2021年考研英语英译汉翻译真题附答案和解析_13

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2021年考研英语英译汉翻译真题附答案和解析_12

2021年考研英语英译汉翻译真题附答案和解析Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put.It sounds like a useful，ground-clearing way to start.（71）Actually，it isnt，because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have.On one view of rights，to be sure，it necessarily follows that animals have none.72）Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.Therefore，animals cannot have rights.The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd，for exactly the same reason，so is the idea that tigers have ringhts.However，this is only one account，and by no means an uncontested one.It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—for instance，to infants，the mentally incapable and future generations.In addition，it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it:how do you reply to somebody who says“I dont like this contract?”The point is this without agreement on the rights of people，arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.（73）It leadsthe discussion to extremes at the outset:it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all.This is a false choice.Better to start with another，more fundamental question:is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?Many deny it.（74）Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect，extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.This view，which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood，may seem bravely“logical.”In fact it is simply shallow:the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh others interests against one s own.This in turn requires sympathy and imagination:without which there is no capacity for moral thought.To see an animal in pain is enough，for most，to engage sympathy.（75）When that happens，it is not a mistake:it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action，an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.解析：71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Actually, it isn't, because it assumes / that there is an agreed account of human rights, / which is something the world does not have.第二、句子主干结构是主从复合句。

2021年考研英语真题及答案(完整版)

2021年考研英语真题及答案（完整版）2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题详解Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, onthe whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the abilityto make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 ,he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day。

To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 。

2021考研英语(一)真题及答案解析

2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）真题及答案解析（完整版）SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It1in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time,and then2starts to slowly decline as we age.But3aging is inevitable,scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle1oss and the4of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the5that lifestyle factors might help prevent or6this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that7measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than4,000middle-to-older-aged men and women and8that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people9higher measures of abdominal fat10worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years11.For women,the association may be12to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men,the immune system did not appear to be13.It is hoped that future studies could14these differences and perhaps lead to different15for men and women.16there are steps you can17to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental18.The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your19of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style20that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1.[A]pauses[B]return[C]peaks[D]fades2.[A]alternatively[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]generally3.[A]while[B]since[C]once[D]until4.[A]detection[B]accumulation[C]consumption[D]separation5.[A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement6.[A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek[D]utilize7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]included[D]predicted8.[A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted[D]applied9.[A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played11.[A]ran out[B]set off[C]drew in[D]went by12.[A]superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled14.[A]alter[B]spread[C]remove[D]explain15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments16.[A]Likewise[B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore[D]Instead17.[A]change[B]watch[C]count[D]take18.[A]well-being[B]process[C]formation[D]coordination19.[A]level[B]love[C]knowledge[D]space20.[A]design[B]routine[C]diet[D]prescription1.【答案】C peaks【解析】此处考察词义辨析+句间逻辑关系。

2021年考研英语一参考答案及解析

2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试（英语一）参考答案及解析SectionⅠUse of English【1】C peaks解析：A pause暂停B return返回C peaks顶峰D fades衰退文中后面讲到decline，表明此时处于最高峰。

【2】D generally解析A alternatively两者选之一地B formally正式地C accidentally 偶然地D Generally总地来说文中第一二句内容是对第一句的顺接，带入唯有generally合适【3】A while解析：A while转折B since因果C once条件D until时间文中前肯后否，选择while.【4】C Consumption解析：A detection识别B accumulation积累C consumption消耗D separation区分;and前后语义一致，前面是loss后面就是consumption【5】A possibility解析：B decision决定C goal目标D requirement要求，后面出现了might,体现了内容的不确定性，因此答案是possibility.【6】A delay解析：B ensure确保C seek寻找D utilize利用ｏｒ前后结果一致，因此语义相近prevent与delay一致。

【7】C included解析：A modified改变B supported支持D predicted后面讲到４０００多男性和女性研究对象，所以只能是included【8】B Compared解析：前文讲到什么这些数据，因为是实验文章，所以是比对数据，进行分析。

【9】A with此处为伴随动作，所用介词为ｗｉｔｈ【10】C scored此处属于动词和名词的匹配关系，什么与measure进行搭配，表示获得什么标准。

【11】D went by解析：考固定搭配，as the years went by随着岁月的流逝，go by表示（时间）流逝。

2021年考研英语翻译真题及详细解析(英译汉)

2021年考研英语翻译真题及详细解析(英译汉)2021年考研英语英译汉试题及解析In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley.(47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not betrue, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.真题解析46. He believes / that (this very )difficulty may have had the compensating advantage (of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, // and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.) 句子结构分析(1)本句是一个主从复合句，含有一个that引导的宾语从句;其主干是he believes that (difficulty may have had the advantage).(2)宾语从句“that this very…his own observations”含有of引导的两个后置定语“of forcing him to…his own observations”;由于是分词短语作定语，且太长，翻译时要找到与主句的逻辑关系，翻译成非定语成分。

13.2021考研英语(一)翻译真题及答案

2021考研英语（一）翻译真题及答案来源：文都教育Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10 points)46.Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at3%-5%of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war.【参考译文】战争结束后，这些社会的入学率在战前的几十年里一直保持在相关年龄段的3%-5%。

47.And the demand that rose in those societies of entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war.【参考译文】在那些社会中，对接受高等教育的需求上升，延伸到了战前没有想过上大学的群体和社会阶层。

48.In many countries of western Eup.the numbers of student in higher education doubled within five-years periods during the1960s and double again in seven eight or 10years by the middle of1970s.【参考译文】在欧洲联盟的许多西方国家，20世纪60年代，接受高等教育的学生人数在5年内翻了一番，到70年代中期，在7年、8年或10年里又翻了一番。

2021年考研英语英译汉翻译真题附答案和解析_1

2021年考研英语英译汉翻译真题附答案和解析The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally legal learning has been viewed in such institutions the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflection on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49)In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50)While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to relyon their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.解析：(46) Traditionally legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.结构分析：Traditionally 主语//legal learning被动结构（固定结构）// has been viewed in such institutions //as the special preserve of lawyers, 比较结构//rather than 多重后置定语//a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.词义推敲：traditionally 传统上来说legal learning 法律的学习view …as…把…看作…institutions 公共机构the special preserve of lawyers 律师专有的特权/权利preserve 禁区，防护物，引申为律师专有的权利rather than 而不是necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person 多重后置定语结构——后浪推前浪，我们可以翻译为：受过教育的人的知识储备所必需的一部分intellectual equipment 知识装备/储备/才能an educated person 受过教育的人参考译文：传统上，这些院校一直把学习法律看成是律师专有的特权，而不是一个受过教育的人的知识才能必须的部分。

2021西南财经大学MTI真题+答案

2021西南财经大学MTI真题+答案211翻译硕士英语选择题完型是一篇关于外派学生出国学习阅读都是跟经济或者公司有关作文：The increasing use of the mobile phones and computers makes people lose the ability to communicate with each other face to face357英语翻译基础1.确诊病例：confirmed case2.区域一体化；regional integration3.和平共处五项原则：the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence4.中医：traditional Chinese medicine, TCM5.垃圾分类：waste sorting；garbage sorting；waste classification；garbage classification6.无人驾驶技术：driverless technology7.财政部：the Ministry of Finance8.外资准入负面清单：negative lists for foreign investmentmarket access9.消除贫困：eradicate/eliminate poverty10.理想国：The Republic ( Plato)11.Acropolis： (雅典)卫城12.unmanned lunar probe：无人月球探测器13.unilateralism：单边主义14.asymptomatic cases：无症状病例15.CDC：疾控中心16.NHC：国家卫生健康委员会；国家卫健委17.Frankenstein：弗兰肯斯坦，科学怪人英译中翻译一：关于古希腊罗马的一篇社会情况翻译翻译二：面部表情中译英:1、政府工作报告的一段，关于单边主义、多边主义，我们需要构建人类命运共同体2、关于雪，没有人不喜欢雪，爱斯基摩人用雪块建造圆顶小屋，住着很暖和出现了李白的一句诗"燕山雪花大如席"“白发三千丈”448汉语写作与百科知识一、百科1.唐朝2.古体诗3.近体诗4.浪漫派5.初唐四杰6.文艺复兴7.天体运行论8.日心说9.自由落体运动10.万有引力定律11.法国大革命12.普法战争13.现代政治体系14.教会15.宗法制度16.父权社会17.小农经济二、应用文根据一则淘宝信息写一个商务信函三、大作文热词，"打工人”，自选角度。

2021年考研英语翻译真题及详细解析(英译汉)_1

2021年考研英语翻译真题及详细解析(英译汉)2021年考研英语英译汉试题及解析There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.(46)It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47)Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association underwhich the world’s work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.(48)While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account.(49)Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(50)We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling.In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the samesort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.真题解析46. It may be said //that the measure (of the worth of any social institution) is its effect (in enlarging and improving experience); / but this effect is not a part of its original motive.句子结构分析(1)该句是由but连接的并列复合句，句子的主干是it may be said…but this effect is not a part.(2)that引导的是宾语从句，其句子的主干是the measure is its effect.(3)本句是并列句，与汉语语序基本一致，可以采取顺译法。

2021考研英语：历年翻译解析三

2021考研英语：历年翻译解析三考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面由小编为你精心准备了“2021考研英语：历年翻译解析三”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!2021考研英语：历年翻译解析三考研英语翻译及答案解析Section VI Chinese-English TranslationTranslate the following sentences into English. (15 points)1. 随着时间的过去，他将会懂得我所讲的话。

2. 听说那个地区的工厂比1970年增加了两倍。

3. 在这个季节保持蔬菜新鲜可不容易。

4. 只要我们继续努力工作，我们就能提前完成任务。

5. 尽管我们的政治和经济制度存在着巨大差异，我们两国在许多方面有着共同的利益。

翻译：Section VII: Chinese-English Translation (15 points)1. As time goes on, he will understand what I said.2. We have been told that there are now three times as many factories in that district as in 1970.3. It is hard work keeping vegetables fresh in this season.4. So long as we continue to work hard, we can finish the task ahead of schedule.5. Despite the great differences between our political and economic systems, our two countries share a wide range of common interest.Section VII English-Chinese TranslationChoose either of the following two passages and translate it into Chinese. (30 points)(1)In country after country, talk of non-smokers’right is in the air. While a majority of countries have taken little or no action yet, some 30 nations have introduced legislative steps to control smoking. Many laws have been introduced in other countries to help clear the air for nonsmokers, or to cut cigarette consumption.In some developed countries the consumption of cigarettes has become more or less stabilized. However, in many developing nations, cigarette smoking is seen as a sign of economic progress —and is even encouraged. As more tobacco companies go international, new markets are sought to gain new smokers in those countries. For example, great efforts are made by the American tobacco industry to sell cigarettes in the Middle East and North Africa —where U.S. tobacco exports increased by more than 27 percent in 1974.Smoking is harmful to the health of people. World governments should conduct serious campaigns against it. Restrictions on cigarette advertisements, plus health warnings on packages and bans on public smoking in certain places such as theatres, cinemas and restaurants, are the most popular tools used by nations in support of nonsmokers or in curbing smoking. But world attention also is focusing on another step which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit. And cigarette price should be boosted.In the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether, but people are not ready for such drastic action.(2)Nuclear power’s danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.Nuclear radiation has a certain mystery about it, partly because it cannot be detected by human senses. It can’t be seen or heard, or touched or tasted, even though it may be all around us. There are other things like that. For example, radio waves are all around us but we can’t detect them, sense them, without a radio receiver. Similarly, we can’t sense radioactivity without a radiation detector. But unlike common radio waves, nuclear radiation is not harmless to human beings and other living things.At very high levels, radiation can kill an animal or human being outright by killing masses of cells in vital organs. But even the lowest levels can do serious damage. There is no level of radiation that is completely safe. If the radiation does not hit anything important, the damage many not be significant. This is the case when only a few cells are hit, and if they are killed outright. Your body will replace the dead cells with healthy ones. But if the few cells are only damaged, and if they reproduce themselves, you may be in a deformed way. They can grow into cancer. Sometimes this does not show up for many years.This is another reason for some of the mystery about nuclear radiation. Serious damage can be done without the victim being aware at the time that damage has occurred. A person can be irradiated and feel fine, then die of cancer five, ten, or twenty years later as a result. Or a child can be born weak or liable to serious illness as a result of radiation absorbed by its grandparents.Radiation can hurt us. We must know the truth.Section VIII: English-Chinese Translation (30 points)(1)不吸烟者的权利问题，正在一个又一个国家里开始议论。

武汉科技大学2021年《翻译英语》考研真题与答案解析

武汉科技大学2021年《翻译英语》考研真题与答案解析Part I. Vocabulary and Grammar (20 points, 1 point for each) Directions: There are 20 statements in this section. After each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Select the only one choice that best completes the statement. Write your answers on your answer sheet.1. They didn’t find that the meeting was _____ until they got to the hall.A. canceledB. conceivedC. put outD. cut down2. There are many kinds of steel, each ______ its uses in industry.A. hasB. hadC. haveD. having3. They had food and clothing _______ for their needs.A. sufficientB. efficientC. properD. considerable4. The two brave young men ______ the day when their own country was liberated.A. longed toB. desired afterC. longed forD. longed after5. It _____ to rain cats and dogs that day.A. happenedB. occurredC. took placeD. was6. That’s his first offence, and the judge is going to give him a light _____.A. sentenceB. crimeC. serviceD. claim7. Were there any exciting _____ during your journey?A. incidentsB. accidentsC. eventsD. business8. A month after 5-year-old Leanna Warner was reported missing, herfamily still ____ hope even as they try to live a “new” normal life.A. holds outB. holds upC. holds toD. holds back9. This information is only _____ data and will need further analysis.A. netB. grossC. rawD. rough10. Is the _____ of food and clothes to the hungry more helpful than giving money?A. donationB. devotionC. dedicationD. compensation11. He was already _____ the ship.A. boardB. aboardC. abroadD. broad12. After graduation, he suddenly became interested in the _____ ofliterature and art.A. realmB. rangeC. areaD. zone13. Stormy applause broke forth _____ he appeared on the stage.A. for the momentB. the momentC. at the moment whenD. the moment when14. A good salesman must be _____ if he wants to succeed.A. militantB. offensiveC. aggressiveD. certain15. Physics is _____ to the science which was called natural philosophy in history.A. likelyB. uniformC. alikeD. equivalent16. So much _____ about his financial position that he can’t sleep atnight.A. he worriesB. does he worryC. did he worryD. he worried17. Many are socially active, are involved as volunteers, and are _____ new responsibilities.A. taking onB. taking overC. taking inD. taking after18. I will now introduce the candidate in support of _____ I wish to speak.A. whichB. whoC. thatD. whom19. At 125th Street, Mr. Torres would _____ to the No. 2 train by crossing the platform.A. inferB. transformC. transferD. refer20. Not that I don’t want to go, _____ that I have no time.A. althoughB. despiteC. butD. forPart II. Error Correction (10 points, 1 point for each)Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You are required to change a word, add a word or delete a word. If you add a word, put an insertion mark (Λ) in the right place and write the missing word in the corresponding blank on your answer sheet. If you delete a word, cross it and put a slash (/) in the corresponding blank on your answer sheet. If you change a word, cross it and put your word in the corresponding blank on your answer sheet. Remember to write the correct number beside each blank on the answer sheet.For most parents, having a newborn in the house candisrupt sleep schedules. Generally, there aren’t any long-termhealth effects.It’s a evolutionary thing that’s built in to help us raise 21. _______ newborns, though there are really no studies for this. New 22. _______ parents can prepare by understanding, and accepting, which 23._______the first few months will most likely consist of disrupted sleep. If you followed the guidelines below, the disrupted 24. _______sleep will likely last for only a few months, which is rather short-term in the scheme of things. During the first six months of life,babies sleep soundly in two-to-four hour periods. Newborns are not born with a cycle that makes him stay awake during the day 25. ________and sleep at night. Rather, sleep is spaced regularly to piece 26. _______ throughout the 24-hour day. Bottle-fed newborns tend to sleepfor slightly shorter periods, generally three to four hours, 27. _______ whereas breast-fed babies tend to sleep in one-to-three hourcycles. After 6 months of age, infants begin to sleep for longerperiods, they generally sleep through the night. From 6 28. ________ months to 9 months, however, many infants, even those whowere fantastic sleepers when they were younger, begin toexhibit episodes of night wakings. These night wakings aregenerally due to developmental phases. Instead sleeping, 29. ________ babies often find it more interesting to practice newly acquiredskills like crawling or sitting up. About 30 percent to 50 percentof infants at this age awaken at most once per night for a 30. ________ short while, usually for about one to five minutes at a time,with 25 percent of 1-year-olds continuing to do so.Part III. Reading Comprehension (40 points, 2 point for each) Directions: Read the following passages and answer the questions. Choose the most appropriate answer for each question and circle the letter on the answer sheet. Remember to write the letter corresponding to the question number.Questions 31-35 are based on the following passage:Conservationists call them hot spots - habitats that cover just 1.4 percent of the earth’s land surface but are so rich in biological diversity that preserving them could keep an astonishing number of plant and animal species off the endangered list.Since 1988, when Dr. Norman Myers and his colleagues began describing these hot spots in a series of scientific papers and arguing for their protection, they havebecome a focus of worldwide conservation efforts. Private organizations and government agencies, including the World Bank, have made preserving 25 such ecological arks a top priority for financing and protective legislation. But a growing chorus of scientists is warning that directing conservation funds to hot spots may be a recipe for major losses in the future. Of species that live on land, nearly half of all plants and more than a third of all animals are found only in the hot spots. But they do not include many rare species and major animal groups that live in less biologically rich regions (“coldspots”). And the hot-spot concept does not factor in the importance of some ecosystems to human beings, the scientists argue.This debate has been simmering（炖，煨，慢煮）quietly among biologists for years; however, it is coming to a boil now with the publication of an article in the current issue of American Scientist arguing that “calls to direct conservation funding to the world’s biodiversity hot spots may be bad investment advice.”“The hot-spot concept has grown so popular in recent years within the larger conservation community that it now risks eclipsing（超越）all other approaches,” write the authors of the paper. “The officers and directors of all too many foundations, non-governmental organizations and international agencies have been seduced by the simplicity of the hot spot idea,”they go on. “We worry that the initially appealing idea of getting the most species per unit area is, in fact, a thoroughly misleading strategy.”But hot spots have their ardent（热情的）defenders, notably Dr. Norman Myers and Dr. Russell Mittermeier. Dr. Myers says hot spots have been successful at attracting attention and financing for conservation in tropical countries. “And that has been good,” he said. “No one is suggesting that one invest solely in hot spots, but if you want to avoid extinctions, you have to invest in them.”31. The best title for this passage would be ________.A. A Debate on Preserving Hot SpotsB. An Introduction to Hot SpotsC. Hot Spots vs. Cold SpotsD. How to Finance Hot Spots32.Hot spots occupy a small percentage of the earth’s land surface with ________.A. a third of all plantsB. many major animal groups living in cold spotsC. rich biological diversityD. many rare species living in cold spots33.Critics of hot spots hold the opinion that ________.A. hot spots are always as important as cold spotsB. it is unwise to invest largely in hot spotsC. governments should choose the best time to invest in hot spotsD. the hot-spot approach is a misleading strategy from the very beginning34.According to Dr. Norman Myers, _________.A. protecting and investing in hot spots can save species from extinctionB. conservation efforts should not center on hot spotsC. governments should invest most in cold spotsD. the hot-spot approach now is not as good as it was in the past35.What is the writer’s attitude towards the hot-spot approach?A. Critical.B. Neutral.C. Supportive.D. Doubtful.Questions 36-40 are based on the following passage:Interactive television advertising, which allows viewers to use their remote controls to click on advertisements, has been pushed for years. Nearly a decade ago it was predicted that viewers of “Friends”, a popular situation comedy, would soon be able to purchase a sweater like Jennifer Aniston’s with a few taps on their remote control. “It’s been the year of interactive television advertising for the last ten or twelve years. ” says Colin Dixon of a digital-media consultancy.So the news that Cablevision, an American cable company, was rolling out interactive advertisements to all its customers on October 6th was greeted with some skepticism. During commercials, an overlay will appear at the bottom of the screen, prompting viewers to press a button to request a free sample or order a catalogue. Cablevision hopes to allow customers to buy things with their remote controls early next year.Television advertising could do with a boost. Spending fell by 10% in the first half of the year. The popularization of digital video recorders hascaused advertisers toworry that their commercials will be skipped. Some are turning to the Internet, which is cheaper and offers concrete measurements like click-through rates---especially important at a time when marketing budges are tight. With the launch of interactive advertising, “many of the dollars that went to the Internet will come back to the TV, ”says David Kline of Cablevision. Or so the industry hopes.In theory, interactive advertising can engage viewers in a way that 30-seconds spots do not. Unilever recently ran an interactive campaign for its Axe Deodorant(除臭剂)，which kept viewers engaged for more than three minutes on average.The amount spent on interactive advertising on television is still small. Magna, as advertising agency, reckons it will be worth about $ 138 million this year. That falls far short of the billions of dollars people once expected it to generate. But DirecTV, Comcast and Time Warner Cable have all invested in it. A new effort led by Canoe Ventures, a coalition of leading cable providers, aims to make interactive advertising available across America later this year. BrightLine iTV, which designs and sells interactive ads, says interest has surged: it expects its revenues almost to triple this year. BSkyB, Britain’s biggest satellite-television service, already provide 9 million customers with interactive ads.Yet there are doubts whether people watching television, a “leanback” medium, crave interaction. Click-through rates have been high so far(around 3-4%, compared with less than 0.3% online), but that may be a result of the novelty. Interactive ads and viewers might not go well together.36.What does Colin Dixon mean by saying “It’s been the year of interactive television advertising for the last ten or twelve years” (Lines 4-5, Para.1)?A. Interactive television advertising will become popular in 10-12 years.B. Interactive television advertising has been under debate for the last decade or so.C. Interactive television advertising is successful when incorporated into situation comedies.D. Interactive television advertising has not achieved the anticipated results.37.What is public’s response to Cablevision’s planned interactive TV advertising program?A. Pretty positive.B. Totally indifferent.C. Somewhat doubtful.D. Rather critical.38.What is the impact of the wide use of digital video recorders on TV advertising?A. It has made TV advertising easily accessible to viewers.B. It helps advertisers to measure the click---through rates.C. It has placed TV advertising at a great disadvantage.D. It enables viewers to check the sales items with ease.39.What do we learn about Unilever’s interactive campaign?A. It proves the advantage of TV advertising.B. It has done well in engaging the viewers.C. it helps attract investments in the company.D. It has boosted the TV advertising industry.40.How does the author view the hitherto high click-through rates?A. They may be due to the novel way of advertising.B. They signify the popularity of interactive advertising.C. They point to the growing curiosity of TV viewers.D. They indicate the future direction of media reform.Questions 41-45 are based on the following passage:Maybe it’s a sign of a mature mind when some of life’s bigger questions---about love, faith, ambition---suddenly seem more manageable than smaller ones, such as: why did I just open the refrigerator? Where on earth did I put my keys? Where did I write down that phone number?Our capacity for storing and recalling information does not streamdown like sand through an hourglass, as neurologists once believed. On the contrary, new research suggests that, when stimulated in the right way, brains of almost any age can give birth to cells and forge fresh pathways to file away new information. This emerging picture has not only encouraged those who treat and care for the 5% of older adults who have dementia(痴呆症) such as Alzheimer’s disease, but also generated a wave of optimism among those studying memory changes in the other 95%, as well as an increasing public fascination with “memory enhancement”dietary supplements, books and brain-improving techniques.The slight failures of memory that many of us attribute to a failing brain are often due to something entirely different: anxiety, sleep problems, depression, even heart disease. The biological nuts and bolts of learning and memory in fact change little over time in healthy people, researcher say. “There is very little cell loss, and structurally all the machinery is there, even very late in life, ” said a neuroscientist Greg Cole. It’s the cells’ speed and ability to send and receive signals that diminish gradually, which is what makes the mind go blank when trying to recall familiar words and names.For more than a decade, researchers have known that people who have active, intellectually challenging lives are less likely to develop dementia than those who do not. Part of this difference is attributableto intelligence, some doctors believe, The more you start with, the longer it takes to lose it. And new evidence suggests that the act of using your brain is in itself protective, no matter who you are.All of the activities, such as reading newspaper , watching TV, playing games, etc. , can improve people’s scores on standard tests measuring recall of numbers and names, experts say. They also acknowledge, however, that there is a big difference between playing chess with a friend and doing a mental exercise, such as memorizing numbers. One is an organic part of a person’s life, the other a purely intellectual exercise, done in isolation. The first is fun; the second, often, is a tiring task.41.According to the text, adult persons usually_____A. stress the settlement of bigger problems.B. focus their attention on great issues.C. overlook the remembrance of trivial things.D. suffer memory decline related to age.42.According to new research, it’s distinct that_____A. our brain cells can be producible.B. our memory may be renewable.C. most mental illnesses are curable.D. brain-mending methods are available.43.The phrase “nuts and bolts” in Par.3 most probably means_____A. basic structures.B. complex tasks.C. practical aspects.D. working parts.44.As asserted by researchers, our inability to memorize words or names mainly___A. results from the declining efficiency of brain cells.B. results in the brain’s liability to radical interference.C. consists of different mental disorders.D. consists in various emotional problems.45.Experts suggest that the best way to avoid memory failures is____.A. to take more dietary supplementsB. to keep mental function aliveC. to find an intellectual occupationD. to do more intellectual exerciseQuestions 46-50 are based on the following passage:Every year at Thanksgiving, parts of the Upper West Side of Manhattan become like a paradise for children. There’s the exciting preparation of the balloons and floats for the Thanksgiving Day parade, and then, on Thursday morning, the parade itself.The weather isn’t always kind. I’ve seen the kids out there in snow, infreezing rain, in winds that threaten to send the balloons and their handlers soaring to distant venues. It doesn’t seem to matter. The children come into the neighborhood in waves, holding the hands of adults or riding atop their shoulders, smiling, laughing, and playing hide-and-seek among the police barriers. Finally, inevitably, they end up staring in absolute open-mouthed, wide-eyed look as huge colorful creation of their favorite characters begin making their grand way down Central Park West.We have an obligation and an opportunity at this special moment in history to do right by these youngsters, and all the rest of America’s kids. It’s a special moment because we’ve seen so clearly the many things that have gone wrong in the society, and it may not be easy to articulate.The American economy is broken, ruined by the greed and irresponsibility of fabulously wealthy corporate headmen and their shabby helpers and enablers in government. While Wall Street is handing out billions in bonuses, American families are struggling with joblessness, home foreclosures and a huge sum of debt. The economic woes are having a negative impact on family life, and children are taking a big hit--- emotionally, psychologically and otherwise.One effect of the Great Recession, according to a recent series in The New York Times, has been a big jump in the number of runawaychildren, many of them living in dangerous condition on the street. Family homelessness is also up. And poverty is increasing. More than a third of all black children in America are poor, and that tragic percentage is expanding. The outlook for America’s working classes is bleak. A few weeks ago a New York cab driver broke down in tears as he told me he’d had to apply for food stamps to continue feeding his family.A sense of urgency may be starting emerge. With president Obama’s jobs summit approaching, representatives from labor and progressive organizations gathered in Washington to warn of the lasting damage being imposed on the prospects of young Americans by the continuing employment crisis.46.What does the author mean by “floats” (Line2, Para.1)?A. Decorated vehicles in the parade.B. Balloons floating in the sky.C. Something blown away by the wind.D. Artificial flowers in the parade.47.We can infer from the second paragraph all of the following EXCEPT_____.A. the wind is quite strong on the day of the paradeB. children are excited enough to resist the cold weatherC. the police are there ready to arrest anyone suspiciousD. children stay there to watch the parade until the end48.According to the text, _____ suffer(s) most in the economic dilemma.A. the Wall StreetB. the wealthy corporate’s headmenC. the American familiesD. the enablers in government49.It can be inferred from the text that _____.A. the prospect of American economy is prosperousB. the poverty of the black children is expanding fastestC. the New York cab driver are on strikeD. children’s escaping from home is on the rise50.Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the text?A. The prospect of American economy.B. The poverty of children in economic recession.C. The celebration of the Thanksgiving Day.D. The deep source of the broken American economy.Part IV. Writing (30 points)51. Directions: Write an essay of about 400 words in English on the following topic. Write your essay on your ANSWER SHEET.How to Solve the Medical Problems in Big Cities?答案解析Part I1-5: ADACA 6-10: AACCA 11-15: BABCD 16-20: BADCCPart II21. a × →an22. for × →on23. which × →that24. followed ×→follow25. him ×→them26. piece × →pieces27. shorter ×→longer28. , Λthey →, and29.instead Λsleeping →of30. most × →leastPart III31-35 ACBAB 36-40 CCCBA 41-45 DADAB 46-50 ACCDBPart IV51. （作文略）。

考研英语长难句翻译真题词汇详解：(13)

研英长难句翻译真题词汇详解：（13）长难句:it is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems,often defining as addictions what earlier,sterner generations e_plained as weakness of will.重点词汇:will■答案■1.长难句:令人担心的是,社会越发把行为问题当作是疾病来治疗,常把更为坚强的上几代人称之为意志薄弱的行为定义成上瘾.分析: 这是一个简单句,主干结构是it is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems,其中it作形式主语.often defining as weakness of will是medicalizing的伴随状语.注意more and more 在句中是副词,修饰medicalizing.2.will作名词时意为〝意愿;意志〞,will power意为〝意志力,自制力〞.where there is a will, there is a way.(有志者,事竟成.)the international community needs to demonstrate its political will to end hunger.(国际社会应该拿出根除饥饿的政治意志来.)when you have the will to win,you will find the skill to win.(你要是有赢的意志,就会获得赢的技巧.) will作名词还可表示〝遗愿;遗嘱〞.never yielding to victorian conventions,collins had insisted upona simple funeral in his will.(考林斯一生都不愿迎合维多利亚时代的习俗,他在遗嘱中要求在他死后只举办一个简单的葬礼.)英译汉考研英语一历年真题上下文.时间.空间.情景.对象.话语前提等与词汇使用有关的都是语境因素.同个单词历年考研英语英译汉真题除了背模板外,还要学会整理模板,因为市面上的模板都千篇一律,考试时直接套用是得不考研英语一翻译真题词汇是英语学习的门槛,发现身边很多同学之所以对英语不感兴趣或者说是惧怕,就是因为历年考研英语二级翻译真题汉译英翻译讲究信.达.雅,第一步的〝信〞就是,你要〝精准〞地知道每个单词的意思,不可以。

21年考研真题英语答案

21年考研真题英语答案来自21年考研真题的英语部分，本文将提供详细的答案解析以帮助考生更好地理解和准备考试。

以下将按照题目的顺序给出解答，并提供相关的解题思路和对答案的详细解析。

阅读理解部分：Passage 1:1. A解析：根据第一段的句子"Physicists have identified the source of "tricritical” magnetic behavior in a material that could benefit next-generation computing." 可知，物理学家已经找到了下一代计算机中受益的材料的“三重临界”磁性行为的来源。

根据上下文也可以判断出这是一项新的发现。

2. C解析：根据第三段 "This is the first time that a new type of magnetic behavior has been predicted theoretically and then discovered experimentally." 可知，从理论上预测然后通过实验证明这种新型磁性行为是第一次。

所以选C。

3. B解析：根据第六段 "These are intriguing discoveries that will help unlock novel electric and magnetic effects." 可知，这些都是令人感兴趣的发现，将有助于揭示新的电磁效应。

4. D解析：根据最后一段的最后一句 "The effort could also create a path to finding other novel materials with potentially useful properties." 可知，此举还可以为发现其他具有潜在有用性能的新材料铺平道路。

2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)真题+解析答案

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）（科目代码：201）Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It __1__ in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then __2__ starts to slowly decline as we age. But __3__ aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.One study found that muscle loss and the __4__ of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the __5__ that lifestyle factors might help prevent or __6__ this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that __7__ measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and __8__ that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people __9__ higher measures of abdominal fat __10__ worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years __11__.For women, the association may be __12__ to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be __13__. It is hoped that future studies could __14__ these differences and perhaps lead to different __15__ for men and women.__16__ there are steps you can __17__ to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental __18__. The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your __19__ of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style __20__ that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1. [A] pauses [B] returns [C] peaks [D] fades2. [A] alternatively [B] formally [C] accidentally [D] generally3. [A] while [B] since [C] once [D] until4. [A] detection [B] accumulation. [C] consumption [D] separation5. [A] possibility [B] decision [C] goal [D] requirement6. [A] delay [B] ensure [C] seek [D] utilize7. [A] modified [B] supported [C] included [D] predicted8. [A] devoted [B] compared [C] converted [D] applied9. [A] with [B] above [C] by [D] against10. [A] lived [B] managed [C] scored [D] played11. [A] ran out [B] set off [C] drew in [D] went by12. [A] superior [B] attributable [C] parallel [D] resistant13. [A] restored [B] isolated [C] involved [D] controlled14. [A] alter [B] spread [C] remove [D] explain15. [A] compensation [B] symptoms [C] demands [D] treatments16. [A] Likewise [B] Meanwhile [C] Therefore [D] Instead17. [A] change [B] watch [C] count [D] take18. [A] well-being [B] process [C] formation [D] coordination19. [A] level [B] love [C] knowledge [D] space20. [A] design [B] routine [C] diet [D] prescription Section ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year's rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year's, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain's railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.21. The author holds that this year's increase in rail passengers' fares _____.[A] will ease train operation's burden.[B] has kept pace with inflation.[C] is a big surprise to commuters.[D] remains an unreasonable measure.22. The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for _____.[A] car drivers[B] rail travelers[C] local investors[D] ordinary taxpayers23. It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators _____.[A] are offering compensations to commuters.[B] are trying to repair relations with the unions.[C] have failed to provide an adequate service.[D] have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.24. If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face _____.[A] the loss of investment.[B] the collapse of operations.[C] a reduction of revenue[D] a change of ownership.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?[B] Constant Complaining Doesn't Work[C] Can Nationalization Bring Hope?[D] Ever-rising Fares Aren't SustainableText 2Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia's bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country's antipoverty program.In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistanceprograms are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They're already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs don't generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That's because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don't prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia's poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia's phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7, 468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, "we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation," Ferraro says.That's likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody's guess. Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what's good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to _____.[A] facilitate health care reform.[B] help poor families get better off.[C] improve local education systems.[D] lower deforestation rates.27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that _____.[A] cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.[B] CCT programs have he helped preserve traditional lifestyles.[C] antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.[D] economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out _____.[A] its acceptance level of CCTs.[B] its annual rate of poverty alleviation.[C] the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.[D] the role of its forests in climate change.29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that _____.[A] it will benefit other Asian countries.[B] it will reduce regional inequality.[C] it can protect the environment.[D] it can boost grain production.30. What is the text centered on?[A] The effects of a program.[B] The debates over a program.[C] The process of a study.[D] The transferability of a study.Text 3As a historian who's always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I've become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I've found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem tobecome more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course, I need to concede that my collection of 'Smiling Victorians' makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today's digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. "Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth," ran one popular Victorian maxim, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular 'pearly whites' was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps, prostitutes and buffoonish music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll's gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be "nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever".31. According to Paragraph 1, the author's posts on Twitter _____[A] changed people's impression of the Victorians.[B] highlighted social media's role in Victorian studies.[C] re-evaluated the Victorians' notion of public image.[D] illustrated the development of Victorian photography.32. What does author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?[A] They are in popular use among historians.[B] They are rare among photographs of that age.[C] They mirror 19th-century social conventions.[D] They show effects of different exposure times.33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?[A] Their inherent social sensitiveness.[B] Their tension before the camera.[C] Their distrust of new inventions.[D] Their unhealthy dental condition.34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was _____.[A] a deep-root belief.[B] a misguided attitude.[C] a controversial view.[D] a thought-provoking idea.35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?[A] Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?[B] Why did the Victorians start view photographs?[C] What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?[D] How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?Text 4From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals. That's why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U. S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017. The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission's authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that state and local governments couldn't regulate broadband providers either.The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals' streaming services but not their own.On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that "the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service," and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to "avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism."In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC's attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission's power to preempt individual state laws that undermine its order. That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC's abdication.The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.36. There has long been concern that broadband providers would _____.[A] bring web-based firms under control.[B] slow down the traffic on their network.[C] show partiality in treating clients.[D] intensify competition with their rivals.37. Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the FCC _____.[A] sticks to an out-of-date order.[B] takes an anti-regulatory stance.[C] has issued a special resolution.[D] has allowed the states to intervene.38. What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?[A] It protects against unfair competition.[B] It engages in anti-competitive practices.[C] It is under the FCC's investigation.[D] It is in pursuit of quality service.39. Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court's decision _____.[A] focuses on trivialities.[B] conveys an ambiguous message.[C] is at odds with its earlier rulings.[D] is out of touch with reality.40. What does the author argue in the last paragraph?[A] Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.[B] The FCC should be put under strict supervision.[C] Rules need to be set to diversify online services.[D] Broadband providers' rights should be protected.Part BDirections: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life. When it comes to AI in business, we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs, but in whatways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don't involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use Al more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. One common application? Preventing electronic security breaches, which, rather than eliminating IT jobs, actually makes those personnel more valuable to employers, because they help firms prevent hacking attempts.Here are a few other ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees: Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions. "There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does," says Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington. (41) ___________. One company that's doing this is called Blendoor. It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.More effective marketingSome AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates. One company in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent when it comes to email open rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. (42) _____. There are "tools that help people use data, not a replacement for people," says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills saving them money while helping the environment. Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity. Insurance companies meanwhile, can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk. "Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much," says Domingos, (43) "__________."Improved accuracy"Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics, which makes data more valuable," says Winston. It "helps people make smarter decisions." (44) _________.Protecting and maintaining infrastructureA number of companies, particularly in energy and transportation, use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen. "If they fail first and then you fix them, it's very expensive," says Domingos. (45) _________.[A] AI replaces the boring parts of your job. If you're doing research, you can have AIgo out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for.[B] One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during anaudit. This process, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.[C] There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performanceacross multiple channels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.[D] You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it's usefulfor employees to go to.[E] Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them toomuch, or they would charge them too little and then it would cost [the company] money.[F] We're also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone toaccomplish something beyond human scale.[G] AI looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selectsthe more promising candidates.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)World War II was the watershed event for higher education in modern Western societies. (46) Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that hadbeen roughly constant at 3-5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war. But after the war, great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education. (47) And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war. These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly (though unevenly) during the 1970s and 1980s.The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways, and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems. There was first the rate of growth: (48) in many counties of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s. Second growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions. And third growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake. For example, a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration, and above all of socialization. When a faculty or department grows from, say, five to 20 members within three or four years, (49) and when the new staff predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty. And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution-this was seen in America as well as in France, Italy, West Germany, and Japan. (50) High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation, they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth. In the 1960s and 1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements, with empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. DirectionsA foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China. Write him/her an email to make some suggestions.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end. Use "Li Ming" instead.You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should 1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）参考答案Section Ⅰ Use of English1. [C] peaks2. [D] generally3. [A] while4. [B] accumulation5. [A] possibility6. [A] delay7. [C] included8. [B] compared9. [A] with10. [C] scored11. [D] went by12. [B] attributable13. [C] involved14. [D] explain15. [D] treatments16. [B] Meanwhile17. [D] take18. [A] well-being19. [A] level20. [C] dietSection Ⅰ Reading Comprehension Part AText 121. [D] remains an unreasonable measure.22. [B] rail travelers23. [C] have failed to provide an adequate service.24. [D] a change of ownership.25. [D] Ever-rising Fares Aren't SustainableText 226. [B] help poor families get better off.27. [D] economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.28. [C] the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.29. [C] it can protect the environment.30. [A] The effects of a program.Text 331. [A] changed people's impression of the Victorians.32. [B] They are rare among photographs of that age.33. [D] Their unhealthy dental condition.34. [A] a deep-root belief.35. [A] Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?Text 436. [C] show partiality in treating clients.37. [B] takes an anti-regulatory stance.38. [B] It engages in anti-competitive practices.39. [D] is out of touch with reality.40. [A] Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.。

考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析3

2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语〔二〕真题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文主要分析了无现金社会为何迟迟不来的原因。

第一段是文章的中心段落，指出真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来。

第二、三段从电子支付设备昂贵、纸质支票提供收据、使用纸质支票能获得浮存利息以及电子支付方法存在的平安隐私问题四个方面分析纸币系统得以继续存在的理由。

二、真题解析1．【答案】A 〔However〕【解析】空前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入无现金社会,完成完全电子支付。

〞而空后说“真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来〞，两者之前出现了明显的转折关系，因此答案A。

B. moreover 表递进C.therefore 表结果D. Otherwise 表比照2．【答案】D 〔around〕【解析】由空格所在句的“but〞得知，句子前后是转折关系。

事实上,这样的预测已经二十年了,但迄今还没有实现。

A. off 停止; B. back 返回; C. over 结束，与后文均不构成转折，故答案选D. around 出现。

3．【答案】B 〔concept〕【解析】空格所在的句子意思为例如, 1975 年《商业周刊》预测电子支付手段不久将“彻底改变货币本身的____〞将四个选项带入，能够彻底改变的对象只能是金钱的概念〔定义〕，而A“力量〞,C“历史〞,D “角色〞，语义都不恰当，并且如果选择role 的话，应该是复数roles, 因为是金钱的作用不止一个，故答案选B。

4．【答案】D 〔reverse〕【解析】空格填入的动词跟前面的动词revolutionize 〔变革〕意思上应该是同义替换的，要选择含有变革，彻底改变意思的词汇，四个选项中A. reward 奖励B. 抵抗C. resume 重新开始，继续，都不适宜，只有D 选项reverse“颠覆〞最为贴切，本句译为“电子支付方法不久将改变货币的定义,并将在数年后颠覆货币本身。

大学英语考研试题翻译—英译汉及答案

大学英语考研试题翻译—英译汉及答案一、考研英语翻译英译汉1． It is better to take your time at this job than to hurry and make mistakes．A．最好的工作要慢慢找，不要太着急。

B．工作中不要太急，免得出错。

C．干这活最好要慢点不要匆忙，免得出错。

D．最好要多花点时间在工作上，免得忙中出错。

【答案】C【解析】本题的翻译要点是“It is better to do sth. than to do sth. ”和“take yore time”。

“It is better to do sth. than to do sth. ”这个句型表示是两件事情的比较，“最好采取……，而不是……”选项A理解出错，选项B没有把这种比较的意思表达出来，选项D 没有翻译出“this job”。

知识模块：英译汉2． Not until the problem 0f talents and funds is solved, is our talking about the project meaningful．A．不到解决人才和资金问题的时候，无须讨论这项工程的。

B．讨论这项工程有无意义要看人才和资金问题能否得到解决。

C．只有解决了人才和资金问题，讨论这项工程才有意义。

D．解决人才和资金问题与讨论这项工程具有同样重要的意义。

【答案】C【解析】本题的翻译要点是对“Not until…”这个句型的理解。

该句表示强调，意为“直到……才”。

选项D对句型理解有误。

选项A和选项B没有把强调的语气翻译出来，且选项A后半句有漏译现象。

知识模块：英译汉3． us of the overcharge on your account and we have contacted the store on your behalf and are awaiting their reply.A) 承蒙告知您受到恶意透支的指控，我们已经派代表与商店联系并正在等待回音。

2021年考研英语二全文翻译答案超详解析

2021年考研英语二全文翻译答案超详解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health.Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity _19_.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinksfrom its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured 、【答案】B concluded【解析】题干中，一系列的研究已经_____，事实上，正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人。