福州大学紫金矿业学院2009级资源勘查工程专业英语复习题(完整版)

Chapter1an introduction to geology1.Igneous rocks are produced primarily by the deposition and consolidation of surface materials such as sand and mud.BA.true;B.false2.Which statement is NOT correct?AA.metamorphic rocks always melt and become magmaB.igneous rocks may undergo metamorphismC.sedimentary rocks can be weatheredD.when magma crystallizes,it becomes igneous rock3.Materials deposited by turbidity currents contribute to the formation of __A_.A.deep-sea fans;B.alluvial fansC.floodplains;D.beaches4.All three parts (spheres)of Earth's physical environment areinteracting in this scene.AA.true;B.false 5.Earth’s physical environment is traditionally divided into three parts:the solid Earth,the hydrosphere,and the ____C______.A.ecosphere;B.metasphereC.atmosphere;D.thermosphere6.Earth's gaseous envelope is the ____C______.A.hydrosphere;B.lithosphereC.atmosphere;D.biosphere7.Which is the thinnest of Earth's differentlayers?CA.mantle;B.outer coreC.crust;D.stratosphere8.Which one of the following is NOT one of the three broad subdivisions of the ocean floor?DA.ocean basin floor;B.continental marginC.oceanic ridgeD.coastal plain9.Mountain belts are one part or subdivision of regions called shields.BA.true;B.false10.The crust and mantle have about the same thickness.BA.true;B.false11.The__________is the zone within Earth that includes the crust and uppermost mantle.BA.paleosphere;B.lithosphereC.outer core;D.asthenosphere12.This basic rock type forms when already existing rock is subjected to great pressures and/or intense heat.AA.metamorphicB.sedimentaryC.igneous13.The____D______system is a broad,rugged,elevated feature on the ocean floor that formsa continuous belt that winds around the globe.A.Emperor chainB.asthenosphereC.deep-ocean trenchD.mid-ocean ridgeE.continental rise14.Which portion of the continental margin is steepest?AA.continental slopeB.continental shelfC.continental rise15.This diagram represents a ___A_______continental margin.A.activeB.riftingC.abyssalD.passive16.Oceans blanket about ___A_______percent of Earth's surface.A.70%B.10%C.90%D.50%E.30%17.Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust.AA.trueB.false18.This term is used to describe the totality of all life on Earth.BA.phytosphereB.biosphereC.zoosphereanosphere19.Regions consisting of large,relatively flat expanses of ancient metamorphic rocks within the continental interior are called __A________.A.shieldsB.stable platformsC.mountain beltsD.abyssal plains20.On the ocean side of the continental shelf,the steep continental slope merges into a more gradual incline known as the ___D_______.A.abyssal plainB.deep-ocean trenchC.seamountD.continental rise21.What are the three basic classes of rocks described in the rock cycle?BA.crustal,lithospheric,transitionalB.sedimentary,igneous,metamorphicC.volcanic,continental,lithosphericD.weathered,sedimentary,volcanic22.The asthenosphere is a very important zone within Earth's upper mantle.AA.trueB.false23.Which one of the following is NOT a principal division of the solid Earth?BA.crustB.troposphereC.outer coreD.mantleE.inner core24.The two types of continental margins are passive and active.AA.trueB.false25.Which of the following is NOT one of the three major geological regions of continents?BA.stable platformsB.abyssal plainsC.shieldD.mountain belts26.Deep-ocean trenches are associated with passive continental margins.BA.trueB.false27.One-half of the atmosphere lies below an altitude of_D__kilometers.A.3.7B.7.5C.1.4D.5.6Chapter2plate tectonic:a scientific revolution unfolds1.Convergent plate margins occur where two plates are moving toward one another and the movement is accommodated by:DA.Earth getting larger.B.one plate sliding horizontally past the other.C.new material being added at transform fault boundaries.D.one plate descending beneath the other.2.Most volcanic island arcs are located near____D______.A.an oceanic ridgeB.a transform faultC.a rift valleyD.a deep-oceanic trench3.Which of these plates is the largest?BA.NazcaB.PacificC.Australian-IndianD.African4.According to the theory of plate tectonics,plates interact mainly______A____.A.along plate boundariesB.near the center of each plate where stress is greatestC.on the underside of each plate5.As plates move apart,the gap between them is filled with molten rock called___C_______.A.graniteB.silicaC.magmaD.gooze6.New oceanic crust is created at divergent boundaries at a rate of about:BA.5centimeters per centuryB.5centimeters per yearC.5meters per yearD.5kilometers per year7.At convergent plate boundaries_______B___.A.new lithosphere is formingB.old lithosphere is being destroyedC.neither a or bD.both a and b8.At convergent plate boundaries,two plates______A____.A.move togetherB.grind past each otherC.reverse directionD.move apart9.Collision mountain belts form because continental crust is too buoyant to undergo appreciable subduction,and results in a collision between continental fragments.AA.trueB.false10.Subduction occurs because:CA.forces created at spreading centers are causing plates to move togetherB.the sediment that caps the oceanic crust acts as a lubricant to aid subductionC.the subducting lithosphere has a greater density that the underlying asthenosphereD.the lithosphere is warm and weak11.The region where oceanic lithosphere descends into the asthenosphere is called___D__.A.an accretionary wedgeB.a hot spotC.a mantle plumeD.a subduction zone12.Earth's rigid outer layer overlies a zone of weaker and hotter material known as the:CA.cryosphereB.lithosphereC.asthenosphereD.mesosphere13.Along the San Andreas Fault,the Pacific plate is moving toward the northwest,relative to the North American plate.AA.trueB.false14.At divergent plate boundaries,two plates__D________.A.move togetherB.grind past each otherC.join to produce a larger plateD.move apart15.When an oceanic plate and a continental plate converge,a(n)____B______is formed alonga subduction zone.A.asthenospheric riseB.oceanic trenchC.oceanic ridgeD.transform faultE.rift16.Transform faults occur where plates slide past one another and generate new lithosphere.BA.trueB.false17.Earth's rigid outer layer is called:BA.cryosphereB.lithosphereC.asthenosphereD.mesosphere18.Great earthquakes can be generated at transform fault boundaries.AA.trueB.false19.The lithosphere is thickest under the oceans and thinnest beneath the continents.BA.trueB.false20.What is the main factor that triggers the formation of magma when a cold slab of oceanic lithosphere is subducted?AA.the subducting slab supplies water to a wedge of hot mantle rock thereby lowering its melting temperatureB.friction between the subducting slab and the mantle rock generates enough heat to trigger meltingC.the subducting slab carries sediment deep into Earth where it meltsD.the subducting plate displaces hot mantle rock which rises to form magma21.Most volcanic island arcs are located in the_____A_____.A.western PacificB.Gulf of MexicoC.Caribbean SeaD.South Atlantic22.When divergent plate boundaries continue to operate within a continent,the landmass may _____CD_____.Select ALL that apply.A.get much thickerB.begin to subduct into the mantleC.develop a rift valleyD.split into two smaller continents23.Volcanoes associated with continental volcanic arcs generally_____C_____.A.are located on islands like HawaiiB.emit mainly lava flowsC.erupt explosivelyD.erupt on the average of every1000years24.What layer of Earth allows the plates to move?CA.cryosphereB.lithosphereC.asthenosphereD.mesosphere25.Older oceanic lithosphere is cooler,thicker,and denser than young oceanic lithosphere.AA.trueB.false26.At transform fault boundaries,two plates_____B_____.A.move togetherB.grind past each otherC.join to produce a larger plateD.move apart27.The theory of plate tectonics holds that the outer rigid layer of Earth is broken into about a dozen major segments called shields.BA.trueB.false28.The Aleutian Islands,Tonga Islands,and Japan are examples of_____C_____.A.continental volcanic arcsB.continental platformsC.volcanic island arcsD.a chain of seamounts29.Which one of these mountain belts was NOT formed by a continental collision?BA.HimalayasB.AndesC.AppalachiansD.Urals30.The mechanism that has generated the floors of the world's oceans is called_______D___.A.ocean floor convergenceB.ocean floor constructionC.seafloor constructionD.seafloor spreading31.Most divergent boundaries are located:CA.in mountain regions such as the Alps and HimalayasB.in deep-ocean trenchesC.along oceanic ridgesD.in the center of large continents32.The mechanism that has generated the floors of the world's oceans is called____D______.A.ocean floor convergenceB.ocean floor constructionC.seafloor constructionD.a deep-oceanic trench33.The Andes and Cascades exemplify which of these features?DA.deep-oceanic trenchB.oceanic ridgeC.forearc basinD.continental volcanic arc34.Whenever a slab of oceanic lithosphere converges with a slab of continental lithosphere ______C____.A.the continental lithosphere descends into the asthenosphereB.the continental lithosphere gets pushed toward the ridgeC.the oceanic lithosphere descends into the asthenosphereD.the oceanic lithosphere gets pushed toward the ridge35.When two oceanic plates converge,and one plate descends to form a trench,material from the melting plate often forms a(n)_____B_____at the surface.A.continental riftB.volcanic island arcC.oceanic ridgeD.mountain range36.Which of these water bodies was once a rift valley?Bke MichiganB.Red SeaC.Caspian SeaD.Black Sea37.At divergent plate boundaries_____A_____.A.new lithosphere is formingB.old lithosphere is being destroyedC.neither a or bD.both a and b38.Most of the largest plates____C______.A.consist primarily of oceanic crustB.are dominated by continental crustC.contain large amounts of both oceanic and continental crustChapter 3matter and minerals1.The ratio of silicon atoms to oxygen atoms is the same in each of the various silicate structures.B A.trueB.false2.What is the luster of the mineral illustrated in the following photograph?A A.glassy B.pearly C.earthyD.metallic3.Most rocks are aggregates of minerals.A A.trueB.false4.Identify the components of the following building block of most minerals.A A.A is silicon,B is oxygen B.A is oxygen,B is silicon C.A is silicon,B is silicon D.A is oxygen,B is oxygen5.All minerals have a crystal form.A A.trueB.false6.When minerals break evenly in more than one direction,cleavage is described by the number of planes exhibited and the angles at which they meet.A A.trueB.false7.This mineral exhibits cleavage.B A.trueB.false8.The most common group of rock-forming minerals is the ____B___.A.oxidesB.silicatesC.carbonatesD.sulfides9.Which one of the following is NOT included in the definition of a mineral?B A.inorganic B.unordered internal structure C.solidD.definite chemical composition10.Granite is a common mineral.B A.trueB.false11.Which of the minerals illustrated in the following photograph exhibits cubic cleavage?B A.left B.center C.right12.A cubic centimeter of quartz and gold weighs 2.7and about 20grams respectively.This indicates that __A_.A.gold has a much higher specific gravity than quartzB.gold is much harder than quartzC.gold is much more elastic than quartzD.gold has a greater luster than quartz13.All silicate minerals contain which of the following two elements?C A.iron,magnesium B.iron,silicon C.silicon,oxygenD.magnesium,silicon14.Which one of the following sets of two terms describes how a mineral responds to mechanical impact?C A.luster,hardness B.hardness,cleavage C.cleavage,fractureD.fracture,crystalform15.Which one of the following is NOT a silicate mineral?DA.feldsparB.quartzC.olivineD.calcite16.All ferromagnesian minerals contain one or both of these elements:AA.iron,magnesiumB.magnesium,potassiumC.sodium,siliconD.potassium,sodium17.Which one of the following is NOT a property used to identify minerals?CA.hardnessB.streakC.textureD.crystal form18.The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is a complex ion.AA.trueB.false19.Which of these mineral properties may be of minimal value in identifying the mineral quartz?CA.lusterB.hardnessC.colorD.crystal form20.Which of these silicate minerals exhibits a sheet structure?BA.quartzB.muscoviteC.olivineD.feldsparChapter4igneous rocks1.Igneous rock originates when hot,molten material called_D__cools and crystallizes.A.sedimentB.skarnC.firnD.magma2.Rocks that contain voids left by gases that escape as lava solidifies are said to exhibit a(n) __B___texture.A.phaneriticB.vesicularC.aphaniticD.porphyritic3.Which of these rocks is composed almost entirely of ferromagnesian minerals?DA.graniteB.basaltC.rhyoliteD.peridotite4.Igneous rocks that form from the last minerals to crystallize from magma will have a(n) ____D_composition consisting of quartz,potassium feldspar,and sodium-rich plagioclase feldspar.A.andesitic(intermediate)B.basaltic(mafic)C.mafic(felsic)D.granitic(felsic)5.Igneous rocks rich in dark silicate minerals with about50percent silica are said to have a(n) _____B__composition.A.aphaniticB.basalticC.rhyoliticD.granitic6.An igneous rock with less than15percent dark minerals would have a(n)____D_ composition.A.basaltic(mafic)B.detrital(lithic)C.andesitic (intermediate)D.granitic (felsic)7.In a rock with a porphyritic texture,the large crystals are referred to as ____C__.A.groundmass B.erratics C.phenocrystsD.orthoblasts8.Which one of the following is NOT a possible product of a volcanic eruption?D A.ash B.pyroclastic debris C.cindersD.marble9.When the minerals in an igneous rock cannot be identified,the composition can be estimated based on the percentage of phenocrysts present in the rock.B A.trueB.false10.Which one of the following greatly affects both the size and arrangement of mineral crystals in an igneous rock?Dposition of the rock surrounding the magmaB.specific gravity of the magma or lavaC.rate of tectonic upliftD.rate of cooling of the magma or lava11.Examine the following close-up of an igneous rock.The rock has a(n)___A_texture.A.phaneriticB.aphaniticC.porphyriticD.glassy12.Examine this aphanitic igneous rock which has a granitic (felsic)composition.The rock's name is ___B__.A.dioriteB.rhyoliteC.graniteD.basalt13.In a rock with a porphyritic texture,the smaller crystals are referred to as ______A____.A.groundmass B.erratics C.phenocrystsD.orthoblasts14.Igneous rocks are classified based on their texture and mineral composition.A A.falseB.true15.What is the texture of this rock?B A.aphaniticB.glassyC.porphyriticD.andesite16.Igneous rocks that form when lava solidifies are classified as extrusive or volcanic igneous rocks.A A.trueB.false17.Basalt makes up the ocean crust as well as lava flows and volcanic structures on land.A A.trueB.false18.This rock most likely formed in which of these environments?C A.a submarine lava flowB.the top portion of a surface lava flowC.a large,deep intrusive bodyD.a very thin and shallow intrusivebodyChapter 5volcanoes and other igneous activity1.Intrusive igneous bodies are classified according to their shape and orientation with respect to the host rock.A A.trueB.false2.What type of volcano may produce a nu ardente or lahar?C A.shield volcano B.cinder cone posite cone3.What type of volcano is composed of interbedded lavas and pyroclastic deposits?C A.shield volcano B.cinder coneposite cone4.What type of intrusive feature is this?B A.dike B.sill ccolith D.batholith5.What type of intrusive feature is this?C A.dike B.sillccolithD.batholith6.What type of volcano is typically thelargest?AA.shieldvolcanoB.cinder coneposite cone7.Magmas thatproduce _A__rock contain about 50percent silica and tend to be quite ____.A.basaltic;fluid B.rhyolitic;viscous C.rhyolitic;fluidD.basaltic;viscous8.Which one of the following is NOT a primary factor of magma that directly determines the nature of a volcanic eruption?D A.temperature B.amount of dissolved gases positionD.volume9.What type of volcano is composed mostly of basaltic lava flows?A A.shield volcano B.cinder coneposite cone10.What type of volcano has the steepest slopes?B A.shield volcano B.cinder coneposite cone11.What type of intrusive feature is this?D A.dike B.sill ccolith D.batholith12.What type of volcano produces the most violent eruptions?C A.shield volcanoB.cinder coneposite cone13.A volcano that takes the shape of a broad,domed structure is called a _B___volcano.A.cinderB.shieldposite14.What type of intrusive feature is this?A A.dike B.sill ccolithD.batholith15.What type of intrusive feature is this?A A.dike B.sill ccolithD.batholith16.Exemplified by the Hawaiian Islands,this type of volcano tends to be the largest on Earth.B A.cinderB.shieldposite17.__A_cones,such as Sunset Crater,Arizona,tend to have very steep slopes.A.cinderB.shieldposite18.This type of magma,with a silica content of about 70percent,has the greatest tendency to form pyroclastics.A A.rhyolitic B.andesitic C.migmaticD.basaltic19.This type of magma,with about a 60percent silica content,tends to form composite cones.B A.rhyolitic B.andesitic C.migmaticD.basaltic20.What type of volcano is typically the smallest?B A.shield volcano B.cinder conepositeconeChapter6weathering and soil1.The atmospheric gas that forms a weak acid when dissolved in water is__D___.A.oxygen;B.argon;C.nitrogen;D.carbon dioxide2.When a rock undergoes___B_______,such as frost wedging,it is broken into smaller and smaller pieces.A.chemical weathering;B.mechanical weathering;C.dissolution;D.lithification3.In which climate would the rate of chemical weathering likely be highest?AA.warm and moist;B.cold and dry;C.cold and moist;D.warm and dry4.Which one of the following is NOT a product of the chemical weathering of granite?BA.clay;B.sulfur dioxide;C.potassium ions;D.silica in solution5.Which term is used to describe chemical weathering processes?DA.disintegration;B.sheeting;C.thermal expansion;D.decomposition6.Which“tough”mineral is most likely to survive extensive chemical weathering and form sand grains on beaches or dunes?DA.clay;B.sheeting;C.olivine;D.quartz7.When some rocks weather more rapidly or more slowly than others,it is called:Cpound weathering;B.spheroidal weathering;C.differential weathering;D.sheeting8.Unloading and sheeting are associated with:DA.thermal expansion;B.frost wedging;C.talus slopes;D.exfoliation domes9.If granite and basalt were exposed in an area with a hot and humid climate:BA.the granite would weather most rapidly;B.the basalt would weather most rapidly;C.both rocks would weather at the same rate;D.there is no way of knowing which rock type would weather most rapidly10.The formation of caves is associated with this form of chemical weathering.AA.dissolution;B.oxidation;C.hydrolysis;D.exfoliation11.Which list of silicate minerals shows the order in which they would weather from least resistant to most resistant?CA.quartz,olivine,potassium feldspar,amphibole;B.amphibole,olivine,quartz,potassium feldspar;C.olivine,amphibole,potassium feldspar,quartz;D.potassium feldspar,quartz,olivine,amphibole;12.The rate of weathering is influenced by:DA.climate;B.mineral composition of the rock;C.number of joints;D.all of the above;E.both A and C but not A13.Which statement regarding mechanical weathering is NOT true?DA.allows for faster rates of chemical weathering;B.is important in the formation of talus slopes;C.breaks rocks into smaller pieces;D.causes a major change in mineral composition;14.Which one of the following is NOT a product of the complete chemical weathering of the mineral potassium feldspar?DA.potassium ion(in solution);B.kaolinite(clay);C.bicarbonate ion(in solution);D.sodium hydroxide;E.silica;15.Which of the following is NOT associated with an external process?Bndslide;B.earthquake;C.weathering;D.glacier;E.stream16.Which of the following is NOT a mechanical weathering process?CA.frost wedging;B.unloading;C.hydrolysis;D.thermal expansion17.Breaking a rock into smaller pieces decreases the rate of chemical weathering.BA.true;B.false;18.Iron oxide is the product of which one of these weathering processes?AA.oxidation; C.hydrolysis;C.dissolution;18.When water freezes,its volume:BA.decreases;B.increases;C.remains unchanged;20.The feature pictured here is a(n)_____C_____.A.delta;B.exfoliation dome;C.talus slope;ccolith21.Two headstones,one marble and the other granite,were erected in the same New England cemetery150years ago.Which headstone is likely to have the least weathered,easiest to read inscription?BA.the marble headstone;B.the granite headstone;C.there should be little or no difference between the two headstones;Chapter7sedimentary rocks1.Angular pieces in a detrital sedimentary rock indicates the particles were not transported very far from their source prior to deposition.AA.true;B.false;2.Sedimentary rocks form when the products of_____E_____are transported to a new location where they are deposited and eventually__________into solid rock.A.melting;crystallized;B.deposition;eroded;C.crystallization;metamorphosed;D.tectonism;weathered;E.weathering;lithified3.Which common mineral found in igneous rocks is most abundant in detrital sedimentary rocks?DA.amphibole;B.biotite;C.plagioclase feldspar;D.quartz;4.The most common minerals in detrital sedimentary rocks are_A____.A.clay and quartz;B.clay and limonite;C.limonite and hematite;D.olivine and pyroxene;5.The sizes of particles in detrital sedimentary rocks often indicates the energy of the transporting medium.AA.true;B.false;6.Which rock type is most likely associated with a high-energy environment such as a turbulent stream?AA.conglomerate;B.shale;C.rock salt;D.Chert;7.Rock salt and rock gypsum are examples of__C__sedimentary rocks.A.detrital;B.biochemical;C.evaporate;8.The presence of abundant feldspar in a sedimentary rock suggests that advanced stages of chemical weathering have taken place.BA.true;B.false;9.Which accumulation of sediment would most likely exhibit good cross-bedding?Cndslide debris;B.cave deposits of travertine limestone;C.windblown sand(sand dune);D.salt flats in a desert basin;10.Evaporites are examples of biochemical sedimentary rocks.BA.true;B.false;11.This detrital sedimentary rock consists primarily of rounded gravel-size particles.DA.breccia;B.coquina;C.shale;D.conglomerate;12.The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is___E_______.A.shale;B.conglomerate;C.sandstone;D.chert;E.none of the above;13.Which sedimentary rock listed below has a biochemical origin?CA.rock gypsum;B.travertine;C.coquina;D.shale;paction is a very important lithification process for which sediment?AA.mud;B.sand;C.gravel;15.Agate,jasper,and flint are all forms of chert.AA:true; B.false;16.Which one of the following is NOT a variety of limestone?DA.chalk;B.travertine;C.coquina;D.chert;17.Sediments precipitated by processes such as temperature change,evaporation,and chemical activity are called biochemical sediments.BA.true;B.false18.The common name for sediment consisting of particles between1/16mm and2mm is __D_.A.clay;B.silt;C.cobble;D.sand;E.gravel19.The single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is____C______.A.their composition;B.their color;C.strata or beds;D.mineral crystals20.Detrital sedimentary rocks are made primarily of the products of mechanical weathering.BA.true;B.false21.Precipitation of dissolved material by the life processes of water-dwelling organisms produces material called____A______sediment.A.biochemical;B.secondary;C.detrital;D.clastic;22.Detrital sediments would predominate in all of the following environments except:BA.swamp;B.salt flat;C.river floodplain;D.delta;paction and cementation are examples of this process.BA.crystallization;B.lithification;C.weathering;D.fusion24.Which one of the following is NOT a sedimentary structure or feature that helps geologists interpret past geological conditions?AA.vesicles;B.mud cracks;C.particle sorting;D.ripple marks25.Limestone is composed chiefly of the mineral:AA.calcite;B.halite;C.feldspar;D.quartz;26.Geologists use____A_to distinguish among detrital sedimentary rocks.A.particle size;B.method of formation;C.color;D.the location of the source material;27.When substantial quantities of feldspar are present in sandstone,the rock is called:CA.agate;B.rock gypsum;C.arkose;D.travertine limestone;28.Which sedimentary rock consists of materials that originated and were transported as solid particles?AA.sandstone;B.rock salt;C.chert;D.travertine limestone;Chapter8metamorphic rocks1.Metamorphic rocks can form from other metamorphic rocks.AA.trueB.false2.During metamorphism,elongated crystals tend to recrystallize with an orientation that is ___B_______to the direction of greatest stress.A.parallelB.perpendicular3.The most common chemically active fluid involved in the metamorphic process is hot water containing ions in solution.AA.trueB.false4.Rocks subjected to intense heat when they are intruded by magma undergo a process called _C_.A.tectonic metamorphismB.searingC.contact metamorphismD.thermal modification5.Which one of the following is NOT an agent of metamorphism?CA.pressure(stress)B.heatC.crystallizationD.chemically active fluids6.Which of the following is least likely to occur during metamorphism?AA.formation of cross-beddingB.an increase in densityC.growth of larger crystalsD.development of a foliated texture7.When stress is applied unequally in different directions,it is termed______D____.A.confining pressureB.confining stressC.differential pressureD.differential stress8.Which one of the following metamorphic rocks is generally nonfoliated?A。