胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题详解(现代语言学理论与流派)【圣才出品】

第12章现代语言学理论与流派

12.1 复习笔记

本章要点：

1. The Prague School and Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP)

布拉格学派与功能句子观

2. The London School and context of situation

伦敦学派与语境观

3. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar

韩礼德与系统——功能语法

4. Bloomfield and American Structuralism

布隆菲尔德与美国结构主义

5. Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar

乔姆斯基与转换——生成语法

常考考点：

各流派的代表人物、理论基础、特点、主要观点、重要概念；语言普遍性和人类行为关系等。

本章内容索引：

I. Saussure and modern linguistics

II. The Prague School

1. Main points and contribution

2. Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP)

3. Communicative Dynamism (CD)

III. The London School

1. Introduction

2. Malinowski’s theories

3. Firth’s theories

4. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar

5. Systemic grammar and Functional grammar

(1) Systemic grammar

(2) Functional grammar

IV. American Structuralism

1. Introduction

2. Three stages of the development

V. Transformational-Generative Grammar

1. Introduction

2. The Innateness Hypothesis

3. Generative Grammar

4. Stage of development of TG Grammar

5. Main features of TG Grammar

I. Saussure and modern linguistics (索绪尔和现代语言学)

Modern linguistics has started from the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) , who is often described as “father of modern linguistics” and “a master of a discipline which he made modern”.

According to Saussure, language is a system of signs which uses sounds to express and exchange ideas. The sign is the union of a form and an idea, i.e. the signifier and the signified. The sign is the central fact of language, and therefore the study of language must start from the nature of the sign itself.

Saussure identifies several groups of important concepts: signifier and signified, langue and parole, synchronic and diachronic research, etc.

现代语言学始于瑞士语言学家索绪尔，他被称为“现代语言学之父”和一位“使语言学走向现代的大师”。

索绪尔认为，语言是用声音表达交流思想的符号系统。符号是形式和意义的联合，是表示者和被表示者的结合。符号是语言事实的核心，研究语言必须从符号本身的特性入手。

索绪尔区分了几组重要的概念：能指和所指，语言和言语，共时研究和历时研究等。

II. The Prague School (布拉格学派)

【考点：简答——布拉格学派的主要观点及代表人物】

The Prague School can be traced back to its first meeting under the leadership of V. Mathesius.

布拉格学派的形成可以追溯到马泰休斯领导召开的该学派的第一次会议。

1. Main points and contribution (主要观点及贡献)

The Prague School has three points of special importance:

(1) It stresses that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation.

(2) It emphasizes the systemic character of language, arguing that no element of any language can be satisfactory analyzed or evaluated if viewed in isolation. In other words, elements are held to be in functional contrast or opposition.

(3) It looks on language as a tool performing a number of essential functions or tasks for the community using it.

布拉格学派的研究有三大重点：

（1）强调共时研究的合理性，因为它可以提供完整且易掌控的研究材料。

（2）强调语言的系统性，指出任何语言单位都不能在孤立的的情况下得到令人满意的分析及评估。换句话说，语言单位处于功能对比、对立之中。

（3）它将语言看作是在所属语言群体中发挥一系列功能的工具。

2. Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) (功能句子观)

Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to an analysis of utterances (or texts) in terms of the information they contain. The principle is that the role of each utterance is evaluated for its semantic contribution to the whole.

Some Czech linguists devoted considerable attention to problems of analyzing