西华大学选修课《英美文化与翻译》第九讲 英美政治的概念与知识翻译
英美概况谢福之知识点总结
英美概况谢福之知识点总结英国和美国是世界上两个最具影响力和实力的国家之一，它们在政治、经济、文化等方面都具有重要的地位。
本文将对英美两国的政治制度、经济发展、文化特点等进行介绍，并分析两国之间的联系和影响。
一、政治制度英国是君主立宪制国家，国家元首是女王伊丽莎白二世。
国家由议会议员和内阁成员组成，议会分为上下两院，分别为众议院和贵族院。
议会具有立法权，内阁负责政府的运作。
英国政体具有稳定的政治体系和完善的法律制度，是世界上最早建立的议会制度国家之一。
美国是联邦制共和国家，国家元首是总统，由国会和总统共同行使立法权。
国会由参议院和众议院组成，总统负责执行国家政策和签署法案。
美国政体具有分权制衡、选举制度严格等特点，是世界上最早建立的共和政体之一。
二、经济发展英国是世界上最早工业化的国家，拥有发达的制造业和金融产业。
伦敦是世界金融中心之一，对全球金融市场具有重要的影响力。
英国的经济体系具有卓越的创新能力和国际竞争力，是世界上最具竞争力的经济体之一。
美国是世界上最大的经济体，拥有发达的制造业、服务业和高新技术行业。
美国是全球科技创新的领头羊，拥有世界上最多的科技研发机构和科技企业。
美国的经济体系具有活力和创新能力，是全球经济体系的重要推动力。
三、文化特点英国是世界上最具影响力的文化传统之一，拥有悠久的历史和丰富的文化遗产。
英国文学、音乐、戏剧等领域具有重要的地位，对世界文化产生了深远的影响。
英国的文化传统具有多样性和包容性，吸引着全世界的文化爱好者。
美国是一个多元文化的国家，拥有丰富多彩的文化传统和艺术表现形式。
美国文学、电影、音乐等领域对世界文化产生了深远的影响，美国的流行文化和大众文化在全球范围内具有重要的地位。
美国的文化传统具有包容性和开放性，吸引着全世界的文化创意者。
四、两国之间的联系和影响英国和美国有着深厚的历史渊源和文化联系，在政治、经济、文化等方面都具有紧密的联系和相互影响。
英国是美国的传统盟友，两国在国际事务和全球治理中保持着密切的合作关系。
选修课《英美文化》课程教学大纲
《英语国家概况》课程教学大纲
课程性质：选修
适用专业：非英语专业和英语专业
学时：32 学分：2
先修课程：大学英语基础英语
一、教学目的和任务：
《英美文化》是一门集英语国家背景知识和英语语言知识为一体的选修课，旨在向学生介绍所学语言国家的历史、社会和文化等背景知识，拓宽其知识面，帮助学生了解主要英美两国的历史、社会与文化概貌，使其从历史、文化和社会的角度更加深刻地理解和掌握所学语言知识和技能。
二、基本要求：
1、了解英美国家的社会与文化概况，如地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的基本知识；
2、培养学生跨文化交际能力；
3、培养学生的对文化差异的敏感性和容忍性；
4、为学生阅读英文报刊、英文原著打下基础。
三、教学内容：
第一讲国家历史—英国篇1第二讲国家历史—英国篇2
第三讲国家历史—美国篇1 第四讲国家历史—美国篇2
第五讲政治体制—英美篇第六讲经济体制—英美篇
第七讲文学艺术—英国篇第八讲文学艺术—美国篇
第九讲教育体制—英美篇第十讲社会习俗—英美篇
第十一讲流行文化—英美篇第十二讲宗教习俗—英美篇
第十三讲新闻媒体—英美篇1 第十四讲新闻媒体—英美篇2
第十五讲语言差异—美语、英语的差异第十六讲总结
四、学时分配：
五、主要参考书：
[1] 朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》（上、下册）高等教育出版社2003
[2] 毛贵荣宗玉《问答美国》外文出版社2001.1
[3] 张奎武《英美概况》吉林科学技术出版社1998.2
教研室主任：
分院（系）领导：。
西华大学选修课《英美文化与翻译》第10讲-英美文化中的概念与知识翻译
Cindy Sheehan
“The Peace Mom”
Issue: the Ban on Fox Hunting
➢ The traditional sport of fox hunting dates back to the 15th century.
➢ poor ➢ fat ➢ ugly ➢ old ➢ stupid
How is Culture Learned by Children?
➢ through everyday imitation of those around us. ➢ language - culture and language are inextricably
linked.
How can we study foreign cultures?
What is Culture?
➢the shared customs, ideas, beliefs and knowledge of any group - what we teach our children
➢the features of our everyday life, what we do for fun, the entertainment we produce - Pop Culture
➢Is language enough?
➢textbooks - sociology, anthropology
➢postmodern approach = anything that is a text, movie, novel, advertisement can all be seen as signs of the culture that produced them.
《英美文化与翻译》英汉颜色词的文化内涵与翻译27页PPT
46、我们若已接受最坏的，就再没有什么损失。——卡耐基 47、书到用时方恨少、事非经过不知难。——陆游 48、书籍把我们引入最美好的社会，使我们认识各个时代的伟大智者。——史美尔斯 49、熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。——孙洙 50、谁和我一样用功，谁就会和我一样成功。——莫扎特
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
《英美文化与翻译》英汉颜色词的文 化内涵与翻译
6、法律的基础有两个，而且只有两个……公平和实用。——伯克 7、有两种和平的暴力，那就是法律和礼节。——歌德
8、法律就是秩序，有好的法律才有好的秩序。——亚里士多德 9、上帝把法律和公平凑合在一起，可是人类却把它拆开。——查·科尔顿 10、一切法律都是无用的，因为好人用不着它们，而坏人又不会因为它们而变得规矩起来。——德谟耶克斯
《英美文化概论》课程教学大纲
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5.2英国和美国的工业概况
两国工业各自的特点
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5.3英国和美国的农业概括
两国农业各自的特点
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5.4英国和美国的经济贸易
两国经济贸易各自的特点；
结合中美贸易战，指出美方的霸权主义
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第1章英美两国的地形特点概述
本章重点难点：英国和美国的地形特点；美国地理位置对其经济发展的重要性；美国地理位置对其经济发展的重要性
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1.1英国和美国的地理位置
英国和美国的地理位置、地理方面重要特征
This is a selective course for the application and further improvement of college English. By introducing the geography, history, society, culture, politics and other aspects of the United States and the United Kingdom, it elaborates the formation and development process of the cultural traditions and core values of the United States and the United Kingdom. It is helpful for learners to understand the way of thinking, values and lifestyles of the UK and the US. This course could equip students with certain ability to comprehend the social and cultural phenomena in UK and the US. Besides, students' language skill and cultural sensitivity when interacting with the British and the Americans would also be enhanced.
英美概况知识点总结归纳
英美概况知识点总结归纳英美概况是指英国和美国的文化、历史、政治、经济、教育等各方面的概况。
这两个国家在世界上具有重要的地位，对世界文化和政治产生了深远的影响。
下面将对英美概况的各个方面进行总结归纳。
一、文化概况1. 英国文化英国是一个拥有悠久历史的国家，其文化底蕴深厚。
英国文学自古至今在世界范围内具有重要地位，莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯丁等众多文学家的作品至今仍然备受人们喜爱。
英国音乐、戏剧、电影等领域也有着丰富的传统。
2. 美国文化美国是一个移民国家，因此其文化融合了来自世界各地的元素，呈现出多元化和包容性。
美国文学、音乐、电影等在世界上具有很大影响力，如杰克·伦敦、海明威、福克纳等作家的作品、爵士乐、摇滚乐、好莱坞电影等都深受人们喜爱。
3. 英美文化交流英美两国之间的文化交流十分频繁，互相影响。
英国音乐、戏剧、文学等在美国具有很大影响力，而美国的流行音乐、电影、文化现象也在英国广受欢迎。
二、历史概况1. 英国历史英国历史可以追溯到古代，罗马、盎格鲁-撒克逊、诺曼底人等不同民族和文化在英国留下了深远的影响。
英国从16世纪开始成为世界上的帝国大国，殖民了大量领土。
20世纪初，英国逐渐衰落，但仍然在政治、文化方面占有重要地位。
2. 美国历史美国历史相对年轻，但是却是一个充满传奇色彩的国家。
美国独立战争后成为独立国家，并在19世纪成为世界上最强大的国家之一。
20世纪，美国在两次世界大战后成为世界超级大国，对世界政治、经济产生了深远影响。
3. 英美历史关系英国曾是美国的殖民地，双方有着深厚的历史渊源。
美国革命后，两国保持了密切的关系，经济、文化、政治等方面有着广泛的交流合作。
三、政治概况1. 英国政治英国是一个君主立宪制国家，国家元首是君主，首相是政府首脑。
英国的政治体系成熟稳定，经过数百年的发展，形成了一套完善的议会制度和法律体系。
2. 美国政治美国是一个总统制国家，总统是国家元首和政府首脑。
英美文化知识点总结图
英美文化知识点总结图英美文化是指英国和美国两国的文化，由于历史和地理因素的影响，英美文化在很多方面有着共同的特点，但也有一些不同之处。
本文将从语言、食物、节日、音乐、体育和社会礼仪等方面对英美文化进行总结。
一、语言1. 英语英语是英美两国的官方语言，它们有着共同的语法和词汇，但在语音和部分词汇上有一些差别。
在英国，英语分为英格兰英语、苏格兰英语、威尔士英语和北爱尔兰英语等方言；而美国的英语则有着更多的地域性差异，比如东部和西部的口音、南部和北部的词汇用法等。
2. 俚语英美两国都有着丰富的俚语和口头禅，比如英国人说的“bloke”（家伙），美国人说的“cool”（酷），这些词汇的使用方式和含义在不同地区也会有一些不同。
3. 礼貌用语在英美两国，称呼方式和礼貌用语也有一些不同。
比如在英国，“sir”和“madam”被用于商务场合或对陌生人的称呼，而在美国，“sir”和“ma'am”更多地被用于尊敬长者。
二、食物1. 早餐英国人习惯吃牛奶、麦片、烤面包和熏肉等食物作为早餐，而美国人更喜欢在早餐时吃鸡蛋、培根、土豆和煎饼等。
2. 午餐英国人通常吃三明治、鱼和薯条、谢菲尔德派、烤土豆等作为午餐，而美国人更喜欢吃汉堡包、比萨、墨西哥卷饼和烤肉。
3. 晚餐在英国，晚餐通常由三道菜组成，包括开胃菜、主菜和甜点；而在美国，晚餐则更注重肉类和蔬菜的搭配，通常会有更多的甜点选择。
4. 茶文化英国人有着悠久的茶文化，他们通常会在下午喝茶，并且会搭配一些小点心；而美国人更喜欢喝咖啡，下午茶更多的是一种社交活动。
1. 圣诞节在英国和美国，圣诞节都是重要的节日，人们会装饰圣诞树、交换礼物、吃圣诞大餐等，但两国在庆祝方式上有些差别。
比如在英国，圣诞布置通常更加传统和典雅，而在美国，圣诞的装饰则更加繁华和华丽。
2. 独立日独立日是美国的国庆节，人们会进行烟花表演、游行、野餐和烧烤等庆祝活动。
而在英国，没有类似的国庆节，但人们会在特定的日期举行各种民俗活动和庆祝仪式。
英美文化教程
英美文化教程复习资料一、知识点：英国部分1、英国组成，国旗，国歌：The United Kingdom of Great Britian and Northern Ireland is a union made up of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.The Union Jack is the national flag and God Save the King/Queen is used as the national anthem.2、英国语言经历点阶段：he history of the English language has generally been divided into Old English, spoken by theancient Germans lasting from 450 to 1150; Middle English from 1151 to 1500; and Modern English beginning from 1501.3、抵抗丹麦的皇帝：Alfred the Great, King of Wessex大宪章：The Great CharterThe Great Charter is a most important document in England history. It has been called “the corner stone” of English history. The Great Charter provides that the king should permit merchants to move about freely and should observe the privileges of the various towns, which were growing in number and size.4、宪章运动In 1837 the London Workingman’s Association worked out the famous document, The People’s CharterThe People’s Charter constituted six points:（人民宪章）(1)Votes for all males.(2)Annual election of Parliament (instead of general election every seven years).(3)Payment of Members of Parliament (so that poor men could afford to take part in political activities).(4)Secret voting (so that to avoid bribery and intimidation).(5)Abolition of property qualifications for Parliament Members (so that workers could seek to be elected).(6)Equal electoral districts (so that the large population of the workers could enjoy a corresponding share of thevotes).The People’s Charter was formally adopted at a meeting of workers held on August 8, 1838, on Newhall Hill.In 1840, the Chartist Movement witnessed the second upsruge.In 1848, the Chartist Movement expericenced the third and last upsruge.5、英国两院制上议院、下议院(议会)The parliament(议会) is bicameral (两院制), with an upper house, the non-elected House of Lords, and a lower house, the elected House of Commons.The House of Lords includes two different types of members: the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temproal.The House of Lords today is more a place of discussion and debate than one of substantial power. It main functions include debating the issues of the day and improving certain non-tax bills inadequately considered by the Commons before they are passed into low. In some rare cases, it may delay the passage of bills approved by the Commons, but only for up to a year.The House of Commons is a democratically elected chamber with elections to it, held at least every 5 years. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster, in the City of Westminster in London. House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the UK. The Commons is a democratically elected body, consisting of 646 members. The leader of the party with the majority of seats becomes the Prime Minister, head of the government. He or she then chooses an inner cabinet of key ministers and appoints junior ministers in various ministers.Power:1.Legislative(立法权)：The House of Commons has the supreme authority of the legislation, their motion can directly get Royal Assent.2.finace power(财政权)：only the house of commons has the right to propose the motion on tax or supply(只有下议院才有权力提出税收及供应的权力)3.Suprvise the government (监督政府)：as the head of the government, if the prime minister wants to continue in office, he/she must be admitted by the House of Commons. It has the right to impeach(弹劾) the prime minister or the government. Functions: Members of Parliament are involved in considering can drafting new laws.MPs can use their position to ask government ministers questions about current issues.To supervise, or oversee finance.6、两大政党The Conservative Party: 1 relatively rich and privileged;2 maintenance of the existing institutions as itspolicy;3last word in deciding policy by its leader;4 conference for the leader’guidance but a device for making the party’s policyThe Labor Party: 1 relatively poor and underprivileged; 2 strong in the heavily-populated industrial areas and particularly associated with the working class; 3 nationwide organization, few resources and heavily depends on the trade unions; 4 conference for making the party policy(1)The Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprises. It is against too muchgovernment intervention, especially nationalization, which not only takes control away from the owners and builders of industry, but also leads to inefficiency. The Conservative Party favors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare. It policies are characterized by pragmatism and a belief in individualism. (2)The Labor Party believes in an egalitarian(平等主义的) economy, transferring wealth from the rich to the poor by meansof taxing the most affluent members of society and providing support for the poor in society. They deem the government responsible for the provision of range of public services, such as social welfare, education and public transport. The Labor government that came to power in 1945 had a major effect on British society. It set up the National Health Service to provide high quality, free health care for all, “from cradle to grave”, providing a range of welfare payments, and most controversially, it “nationalized”a wide range of industries, making a mixed economy of both private-and state-owned enterprises. The Labor Party became known as a party of high taxation.7.The Open University （开放大学）a degree-granting institution that provides courses of study for adults of all ages through television, radio, produced books, audio/video cassettes, correspondence courses and local study programmes.8. 19世纪末英国经济绝对—相对衰退Absolute Decline and Relative Decline9英国教育：四大私立中学，大学四大私立中学：Eton Harrow Rugby Winchester大学：Ancient Universities founded before the 19th centuryLondon Universities founded in the 19th and early 20th centuriesRed Brick Universities founded in the 19th and early 20th centuriesPlate Glass Universities founded in the 1960sThe Open Universities founded in 1968 (重点)P137New Universities created in or after 1992古老的大学：The university of Oxford(历史更久)；The university of Cambridge10 “British history has been a history of invasions”.British history has been a history of invasions. Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of tribal kingdoms of Celtic people. They brought the central European culture to Britain. Then in 43AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled it f or slave society but also disseminated their Catholicism.However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons. In order to defend the Saxons, a great leader—King Arthur appeared. He created the "round table" to satisfy all the kni ghts' requirement of having equal precedence. Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system. Whether Arthur's a real person in the history or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were the forefathers of the English.In the 8th century, the Vikings from Denmark controlled the northern and eastern England. An Anglo-Saxon hero, king Alf red the Great fought against the Vikings with the truly English. And that's why there's a certain cultural difference between nort herners and southerners in England. Later, the Normans from northern France, under the leading of William of Normandy, kille d the king and William became the First of England. They imported a ruling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy rule d Saxon and English-speaking population. In this condition, there weren't a lot of rebellions among the English people. That dir ectly formed an English unique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. Even today, w e can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles.In fact, such invasion is a peaceful history of joining together the various parts of the British Isles and the power graduall y transferred from the monarch to the parliament. So the constitutional monarchy has been established in Britain.11.English Language (s三个阶段)：old English period—middle English period---modern English period二、英国选择、填空、简答题1、The British Isles are situated in the northwest of the Europe.2、The highland zone is an area of high hills and mountains in the north and east of Britain.3、The Pennine Chain is sometimes called the backbone of England.4、The Severn River is the longest river in Britain.5、Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in the UK.6、The British Isles are cut off from the continent by the English Channel.7、On the north and the east, the Isles face the North Sea and on the west they face the Atlantic Ocean.8、The highland zone is cooler than the lowland zone, and receives more rainfall and less sunlight.9、The Highlands act as a divide and determine whether rivers flow west to the Irish Sea or east to the North Sea.10、The seven Conurbations in Britain contain one third of the population of the country.11、The English people are descendants of Anglo-Saxons.12、Middle English took shape about a century after the Norman Conquest.13、London dialect was once disseminated throughout the country NOT because London was a D center.A. commercialB. politicalC. printingD. linguistic14、Scotland has had a separate legal system.15、The English people are the descendants of Anglo-Saxons , while the Scots, Welsh and Irish are the descendants of the Celts.16、Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a two-party system.17、In Britain, the parliament general election is held every five years.18、The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and a belief in individual.19、The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it set up the National Health Service.20、Other countries have “citizens”. But in Britain people are legally described as subject.21、Elizabeth II succeeded to the throne in 1952.22、Which of the followings in not RIGHT to describe the Prime Minister? DA The head of CabinetB The head of civil serviceC The leader of the Party in powerD The head of the country23、The third largest political party in Britain is the Liberal Party.24、The British economy achieved global dominance by 1880s.25、Which of the following statements is NOT true about the UK economy? CA. Britain remains one of the Group of Seven largest industrial economies.B. Britain has experienced a relative economic decline in 1945.C. There has been a period of steady decreasing of living standards.D. Some smaller economies have overtaken the UK in terms of output per capital.26、Which of the following livestock has the biggest number in the UK? DA. Beef cattleB. Dairy cattleC. ChichenD. Sheep27、Which of the following used to be the last independent car company in the UK? CA. FordB. PeugeotC. RoverD.BMW28、In the aerospace industry, which two countries are ahead of Britain? The US and Russia29、Which of the following is NOT a company in the energy sector? BA. ShellB. ICIC. PTZD. British Gas30、”The Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire India, which provided raw material and a big market for British goods, gained independence in 1947.31、Since 1945, the UK economy has experienced relative decline rather than absolute decline.32、In recent years, Britain is second only to the US as a destination for international direct investment.33、The UK economy can be divided into three main sectors: primary industries, secondary industries and tertiary industries.34、Englishman Frank Whittle developed the world’s first jet engine in 1937.35、What kind of secondary schools now receives the largest number of students? Comprehensive schools36、Which is incorrect to describe the independent schools? CA. They are public schools. C. They are fee-free schools.B. They emphasize the importance of character training. D. Many of them are boarding schools.37、Open University communicates with its students mainly by radio, television programs, local study programmes.38、The University of Buckingham is a privately funded university in Britain.39、If a student wants to go to university in Britain, he will take the exam called General Certificate of Education-Advanced.40、Easter commemorates the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ41、On which day is Halloween celebrated? October 3142、Where are the international tennis championships held? Wimbledon43、Which one in the following is famous for its literary and dramatic criticism? DA. The EconomistB. The SpectatorC.TribuneD. Punch44、Which one of the following is NOT particularly British Christmas tradition? CA.Enjoying the Pantomime C.Eating chocolate eggs.B.The Queen broadcasting her Christmas message D.Shopping on the Boxing Day.45、Margaret Thatcher was the United Kingdom’s first woman Prime Minister.46、Margaret Thatcher’s nickname is the Iron Lady三、知识点：美国部分1、美国简介The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico and a water border with Russia.It national day is on 4th of July (Independence Day).Washington, D.C. is the capital of the United States of America.George Washington is the first president.Flag: Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and the Star-Spangled Banner.The bald eagle was chosen on June 20, 1782 as the emblem.National anthem is the Star - Spangled Banner.The Great Lakes: Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario.2、二战与美国America in WWII: 1 From Isolation to Intervention(隔离-干预)2 Battle Against Germany (Normandy Landing诺曼底登陆1944)3 Battle Against Japan(The Pearl Harbor incident 珍珠港事件导火线---- T he Battle of Midway 中途岛战役1942<the turning point of the war>)America After WWII:1Truman and Cold War（The Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义）2The Eisenhower Doctrine （艾森豪威尔主义）3The Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis（猪湾事件和古巴导弹危机）3、美国政治：Three Branches of the American Government(三权分立)The federal government has three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial. Through a system of separation of powers and the system of "checks and balances," each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, some authority to regulate the other two branches, and has some of its own authority, in turn, regulated by the other branches. The policies of the federal government have a broad impact on both the domestic and foreign affairs of the United States. In addition, the powers of the federal government as a whole are limited by the Constitution.The legislative branch consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives, collectively known as the Congress. There are 100 senators; each state has two. Each state has a different number of representatives, with the number determined by the state's population. At present, there are 435 members of the House. The legislative branch, as a whole, is charged with passing the nation's laws and allocating funds for the running of the federal government and providing assistance to the 50 U.S. states.The executive branch The chief executive of the United States is the President, who, together with the vice president, is elected to a four-year term. A crucial function of the executive branch is to ensure that laws are carried out and enforced to facilitate such day-to-day responsibilities of the federal government as collecting taxes, safeguarding the homeland and representing the United States' political and economic interests around the world.The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court, which is the only court specifically created by the Constitution. Thejudicial branch consists of the United States Supreme Court and lower federal courts. Its primary function is to hear cases that challenge legislation or require interpretation of that legislation. The U.S. Supreme Court has nine Justices, who are chosen by the President, confirmed by the Senate, and have a lifetime appointment.4、美国宗教特征: Distinctive Characteristics1.freedom and toleration2.pluralism and diversity3.prospects5、美国教育：The Ivy League（常春藤联）:Harvard UniversityYale University University of Pennsylvania Princeton University Columbia University Brown University Cornell University Dartmouth College四．美国题目1.The United States has altogether fifty states.2.Alaska is the largest state in land area and Rhode Island the smallest.3.Before their conversion to farmland, the Great Plains were noted for their extensive grasslands.4.The longest river in America is Missouri River.ke Superior has the largest surface area of any freshwater lake in the world.6.The climate of the United States, as a whole, can be classified as temperate.7.The Great Plains and Midwest, due to the contrasting air masses, sees frequent severe thunderstorms andtornado outbreaks during spring and summer.8.One natural disaster that frequents the country are hurricanes, which can hit anywhere along the Gulf Coastor the Atlantic Coast as well as Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.9.The American Northwest sees the highest concentration of active volcanoes in the United States, inWashington, Oregon and northern California along the Cascade Mountains.10.America has plenty of fertile soil. Farmlands in the United States make up about 12% of the arable lands inthe world, and they are among the richest and most productive ones.11.The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico, and a water border with Russia.12.The United States secured its independence from Great Britain in 1783.13.The United States ranks as the fourth largest country in the world after Russia, Canada, and China.14.The five Great Lakes are located in the north-central portion of the country, four of them forming part ofthe border with Canada.15.Of the 13 British colonies only Connecticut and Rlode Island.16.The First Continental Congress was attended by the representatives from all the colonies EXCEPT DA. DelawareB.PennsylvaniaC.MassachusettsD.Georgia17.The victory of Saratoga was the turning point of the War of Inpendence.18.When the Second War of Inpendence broke out in 1812, the US President was James Madison.19.The Mexican territories annexed by US and as a result of the Mexican War include the following statesEXCEPT AA.OregonB.TexasC. CaliforniaD.Arizona20.Which of the following is NOT the measure taken by Lincoln’s Administration in 1862 to change the situationand win the Civil War? DA.The passage of the Homestead Act.B.The issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation.C.The allowance of Negroes to join the Union Army.D.The ordering of the Union Army to take over Richmond.21.The US imperialism was marked by all the following EXCEPT CA.highly developed industryB.high concentration of capitalC.free business competitionD.overseas territorial expansion22.When the First World War began, President Wilson immediately called upon the American people to observestrict neutrality.23.The Post-WWII program of economic assistance to Western Europe was known as Marshall Plan.24.Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. advocated the philosophy of nonviolence.。
大二英美概况知识点总结
大二英美概况知识点总结随着全球化进程的加速，英美国家在国际经济以及政治上的地位越来越重要，因此，对于学习国际关系以及深入了解英美国家的历史、政治、经济、社会、文化等方面的内容显得尤为重要。
本文将从这些方面紧密结合大二英美概况课程的教学内容，为广大读者详细讲解相关知识点。
一、英美国家的历史英美国家的历史可以追溯到几个世纪前，这其中涉及到很多重大事件和重要人物。
在学习英美概况的过程中，对这些事件和人物的了解也是必须的。
首先，我们需要了解的是殖民时期。
英国曾经控制了大量的殖民地，其中包括美国。
殖民时期的谈判、战争和建设形成了美国的原始社会和文化。
在美国革命期间，美国获得了独立，并成为世界上第一个真正意义上的“自由”国家之一。
较为重要的人物包括乔治·华盛顿、托马斯·杰斐逊等。
此外，我们还需要了解20世纪的历史事件。
第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战对英美国家都产生了深远的影响。
二战后，美国的经济实力快速崛起，并在全球拥有了极大的影响力。
这个阶段的重要人物包括富兰克林·罗斯福、温斯顿·丘吉尔等。
二、英美国家的政治制度英美国家的政治制度非常重要，因为政治制度是社会运作的基本框架。
两国虽然拥有各自独立的政治制度，但又互相交流、学习吸收，因此有许多共性。
首先是英美的民主制度。
英美两国的民主制度比较成熟，包括选举等完备的程序性规定。
英美民主制度的实现离不开一个完备的司法制度和独立的新闻媒体，这一点在美国的选举中十分明显。
其次是英美的联邦制度。
联邦制度是英美国家的一大特色，它体现在中央政府和地方政府之间有一定的自治和更大的自主权。
美国的联邦制度尤为明显，由50个州组成，每个州的机构层次也独立。
英国则采取类似的联合国制度。
最后要强调的是英美国家的政治文化。
英美国家对于人权、平等、自由的追求贯穿了其政治文化的各个方面，这种文化对于英美的民主体制发挥了至关重要的作用。
三、英美国家的经济状况英美国家都是世界上最强大的经济体之一，其各自的发展模式也各具特色。
英美文化与英汉翻译
英美文化与英汉翻译政治中的概念与知识[01] Constitutional Convention （美国的）制宪会议(原文)Framing the government took all summer. There were bitter debates,and on at least two occasions, the Constitutional Convention cameclose to breaking up. The interests of economic classes were pittedagainst each other; the interests of small and large colonies wereantagonistic; the interests of colonies that had many Negro slaveswere opposed to those of colonies with few slaves. There werearguments over the control of exports and imports and the amount ofauthority a federal government should have over the basic rights ofindividuals. It is a wonder that there was any final agreement aboutthese matters. But the convention continued, and by September thegovernment had been hammered out.(from Language and life in the U.S.A. VOL. II, 3rd ed. By Gladys G.Doty and Janet Ross)(译文)制定政府的框架用了整整一个夏季。
英美政治制度特点及文化基础比较
英美政治制度特点及文化基础比较一、英国政治制度特点及其文化基础(一)英国政治制度特点1. 议会至上。
英国是世界上第一个建立议会制的国家,英国议会还有“议会之母”之称。
在英国,议会既是国家的最高立法机关,也是国家的最高权力机关。
它由英王、上院和下院组成。
上院由贵族组成,下院由平民选举产生。
权力重心渐渐向下院转移。
虽然以首相为首的内阁实质上是英国的最高行政机关,并渐渐成为英国的权力中心。
但在法律上,英国议会的地位是最高的。
2. “影子内阁”。
英国在政党制度上目前实行两党制,由工党和保守党轮流组阁,这与美国看似并无太大区别。
但其比较特别的是,当一党执政时,在野党即反对党便组织“影子内阁”,监督执政党的立法,行政等行为,参与协商决策,并领取国家支付的薪水。
英国反对党的这种特殊的地位构成了英国政治独特的风景线。
3. 女王的独特作用。
英国宪政,规定女王为国家元首。
英国女王虽然并无什么实质权力,但她却有着不可替代的政治作用。
首先,她是国家统一、民族团结的象征,在英国人心目中,女王是全体英国人民和英国文化的代表。
其次,女王在政治中的中立形象,使其成为英国各政治势力冲突的协调者。
最后,女王丰富的政治经历,为每一任首相提供正确的政治见解,有着其他政治家望尘莫及的经验和知识。
(二)英国政治文化:崇尚法治、善于妥协英国的政治文化有着其独特的特点,有学者将其概括为:保守主义与激进主义、科学理性与宗教哲学、贵族精神与公民精神相互矛盾、相互融合。
其中保守主义占主导又夹杂着激进主义,保守主义并不是一味顽固地反对进步,而是对变革的进程和方式持稳重态度,即“有保留地变革”;激进主义则从其产生之时就带着回归自然的倾向,在它超前发展的历史意识中保留着潜在的传统主义因素。
保守主义与激进主义共存,二者相互促进、相互制约。
任何政治制度的形成都是一个漫长的历史过程,都与其政治文化息息相关。
英国政治思想家洛克最早提出“分权”学说,他将国家权力分为立法权、行政权和联盟权。
英美文化与英汉翻译(1-12)
制作时间：2004年7月21日英美文化与英汉翻译(第1-12期)作者：snowry_yhn编辑、制作：yangbb第1期 MAVERICK (2)第2期 FBI & SLOAN-KETTERING (3)第3期 AMA (4)第4期 GATT (5)第5期 WESTERN (6)第6期 GIS & YANK (7)第7期 GILTS (8)第8期 JV (9)第9期 AT&T (10)第10期 GDP (11)第11期 MAFIA (12)第12期 GURU (13)转载请注明出处，谢谢！制作时间：2004年7月21日［yangbb语］终于完工了，而且今天是自己的生日，就把这个包子作为生日礼物送给自己吧！呵呵，好高兴啊！其实做包子真的是件比较苦的事情，而且体力劳动远大于脑力劳动。
但是我想，如果自己辛苦做出来的包子没有人分享，那才是真正可悲的事情。
所以沪友一定要支持我们的劳动啊！还有两点提醒一下（不要骂我啊，我马上就说完）：1．本文档版权归沪江所有，尊重原创，请网友在转载时注明出处，非常感谢！2．本文档按A4幅面制作，有条件的网友可直接打印。
［snowry_yhn语］了解英美文化对我们的英语学习是很有必要的，特别是对于翻译！“白象牌运动鞋”怎么翻译呢？是“White Elephant Sports Shoes”吗？大家知道White Elephant 在英语中是什么意思吗？”yellow pub lications"又该怎么翻译呢？是"黄色出版物"吗？由于缺乏对英美文化的了解而造成的误译、谬译或交际中断经常发生。
我们这个栏目就是希望让大家更多的了解一些英美文化，基于snow的实际水平，有错误的地方请大家多多包涵！第1期 MaverickMaverick制作时间：2004年7月21日In the US anti-WTO forces include the likes of Ross Perot, the mav erick 1992 presidential candidate; the consumer advocate Ralph Na dar; the ultraconservative senator Jesse Helms; and environment a ctivists from groups such as Greenpeace USA and the Sierra Club.Maverick 原本是美国德克萨斯洲一名农场主的名字。
西华大学选修课《英美文化与翻译》第10讲-英美文化中的概念与知识翻译
➢ DINK
an acronym for couples with dual income and no children. E.g. The point of this category is that DINKS have more disposable income than the average family.
➢Is language enough?
➢textbooks - sociology, anthropology
➢postmodern approach = anything that is a text, movie, novel, advertisement can all be seen as signs of the culture that produced them.
➢ hippies
a member of the 1960’s youth culture, alienated from society and interested in drugs, sexual freedom, mysticism, and pacifism。 E.g. Rock groups such as the Beetles, the Rolling Stones and the Doors , symbolize the hippie movement of 1960s. ▪ Keys: 丁克家庭、差别歧视、嬉皮士
some consider this a bit sexist.
Taboo Topics
➢Generally, never ask: ✓a woman her age ✓how much someone makes (except close friends)
英美国家文化概况(中英文对照)-美国 精品
美国文化概况Chapter 1 Population, race and ethnic groups第一章人口和种族1) Introduction①American is the third most populous country in the world, with 255.5 million people. It isa nation of immigrants. Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth. There are many racial and ethnic groups. Between 80% and 90% of immigration in the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic counties. The first immigrants in American history came from England and Netherlands. Population movements are common in America.美国是世界上的第三大人口国，总人口约2.555亿，仅次于中国和印度。
美国是一个移民大国，移民人口是其人口总数增长的重要原因。
美国的有着不同民族和种族的人口。
在目前美国移民人口中，80%-90%来自亚洲和西班牙语国家。
美国历史上最早的移民来自于英格兰和荷兰。
人口迁徙在美国十分普遍。
2) Black people and the Civil Rights Movement①blacks and slaveryThe largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., which 12.1 per cent of the population; the first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.美国最大的少数人种是黑人，占人口的12.1%；1619年最早的人人作为奴隶被运至美国。
《英美文化简介》课程介绍
《英美文化简介》课程介绍
大不列颠王国是如何形成的？英格兰与苏格兰的积怨、北爱尔兰问题是怎么回事？美国各州为什么能够拥有独立的立法？为什么大多数美国人对“南北战争”的历史讳莫如深？肯尼迪与马丁·路德·金被刺杀真是政治阴谋吗？60年代轰轰烈烈的民权运动对美国当代政治产生了什么影响？地理位置对英美两国人性格有什么影响？英国和日本的“岛国”文化又有何不同？英国历史上为什么会有那么多的女王？英国女王在当代的君主立宪制下还拥有多大的权力？美国总统制与英国君主立宪制的异同在哪里？两国的司法制度是如何体现三权分立原则的？莎士比亚的戏剧何以伟大？美国“垮掉的一代”文学又有何现实意义？NBA在美国为什么那么火爆？英国人与美国人宗教信仰状况如何？宗教对于英美两国政治，经济，文化，生活方面有多大的影响力？如何看待“摇滚”等流行音乐文化？英美为什么说好莱坞、麦当劳文化是美国重要的“软实力”？…………
带着一系列对英美文化的常见问题，本课程通过介绍美国、英国地理、历史、社会、文化、政治等方面的概况，阐述美国、英国文化传统和核心价值观念的形成和发展过程。
有助于学习者了解英美的思维方式、价值观念及生活方式，对英、美国家社会文化现象有一定的辨别能力，增强与英、美国人交往时的文化敏感性，并达到巩固和提高英语水平的目的。
百科知识英美文化
英美文化指的是英国和美国的文化，是西方文化中最具代表性和影响力的两个文化体系。
以下是一些百科知识关于英美文化的介绍：
语言：英语是英美文化最重要的标志之一，也是世界上使用最广泛的语言之一。
英国和美国的英语存在一些差异，比如发音、用词和拼写等方面，但两国之间的英语交流非常广泛。
文学：英美文化是全球文学的重要组成部分，代表作品包括莎士比亚的戏剧、狄更斯的小说、哈姆雷特、傲慢与偏见、老人与海等。
此外，英美文化也涌现了许多重要的诗人、散文家和剧作家，对世界文学的发展产生了巨大的影响。
音乐：英美文化中的音乐非常丰富多样，包括摇滚、流行、爵士、蓝调等多种类型。
代表性音乐人包括披头士、滚石乐队、麦当娜、迈克尔·杰克逊等。
电影：英美文化对电影的发展和影响也非常深远。
好莱坞是全球最著名的电影产业中心之一，出品的电影涵盖了各种类型和风格，例如《泰坦尼克号》、《阿凡达》、《星球大战》等。
饮食：英美文化的饮食也具有独特的特点。
英国著名的传统饮食包括鱼和薯条、炸鱼、牛肉派等；美国则以汉堡包、热狗、牛排、炸鸡等为代表的快餐食品闻名。
此外，英美文化中也存在着丰富多样的甜点和饮品，例如英国的下午茶和美国的星巴克咖啡等。
以上是一些百科知识关于英美文化的介绍，展现了英美文化的丰富多彩和深厚历史，也揭示了英美文化对于全球文化、艺术和娱乐的重要影响和贡献。
英美文化与国家概况 来方安版 全文翻译++
Chapter 1第一章Land and People英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England。
地理名称:不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2。
Official name：the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland。
官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3。
The British Isles are made up of two large islands—Great Britain （the larger one）and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones。
不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛,及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain：England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain。
It is the largest，most populous section。
英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands；the south Uplands) Capital：Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
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American Indians Today
2.5 million still live in the USA About 1/3 live on reservations or traditional lands. Most live in urban settings outside of traditional Indian culture.
7.
Oath of Office “I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will do the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.”
英美政治的概念与知识翻译实践
英美政治的基本概念与知识
The Melting Pot Metaphor vs. The Mixed Salad Metaphor
பைடு நூலகம்
US Population by Race & Ethnicity in 2000
Largest Metropolitan Areas
Race in America
Functions
1. Make laws 2. Control and criticize the executive government 3. Control raising and spending money
UK Government
Prime minister Heads of important departments:
Presidential Election --every 4 years --natural-born citizen --resident for 14 years -->35 years old --financial support
Stages
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Candidate announces intention to run for office Nomination campaign Caucuses: nominate a candidate Primary state election: cast vote Nominee announced at national party convention Casting votes Election day (Tues. after 1st Mon. of Nov.) Electoral votes electoral college (1st Mon after 2nd Wed. of Dec.) 538 votes 270 (majority) Inauguration: Jan. 20, on the steps of Capitol
Begun in Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the 1500’s, the slave trade spread to English, Dutch and French colonies in the 1600’s. 10 million slaves taken from Africa from 1500’s to mid 1800’s. 2 million died in route.
From World Book ?2002 World Book, Inc., 233 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60601. All rights reserved. World Book map
Slavery in the Americas
From World Book ?2002 World Book, Inc., 233 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60601. All rights reserved. J. W. Hurn, Library of Congress
Civil Rights Movement
From World Book ?2002 World Book, Inc., 233 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60601. All rights reserved. World Book map
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Frederick Douglass
Native Americans
From World Book ?2002 World Book, Inc., 233 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60601. All rights reserved. David R. Frazier
Trail of Tears
Chief Joseph
“Whenever the white man treats the Indian as they treat each other then we shall have no more wars. We shall be all alike -- brothers of one father and mother, with one sky above us and one country around us and one government for all. Then the Great Spirit Chief who rules above will smile upon this land and send rain to wash out the bloody spots made by brothers' hands upon the face of the earth. For this time the Indian race is waiting and praying. I hope no more groans of wounded men and women will ever go to the ear of the Great Spirit Chief above, and that all people may be one people.”
Three Elements of the Parliament In UK
1. The Crown: official head 2. The House of Lords (the Upper House): nobles 1200 members Titles of Nobility: Duke（公爵 ） > Marquis（侯爵） > Earl（伯爵） > Viscount（子爵） > Baron（男爵） 3. The House of Commons
the ideology that humans are divided into separate and exclusive biological entities called "races," that there is a causal link between inherited physical traits and traits of personality, intellect, morality, and other cultural behavioral features, and that some races are innately superior to others.
•
Separation of Powers The Three Branches Legislative Branch - Congress
The Senate and the House of Representatives
Executive Branch - President
The president also appoints the cabinet.
Trail of Tears
From World Book ?2002 World Book, Inc., 233 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60601. All rights reserved. Detail of The Trail of Tears (1942), an oil painting on canvas by Robert Lindneux; Woolaroc Museum, Bartlesville, Oklahoma
The House of Representatives --initiate tax bills, accuse federal officials, elect the president --435 members (1/480000) --2 years -- > 25 years old, citizen 7 years
Judicial Branch - Courts
Judicial Branch - Courts barristers
solicitors
The Congress (legislative branch) The Senate --approve/reject certain presidential appointments, ratify/reject treaties, try officials impeached by the House --2 senators/state, 6 years, 1/3 elected every 2 years -- >30 years old, citizen 9 years