose weight 减肥find out 弄清；查明end up doi ng sth .以做某事告终get married 结婚cancel his show取消他的节目hun dreds of成百上千的；数以百计的thousa nds of成千上万的；数以千计的police officers 警官rush to ...匆忙去...more tha n超过；多于run away from 逃离on the first day of school 在上学第一天turn around 转向；回转hand in 上交重点知识点讲解1. alive 作形容词，意为“活着；有生气的”，在句中可作表语、后置定语或宾语补足语。
Unit 12 英语定语从句的翻译
Mr. Taylor, who had been silent before, spoke out suddenly. 刚才一直沉默不语的Taylor先生突然开口了。 This is the place where the workers’ and peasants’ Red Army made the crossing in 1934. 这就是工农红军1934年渡江的地方。
Part II 后置法 A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who insists that women have outgrown the jumping-on-the-chair-atthe-sight-of-a-mouse era, and a colonel who says that they haven’t. 一位年轻的姑娘和一位上校展开了一场热 烈的争论。姑娘坚持认为妇女已有进步， 看见老鼠就吓得跳上椅子的时代已经一去 不复还了， 而上校则认为没有。（重复先 行词， 译成独立句）
To write a dull book, as any poor writer could do, was unworthy of him. 写一本枯燥无味的书， 这是任何一 个蹩脚的作家都会做的。 Now many young people wish to be scientists, as (=scientists) it is possible for them to be on condition that they work hard. 现在许多青年都想当科学家， 在自 己刻苦努力的条件下， 这是大有可 能如愿以偿的。
His grandfather was a simple-mannered man, as the large-hearted and largeminded men are apt to be. 他祖父质朴大方， 慷慨而心胸开阔的人也 往往是这样的。 The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, as is often the case in other countries. 英国人对于与其不同的文化和行为方式不 大熟悉， 而在其他国家却往往不是这样。
【人教版】董颖：Unit 12 知识点总结.doc复习12单元
Revision of Unit12 Life is full of the unexpected.知识点本单元语法：过去完成时。
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间点以前即―过去的过去‖已经发生的动作。
Mr. Black told me that he had seen the movie three times.⑴过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。
它表示动作发生的时间是―过去的过去‖。
⑵过去完成时的结构是：肯定由―助动词had(用于各种人称和数) + 过去分词‖构成否定式：had not + 过去分词缩写形式：hadn’t⑶过去完成时的时间状语：①表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语。
by the time by the end ofWe had finished our homework before 10 o’clock.②可能通过when, before等引导的从句表示。
When I got there, the train had left.③过去某一时间通过上下文来表示。
Kate hadn’t studied hard, so she didn’t pass the exam yesterday.2.by the time+时间状语从句（1）时间状语从句的时态是一般现在时时（表示将来），主句用将来完成时；（2）时间状语从句是一般过去式时，主句用过去完成时。
by the end of +时间点（1）+过去的时间点，主句用过去完成时；（2）+将来的时间点，主句用将来完成时；by+时间点（1）+现在的时间点，主句用现在完成时；（2）+过去的时间点，主句用过去完成时；（3）+将来的时间点，主句用将来完成时。
By the time you came back, I had finished this book.By the time Jane gets home, her aunt will have left for Beijing.By the end of last year, I had stayed in Xinzheng for seven years.By now, I have finished all my homework.3.oversleep =sleep late v 睡过头sleep → slept → slept oversleep—overslept—overslept–What happened ? — I _____.A. oversleepB. oversleepedC. overslept4. give sb. a lift =give sb. a ride / give a ride to sb. ―捎某人一程‖，The poor old woman was standing in the middle of the road and asked someone to ___.A.give him a rideB. give her a rideC. enjoy a rideD. accept a ride5.leave 与forget的用法:(1) leave ― 遗留，落下，忘记带‖，侧重指把某物或某人留在某个地方，后常跟地点状语；(2)forget ― 忘记‖，侧重指忘记某件事情，后常跟to do (忘了要去做)或doing (忘了做过)。
2020-2021学年人教版七年级英语下册Unit12复习教案
五、教学反思
今天的课程结束后，我深刻地反思了整个教学过程。在Unit 12的复习课中，我尝试了多种教学方法和活动，旨在帮助学生巩固一般过去时的用法和动词过去式的变化。我发现，虽然大多数学生能够积极参与，但也存在一些需要改进的地方。
-教学难点举例：在Section B中，学生可能会在描述一系列过去动作的顺序时犯错，如“I watched a movie, then I went to bed, and I did my homework.”，难点在于引导学生正确使用一般过去时并保持句子逻辑顺序的一致性。
四、教学流程
（一）导入新课（用时5分钟）
实践活动中的角色扮演活动，让学生在实际语境中使用英语，这一点非常有效。不过，我也注意到，在分组讨论时，有些小组的讨论进程较慢，可能需要我在未来提供更明确的指导，或者调整小组人员分配，以便更高效地利用课堂时间。
在小组讨论环节，我尝试作为一个引导者，让学生自主探索和解决问题。这种方法在很大程度上激发了学生的思考，但我观察到有些学生在分享成果时表达不够自信。我考虑在以后的课程中，增加一些增强学生自信心的训练，比如提前准备演讲或小组成果展示。
2020-2021学年人教版七年级英语下册Unit12复习教案
一、教学内容
本节课为人教版七年级英语下册Unit 12的复习教案。教学内容主要包括以下章节：
1. Section A：谈论过去的活动，包括动词过去式的用法和一般过去时的句子结构。
Unit 12复习要点
Unit 12复习要点语法要点：由what, who, where, when, how等引起的一般过去时的特殊疑问句1.What did you do last weekend?上周末你（们）去做什么了？I did my homework./ We went boating.我做作业了。
/我们去划船了。
2.Where did she go last weekend?上周末她去哪里了？She went to a farm.3.She climbed the mountains yesterday.她昨天去爬上了。
（就划线部分提问）When did she climb the mountains?她什么时候去爬的山？She got up at 6:00 yesterday morning.她昨天早上六点起的床。
（就划线部分提问）What time did she get up yesterday morning?她昨天早上什么时候起的床？4.1）She went with her classmates.她和同学一起去的。
（就划线部分提问，提问的部分不是原句的主语）Who did she go with?她和谁一起去的？2）Becky visited her grandma.贝蒂去看望了她的奶奶。
（就划线部分提问，提问的部分是原句的主语）Who visited her grandma?谁去看望了她奶奶？3）Becky visited her grandma.贝蒂去看望了她的奶奶。
（就划线部分提问，提问部分不是原句的主语）Who did Becky visit?贝蒂去看望了谁？5.1) How was your school trip?你的学校旅行怎么样？（提问怎么样）It was exciting.非常令人兴奋。
2）How did you get there?你是怎样到那里的？（提问方式）I got there by train.我乘火车去的那里。
Unit12 知识梳理
Unit12 知识梳理【重点短语】1. last weekend 上周末2. do one’s homework做作业3. go to the cinema 看电影4. go boating 去划船5. camp by the lake 在湖边露营6. go to the beach 去海滩7. play badminton 打羽毛球8. on Saturday morning 在周六的早上9. study for the English test 为了英语考试学习10. feed some cows 喂一些奶牛11. work as a guide 做为一个导游工作12. Natural History Museum 自然历史博物馆13. butterfly house 蝴蝶馆14. over 200 kinds of butterflies 超过200多种蝴蝶15. tell sb about …告诉某人关于…16. living habits 生活习惯17. be kind of tired 有点儿累19. stay up 熬夜20. play with sb. 和某人玩21. lose things 丢东西22. run away 跑开23. fly a kite 放风筝24. as a special gift 作为一个特殊的礼物25. take sb. to sp. 把某人带到某地26. go camping 去露营27. put up the tents 搭建帐篷28. make a fire 生火29. keep sb. warm 使某人保持温暖30. on the first night 在第一天晚上31. so...that... 如此…以至于…32. go to sleep 去睡觉33. get a surprise 吃惊34. see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在做某事35. jump up and down 上蹦下跳36. climb onto one’s back爬到某人背上37. shout at/shout to 大声喊叫38. wake …up把...弄醒39. move into…移入，爬进…中40. a useful lesson 有用的一课【重点句型】1.---What did you do last weekend？你上周末做了什么？---Well, on Saturday, I played badminton. 噢，周六我打羽毛球了。
Unit 12 Life is full of the unexpected知识点整理
Unit 12 Life is full of the unexpected.语法过去完成时1.用法:表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,动作发生的时间为“过去的过去”. 它是一种相对的时态,即相对于一般过去时而存在,没有一般过去时就没有过去完成时.He had learned two hundred English words by the end of last term.When they got to the field,the football match had already started.2.过去完成时常用的标志性的时间状语有：by then（直到那时）,by last month （直到上个月）,by last year（直以去年）,还有when,before,after,by the time（直到…的时候）等引导的从句(这些从句都是一般过去时)3.过去完成时的肯定句,否定句和疑问句的构成过去完成时的肯定句的构成是:主语+had+动词过去分词+其他.He had learned two hundred English words by the end of last term.过去完成时的否定句的构成是:主语+had+not+动词过去分词+其他.He hadn’t learned two hundred English words by the end of last term.过去完成时的一般疑问句的构成是:Had+主语+动词过去分词+其他.肯定回答是Yes，主语+had 否定回答是No，主语+hadn’tHad he learned two hundred English words by the end of last term?Yes ,he had./No,he hadn’t选择题(1)She said she more than three hundred stamps.A.will collectB.has collectedC.had collected(2)The student told me she the film twice.A.sawB.has seenC.had seen(3)Lucy in Hong Kong with us by the time her mother called her.A.had arrivedB.has arrivedC.arrives(4)After she her computer, she went to the police for helpA.has lostB.had lostC.lose(5)My brother _____ just ______ doing his homework.A. finishedB. has finishedC. finishesD. is finishing(6)By the time I got to the station,the train.A.had already leftB.leftC.has leftD.would leave(7)Mary all the exercises before her teacher collected the exercise books.A.have finishedB.finishedC.had finishedD.finish(8)When she got ____ the shop, she realized she had _____ her money at home.A.to, leftB.to, forgotC.at, missedD.on, given(9)How long he in the south before he came here?A.has;livedB.had;livedC.does;live用括号内所给动词的正确时态填空(1)You never told me you (see) the professor before.(2)By last month she (read) ten novels.(3)By the time I got to the bus stop, the bus had already _________(leave).(4)We _______(learn)eight units by the end of last week.(5)When I (get) to the cinema,the film (be)on for ten minutes.Section A1. (1)already一般用于肯定句,常与完成时连用He has already finished his homework.(2)yet一般用于否定句和疑问句. Have you finished your lunch yet?My e-mail to you last night.Have you received it ?A.sent;yetB.is sent;alreadyC.was sent;yet2. by the time意为“到……的时候”，引导时间状语从句，主句常用过去完成时。
Lesson 12 英语从句二
The time when he arrives is not known. 他到达的 时间还不知道。 说明： 句中when he arrives是定语从句 被定语从句修饰的the time是先行词
关系副词when作时间状语
Let’s go to the concert, where you will find much fun. —Let’s go to the concert, in which you will find much fun. 我们去音乐演唱会吧，在那里你会找到很大的乐趣。
关系副词why的用法
why只能引导限制性定语从句，先行词只有reason 一词，在从句中充当原因状语，相当于：“for + which”。
when的先行词通常是time, day, season, age, occasion 等时间名词； where的先行词通常是place, city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes等地点或情形名词；
why的先行词只能是reason。 关系副词when和where有时可用“介词＋which”代替， why可用for which代替。如：
4. 在定语从句中做其他状语，先行词如price, speed等，如： I think the price (that) she sells her apple is too high. (that = at which) 我认为她卖苹果的价格太高。
使用关系副词应注意的几点
1. how 不能用作关系副词，不要想当然地将how 用作关系副词置于the way 后表示方式： 他说话就是那个样子。 误：This is the way how he spoke. 正：This is how he spoke. / This is the way (that, in which) he spoke.
人教版九年级英语全一册：Unit 12语法知识点复习提纲(全面,必备!)
人教版九年级英语全一册：Unit 12语法知识点复习提纲重点短语、重点句型知识点、交际用语、语法、单元同步书面表范文达大全Unit 12 Life is full of unexpected.一、语法:过去完成时1.用法:表示过去的过去,即表示在过去某一时间或动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态,常与by(在......以前),before,when,after,unless引导的时间状语从句以及by the end of last week(到上个星期为止)by that time(到那时为止),long before(很久以前),by the time(到......以前,到......的时候)等构成的短语连用。
先发生的动作用过去完成时,后发生的动作一般过去时。
过去完成时一般过去时一般现在时一般将来时2.过去完成时结构:主语+had+v-过去分词1)She had learned 2,000 English words by the end of last month.到上个月底她已经学了2,000个英语单词。
2)By the time I got up,my brother had already gotten in the shower.我起床的时候,我哥哥已经在洗澡了。
3)By the time I walked into class,the teacher had started teaching already.到我走进教室教室的时候,老师已经开始上课了。
3.过去完成时否定句结构:主语+had not(hadn’t)+v-过去分词1)She hadn’t learned 2,000 English words by the end of last month.到上个月底,她还没有学2,000个英语单词。
2)By the time I got up,my brother hadn’t gotten in the shower yet.我起床的时候,我哥哥还没有去洗澡。
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9.不管遇到什么样的困难，我们都有信心战胜 它们。
Unit 12汉译英中从句的使用
~lecture 12~
汉译英中从句的使用
英语复合句由主句和从句构成，从句包括形 容词从句（adjective clause）、名词从 句（noun clause）和副词从句 （adverbial clause）。
从句的使用是提高汉英水平的突破口。 再有，是否使用英语复合句来翻译，主要取
it. 3）There is really nothing I can
do about it. 4) It is really beyond my power
to do anything about this.
2.我们的忍耐是有限度的。 Our tolerance is not unlimited. Our toleration has a limit. There is a limit to what we will tolerate. There is only so much we will put up with.
Complicated interpersonal relationship was one of the reasons I didn’t like working there.
One of the reasons I disliked working there was the complicated relationship among the staff.
(他试图说服妻子，但徒劳无益)；
只有摆脱汉语形式的束缚，把握其各个部分 含义的内在联系，才能在译文中充分发挥形 容词从句的表达力。
形容词从句
1.对此我确实无能为力。 1）I have no power to change it. 2). I can really do nothing about
决于原文的内在含义，而不是其外在形式。
使用形容词从句进行汉译英是，最基本的用法是对应汉 语“……的”的结构，
如“母亲给她买的生日礼物”
（the birthday present her mother bought her）,
“我童年时代生活的小村庄”
（the small village where I spent my childhood）,
E.g. He laughs the best who laughs the last
(谁笑在最后，谁笑得最美)；
She said she was in a traffic jam, which was quite possible.
(她说路上堵车了，这倒有可能) ;
He tried to persuade his wife, which was in vain.
7. 总有一天他要为其所作所为付出代价。
Someday he will pay the price for what he has done.
The day will come when he has to reap what he has sown.
8. 人际关系复杂是我不喜欢在那儿工作的原因之一。
From the time I first saw him, I knew he was not easy to get along with.
From the moment I laid eyes on him, I knew he was not a man one could get along with easily.
I want to find a new job where I can start afresh.
6. 从第一次见到他，我就知道这个人不易相 处。
From the first time I set my eyes on him, I knew he was a difficult man to get along with.
5. 我想换个工作单位，在那里可以一切从新 开始。
I want to change my job so that I can start everything anew.
I want to find another job where I can start all over again.
I want to change to another work unit where I can make a fresh start.
He rattled away about things I had no interest in at all.
He talked nonstop about things that did not interest me in the least.
Talk on and on about something.
“刚才和你说话的小女孩”
（the girl who was talking with you just nowபைடு நூலகம்,
“他彻夜难眠的原因”
（the reason why he lies awake all night
但是，这种汉英大体对应的情况只会出现于英语形容 词从句修饰名词的时候。如果英语形容词从句修饰代 词、短语或句子，汉语往往要换用其它结构。
3 她不喜欢他那样盯着她看。
She doesn’t like him to stare at her like that.
She doesn’t like the way he stares at her.
4. 他滔滔不绝地将一些我根本不感兴趣的 话题。
He kept talking about subjects in which I had not the slightest interest.