英美文学常识汇总)
英语专八-最全英美文学常识.
英国文学(English Literature)一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066)a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English songCynewulf(基涅武甫9C): The Christc. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901)2) The Medieval Period中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500):a. Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌无名诗人- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines~ 14th C,Age of Chaucer:* Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟1340-1400): 文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftnessthe father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“双韵体”couplet; 首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家The Canterbury Tales:pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日谈》启发The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作)* William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471):Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547)a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd CalendarThe Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗),and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.2) Prose 散文a. Thomas More(莫尔1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》: More与海员的对话b. John Lyly (黎里1553-160，剧作家&小说家)：EupheusEuphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means.The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon (培根1561-1626)：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期; 近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱the trumpeter of a new age;Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classic3) 戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe(马洛1564-1593): University Wits 大学才子派Edward II；The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》first made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English dramaThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。
英美文学常识
外国文学一、填空1、《荷马史诗》是由战神导演的《伊利昂记》和有命运之神导演的《奥德修记》。
2、《神曲》：原名《喜剧》，后来的版本以《神圣的喜剧》为名，中译本为《神曲》。
中世纪特有的幻想文学艺术形式——继《荷马史诗》之后第二个文学历史里程碑。
《神曲》分为《地狱》、《炼狱》、《天堂》三部分，每部33歌，加上序曲共100歌。
作品这种这种结构来自“三位一体”的神学概念。
3、公元前12世纪至公元前8世纪，史称“荷马时代”或者“英雄时代” 。
主要成就：神话和史诗。
*4、公元前8世纪至公元前6世纪（确切时代）：史称“大移民时代”。
主要成就：抒情诗、寓言。
*5、公元前6世纪至公元前4世纪，史称“古典时期”，主要成就：戏剧、散文和文艺理论。
*6、公元前4世纪至公元前2世纪中叶，史称“希腊化”时期。
主要体裁：新喜剧、田园诗、拟剧、史诗、激论。
7、莎士比亚四大悲剧：《哈姆莱特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》。
8、《变形记》是奥维德的代表作，是一本神话诗集，有“神话辞典”之称。
9、赫西俄德的《工作与时日》是一部教诲诗。
802行，是古希腊流传下来的第一首以现实主义为题材的创作。
10、萨福被柏拉图称为“第十位文艺女神”。
11、品达是合唱抒情诗的代表，有“白天鹅”的称号。
12、“历史之父”是希罗多德，他著有《希腊波斯战争史》。
13、柏拉图：“客观唯心主义的始祖”，提出文艺必须服务于政治。
著作：《理想国》《斐德若》《会饮》《法律》14、亚里斯多德：《论工具》，奠定了形式逻辑的基础，欧洲第一部逻辑学。
《诗学》意即《论诗的艺术》，欧洲美学史上第一篇极端重要的文献。
15、米南德：古希腊最著名的新喜剧作家，作有105部喜剧。
重视人物性格，结构紧凑，语言口语化《恨世者》《萨摩斯女子》《公断》16、田园诗又称“牧歌”，忒俄克里托斯是田园诗之父。
17、古希腊神话是欧洲最早的文学形式。
18、《伊利亚特》中的阿喀琉斯：亚里斯多德称他是“希腊悲剧英雄的先驱”黑格尔热情洋溢的称《荷马史诗》创造了西方文学史上的第一个真正的人——在西方文学史上第一个阿喀琉斯。
英美文学常识
16、William Wordsworth 威廉·华兹华斯 1770-1850 17 、 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 柯 勒 律 治 1772-1834 18 、 Walter Scott 瓦 尔 特·司各特 1771-1832
英国文学
1、Geoffrey Chaucer 杰佛 利·乔叟 1340-1400 2 、 William Shakespeare 莎士比亚 1564-1616 长诗：The House of Fame 声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde 特罗勒斯与克丽西德 小说：Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作 （他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人） The Tempest 暴风风雨;The Two Gentlemen of Veronaz 维罗纳二绅士;The Mercy Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流妇人;Measure for Measure 恶有恶报;The Comedy of Errors 错中错;Much Ado about Nothing 无事自扰;Love’s Labour’s Lost 空爱一场;A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜 之梦;The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人;As You Like It 如愿;The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍 记;All’s Well That Ends Well 皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night 第十二夜;The Winter’s Tale 冬天的故 事;The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Third 约
英美文学知识
英国文学知识一、中古英国文学1.Beowulf : the oldest poem in the English language and the most importantspecimen of Anglo-Saxon literature.2.Geoffrey Chaucer: he is acclaimed as the father of English Poetry and father ofEnglish fiction. His masterpiece。
The Canterbury TalesThe Romaunt of the RoseThe Legend of good WomenThe House of Fame二、文艺复兴时期时间：14世纪到17世纪中后期特点：Humanism became the keynote of English Renaissance著名作家：1.Thomas More: Utopia2.Edmund Spenser (a poet):The Faerie QueenThe Shepherd Calendar3.Christopher Marlowe( a poet and dramatist):Edward IIDr. FaustusTamburlaineThe Jew of Malta4.William Shakespeare有四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》（英：Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（英：Othello）、《李尔王》（英：King Lear）、《麦克白》（英：Macbeth ————spanish tragedy ，Thomas Kyd四大喜剧：：《仲夏夜之梦》、《威尼斯商人》、《第十二夜》、《皆大欢喜》（《As you like it》）主要历史剧：Henry IV, Henry V历史剧：《亨利四世》、《亨利五世》、《理查三世》。
正剧、悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》，悲喜剧（传奇剧）《暴风雨》、《辛白林》《冬天的故事》《佩里克勒斯》。
英美文学重点知识归纳
英美文学重点知识归纳1. 英美文学的定义英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等。
英美文学具有悠久的历史，涵盖了从古代文学到现代文学的各个时期和流派。
2. 英美文学的时期和流派2.1 古代英美文学古代英美文学包括早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学、中世纪文学和文艺复兴时期文学。
其中，早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学以史诗《贝奥武夫》为代表，中世纪文学以《坎特伯雷故事集》为代表，文艺复兴时期文学以莎士比亚的戏剧作品为代表。
2.2 浪漫主义文学浪漫主义是英美文学的一个重要流派，包括诗人拜伦、雪莱和济慈等人的作品。
浪漫主义文学强调个体的感情和想象力，关注自然、爱情、自由等主题。
2.3 现实主义文学现实主义是英美文学的另一个重要流派，出现于19世纪后期。
代表作家包括狄更斯、托尔斯泰和马克·吐温等人。
现实主义文学揭示社会问题，关注人性的复杂性和社会的不公平。
2.4 现代主义文学现代主义是20世纪英美文学的主要流派，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、塞缪尔·贝克特和詹姆斯·乔伊斯。
现代主义文学对传统的文学形式进行了颠覆和重塑，追求形式上的创新和思想上的深度。
3. 英美文学的重要作家和作品3.1 威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家和诗人之一。
他的代表作品包括《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等。
3.2 简·奥斯汀（Jane Austen）简·奥斯汀是19世纪英国小说家，被誉为英国小说的经典作家。
她的代表作包括《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》和《艾玛》等。
3.3 弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德（F. Scott Fitzgerald）弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德是20世纪美国作家，代表作品有《了不起的盖茨比》。
他被认为是美国“爵士时代”的象征之一。
【内部】英美文学常识
【内部】英美文学常识Puritanism: stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement from God’s graceStressed hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety 以伊甸园传说为基础Transcendentalism(超验主义)marked the maturity of American Romanticism and the first renaissance spirit and individual and nature；American Puritanism + European RomanticismRealism: broadly defined as “the faithful respentation of reality” or “verisimilitude”.Naturalism: a term created by Emile Zola(法国女作家)；men are weak; philosophical pessimistsA more deliberate kind of realism in novels, stories and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment.Modernism: cutting off history and a sense of despair and loss; refused to accept the traditional valuesFree verse: poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhythm/line length;depends on natural speech rhythms & the counterpoint of stressed and unstressed syllablesThe Gilded Age(镀金时代1865-1914)：Mark Twain –内战后的普遍disillusionment & frustration工业化成果& Gold Rush 特点：1. Straightforward 2. Focus on commonness of common people’s lives3. Objective4. Present moral visions5. Usually open endingLost Generation: Paris, a term created by Gertrude Stein(美国女作家) Hemingway –代言人Young writers who were cut off from old values and yet unable to handle the new eraJazz Age(1920s)/the Roaring Twenties: exciting acceleration; restless pursuit of stimulus and pleasuredisillusionement(幻灭) with ideas and civilization F. Scott Fitzgerald1. Benjamin Franklin(富兰克林1706-1790):The Autobiography《自传》：simplicity, frankness & wit; American Dream2. Thomas Paine(潘恩1737-1809 政治宣传册):Common Sense《常识》：独立革命时期最佳政治宣传册The American Crisis: 16本系列宣传册；3. Philip Freneau(弗伦诺1752-1832 诗人): Father of American Poetry; Poet of the American RevolutionThe Wild Honeysuckle《野金银花》；4. Thomas Jefferson(杰斐逊1743-1826): the 3rd President The Declaration of Independence起草者之一三、American Romanticism/Renaissance浪漫主义文学(18世纪末-19世纪中后期) individualismfold stories as an escape from the civilized society and were rich in mystic color; against rationalism1) Pre-Romanticism(1770-1830):5. Washington Irving(欧文1783-1859): 美国首位国际闻名作家& 美国文学之父the author of the first American short stories; the first prose stylist of American Romanticism文风：American indigenous humor; mild and prone；simplicity, lucidity, poise and ease flowThe Legend of Sleepy Hollow；Rip Van Winkle: German legend；an escape from society and return to nature；Essay: The Sketch Book《见闻札记》: 美国浪漫主义开端6. James Fenimore Cooper(库珀小说家): one of the first authors to write about the American Westward Movement.发展了三类小说：the revolutionary past- The Spy; sea novels -The Pilot《领航者》; the American frontier novelsLeather Stocking T ales: frontier novels - The Pioneer《拓荒者》(the first true romance of American frontier)；The Pathfinder《探路者》; The Prairie《大草原》; The Deerslayer《杀鹿者》; The Last of Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》(成就最高) 2) Post-Romanticism(1830-1860)7. Ralph Waldo Emerson(爱默生思想家，散文家&诗人)：father of American literature超验主义代表;主题- nature & meditationEssays: Nature《论自然》：超验主义圣经(manifesto) ；Self-Reliance《论自立》；The TranscendentalistThe American Scholar《论美国学者》：美国知识分子独立宣言–文化独立&文学地位;8. Henry David Threau(梭罗1817-1862 思想家): Walden《瓦尔登湖》;9. Nathaniel Hawthorne(霍桑1804-1864 小说家): 美国首位杰出小说家道德伦理问题; human soul文风：the most ambivalent; mystical; criticism of life; soft, flowing and almost feminine The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》The Scarlet Letter: Hester Prynne, Chillingworth & Dimmesdale The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》；The House of the Seven Gables《有七个尖角阁的房子》：family decadence Mosses from an Old Manse《古屋青苔》10.Herman Melville(梅尔维尔1819-1891小说家)：Moby Dick《白鲸》: the first American prose epic; Ishmael as the narrator, steeped in symbolismOne of the world’s greatest masterpieces to get t o know the 19th century AmericanThe voyage = the search for the truth; Moby Dick = 宇宙的神秘；自然的强大；世间的邪恶11. Edgar Allan Poe(爱伦?坡1809-1849 诗人,小说家&批评家):首位美国职业作家；美国侦探小说之父Poems:To Helen The Raven；Annabel Le e(哥特风)小说：The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》; The Murders in the Rue Morgue《莫格街谋杀案》12. Walt Whitman(惠特曼1819-1892 诗人)：democratic poet , Free verseweekly newspaper: the Long IslanderLeaves of Grass《草叶集》：Democratic Bible；the birth of truly American poetry & the end of the American romanticism Song of Myself《自我之歌》; I hear America Singing；I sit and look out; beat! beat! drums!13. Emily Dickinson(迪金森1830-1886女诗人)：theme –religion, life and death, love and marriage, nature, immortality 文风: Abundant use of dashes, and irregular and often idiosyncratic punctuation and capitalization and clear-cut and delicately original imagery, precise diction and fragmentary pattern; ImagismBecause I Could Not Stop for Death《因为我不能等待死神》；I’m Nobody. Who Are You?《我是无名小卒！你是谁？》This is My Letter to the World; I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died《我死时听到一只苍蝇叫》对比：惠特曼- society at large 迪金森- life on individuals四、The Age of Realism现实主义(19世纪中期-20世纪初) 南北战争–废奴小说- 现实主义起点~ 温和现实主义：William Dean Howells –大贵族大资产阶级vs. 乡土小说：Mark Twain –底层社会14. William Dean Howells(豪威尔斯1837-1920): The Rise of Silas Lapham《赛拉斯拉帕姆的发迹》;A Modern Instance《现代例证》; A Hazard of New Fortunes 《新财富的危害》：三部曲15. Henry James(詹姆斯1843-1916小说家): the founder of psychological realism 文风：highly refined languageDaisy Miller: an outrage to American girlhood；the heroine = the free spirit of the New World The Ambassadors;The Bostonians《波士顿人》; The American; The Portrait of a Lady; The Wings of the Dove; The Golden Bowl；评论集：French Poets and Novelists; Hawthorne; Partial Portraits《不完整的画像》16. Mark Twain(马克?吐温1835-1910): 美国文学里程碑the true father of our national literaturerealists and humorists ；local color fiction: mixed with plots with realistic description Life on the Missippi;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆?索耶历险记》; The Prince and the Pauper《王子与贫儿》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利?费恩历险记》：western literature and civilization, all of modern American literature comes from mk; a masterpiece of American realism that is one of the great books of world literature.The Innocents Abroad《傻瓜出国记》：newspaper articles about his European trip；The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County《卡拉韦拉斯县有名的跳蛙》;The Gilded Age《镀金时代》;17. Theodore Dreiser(德莱赛1871-1945 小说家): 自然主义代表Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》; The “Genius”;Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》：the purposelessness of life;An American Tragedy;Trilogy of Desire《欲望三部曲》: The Financier; The Titan; The Stoic五、the Age of Modernism 现代主义(一战后–至今) 现代诗歌繁荣(1912-1922)1) 小说：Lost Generation - Hemingway vs. 南方文学– Faulkner18. F. Scott Fitzgerald(菲茨杰拉德1896-1940): leader of the Jazz Age/Lost Generation；Tales of the Jazz AgeThis Side of Paradise《人间天堂》; Tender Is the Night《夜色温柔》;The Last Tycoon《最后的巨头》The Great Gatsby: irony and disillusionment of the American Dream; Nick Carraway视角短篇小说：Babylon Revisted《重访巴比伦》The Crack-up《崩溃》(自传体文集)19. Ernest Hemingway(海明威1899-1961): 1953 Pulitzer Prize & 1954 Nobel Prize Hemingway’ s code herotheme – courage to tragedy文风：spare, laconic, yet intense prose with sort sentences and very specific details The Old Man and the Sea The Sun Also Rises: 迷惘一代的写照; A Farewell to Arms(Lieutenant Henry);For Whom the Bell Tolls;短篇小说：The Winners Take Nothing；Death in the Afternoon: 生死观政论：To Have and Have Not《贫与富》2) 诗歌：introspection(自省) and social criticism 1912-1922: 繁荣期20. Ezra Pound(庞德1885-1972诗人&评论家)：the father of modern American poetry Imagism self-consciousPisan Cantos《比萨诗章》：the Bollingen Prize - In a Metro Station salutation the second;21. Thomas Stearns Eliot(艾略特1888-1965 诗人,剧作家&批评家): leader of the new poetry and criticismAsh Wednesday; Murder in the Cathedral; The Hollow Man 《空心人》; The Sacred Wood《圣林》; Gerontion《小老头》；The Waste Land《荒原》: 二战后的社会文化；西部地区的精神贫穷central text of modernism ;four quartets 22. Robert Lee Frost(弗洛斯特1874-1963 诗人): focus on New England 诗集：A Boy’s Wish《少年的意志》; North of Boston文风：combine traditional verse forms with a clear American local speech rhythm Desert PlacesNew Hampshire; The Road Not taken-abaab;。
英美文学流派与作家知识点整理
英美文学流派与作家知识点整理英美文学源远流长，在其发展历程中涌现出了众多的文学流派和杰出作家，这些流派和作家的作品不仅反映了当时的社会、文化和历史背景，也展现了人类思想和情感的丰富多样性。
以下是对一些重要的英美文学流派与作家的知识点整理。
一、浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学兴起于 18 世纪末至 19 世纪初，强调个人情感、想象力和自然的重要性。
（一）英国浪漫主义作家1、威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）他是英国浪漫主义诗歌的先驱之一，其作品强调对自然的热爱和对普通人生活的关注。
代表作有《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads）。
2、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）他的诗作充满奇幻的想象和神秘的元素，《古舟子咏》（The Rime of the Ancient Mariner）是其经典之作。
3、乔治·戈登·拜伦（George Gordon Byron）拜伦以其奔放的激情和叛逆的精神著称，作品有《唐璜》（Don Juan）等。
4、珀西·比希·雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley）雪莱的诗歌富有理想主义和革命精神，《西风颂》（Ode to theWest Wind）广为流传。
（二）美国浪漫主义作家1、华盛顿·欧文（Washington Irving）他的作品具有浓厚的地方色彩和幽默风格，《瑞普·凡·温克尔》（Rip Van Winkle）是其代表作。
2、詹姆斯·费尼莫·库珀（James Fenimore Cooper）以描写边疆生活和印第安人而闻名，《皮袜子故事集》（The Leatherstocking Tales）是其重要作品。
二、现实主义文学现实主义文学在 19 世纪中叶兴起，注重真实地反映社会现实和生活。
（一）英国现实主义作家1、查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）狄更斯的作品生动描绘了英国社会底层人民的生活，如《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist）、《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield）。
英美文学知识点
Part I The Anglo-Saxon Period盎格鲁—撒克逊时期(449-1066)●History●The literature●The Song of Beowulf●Literary terms●SummaryHistory of the periodAngles Albion(Britain) (盎格鲁人) conqueredSaxons Teutonic tribes aboriginal Celtic(撒克逊人) (条顿人/ exterminated (土著凯尔特人)Jutes 日耳曼人)(朱特人)name: Albion Angle-land (later shortened into England)language: Anglo-Saxon / Saxon●The Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.Literature●The literature of the Anglo-Saxon period falls naturally into two divisions: pagan and Christian: the pagan represented by Beowulf and the religious poetry represented by the works of Caedmon and Cynewulf.The Song of Beowulf●Read the Story of“Beowulf” (贝奥武甫) on P3-6 to make a clear idea about the characters in the story.Beowulf --- the hero of the storyHygelac --- Beowulf's Uncle, king of the Geats, a people in Jutland, Denmark.Hrothgar ---King of the Danes, is in great troubleGrendel --- a terrible monsterGrendel’s MotherThe Story●Beowulf, the story of the poem, is not about England, but about Hrothgar, the King of the Danes, and about a brave young man, Beowulf, from southern Sweden, who goes to help the King. Hrothger is in trouble. His great hall, called Heorot, is visited at night by a terrible creature, Grendel, which lives in a lake and comes to kill and eat Hrothgar‘s men. One night, Beowulf waits secretly for this thing, attacks it, and in a fierce fight pulls its arm off. It manages to reach the lake again, but dies there. Then its mother comes to the hall in search of revenge, and the attacks begin again. Beowulf follows her to the bottom of the lake and kills her there. It is there, too that he finds the dead body of Grendel. He cuts off the heads of the two monsters and brings the two hairy heads as trophies back to the Danish hall. The triumph is celebrated in feasting and song.●Then Beowulf goes home and becomes the king and reigns over his people for 50 years. Then he has to defend his country against a fire-breathing creature (fire dragon). He kills the animal but is badly wounded in the fight, and dies. The poem ends with a sorrowful description of Beowulf‘s funeral fire.●The epic represents the spirit of pagan.The Song of Beowulf●Main incidents of the poem:●Beowulf‘s fight with the monster Grendel in Hrothgar‘s hall.●Beowulf‘s slaying of Grendel‘s mother in her lair.●Beowulf‘s return in glory to his uncle, and his succession to the throne.●Beowulf‘s victory in death, fifty years la ter, over the fire dragon.Features of Beowulf●The use of alliteration is one of its most striking features. (The repetition of the same consonant sounds at the beginning of words in stressed syllables.)●―Thus made their mourning the men of Geatland,For their hero‘s passing, his hearth-companionsQuoth that of all the kings of earth,Of men he was the mildest and most beloved,to his kin the kindest, keenest to praise.‖ (from Beowulf)●The use of compound-words to serve as metaphors:●hearth-companion—his attendant warriors●Not troublesome—very welcome●need not praise—a right to condemn●treasure keepers—the chieftains●the bone-house—human-body●wonder-wielder—God●soul-destroyer—monster●The use of understatements or euphemism.The use of understatements gives an impression of reserve, and at times, a tinge of ironical humor. This quality is often regarded as a permanent characteristic of English.The significance of Beowulf●The longest & finest of extant 现存的old English poems, the national epic of the English people.●Presents us a vivid picture of the life of Anglo-Saxon people, highly praises the brave and courageous spirit of the fighting against the elemental forces.●Gives the vivid portrayal of a great national hero, strong and courageous people and his kinfolk.Character Analysis●Beowulf sings of the exciting adventures of a great legendary hero whose physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities, his resolution to serve his country & kinsfolk, his true courage, courteous conduct, and his love of honor.Theme●This poem shows how the primitive people fight against the forces of the natural world under a wise & mighty leader.●Goodness triumphs over evil. (Beowulf represents goodness for he fights for the people and kingdoms. Grendel and the dragon symbolize evil.)Literary terms●Epic（史诗）:•An epic is a long narrative poem in a formal and elevated style about the achievements ofa central hero who usually embodies national ideals.•Alliteration (头韵)Summary●What are the main characteristics of Anglo-Saxon literature?●It is almost a verse literature in oral form. It could be passed down by word of mouth (口头地) from generation to generation.●There are two groups of English poetry in Anglo-Saxon period. The first group was the pagan poetry represented by Beowulf. The second group was the religious poetry represented by the works of Caedmon and Cynewulf.Part II The Anglo-Norman Period盎格鲁—诺曼底时期(1066-1350)●Historical background●The literature●Sir Gawain and the Green Knight●Literary terms●SummaryHistorical background●Norman Conquest:●The French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. It was called the Norman Conquest.●William the Conqueror ruled England with a high hand. Through many means, he pushed England well on its way to feudalism.●The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.The Literature—Romance and Ballad●The prevailing form of literature in the feudal England was the Romance. (传奇) Romance: It was a longcomposition, sometimesin verse, sometimes inprose, describing the lifeand adventures of anoble hero. (term)●传奇故事起初是用诗体写的，后来也有散文的。
英美文学常识
英美文学英国文学1.William ShakespeareShakespeare was born in Stratford-on-Avon in 1564. When he was about 14 years old, he had to leave school to help support his family. In 1582, he married Anne Hathaway, who was 8 years older than him. Later he went to London and became an actor and writer. In 1612 he retired from the stage and returned to his hometown and died in 1616. During the 22 years of his literary career, he produced 37 plays, 154 sonnets (十四行诗)and some long poems.Shakespeare produced 16 comedies. His main comedies are: A Midsummer Night’s Dream（《仲夏夜之梦》）, As You Like It（《皆大欢喜》）, Merchant of Venice（《威尼斯商人》）, The Twelfth Night（《第十二夜》）Merchant of VeniceThe story tells us that Shylock, the moneylender of Jew, is disliked by all good men, especially by Antonio, a young merchant of Venice, Bassano, the friend of his friend for help. Antonio has no money and goes to Shylock , who pretends to be kind, but asks Antonio to sign a bond. When the day to pay the debts comes, Antonio cannot pay the money and the Jew demands the pound of flesh as said in the bond. In court, a young doctor, Portia in disguise saves Antonia.Shakespeare wrote 11 tragedies, among which the most famous are: Romeo and Juliet（《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）, Hamlet（《哈姆雷特》）, Othello（《奥赛罗》）, King Lear（《李尔王》）, Macbeth （《麦克白》）, The Tempest（《暴风雨》）.HamletThe whole play shows how Hamlet, who represents good and justice, fights against his uncle in whom all the evil things can be seen. This play is regarded as the summit of Shakespeare’s art. The famous line in the play “to be , or not to be” by Hamlet is often quoted by people.OthelloThe story took place in Venice and Cyprus. The hero Othello is a splendid general. Iago, a very bad man envies Othello’s happiness. He tells Othello that his wife betrayed hi. Othello strangles his wife and later kills himself.King LearKing Lear, one of the British kings, wants to divide his kingdom into three parts and bestows each daughter a part. The first two daughters tell him that they love him more than words could express, while the youngest daughter refuses to flatter him. The old king, angry with the youngest daughter, divides the kingdom into two parts and the elder daughters get them. Later, the old king is treated badly and driven out of the two elder daughters’ houses. The youngest daughter comes to fight her sisters but is killed. At last, the king dies of grief and sorrow. Some critics have said that King Lear is Shakespeare’s greatest achievement, which is the most complex in plot and most painful. Among Shakespeare’s 10 historical plays, Henry IV and Henry V are two remarkable ones.Besides the 37 plays, Shakespeare wrote some long poems and 154 sonnets.He was one of the founders of realism in English literature. His plays are mirrors of his age.2.John MiltonMilton is the greatest writer of the 17th century. In his life and literary career the two dominant historical movements of Renaissance and Refo0rmation combine and receive their most intense and intelligent expression. He towers over his age just as Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan age and Chaucer over the Medieval Age.Milton was born in London. He went to Cambridge University and got B.A. and M.A. there. Milton was married to Mary Powell in 1642 but she left him six weeks later. After the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, Milton began his masterpiece Paradise Lost（《失乐园》）. Before his death, he published two other works Paradise Regained（《复乐园》）and Samson Agonists（《力士参孙》）, but neither is successful as Paradise Lost.Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece and the greatest English epic. In the poem, God is no better than a selfish despot, who is cruel and unjust in punishing Satan（撒旦）, the rebel. Adam and Eve embody Milton’s belief in the powers of man. Satan is the real hero of the poem.3.Daniel DefoeDefoe was a novelist who has been regarded as the discoverer of the modern novel. His strong creative spirit in novel writing won him the title “Father of English and European Novels”. Defoe was the son of a London butcher. When he was nearly 60 years old, he returned to writing novels. His first novel The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe was a great success and Defoe became a well-known writer all over Europe.Robinson CrusoeThe story is told in the first person singular. At the beginning, we see Crusoe’s career as a sailor, a merchant and a slave owner. On the voyage to Africa, he met a shipwreck and found himself cast by the sea weaves upon the shore of an uninhabited island. He managed the livelihood there by himself. He built a shelter, grew barley and rice and fought against savages. Later he rescued one savage and named him Friday, who became his faithful servant. Finally an English ship came and took him to Europe, thus Crusoe ended his 28-year life on the island. Afterwards, he returned to England and got married. At last, he ailed back to the island and established a colony there. Crusoe represented the English bourgeoisie at the early stage of its development.4.Jonathan SwiftSwift was born in Dublin. After graduation from Dublin University, he went to England and became the secretary to Sir William Temple who treated him badly. During this period, he began to write. Later, in order to join the struggle of the Irish people against their English oppressors, he wrote some pamphlets concerning Ireland. In A Modest Proposal, with bitter irony, Swift suggested that the poor Irish peasants fatten their one-year-old children and sell them as food to the rich, which is a most powerful blow at the English government.In the period when he was closely linked with the Irish people, he wrote his masterpiece Gulliver’s Travels(《格列佛游记》). Gulliver's Travels (1726, amended 1735), is a novel by Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan Swift that is both a satire on human nature and a parody of the "travellers' tales" literary sub-genre. It is Swift's best known full-length work, and a classic of English literature.5.William BlakeBlake’s main works includes:Songs of Innocence（《天真之歌》）: This collection contains poems written for children of which the best-known poem is The Lamb（《羊羔》）.Songs of Experience（《经验之歌》）: This collection is much mature and is Blake’s most important work. The best-known poems in this collection are The Tiger（《老虎》）, London （《伦敦》）and The Chimney-Sweeper（《扫烟囱的孩子》）. This poem in this collection shows that the poet’s eyes are open to the evils and vices of the world.6.Robert BurnsRobert Burns’ poetry falls into several groups according to the subject matter.Most of Burn’s poems are lyrics on love and friendship. They have a great charm of simplicity. They are very musical and can be sung. His best known lyrics are A Red, Red Rose（《红红的玫瑰》）, Auld Lang Syne（《旧日美好时光》）.Burns wrote some poems to express his hatred for the oppression of the ruling class and his love for freedom.Burns is the greatest songwriter in the world. He is the national poet of Scotland. Most of his poems and songs were written in Scotch dialects. He was the people’s poet.7.William WordsworthWilliam Wordsworth was born and grew up in the Lake District. The natural beauty and grandeur of this area was a major source of inspiration for Wordsworth throughout his life. In 1787, he attended Cambridge University. In 1797, he was introduced to Samuel Taylor Coleridge and became close friends. Their friendship is one of the most important and fruitful friendships in English literature. Later, he accepted the office of a distributor of stamps and was made “Poet Laureate”(桂冠诗人). He died in 1850 when he was 80 years old.8.George Gordon ByronByron was educated in Cambridge University, where he led an unbalanced life. In 1815, Byron married Annabella but quarreled with her bitterly. After the birth of their daughter, she left him. Byron left England in 1816 due to the scandals and never returned. In 1824, Byron died of fever in Greece.Byron wrote a lot of lyrical poems. They deal with nature and love. The best-known pieces are She Walks in Beauty（《她走在美的光影里》）, When We Two Parted（《昔日依依别》）and Hebrew Melodies（《希伯来歌曲》）. Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems, one is Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage(《恰尔德哈罗尔德游记》), the other is Don Juan which is his masterpiece. The story of the poem takes place in the latter part of the 18th century. Don Juan（《唐璜》）is a Spanish youth of aristocratic birth. The long poem describes Don Juan’s adventures in may countries.Byron is one of the most excellent representatives of English Romanticism. His literary career was closely associated with the struggle and progressive movement of his age. His poems are favorites of the British workers.9. Percy Bysshe ShelleyShelley went to Oxford University but was expelled after six months .expelled after six months. He had two marriages and the second one was happy. Later his first wife died and Byron was compelled to leave England in 1818 and spent all the rest of his life in Italy, where he met. Byron. In 1822, he was drowned.Prometheus Unbound (《解放的普罗米修斯》) is Shelly’s masterpiece. The story is taken from Greek mythology. According to Greek myth, Prometheus steals fire from Heaven and is punished by Zeus , who chains him to a rock. Finally Zeus is overthrown and Hercules sets Prometheus free.Shelly’s short poems on nature and love form an important part of his literary output. His best love lyrics: Ode to the West Wind（《西风颂》）and Ode To a Skylark（《云雀颂》）. “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” is a famous line in Ode to the West Wind.Shelly loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters. Byron called him “the best and least selfish man I ever knew”.10. John KeatsKeats was of very humble origin. In 1817, he published his first volume of poems and in 1818 appeared his second volume. Keats’ personal life was quite unhappy. He died in Rome at the age of 26.His famous works are Ode to a Nightingale（《夜莺颂》）, Ode on a Grecian Urn （《希腊古瓮颂》）and Ode to Autumn（《秋颂》）. Therefore, ode is his main form of poetry,Keats sought to express beauty in all his poems. His leading principle is “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”. His poetry is distinguished by sensuousness and the perfection of form.11. Charles DickensCharles Dickens was the son of a navy clerk. When he was fifteen, he left school and entered a lawyer’s office. In 1834, his lifework of writing began. The novel Pickwick Papers（《匹克维克外传》）brought him into the first rank of the most popular novelists of his day. The rest of his life was work without rest.His main novels in his life are:Pickwick Papers,Oliver Twist（《雾都孤儿》）,The Old Curiosity Shop （《老古玩店》）Dombey and Son （《董贝父子》）,David Copperfield （《大卫科波菲尔》）Great Expectations （《远大前程》）,A tale of Two Cities （《双城记》）12. The Bronte SistersThe Bronte Sisters are Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte. They were all talented writers and all of them died young. They were all lovers of literature and read a lot.Charlotte Bronte’s Masterpiece Jane EyreThis novel tells the story of and orphan girl called Jane Eyre. Maltreated by her aunt Mrs. Wood, she goes to a charity school named Lowood. Later, Jane becomes a governess in the family of a squire Mr. Rochester. The squire falls in love with her, however, before their wedding, Jane learns that Rochester has got a mad wife. Shocked by the news, Jane flees from the house and stays in a parson’s house. A great misfortune befalls Rochester, whose house is destroyed in a fire and hebecomes blind. Hearing this Jane hurries back and becomes his wife.In the novel, Jane Eyre maintains that women should have equal rights with men. Charlotte also aims to criticize the bourgeoisie educational system.Emily Bronte’s Masterpiece Wuthering HeightsThe novel deals with the story of the hero Heathcliff who is gipsy. He is picked up by Mr. Earnshaw and brought up together with his children. Heathcliff and the daughter of the family Miss Catherine have loved each since their childhood. But the love is crushed by Catherine’s brother, Hindley. Unable to bear Hindley’s insult, Heathcliff joins the army. Three years later he becomes a rich man, but finds that his sweetheart has already been married to another man. Later, Heathcliff becomes the master of the family and takes revenge upon the next generation. He treats Hindley’s son Hareton very cruelly and compels Catherine’s daughter Cathy to marry his own sick child. Finally, he sees the futility of revenge and Hareton and Cathy are married.Wuthering Heights is a powerful attack on the bourgeoisie marriage system.Agnes Grey is the masterpiece by Anne Bronte.13. Thomas HardyHardy was born in Dorset, which he called Wessex in his novels. His principle novels are the Wessex novels. Among his famous novels, the best-known are Tess of the D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure（《无名的裘德》）.Tess of the D’Urbervilles（《德伯家的苔丝》）The heroine Tess is a poor dairymaid who has been seduced by Alex D’Urbervilles, a wealthy villain, and gives birth to a child. Later she falls in love with a man called Angel Clare. On their wedding night, the honest girl confesses to her husband that she has been seduced and given birth to a child. Her husband cannot accept the fact and goes abroad. Some years later, her husband returns and wants her to come back to him. Tess murders her seducer and is thus arrested and hanged.The tragedy of Tess is an exposure of the wicked oppressors represented by Alex.14. Jane AustenJane Austen was the first English woman novelist.Austen was born in Hampshire, a small town in southwest England. She was educated at home and led a quiet life. Austen wrote altogether 6 novels, among which the important ones are Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility and Emma.Jane Austen was popular all through the 19th century. She died in 1817 at the age of 42.Pride and PrejudiceThe novel is Jane Austen’s masterpiece. The central character of the novel is Elizabeth Bennet, one of the daughters in the Bennets.Elizabeth meets a young man Darcy and has prejudice against him because he has nothing but pride. After may twists and turns, misunderstanding disappear and they are happily united.The plot is very simple, but Austen has woven vivid pictures of everyday life of English country society. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire. Her dialogues are admirably true to life.15. Oscar WildeOscar Wilde is the representative among the writers of aestheticism and decadence.The Picture of Dorian Grey （《多利安格雷的小巷》）is a typical decadent novel describing the author’s aesthetic view and immorality. It tells the story of a handsome but immoral young man whose immorality leaves no trace in his own appearance but is reflected in his portrait, which becomes more and more ugly. Happy Prince （《快乐王子》）is another important work by Wilde.16. William Butler YeatsYeats was an Irishman whose father was a painter. By the time he moved to London in 1887, his goals as an artist were fixed. In 1903, due to disappointment in love, he was resolved to make great poetry. In 1921, Yeats became a senator in the Irish Free State. In 1923, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature.His major poems include Sailing to Byzantium（《驶向拜占庭》）, the Second Coming （《基督再临》）and Leda and the Swan（《丽达与天鹅》）.17. Alexander PopePope was the representative writer of the neo-classical school. He was a master in satire and heroic couplet. His major works included An Essay on Criticism, The Rape of the Lock（《夺发记》）, Essay on Man（《论人类》）. Pope exerted much influence upon the other writers of the age. He occupied a prominent place in the literary world of his time. The early period of the 18th century has often been named after him as the “Age of Pope”. His influence on Bryon was great.美国文学1.Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin was one of the most important American thinkers during the revolutionary period. he stood as the epitome of the Enlightenment and as the versatile embodiment of rational man of the period.Franklin was born in Boston. At the age of 12, he became an apprentice to his brother James, a printer. In 1722, at only 16, he became the editor of a newspaper. In 1723, he went Philadelphia where he rose to prominence. The outbreak of the Revolution called him to attend the Second Continental Congress, then to be chosen a member of the committee to draft the Declaration of IndependenceIn his lifetime, Franklin was well known principally as an accomplished scientist , natural philosopher, statesman and literary man. His reputation as a great man of letters rested chiefly upon his two masterpiece: Poor Richard’s Almanac（《穷查理历书》）and Autobiography（《自传》）.2.Walt WhitmanWalt Whitman is a great democratic poet. He is the first great American poet to use free verse in poetry. Whitman was born on a farm in Long Island, New York. In 1838, he began editing his own weekly newspaper, the Long Islander. From that time on, he was principally a newspaperman in several cities. The publication of Leaves of Grass in 1855 marked the birth of truly American poetry, which changed Whitman from a conventional, undistinguished man into one of America’sgreatest and most original poets.Whitman’s great contribution to American literature is his use of free verse. He developed a poetic style of originality, which was devoid of conventional rhyme and meter（韵律）. Not only the form of his free verse but also his thought of democracy have been influential in world literature. Leaves of Grass（《草叶集》）Leaves of Grass has attained almost universal acceptance as America’s greatest book of poems. It has been praised as “Democratic Bible” and as American Epic. It is the lifelong work of Whitman and its themes are multiple.The ideas Whitman expresses in his Leaves of Grass are democratic ones besides his singing of science, labor and nature and can be summarized as the realization of liberty, equality and fraternity.Song of Myself （《自我之歌》）is the most famous poem in the collection.3.Edgar Allan PoeEdgar Allan Poe has been held among the greatest poets and the most popular of American authors due to his great literary success. He is the first American professional writer and the first writer of detective story in the world. He had a short life of poverty, anxiety and fantastic tragedy.Poe was born in Boston orphaned at 2 and adopted by John Allan, a tobacco exporter. His Poems appeared in 1831, which consisted some of his best poems , like To Helen（《致海伦》）. In 1847 his wife died, he drank heavily and became addicted to the use of opium. In 1849, he was picked up unconscious on the street of Baltimore and died the following day at age of 40.His best famous poems are The Raven （《乌鸦》）and Annabel Lee （《安娜贝尔李》）and his most famous novel is The Fall of the House of Usher（《厄谢府的倒塌》）.4.Henry David ThoreauHis masterpiece was Walden, or Life in the Woods（《瓦尔登湖，或林中生活》）. The work is part personal declaration of independence, social experiment, voyage of spiritual discovery, satire, and manual for self reliance. Thoreau did not intend to live as a hermit, for he received visitors regularly, and returned their visits. Rather, he hoped to isolate himself from society to gain a more objective understanding of it. Simple living and self-sufficiency were Thoreau's other goals, and the whole project was inspired by transcendentalist philosophy, a central theme of the American Romantic Period. As Thoreau made clear in his book, his cabin was not in wilderness but at the edge of town, about two miles (3 km) from his family home.5.Mark TwainAs one of America’s first and foremost realists and humorists, Mark Twain, the penname of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, usually wrote about his own personal experiences and things he knew about from firsthand experience. At the heart of Twin’s achievement is his creation of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn, who embody the mystic America.Twain was born in a village in Missouri and grew up in the river town of Hannibal. The town which was immortalized as St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In 1857, Twain was attracted by the river life of the Mississippi and became a steamboat pilot. It was from this work that he got the idea of his pen name, which was a nautical term.At the age of 72, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Literature by Oxford University. In 1910, he died in Connecticut.Most of Mark Twin’s works are filled with humor. A droll sarcasm is often directed against worldly sham and pretense of any kind. The most popular of his books are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer（《汤姆索亚历险记》）and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Life on the Mississippi （《在密西西比河上》）depicts a unique kind of life that existed before the Civil War in America. It is historically interesting and valuable. The Prince and the Pauper（《王子和贫儿》）is a historical romance.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn（《哈克贝里费恩历险记》）Narrated by Huck , the sequel begins with its unschooled hero under the motherly protection of Widow Douglas and her sister Miss Watson. His father kidnaps him and imprisons him in a lonely cabin. Huck escapes to Jackson’s island where he meets Miss Watson’s runaway slave Jim. They start their way on a raft and thus begin with their adventures along the Mississippi River.At last, Jim is set free in Miss Watson’s will and Huck decides to go on with his adventure for he doesn’t want to have the so-called “civilized” life.Huckleberry Finn is a veritable recreation of living models. All the characters have prototypes in real life. Though a local book, it touches upon the human situation in a general, indeed universal was: humanitarianism ultimately triumphs.The style of the book is quite simple. The book is written in the colloquial style, in the general speech of uneducated Americans. The book has become a masterpiece, the one book from which, as Earnest Hemingway noted, “all modern American literature comes.”6.Earnest HemingwayEarnest Hemingway was born in 1898 at Oak Park, Illinois. In World War I, he joined an American ambulance unit, was seriously wounded but fascinated by the war. War and death later comprise a major part of his subject matter.In 1923, he published The Sun Also Rises（《太阳照样升起》）. Financial success came in 1929 with A Farewell to Arms（《永别了武器》）. This novel is a masterpiece in which the author deals with the war directly. Its emotional impact is great and its war scenes are raw, vivid and true. In the late 1930s, with the outbreak of the Spanish War, Hemingway sailed for Spain and in 1940, For Whom the Bell Tolls（《丧钟为谁而鸣》）, his own favorite novel appeared. With The Old Man and The Sea（《老人与海》）, he was awarded the 1953 Pulitzer Prize. In 1954, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.On July 2, 1961, he killed himself with a gun, just as his father did.Indigenous to almost all of Hemingway’s novels is the concept of the Hemingway hero, who is usually a man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent. And usually he is a man of action and of few words. The Hemingway hero stands for a whole generation, who possesses a kind of despairing courage. It is this courage that enables a man to behave like a man, to assert his dignity in face of dignity. Behind the formulation of the concept of hero lies the basic disillusionment of the American public.Hemingway’s style of writing is striking, characterized by short and terse sentences, simple diction often filled with emotion, vivid colloquialism and the simplicity of statements.A Farewell to ArmsLieutenant Henry was a young American attached to an Italian ambulance unit on the Italian front.He was introduced to Catherine Barkley. He liked the girl, but was not in love with her. At the front, Henry was wounded and was taken to a field hospital. Henry and Catherine stayed together and Catherine was pregnant.Henry returned to the front. Later he escaped and made his farewell to arms. He met Catherine and they ran away to Switzerland. Unfortunately Catherine died when giving birth to the child. Henry left the hospital helplessly and hopelessly.7.Francis Scott FitzgeraldFitzgerald was the leader of the Jazz Age and one of the best American writers of the 20th century. He attended Princeton University, while left in 1917 and enlisted in the army. In an army camp he met Zelda Sayre and fell love with her who became the model for most the pretty heroines of his later fiction. In 1921, Fitzgerald and Zelda were married and settled on Long Island and led an extravagant life. In 1925, he published his third novel The Great Gatsby（《了不起的盖茨比》）, a masterpiece related with irony and disillusionment of the American Dream. In 1934, he published his second masterpiece Tender Is the Night（《夜色温柔》）.The Great GatsbyThe story is told in the first person by Nick Caraway, a quiet young Midwesterner. In 1922, Nick leaves home to do business in New York City. He rents a small house in West Egg and next door to his house is the enormous house of Mr. Gatsby. On evening, Nick dines with a distant cousin, Daisy and gets to know her husband Tom and Jordan Baker, an attractive young golfer.Nick is invited to one of Gatsby’s parties and learns that Daisy and Gatsby were in love before. The reunion takes place and Nick has become involved with Jordan Baker. Tom later finds that his wife is in love with Gatsby and makes a conspiracy to have Gatsby killed.In the end of the story, Gatsby is shot to death by a man and Nick is in charge of his funeral. Although he wants to provide him with a decent funeral, no one wants to attend except for his father and servants. Nick realizes that the rich are careless and destructive.8.Jack LondonHis most important works include The Call of the Wild（《野性的呼唤》）, Love of Life（《热爱生命》）and Martin Eden（《马丁伊登》）.9.Arthur MillerHis masterpiece is Death of a Salesman（《推销员之死》）.The play attempts to raise a counterexample to Aristotle's characterization of tragedy as the downfall of a great man: though Loman certainly has hamartia, a tragic flaw or error, his downfall is that of an ordinary man. In this sense, Miller's play represents a democratization of the ancient form of tragedy; the play's protagonist is himself obsessed with the question of greatness, and his downfall arises directly from his continued misconception of himself--at age 63--as someone capable of greatness, as well as the unshakable conviction that greatness stems directly from personal charisma or popularity.。
英美文学重点知识归纳
英美文学重点知识归纳一、英美文学的概念和特点英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、剧本等。
它具有以下几个特点：1.多元化：英美文学以其丰富多样的风格和流派而闻名。
从古典主义到浪漫主义，从现代主义到后现代主义，英美文学不断演变和发展，展示了人类思想和情感的多样性。
2.自由和开放性：英美文学强调个体的自由和独立思考，在作品中反映了社会、政治和文化的变革。
自由主义和个人主义的精神贯穿在英美文学的历史中。
3.注重个人感受和情感表达：英美文学注重个人感受和情感表达，通过描写人物内心的矛盾和困惑，展示了人性的复杂和多样性。
二、英美文学的重要时期和代表作品1. 文艺复兴时期（16世纪）文艺复兴时期是英美文学的重要里程碑，代表作品有：•威廉·莎士比亚的剧作《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等，深刻地反映了人性的复杂性和命运的无常。
•约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》，通过对上帝、撒旦和亚当夏娃的描写，揭示了人类的原罪和思想的自由。
2. 浪漫主义时期（18世纪末至19世纪初）浪漫主义时期是英美文学的重要发展阶段，代表作品有：•威廉·华兹华斯的诗集《抒情诗选集》，强调对自然和个人感受的表达，展现了对自由和灵魂的渴望。
•简·奥斯汀的小说《傲慢与偏见》，通过对社会等级和女性地位的描写，呈现了封建社会的弊端。
3. 现代主义时期（20世纪初至中期）现代主义时期是英美文学的革命性时期，代表作品有：•弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的小说《至灵之泉》，以流动的意识流体式叙述，探索了心灵的迷茫和现代社会的困惑。
•T·S·艾略特的诗集《荒原》，通过对现代社会的批判和对个体灵魂的探索，反映了人类在现代社会中的孤独和迷失。
三、英美文学的重要作家和代表作1. 威廉·莎士比亚（1564-1616）威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的剧作家之一，代表作品有：•《哈姆雷特》：探讨了人性的矛盾和命运的无常，是世界戏剧史上最重要的作品之一。
英美文学知识点总结(适用于英语专八)
Old English Literature 古英语文学（450-1066年）Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic中世纪英语文学（1066-1500）Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture“英国文学之父”William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》.文艺复兴（16-17世纪）William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》Shakespeare’s greatest works:greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》.18世纪文学和新古典主义Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class peopleHenry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones.Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》.Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners.Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）.Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》)Thomas Gray (托马斯•格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in aCountry Churchyard（《墓畔哀歌》）, writer of sentimentalism感伤派.浪漫主义（18世纪末19世纪初）William Blake (1757 –1827) was an English poet, best known for his poetical collections of Song of Innocence 《天真之歌》and Song of Experience《经验之歌》.William Wordsworth (1770-1850),a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their 1798 joint publication, Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》.Wordsworth‘s magnum opus is generally considered to be The Prelude《序曲》.Samuel Taylor Coleridge(柯勒律治, 1772 –1834) was an English poet who was, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of the founders of the Romantic Movement in England and one of the Lake Poets. He is probably best known for his poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子颂》and Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》George Gordon Byron (拜伦，1788—1824 )was a English poet and a leading figure in Romanticism.Amongst Byron‘s best-known works are his narrative poems Childe Harold‘s Pilgrimage 《哈罗尔德游记》and Don Juan《唐璜》Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among the finest lyric poets in the English language. He is perhaps most famous for Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》, To a Skylark《致云雀》, Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》.Mary Shelley (玛丽• 雪莱1797 –1851) was a British novelist best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein 《弗兰肯斯坦》, considered as first science fictionJohn Keats ( 济慈, 1795—1821) was an English poet who became one of the principal poets of the English Romantic movement. His masterpieces such as Ode on a Grecian Urn 《希腊古瓮颂》and Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》浪漫主义时期小说家Jane Austen (1775—1817) , was an English novelist. Her major novels include Sense and Sensibility (《理智与情感》), Pride and Prejudice (《傲慢与偏见》), Emma (《爱玛》). Walter Scott (司各特, 1771---1832), a prolific Scottish historical novelist . His major works is Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》Realism 现实主义时期（Victorian Age 维多利亚时期1837-1901）Bronte sisters 勃朗宁姐妹, Charlotte (夏洛蒂, 1816 – 1855), Emily (艾米丽, 1818 – 1848) and Anne (安妮, 1820 – 1849), were English writers of t he 1840s and 1850s. Charlotte‘s Jane Eyre 《简爱》, Emily’s Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》and Anne's Agnes Grey《艾格妮斯·格雷》are masterpieces of English literature.George Elliot (乔治-爱略特，1819—1880 ) was an English novelist. She was one of the leading writers of the Victorian era. Her novels, largely set in provincial England. Her major novels include:The Mill on the Floss《佛洛斯河上的磨坊》Middlemarch《米德尔玛契》.Charles Dickens (1812–1870)：one of the most popular English novelists of the Victorian era. His major novels include: A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》,Oliver Twist 《奥利弗退斯特》,David Copperfield 《大卫科波菲尔德》, Great Expectation 《远大前程》, Hard Times 《艰难时世》William Makepeace Thackeray (萨克雷，1811—1863) was an English novelist of the 19th century. He was famous for his satirical works, particularly Vanity Fair《名利场》Mrs. Gaskell (盖斯凯尔夫人, 1810-1865)was an English novelist during the Victorian era. Her major novels include: Mary Barton 《玛丽• 巴顿》Thomas Hardy(哈代, 1840 – 1928) ,an English novelist of the naturalism自然主义. His major novels include: Tess of the d‘Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》Far from the Madding Crowd 《远离尘嚣》Jude the Obscure. 《无名的裘德》Most of his novels are set in Wessex（威塞克斯）.现实主义时期诗歌Robert Browning (布朗宁, 1812–1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues戏剧独白, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets.Alfred Tennyson (丁尼生，1809 – 1892) was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom and remains one of the most popular English poets. Tennyson excelled at penning short lyrics, including "Break, break, break"Oscar Wilde (王尔德, 1854 – 1900)playwright and one novel, known for his aestheticism唯美主义(art for art’s sake为了艺术而艺术). His major plays include The Importance of Being Earnest《不可儿戏》; His major novel is The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林-格雷的画像》20世纪和现代主义Bernard Shaw (萧伯纳, 1856-1950), an Irish playwright, the greatest dramatist in English literature in the 20th century. He adhered to the tradition of realism, writing plays as a way to discuss social problems. He won Nobel Prize for literature in 1925. His major plays include, Mrs Warren’s Profession《华伦夫人的情人》, Major Barbara《芭芭拉少校》, Pygmalion 《皮革马力翁》and Saint Joan《圣女贞德》John Galsworthy (高尔斯华绥, 1867-1933) one of the most important novelists in the Early 20th century，a Nobel Prize winner. His major works is Forsyte Saga 《福尔赛世家》which comprises three novels:The Man of Property《有产业的人》, In Chancery《衡平法院》To Let 《出租》Joseph Conrad (康拉德, 1857-1932)Conrad was born in Poland and an English novelist. His major novels include Lord Jim 《吉姆爷》and The Heart of Darkness《黑暗的心》.James Joyce (乔伊斯, 1882-1941):An Irish born novelist, known for the technique of the stream of consciousness. His main works: Ulysses 《尤利西斯》;A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ; 《青年艺术家的肖像》Finnegan’s Wake; 《芬尼根彻夜祭》Dubliners《都柏林人》E. M. Forster （福斯特, 1879-1970）an English novelist, A Passage to India 《印度之行》T.S. Eliot (T.S.艾略特, 1888-1965)：American poet, best known for his poem The Waste Land 《荒原》, 1948 Nobel Prize winner for literature.David Herbert Lawrence (D.H.劳伦斯, 1885-1930),an English novelist. His most important novels are, Rainbow 《彩虹》and Sons and Lovers《儿子与情人》. He is the founder of stream of consciousness意识流.William Butler Yeats (叶芝, 1865-1939)an Irish poet and awarded Nobel Prize for literature in 1923. His major poems include Sailing to Byzantium《驶向拜占庭》and Leda and Swan《利达和天鹅》.Samuel Beckett (贝克特，1906-1989), an Irish dramatist and Nobel Prize winner for Literature. His masterpiece is Waiting for Godot《等待戈多》. He is the exponent of the theatre of the absurd 荒诞派戏剧.Iris Jean Murdoch (默多克, 1919-1999), English female novelist, her major novels include Black Prince《黑王子》, The Sea, the Sea《大海啊，大海》and Unicorn 《独角兽》Doris Lessing (莱辛, 1919--) is a British writer, author of works such as the novels The Grass is Singing. In 2007, Lessing won the Nobel Prize in Literature.Muriel Spark （斯帕克, 1918-2006）English female novelist, best known for her novel The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1961) 《布罗迪小姐的青春》Virginia Woolf (伍尔夫, 1882-1941)Woolf is an exponent of modernism and one of the most important female novelists. Her major works include Mrs. Dalloway《达洛威夫人》, To the Lighthouse 《向灯塔去》.美国文学殖民地革命时期Benjamin Franklin (富兰克林, 1706-1790): one of American founding fathers (建国之父) Major works: Autobiography《自传》Poor Richard’s Almanack《穷人理查历书》Jonathan Edwards (爱德华兹，1703 –1758) was a colonial theologian and writer. His work is often associated with the Puritan heritage. His famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,"《落在忿怒之神手中的罪人》is credited for starting the First Great Awakening.Thomas Pain (潘恩, 1737-1809):British pamphleteer. Major works: Common Sense《常识》（1776）Federalists’ Papers《联邦党人文集》:Alexander Hamilton汉密尔顿John Jay杰伊James Madison曼迪逊浪漫主义时期Romantic Period（1790-1865）：Earlier Romantic Period (1790-1830)Romantic Heyday (1830-1865)Earlier Romantic Period:Washington Irving (1783-1859)Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)Washington Irving (华盛顿• 欧文, 1783-1859):American romantic novelist. He was best known for his short stories “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “Rip Van Winkle”, both of w hich appear in his book The Sketch Book《见闻札记》. Irving is the first American writer who gained international fame.James Fenimore Cooper (库珀, 1789-1851):American romantic novelist , best remembered for his Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事》(The Pioneer《拓荒者》, Deer Slayer《猎鹿者》, Pathfinder《探路人》, Prairie《大草原》, The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫西干人》) featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo.2) Romantic Heyday (1830-1865):Waldo Ralph EmersonHenry David ThoreauWalt WhitmanEmily DickinsonNathaniel HawthorneHerman MelvilleHarriet Beecher StoweEdgar Allan PoeTranscendentalists（超验主义）:Waldo Ralph EmersonHenry David ThoreauWalt WhitmanWalt Whitman (惠特曼，1819-1882): American romantic poet, father of free verse(自由诗) , best known for his collection of poems Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》Waldo Ralph Emerson (爱默生，1803-1882): leader of the transcendentalism, his essay Nature 《论自然》is the manifesto of transcendentalism. his another essay The American Scholar《美国学者》is considered to be America's "Intellectual Declaration of Independence”.Henry David Thoreau (梭罗, 1817–1862) : American romantic writer best known for his book Walden《瓦尔登湖》, a reflection upon simple living.Herman Melville (麦尔维尔, 1819–1891) : American novelist, best known for his novel Moby-Dick《白鲸》Nathaniel Hawthorne (霍桑, 1804–1864): American novelist, best known for his four romances(传奇小说):The Scarlet Letter《红字》The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖尖角的房子》The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun《玉石人像》Emily Dickinson (狄金森，1830–1886) American poetess, whose poetry are concerned with life, death and immortality.Harriet Beecher Stowe (斯托尔夫人, 1811–1896 American female novelist, whose novel Uncle Tom‘s Cabin (1852) 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》attacked the cruelty of slavery.)Realism 现实主义Mark Twain (马克•吐温1835 –1910), American novelist. most noted for his novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer （《汤姆索亚历险记》）and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝恩历险记》Life on the Mississippi River《密西西比河上的生活》Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur‘s Court 《亚瑟王朝的康涅狄克州的美国佬》The Gilded Age 《镀金时代》Henry James (亨利•詹姆斯1843-1916), American realist novelist, founder of international novel（国际题材小说）Important works:The American 《美国人》The Europeans 《欧洲人》The Portrait of a Lady 《贵妇画像》The Wings of the Dove 《鸽冀》The Ambassadors 《大使》The Golden Bowl 《金碗》O. Henry 欧亨利was the pen name of American novelist William Sydney Porter (1862 – 1910). O. Henry‘s short stories are well known for his short stories such as Cop and Anthem (《警察和赞美诗》) and Gift of Magie (《麦琪的礼物》)William Dean Howells (豪威尔斯, 1837 –1920) was an American realist novelist and literary critic. Major works include The Rise of Silas Lapham 《赛拉斯• 拉帕姆的发迹》Theodore Dreiser (德莱塞, 1871–1945) American novelist and journalist. He pioneered the naturalist school and is known for his novels Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》and An American Tragedy 《美国悲剧》and his desire trilogy《欲望三部曲》:The Financier 《金融家》The Titan 《巨头》The Stoic 《斯多葛》American Naturalist （自然主义）1) Stephen Crane 克莱恩2) Frank Norris 诺里斯3) Jack London 杰克-伦敦1) Stephen Crane (克莱恩, 1871–1900) was an American novelist. He won international acclaim for his 1895 Civil War novel The Red Badge of Courage《红色的英勇勋章》.2) Frank Norris (诺瑞斯1870–1902) American novelist. His notable works include McTeague 《麦克提格》, The Octopus《章鱼》3) Jack London (杰克• 伦敦, 1876–1916) American novelist, known for his novel Martin Eden 《马丁• 伊登》, The Call of the Wild 《野性的呼唤》.20世纪和现代主义-诗歌T.S. Eliot (T.S.艾略特, 1888-1965)：American poet, best known for his poem The Waste Land 《荒原》, 1948 Nobel Prize winner for literature.Ezra Pound（庞德）: American imagist poet意象派诗人, major poems include Cantos 《诗章》, Hugh Selwyn Maubery (莫伯里), Cathay (《华夏》translation of ancient Chinese poems) Robert Frost (弗罗斯特, 1874–1963)American poet. He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life in New England and his command of American colloquial speech. His work was first recognized in England and then in America.Wallace Stevens（斯蒂文斯, 1879-1955）American poet, best known for his poem Anecdote for the Jar and his emphasis on Imagination.Allen Ginsberg (金斯伯格, 1926-1997), American poet of Beat Generation (垮掉的一代), best known for his poem “Howl”《嚎》Ernest Hemingway (海明威, 1899—1961)American novelist. He was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris, and one of the veterans of World War I later known as "the Lost Generation". He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Major works:The Sun also Rises 《太阳照样升起》A Farewell to Arms 《永别了-武器》The Old Man and the Sea《老人与海》For Whom the Bell Tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》“Meditation XVII”, an essay by metaphysical poet John Donne 多恩“any man's death dim inishes me, because I am involved in mankind, and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.”Fitzgerald (菲茨杰拉德, 1896–1940) American writer of novels, whose works are evocative of the Jazz Age. Fitzgerald is considered a memb er of the “Lost Generation“. Most important worksis The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》which represents the destruction of American dream. Lost Generation迷惘的一代:The 'Lost Generation' is a phrase made popular by American author Ernest Hemingway in his first published novel The Sun Also Rises. Figures identified with the "Lost Generation" include authors and poets Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, John Dos Passos.William Faulkner 福克纳: American novelist, winner of Nobel Prize for literature. Most of his works was set in an imaginary location named Yoknapatawpha. Major works include:The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》Sartoris《家族小说》Go Down, Moses 《去吧，莫西》Light in August 《八月之光》Absalom, Absalom! 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》Sanctuary 《圣地》John Steinbeck (斯坦贝克, 1902–1968) American novelist, Nobel Prize winner. He is known for his novel The Grapes of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》Saul Bellow（贝缕, 1915-2005）American novelist, Nobel Prize winner, best known for his novel such as The Adventures of Augie March,《奥吉•玛其历险记》Herzog, Seize the Day, Humboldt's GiftJames Baldwin （鲍德温, 1924-1987）, black American novelist, best known for his novel Go Tell It on the Mountain 《向苍天呼吁》.Ralph Ellison （艾里森, 1913-1994）, black American novelist, best known for his The Invisible Man 《看不见的人》Alex Harley (1936-1969), black American novelist, best known for his Roots 《根》Toni Morrison(莫里森, 1931-)Toni Morrison is a Nobel Prize-winning female American novelist. among the best known are her novels The Bluest Eye《最蓝的眼睛》and Beloved《宠儿》.20世纪戏剧家Eugene O‘Neil （尤金-奥尼尔, 1888-1953）American playwright, Nobel Prize winner, best known for his Long Day’s Journey Into Night《长夜漫漫路迢迢》, Beyond the Horizon 《天边外》，The Hairy Ape 《毛猿》Arthur Miller （亚瑟-米勒,1915-2005 ）, American playwright, best known for his The Death of Salesman《推销员之死》Edward Albee (阿尔比1928---) is an American playwright best known for Who‘s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?(《谁怕弗吉尼亚伍尔夫》). His early works reflect a Americanization of the Theatre of the Absurd 荒诞派that found its peak in works by Irish playwrights such as Samuel Beckett贝克特.。
英语英美文学常识归纳
英语英美文学常识归纳篇一：英语专八英美文学常识归纳3专八人文知识:英国地理概况the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。
the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。
"the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain.1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，手册英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据法律合并成为大不列颠王国。
gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands.盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。
the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, theboard ridge of hills.英格兰脊梁：指的是山脉的背脊。
lead ore: british lead ores have been worked since pre-roman times. it contains silver.铅矿：自前罗马时代开始，英国的铅矿就被开发了。
外国文学常识大全
外国文学常识大全1. 威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家和诗人之一。
他的作品包括《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、《哈姆雷特》和《麦克白》等。
2. 《牛津词典》是一部英语词典，是英国文学中重要的参考工具之一。
3. 英国文学中的重要时期包括文艺复兴时期、启蒙时期和维多利亚时代等。
4. 爱伦·坡（Edgar Allan Poe）是19世纪美国文学中的重要作家，他的作品包括《压抑的岛屿》和《乌鸦》等。
5. 查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）是19世纪英国文学中最著名的作家之一，他的作品包括《雾都孤儿》和《双城记》等。
7. 弗兰兹·卡夫卡（Franz Kafka）是20世纪德国文学中的重要作家，他的作品《变形记》被认为是现代主义文学的经典之一。
8. 托马斯·曼（Thomas Mann）是20世纪德国文学的代表之一，他的作品《魔山》获得了诺贝尔文学奖。
10. 弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫（Vladimir Nabokov）是20世纪俄国裔美国作家，他的作品《洛丽塔》被视为现代文学的杰作之一。
11. 弗朗茨·冯·霍夫曼斯塔尔（Franz von Hoffmannstahl）是20世纪奥地利文学的代表人物，他的作品《死亡与少年》是现代主义文学的代表之一。
14. 加西亚·马尔克斯（Gabriel Garcia Marquez）是20世纪拉丁美洲文学中的重要作家，他的作品《百年孤独》获得了诺贝尔文学奖。
15. 亚历山大·索尔仁尼琴（Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn）是20世纪俄罗斯文学中的重要作家，他的作品《古拉格群岛》揭示了苏联古拉格制度的黑暗面。
17. 塞缪尔·贝克特（Samuel Beckett）是20世纪爱尔兰文学中的重要作家，他的作品《等待戈多》是现代主义戏剧的代表作之一。
英美文学史(英国)知识点汇总
英美文学期末复习Chapter 1 The Old and Medieval Period 中古时期An Introduction ：❖最早的英国居民：Celts❖In 43AD , Roman conquered Britain, making the latter a province of Roman Empire.公元43年，罗马征服英国，将其变成罗马帝国的一个省份。
❖In 449 Jutes came to Britain to settle there. Following the Jutes came Angles and Saxons. 449年，朱特人定居英国，紧跟着是安格鲁和撒克逊人。
❖Germanic means the Anglos, the Saxons and the Jutes.日耳曼族包括了安格鲁、萨克逊和朱特人。
❖Anglo-Saxon poetry is bold and strong, mournful and elegiac in spirit.安格鲁撒克逊诗歌大胆而有力，悲伤且忧郁。
❖These tribes from Northern Europe together created the united kingdom--Anglo-Saxon England ("Angle-land").这些来自北欧的部落创建了联合王国--安格鲁撒克逊英格兰(in 449)❖Their dialects naturally grew into a single language called Angle-ish or English, the ancestor of the present-day English.他们的方言自然而然地成为了一种单一的语言--盎格鲁语或者英语。
❖The old English were divided into two groups: ①religious group ②secular group古英语诗歌被分成两类：①宗教②世俗❖The religious group is mainly on biblical theme.宗教诗歌通常以圣经为主题。
英美文学复习资料
英美文学复习资料英美文学复习资料英美文学是世界文学史上的重要组成部分，包含了许多经典的文学作品和作家。
通过复习英美文学，我们可以更好地了解西方文化和思想，同时也能够提升自己的语言表达能力和文学素养。
本文将为大家提供一些英美文学复习资料，希望对大家的学习有所帮助。
一、英国文学1. 莎士比亚的四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》和《麦克白》。
这些作品被誉为世界文学的瑰宝，展现了莎士比亚独特的戏剧才华和对人性的深刻洞察。
2. 简·奥斯汀的小说：《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等。
奥斯汀以细腻的笔触和幽默的描写，刻画了当时英国社会的风貌和女性的处境，成为英国文学的代表作家之一。
3. 查尔斯·狄更斯的小说：《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》等。
狄更斯以其对社会问题的关注和对人性的揭示而闻名，他的作品揭示了当时英国社会的黑暗面，对社会改革产生了深远影响。
4. 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的小说：《达洛维夫人》、《到灯塔去》等。
伍尔夫以其独特的意识流写作风格和对女性问题的关注，开创了现代主义小说的新篇章。
二、美国文学1. 马克·吐温的小说：《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》、《汤姆·索亚历险记》等。
吐温以其幽默风趣和对美国社会的讽刺洞察而受到广泛赞誉，他的作品展现了美国南方的风土人情和对奴隶制度的批判。
2. 埃米莉·迪金森的诗歌：迪金森的诗歌充满了哲思和深度，她以其独特的写作风格和对生死、爱情等主题的探索而成为美国文学的重要代表。
3. 威廉·福克纳的小说：《喧哗与骚动》、《押沙龙，押沙龙！》等。
福克纳以其复杂的叙事结构和对南方社会的描绘而被誉为美国文学的巨匠，他的作品展现了南方社会的衰落和黑暗。
4. 托尼·莫里森的小说：《亲爱的》、《宠儿》等。
莫里森以其对种族、性别和身份问题的关注而成为美国文学的重要代表，她的作品揭示了美国社会的不公和歧视。
三、阅读技巧和复习建议1. 阅读经典作品时，要注重对文本细节的理解和分析。
考研英美文学基础知识
考研英美文学基础知识引言：英美文学是世界文学史上的重要组成部分，其源远流长，涵盖了丰富多样的文学作品和文化背景。
本文将从英美文学的起源和发展、代表作品以及对现代文学的影响等方面，介绍考研英美文学基础知识。
一、英美文学的起源和发展英美文学的起源可以追溯到古代英国和美洲原住民的口头传统。
英国的文学起步于古代民歌和英雄史诗，如《贝奥武夫》和《坎特伯雷故事集》。
而美洲原住民则通过口头传统将自己的文化和历史记录下来。
中世纪时期，英国文学开始出现骑士传奇和中世纪浪漫诗歌。
著名的作品有《亚瑟王传奇》和《诺曼征服者之歌》。
文艺复兴时期，英国文学迎来了巨大的发展，莎士比亚的作品成为了世界文学的瑰宝，如《哈姆雷特》和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》。
18世纪，英国文学迎来了启蒙运动，代表作家有弥尔顿和斯威夫特等。
19世纪则是英美文学的黄金时期，浪漫主义、现实主义和自然主义等文学流派相继兴起。
英国的浪漫主义代表作家有拜伦、雪莱和济慈，而美国的文学巨匠爱默生、霍桑和梭罗等也在这一时期崭露头角。
20世纪以后，英美文学进入了现代主义和后现代主义的阶段。
代表作家如乔伊斯、弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫和托马斯·品钦等，他们的作品对文学史产生了深远的影响。
二、英美文学的代表作品英美文学涵盖了众多经典的代表作品，这些作品不仅具有文学价值，更代表了不同历史时期和文化背景下的思想和情感。
英国文学的代表作品包括莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》，查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》，简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》，以及乔治·奥威尔的《1984》等。
美国文学的代表作品则有马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》，弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》，赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的《白鲸》，以及杰克·凯鲁亚克的《在路上》等。
这些作品通过不同的文学形式和风格，反映了当时社会的价值观和人类的内心世界，对后世的文学创作产生了深远的影响。
英美文学 知识点总结
英美文学知识点总结英美文学是指在英国和美国国家领土内产生的文学作品，包括英国文学与美国文学。
英美文学史是人类文明史的一个重要组成部分，包括从古典到现代的文学作品，涵盖了从莎士比亚到奥斯卡·王尔德等众多作家的作品。
英美文学的知识点众多，具有深刻的历史、文化和社会背景，下面将总结英美文学知识点，帮助读者更好地了解和学习英美文学。
1. 英国文学的起源和发展英国文学的起源可追溯至中世纪，早期的英国文学作品包括《贝奥歌》、《坎特伯雷故事集》等。
而随着文艺复兴的到来，英国文学迎来了新的发展时期，莎士比亚、斯宾塞等众多作家的作品为英国文学的繁荣与发展奠定了基础。
18世纪的启蒙运动影响了英国文学的发展方向，霍华德、斯威夫特等作家的作品在英国文学史上留下了重要的痕迹。
2. 美国文学的诞生与发展美国文学的起源较晚，17世纪移民新英格兰书信文学是美国文学的开端。
18世纪，美国文学开始迈入现代化阶段，风格多样的文学作品层出不穷。
19世纪的浪漫主义运动、现实主义运动以及自然主义运动，都为美国文学的繁荣与发展贡献了力量。
3. 英美文学的经典作品在英美文学史上，有许多经典作品，这些作品对后世文学产生了深远的影响。
如莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》、奥斯卡·王尔德的《风华绝代》、简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》、查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》等。
4. 英美文学的主题和风格英美文学作品的主题和风格多种多样，既有对家国情怀的歌颂，也有对人性命运的探索。
从文艺复兴时期的骑士文学到现代主义文学，英美文学作品的风格也是千姿百态。
5. 英美文学的流派英美文学的作品涉及的流派众多，包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、散文等。
在戏剧方面，莎士比亚的作品是最具代表性的；在小说方面，狄更斯的作品是最为典型的；在诗歌方面，弗罗斯特的作品是最为著名的。
6. 英美文学的影响英美文学对全球文学产生了深远影响，从语言、风格、主题等方面都对其他国家的文学产生了影响。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
British：1.Middle English Literature (449-1485):(the Anglo-Saxon period to the middle English period 1066, the Norman Conquest) Representative works: National Epic: Beowulf;Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales1.Renaissance ( late 15th C. to Early 17th C.):Representative figures and works:Thomas More: UtopiaFrancis Bacon: EssaysEdmund Spenser: The Faerie QueeneWilliam Shakespeare:Poetry: SonnetPlays: Othello, Macbeth, King Lear, Hamlet;Twelfth Night, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It, Much Ado about Nothing2.English literature of 17th C:Representative figures and works:1. Metaphysical poets (Conceit):John Donne: Holy Sonnets; Songs and Sonnets2. John Milton: (poet):Paradise Lost (1667); Paradise Regained (1671); Samson Agonistes3. John Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s Progress4.Enlightenment (late 17th C. to middle 18th C. ):the Age of Prose Representative figures and works:Jonathan Swift : Gulliver’s TravelsSamuel Johnson: A Dictionary of the English LanguageDaniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe (adventurous novels)Adam Smith: An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Henry Fielding: Tom JonesSamuel Richardson: PamelaLawrence Sterne: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy5.English Romanticism (1789-1832)**Representative works and figures: Age of romantic poetryWilliam Wordsworth: “I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud”in The Prelude; Lyrical Ballads; “The Solitary Reaper”George Gordon Byron: Don Juan; Cain …Percy Bysshe Shelley “Ode to the West Wind”; Prometheus Unbound; A Defence of PoetryJohn Keats:“Ode on a Grecian Urn”; EndymionWilliam Blake: Songs of Innocence, Songs of ExperienceRobert Burns (Scottish)6.English realist literature (1830s to 1918):Also known as the Victorian Age Representative works and figures: (Mainly novels)Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma, Sense and sensibility, Northanger Abbey, PersuasionGeorge Eliot (female: Mary Ann Evans): The Mill on the Floss, Middlemarch Bronte Sisters: Emily Bronte: Wuthering HeightsCharlotte Bronte: Jane EyreAnne Bronte: Agnes GrayCharles Dickens;Thomas Hardy;Joseph Conrad (Polish)William Somerset Maugham: Of Human BondageWilliam Thackeray: Vanity FairRobert Browning (dramatic monologue:“My Last Duchess”), Alfred Tennyson; Matthew Arnold7.Modernist Period (1918-1945):Representative works and figures:dramatists: Oscar Wilde (Irish): Art for Art’s SakeGeorge Bernard Shaw (Irish): Pygmalion, The Apple CartPoet: T.S. Eliot: The Waste Land, The Hollow ManWilliam Butler Yeats(Irish): The Tower, A VisionNovelists: Virginia Woolf: To the Lighthouse; Orlando; Mrs. Dalloway….James Joyce(Irish): Ulysses, DublinersD. H. Lawrence: The Rainbow, Sons and Lovers, Women in LoveE.M. Foster: Howards End; A Passage to India; A Room with a ViewWilliam Golding: Lord of the FliesDoris Lessing (female): The Golden Notebook, The Grass is SingingAntonia Susan Byatt: Possession, Babel TowerAmerican1.Literature of Reason and Revolution (1765-late 18th. C.)Representative works and figures:Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richards’s Almanac; AutobiographyThomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence2.Romanticism (1800-1865)Representative works and figures:Washington Irving: The Legend of Sleepy Hollow;Rip Van Winkle; The Sketch BookJames Fenimore Cooper: The Leather Stocking Tales**Essayist: Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature, Self-relianceHenry David Thoreau: Walden, Civil Disobedience**Poet: Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass (Free verse )Emily Dickinson (female): (concise diction and syntax, abundant in images) Novelis t: Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter ….Herman Melville: Moby Dick…..Edgar Allen Poe: The Raven3.Realism (1865-1918)Representative works and figures:Novelists: Mark TwainHenry James:The Portrait of a Lady (Psycho-analytic novel),The American, The Golden BowlJack London: The Call of the WildTheodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie; An American Tragedy, The FinancierStephen Crane,O. Henry4.Modernism (1918-1945)Representative works and figures:Poetry: Ezra Pound : The Cantos (imagism)Robert Frost, William Carlos Williams, Wallace Stevens,Langston Hughes (African American, Harlem Renaissance)Drama: Eugene O’Neill: Desire Under the ElmTennessee Williams: A Streetcar Named DesireArthur Miller(Jewish): Death of a SalesmanNovel:(flourishing )Female writers: Edith Wharton (The Age of Innocence), Ellen Glasgow, Willa Cather (My Antonia)Sinclair Lewis: Main StreetThe lost generation: F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby, Tender is the NightErnest Hemingway: The Sun Also Rises; The Old Man and the SeaJohn Steinbeck: The Grapes of WrathSouthern Renaissance:William Faulkner:The Sound and the Fury, Light in August, Go Down, Moses Katherine Anne Porter (Female): A Ship of Fools5.Contemporary literature (1945-)Representative works and figures: Ralph Ellison: Invisible ManToni Morrison: BelovedJ.D.Salinger: Catcher in the RyeAmy Tan: The Joy Luck ClubAlice Walker: The Color PurpleSaul Bellow (Jewish): Herzog, Dangling ManJ.D. Salinger: Cather in the Rye (Jewish)Literary terms：1.Sonnet:a lyric form comprising 14 lines of iambic pentameters, with a rhyming scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg2.Free verse: not following traditional consistent meter patterns or rhymes, but following the pattern of natural speech.3.Ode: A long lyric poem that is serious in subject and treatment, elevated in style, elaborate in its stanzaic structure.4.Blank Verse: a lyric form written in unrhymed iambic pentameter5.Dramatic monologue: a form of lyric poems, like “My Last Duchess”Categories：1.British female novelists:Jane Austen, Bronte Sisters, George Eliot, Doris Lessing, Virginia Woolf,2. American female novelists:Willa Cather, Katherine Anne Porter, Toni Morrison, Alice Walker, Kate Chopin 3. 20th C. poets:British: T.S.Eliot, YeatsAmerican: Ezra Pound, Wallace Stevens, William Carlos Williams…4. Irish writers:Jonathan Swift, Yeats, James Joyce, Oscar Wilde, G.B. Shaw5. Jewish American writers:Arthur Miller, Saul Bellow, J.D.Salinger6. Scottish poet:Robert Burns7. Female poet: Emily Dickinson。