语言学教程复习资料胡壮麟

第一章

1. What is Ian guage?

Lan guage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n com mun icatio n

2. Desig n features of Ian guage

①Arbitrari ness（任意性）refers to the forms of lin guistic sig ns bear no n atural relati on ship to their meaning. （so unds and meanin gs）

②Duality （二层性）：The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of eleme nts of the sec on dary level and each of the two levels has its own prin ciples of orga ni zatio n.

③Productivity/creativity（仓U 造性）：Language is productive in that it makes possible the con struct ion and in terpretati on of new sig nals by its users.

④Displacement（移位性）:Human Languages enable their users to symbolize objects, eventsand con cepts which are not prese nt （i n time and space） at mome nt of com muni cati on. （p7）

3. Functions of Ian guage

①In formative（信息功能）:to give in formatio n about facts. （ideati on al）

②Interpersonal（人际功能）:to establish and maintain social status in a society.（age, sex, language, backgro und, acce nt, status）

③Performative（施为功能）:language is used to do things, to perform certain actions. （name, promise, apologize, sorry, declare）

④.Emotive/Expressive （情感功能）:to express feelings and attitudes of the speaker.

⑤Phatic communion（寒暄交流）:to use small and meaningless expressions to establish a comfortable relati on ship or main ta in social con tact betwee n people without any factual content. （Health, weather）

⑥Recreational function（娱乐）:the use of Ianguage for sheer joy. （lyrics, poetry）

⑦Metalingual function（元语言功能）:to talk about Ianguage itself.

4. What is lin guistics?

Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of Ian guage.

5. Importa nt disti nctions in lin guistics

Descriptive & prescriptive

Syn chro nic & diachr onic

Lan gue & parole

Compete nee & performa nee

6. Descriptive（扌苗写/述性）—describe and analyze linguistic facts or the Ianguage people actually use （moder n lin guistic）

Prescriptive（规定性）—lay down rules for “ correct and standard” linguistic behavior in using Ian guage （traditi onal grammar: “n ever use a double n egative ”）

7.Synchronic study （共时）—description of a Ianguage at some point of time （modern linguistics）Diachronic study （历时）—description of a Ianguage as it changes through time （historical developme nt of Ian guage over a period of time）

1. What is Syntax （句法）？

Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different_constituents are combined to form sentences•句法就是研究语言的不同成分组成句子的规则

2. Four Approaches :The traditional approach 传统语言观(Parts of speech、Syntactic Function 不考、Category 范畴、Concord and government —致关系和支配关系)、The structural approach 结构语言观、The generative approach、The functional approach 功能语言观

3. The traditional grammar regards sentences as a sequenee of words , so it pays great attention to the study of words , such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech , the iden tificati on of function of words in terms of subject, predicate , etc.

4. Parts of speech

Traditional grammar defines 8 parts of speech: nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositi ons, conjunctions and in terject ions.

5. The term Category 范畴in some approaches refers to word classes and functions in its narrow sense,范畴这一术语狭义上是指词类和功能eg. Noun, Verb, Subject, Predicate. More specifically, it refers to the defi ning properties of these gen eral un its:

the categories of the noun 名词的范畴,include number, gender, case and countability (case);

the categories of the verb 动词的范畴：tense, aspect, voice, etc.

6. Number is mostly a category of the noun and pronoun 名词和不可数名词

Two terms of number in nouns: singular and plural 单数和复数

Number is also reflected in the in flect ions of pronouns and verbs

7. Gen der is also mostly a category of the noun and pronoun.

In En glish, the gen der disti ncti ons are on the whole n atural, determ ined by the biological gen der of the creature.

8. Case is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntactic relationship between words

in a sen te nee在词类分析中，格范畴用来辨别句子中词之间的句法关系

In English, pronouns have three cases of nominative 主格,accusative 受格,and genitive 与格. Nouns have two of general and genitive 所有格

In En glish, the case of noun is realized in three cha nn els:(a) in flect ion(b) follow ing a prepositi on(c) word order

9. Tense 时态:the absolute locati on of an eve nt or action on time. It is marked by an in flect ion of the verb. As a result, there are only two ten ses recog ni zed now: past and prese nt.

Si nee the future time does not in volve any in flect ion of the verb, we do not refer to a “ future tense ” , even though in many different ways we can talk about the future.

10. Aspect 体:It has nothing with time, and it tells us whether an action is ongoing or completed. Perfective (完成体)and Imperfective (进行体)

Perfective and Progressive (in En glish)

11. Voice 语态:describe the relationship between verb and subject

Passive被动语态and active 主动语态

12. Con cord and gover nment

①Concord ( 一致关系)refers to agreement between words, especially between a verb and the subject of a sentence.

②Government 支配关系)is a type of grammatical relationship between two or more elements in a