英语泛读教程第一册unit 1词汇短语归纳

Puritan清教徒a member of a Protestant group in England and New England in the 16th and 17th centuries that opposed many customs of the Church of EnglandPersecute迫害to treat (someone) cruelly or unfairly especially because of race or religious or political beliefs▪ The country's leaders relentlessly persecuted those who fought against the regime.▪ They were persecuted for their beliefs.▪ a persecuted minority/peoplepersecutionpersecutorProhibitto order (someone) not to use or do something — + from▪ The town prohibited teenagers from being in the streets after 10 p.m.Worship做礼拜to show respect and love for God or for a god especially by praying, having religious services, etc.▪ They worship at this temple.▪ I worship God in my own way.Validity合法性the state of being acceptable according to the law : the state of being valid▪ The validity of the contract/document is being questioned.Doctrine学说；教义；主义a set of ideas or beliefs that are taught or believed to be true[count] ▪ The government was founded on a doctrine of equality for all people.▪ Many psychologists now question the doctrines of Sigmund Freud.[noncount] ▪ teaching religious doctrine to young peopleHeretic异教徒someone who believes or teaches something that goes against accepted or official beliefs▪ The church regards them as heretics.Status quo现状the current situation : the way things are now▪ He is content with the status quo and does not like change.▪ She wants to maintain the status quo. [=to keep the situation as it is now] Christianity基督教；基督教精神Lock (someone) up or lock up (someone):to put (someone) in a locked place (such as a prison) for a long period of time▪ The police should lock him up. [=lock him away]Take away (someone or something) or take (someone or something) away:to remove (someone or something) : to cause (someone or something) to go away, to no longer exist, to no longer be held, etc.▪ If you take away [=if you do not consider] his fancy clothes, he's a rather ordinary person.▪ The beautiful new theater took my breath away. [=it made me feel surprised and excited]Caresomewhat formal: to want to do something or to be something▪ I wouldn't care [=like] to have to make that decision.▪ I wouldn't care to be in your shoes right now.▪ I'm going for a walk. Would you care to join me?▪ He'll show the photos to anyone who cares to see them.▪ More factors influenced her decision than she cares to admit.Professed自称的；明言的；公然的；公开声称的formal: openly said or declared▪ He is a professed enemy of the king.▪ a professed Jew/Catholic/Muslim—often used to suggest that what someone says is not true or should be doubted ▪ His professed reason for resigning was to spend time with his family, but we heard rumors that he was caught stealing.Hypocrisy伪善Resettle重新定居；再安顿to begin to live in a new area after leaving an old one : to settle again[no obj] ▪ They left town and resettled out west.[+ obj] ▪ He resettled his family in the valleyPopulace平民；大众the people who live in a country or area▪ a diverse/educated populace▪ the general populace [=the ordinary or common people]When something, such as a plan or process, is in motion or has been set in motion or put in/into motion, it has begun and is proceeding.▪They will be taking steps to set/put the divorce proceedings in motion. [=to begin the divorce proceedings]▪ The plan has been put into motion.Wavea strong feeling or attitude that is shared by many people at the same time▪ The new school has triggered a wave of optimism [=has made many people feel optimistic] about the public school system.▪At the age of 80, she's riding a/the wave of renewed interest in her work. [=she's experiencing a time when many people are interested in her work again]Determinationa quality that makes you continue trying to do or achieve something that is difficult ▪ What he lacked in talent he made up for in determination.▪ dogged/fierce/steely/stubborn determinationA wave of determinationDriving force 推动力Impetus刺激a force that causes something (such as a process or activity) to be done or to become more active▪ Her work provided the major impetus [=stimulus] behind the movement.—often + for▪ The tragic accident became an impetus for changing the safety regulations.—sometimes followed by to + verb▪ His discoveries have given researchers the impetus to try something new.Display显示；表现to show that you have (an emotion, quality, skill, etc.)▪ He displayed no emotion when I told him the news.▪ The children displayed [=exhibited] no interest in learning how to play the piano.Indomitable不屈不挠的impossible to defeat or discourage▪ Her spirit was indomitable. [=unconquerable]▪ her indomitable courage/strength/willResolve决心；坚决a strong determination to do something▪ His comments were intended to weaken her resolve but they only served to strengthen it.Suppressto not allow yourself to feel, show, or be affected by (an emotion)▪ He struggled to suppress his feelings of jealousy.▪ She could not suppress her anger.suppressionSpiritual belief - 精神信仰Domain1: the land that a ruler or a government controls :TERRITORY▪ The forest is part of the king's domain.▪ the British/Ottoman imperial domain2: an area of knowledge or activity▪ My sister is the math expert in the family, but literature is my domain.Seatan official position within an organization and the right to be present when that organization meets▪ (chiefly Brit) He took his seat [=began his official duties as a member] in Parliament.Inquiresomewhat formal: to ask for information— usually + about▪ I called to inquire about the schedule.▪ He was inquiring about a friend who used to work here.Imprison束缚to put (someone) in prison—sometimes used figuratively▪ He has a brilliant mind imprisoned in an unhealthy body.Driving force驱动力Discernto see, hear, or notice (something) with difficulty or effort▪ We could just discern [=distinguish, make out] the ship through the fog.discernibleTrigger 引发to cause (something) to start or happenCertain foods trigger his headaches.▪ The power outage was triggered by heavy rains.Chain reaction 连锁反应a series of events in which each event causes the next one : a series of events caused by one single event▪ Increased oil prices could trigger a chain reaction in the economy.Releaseto cause (an emotion, a feeling, etc.) to go away by expressing it or dealing with it in some way▪ She started to cry, releasing all of her repressed emotion.Flow潮流A smooth uninterrupted movement or progressSaturate充满to fill (something) completely with something▪ Images of the war saturated the news.▪ Their new products are saturating the market.the soul, mind, or personality of a person or group▪ some hidden corner within your psyche▪ the female/male/human psyche▪ the nation's psycheNoblehaving, showing, or coming from personal qualities that people admire (such as honesty, generosity, courage, etc.)▪He was a man of noble character.▪It was noble of her to come forward with this information.▪ a noble ideal/ambition/cause/purposeSubdue压制to get control of (a violent or dangerous person or group) by using force, punishment, etc.▪ The troops were finally able to subdue the rebel forces after many days of fighting. Noble ideal高尚的理想Riseto begin to fight in order to remove a ruler or government— often + up▪ He told the people that they should rise up and overthrow the corrupt government.AshSomething that symbolizes grief, repentance, or humiliationIndignity有伤尊严an insulting or embarrassing act or occurrence▪ He remembers all the indignities he had to suffer in the early years of his career.Championto fight or speak publicly in support of (a person, belief, cause, etc.)▪ She is a lawyer who champions children's rights.something (such as an organization, belief, idea, or goal) that a group or people support or fight for▪ I can support a cause that means something to me.▪ I'm willing to donate money as long as it's for a good/worthy cause.Prosecution 起诉the act or process of holding a trial against a person who is accused of a crime to see if that person is guilty▪ The defendant is awaiting prosecution.escape prosecution and persecution逃避起诉与迫害Oppressive 压迫的very cruel or unfair▪ The country is ruled by an oppressive regime.Grippower or control▪ He has the country in his grip. [=he controls the country]▪ He has been doing all he can to maintain/tighten his grip on the company's finances.◊To be in the grip of something unpleasant is to be unable to stop or escape its effect or influence.Colony 侨居地Colonist 殖民地居民Independent 无党派的politics: not belonging to a political party▪independent voters▪ an independent candidateLot 一类人all the members of a group of people—usually singular▪ Do you know the lot [=bunch, crowd] that hang around the arcade?Aristocracythe highest social class in some countries : the people who have special titles (such as duke and duchess), who typically own land, and who traditionally have more money and power than the other people in a societyaristocratic 贵族的Embraceto accept (something or someone) readily or gladly▪ a politician who has been embraced by conservatives▪embrace [=adopt] a cause/religion▪ These ideas have been (widely) embraced by a the scientific community.the war of independence - 独立战争the declaration of independence - 独立宣言the constitution - 宪法the bill of rights - 权利法案Billa written description of a new law that is being suggested and that the lawmakers of a country, state, etc., must vote to accept before it becomes law▪ They will introduce an antismoking bill in Congress.▪ The Senate passed/rejected the bill.▪ the GI bill— see also BILL OF RIGHTSA far cry from: very different from (something or someone)▪ The movie is a far cry from the book.▪ He's a far cry from the idealistic young writer he once was.Monarch帝王；统治者；君主a person (such as a king or queen) who rules a kingdom or empire▪ a new history of French monarchs▪ an absolute monarchEmpower 授权to give official authority or legal power to (someone)—followed by to + verb▪ Congress has empowered state legislatures to set educational standards.—often used as (be) empowered▪ His attorney was empowered to act on his behalf.—opposite DISEMPOWERCharter宪章a document that describes the basic laws, principles, etc., of a group▪ the United Nations CharterHoldto consider or judge (someone or something) in a specified way— often + for▪ He should be held accountable for his actions.▪ The store can't be held liable for damage to your vehicle.—often followed by to + verb▪ His latest book is generally/widely held [=considered] to be the best one.▪“We hold these truths to be self-evident…”— U.S. Declaration of Independence (1776)Accountablerequired to be responsible for something▪ If anything goes wrong I will hold you personally accountable!—often + for▪ They hold you accountable for your mistakes.▪ Each child is accountable [=responsible] for his or her own behavior.Censure公开谴责to officially criticize (someone or something) strongly and publicly▪ He was censured by the committee for his failure to report the problem.Raiseto cause (something) to happen or exist : to produce (something)▪ He was so tired he could barely raise a smile. [=he could barely smile]▪ The audience raised a cheer [=the audience cheered] at the end of the speech.Pretestsomething said or done that shows disagreement with or disapproval of something ▪ She was so upset by their decision that she resigned in protest.辞职以示抗议▪ He paid the fine under protest. [=he paid the fine although he objected to it]Traitor叛徒a person who is not loyal to his or her own country, friends, etc. : a person who betrays a country or group of people by helping or supporting an enemy▪ He turned traitor. [=he became a traitor; he betrayed his country/friends]Defineto show or describe (someone or something) clearly and completely▪ She believes that success should be defined in terms of health and happiness.▪ Tigers are broadly/loosely defined [=described very generally] as large cats.▪ He narrowly defines [=describes very specifically] a hero as someone who has earned a medal in battle.Ethical伦理的；道德的involving questions of right and wrong behavior : relating to ethics▪ethical [=moral] principles/standards▪ethical theories/problemsSet (someone or something) apartto be a quality that makes (someone or something) better than or different from other people or things—usually + from▪ What set s her apart (from the other teachers) is her great passion for her work.▪ His great height set him apart from the other men in his family.Provide规定formal: to say that something will or should happen : to make it certain or possible that something will happen or be done▪ The contract provides that certain deadlines will be met.▪ The law provides that minors will be treated differently from adults.church and state - 教会和国家(modifier) applying to or covering a wide group or variety of people, conditions, situations, etc: blanket insurance against loss, injury, and theft.Backlash激烈反应a strong public reaction against something▪ a backlash against feminism◊A backlash occurs when many people react to an event, movement, etc., in a way that is opposite to its intended effect.Religious institution - 宗教机构protect and defend - 保护和捍卫Modela set of ideas and numbers that describe the past, present, or future state of something (such as an economy or a business)▪ a mathematical model▪ We've developed a computer model of the economy to predict what will happen in the future.▪ Companies are developing new business models.Give rise toto cause or produce (something)▪ His strange behavior gave rise to rumors about his health.▪ The recent increase in prices has given rise to concerns about inflation.Enlightenedhaving or showing a good understanding of how people should be treated : not ignorant or narrow in thinking▪ an enlightened people/attitude/society▪ an enlightened approach to prison reform enlightened structure - 开明的结构Secularof, relating to, or controlled by the government rather than by the church :CIVIL▪secular courtsan area of activity, interest, or knowledge▪ in political and legal realms▪ the realm of art/science/education▪ A victory by the team seems within the realm of possibility. [=a victory seems possible]▪ It's not beyond the realm of possibility [=it's not impossible] that he will return.Concurrencethe state of agreeing with someone or something :AGREEMENT▪ The bill was passed with the full concurrence of the Senate. [=everyone in the Senate agreed to pass the bill]in concurrence with - 赞同，一致Integritythe quality of being honest and fair▪ He has a reputation for integrity [=honesty] in his business dealings.▪ He's a man of the highest/greatest integrity.Founding documents 立国文献包括以下的内容：The Declaration of Independence独立宣言The Constitution宪法The Bill of Rights人权法案Amendments to the Constitution (11-27) 11月27日The Federalist Papers在联邦党人文集The Anti-Federalist Papers反联邦党人文集Building blocks 基石A new emerging civilization - 新兴的文明In check: under control — used with keep or hold▪ He's trying to hold his emotions in check. [=he is trying to control his emotions]▪ The government has lowered interest rates in an attempt to keep inflation in check.Descent 血统the people in your family who lived before you were born : your ancestors▪ Many people in this area are of German descent. [=ancestry]▪ They claim to be of royal descent. [=they say that their ancestors were kings, queens] Hypocritical 伪善的Hypocrite[count] disapproving: a person who claims or pretends to have certain beliefs about what is right but who behaves in a way that disagrees with those beliefs▪ the hypocrites who criticize other people for not voting but who don't always vote themselvesHypocrisydisapproving: the behavior of people who do things that they tell other people not to do : behavior that does not agree with what someone claims to believe or feel [noncount] ▪ When his private letters were made public, they revealed his hypocrisy.Condone 宽恕to forgive or approve (something that is considered wrong) : to allow (something that is considered wrong) to continue▪ a government that has been accused of condoning racism—often used in negative statements▪ We cannot condone [=excuse] that kind of behavior.the force of individual rights- 个人权利的力量the integrity of individual - 个人的诚信drive forward继续前进Sacred神圣的；受尊重的highly valued and important : deserving great respect▪ We have a sacred duty to find out the truth.▪ Freedom is a sacred right.▪Nothing is sacred to those guys.▪ I can't believe they would do that. Is nothing sacred?Appearancethe time when something begins to exist or is seen for the first time—usually singular▪ The appearance [=creation] of the Internet has changed our culture in many ways.▪ The technology made its first appearance [=appeared for the first time] in the early 1980s.social injustice - 社会不公Integritythe state of being complete or whole▪ Without music, the film loses its integrity.▪ They are trying to preserve the cultural integrity of the community.▪ The earthquake may have damaged the building's structural integrity.Indignity侮辱an act or occurrence that hurts someone's dignity or pride : an insulting or embarrassing act or occurrence▪ He suffered the indignity of being forced to leave the courtroom.▪ The indignity of it all was too much to bear.Give birth toto cause the beginning of something — + to▪ a revolution that gave birth to a new nationEmancipate释放；解放to free (someone) from someone else's control or power▪emancipate a slave▪ He felt the only way to emancipate himself from his parents was to move away. emancipationproclamation宣言；公布；文告an official statement or announcement made by a person in power or by a government▪ The President issued a proclamation which freed the slaves.Emancipation Proclamation-解放宣言Raging 非凡的；熊熊燃烧的very great, strong, or impressive▪raging ambition▪The book was a raging success.Current趋势an idea, feeling, opinion, etc., that is shared by many or most of the people in a group▪ general currents in politics▪ intellectual currents—often + of▪ He is going against the current of public opinion.▪ There was a current of discontent within the company.Wash awayto get rid of (something, such as unhappy or unpleasant thoughts) completely▪ T ake a vacation to wash away your troubles.Perverse固执错误的；有悖常理的wrong or different in a way that others feel is strange or offensive▪ their perverse cruelty to animals▪ She has a perverse fascination with death.▪ He seems to take perverse pleasure/delight in making things as difficult as possible.Momentum势头；动力the strength or force that something has when it is moving▪ The wagon gathered/gained momentum [=it moved faster] as it rolled down the hill. The wagon lost momentum [=it moved more slowly; it slowed down] as it rolled up the hill.Draw intoto cause (someone) to become involved or interested in something or someone —+ in, into, or to▪ A good writer knows how to draw readers in. [=how to make readers interested; how to make people want to read something]—often used as (be/get) drawn▪ She was drawn in by his friendly manner. [=she wanted to know and talk to him because he was friendly]▪Vortex漩涡；旋风a mass of spinning air, liquid, etc., that pulls things into its center — sometimes used figuratively▪ He was caught in a swirling vortex of terror.all manner ofall kinds or sorts of (things or people)▪ The store sells all manner of musical instruments.▪All manner of people come to the city.Roar 吼声；咆哮；轰鸣a loud, low sound that continues for a long time▪ the roar of the airplane engines▪ the roar of the river/crowd▪roars of laughter/approvalrise to the occasion/challenge紧急行动起来，迎接挑战to make the special effort that is required to successfully deal with a difficult situation▪ No one was sure if he could handle the pressure of making a speech, but he rose to the occasion and did an excellent job.▪ When the company needed to increase its sales, its employees rose to the challenge.Thwart 反对；阻碍to prevent (someone) from doing something or to stop (something) from happening ▪ She did all she could to thwart his plans.▪ The army thwarted the attempt at a coup.—often used as (be) thwarted▪ The plot was thwarted.▪ He was thwarted in his evil plans.▪thwarted ambition/hopeshonor the integrity of life and individual- 赞美生命和个人的诚信Invincible不可征服的；不能战胜的impossible to defeat or overcome :UNBEATABLE▪ an invincible army▪ The loss proved that the team is not invincible.— invincibilityFortress 堡垒；要塞；防御工事a place that is protected against attack : a fortified place▪ a mountaintop fortressEternalhaving no beginning and no end in time : lasting forever▪eternal life▪ light an eternal flame [=a small fire that is kept burning as a symbol to show that something will never end]Tyranny暴政；苛政；专制cruel and unfair treatment by people with power over others▪ He was dedicated to ending the tyranny of slavery.▪ the tyranny of the majority [=a situation in which a group of people are treated unfairly because their situation is different from the situation of most of the people in a democratic country]Advancementthe act of being raised to a higher rank or position▪ His advancement [=promotion] to captain came last year.the advancement of tyranny and terrorism- 暴政和恐怖主义的升级Alone adv.without another — used for emphasis▪ You alone [=only you] can decide what needs to be done. [=you are the only one who can decide]▪ You alone are responsible. = The responsibility is yours alone.▪ The blame is mine and mine alone. [=I am the only one who should be blamed]Destinya power that is believed to control what happens in the future▪ She felt that destiny [=fate] had decided that she would one day be President.direct our destiny - ‎引导我们的命运Enigma 难以理解的事物；谜someone or something that is difficult to understand or explain▪ To his friends, he was always something of an enigma.▪ one of the great enigmas of our timeProfoundvery great▪ Computer technology has made profound [=major, significant] changes in our livesThroughoutduring an entire (situation or period of time)▪ His supporters remained loyal throughout his difficulties.Homogenous 同源的；同质的；同类的Save face: to avoid having other people lose respect for you▪ He tried to save face by working overtime.at the expense ofin a way that harms (something or someone)▪ She acquired power at the expense of friendships.▪ He argues that the tax cut will benefit the rich at the expense of the poor.cut (someone) off or cut off (someone)to cause (someone or something) to be separate or alone — often + from▪ They are cut off from (contact with) the outside world.▪ She cut herself off from her family.▪ He's emotionally cut off from his wife.Ostracize 放逐；排斥to not allow (someone) to be included in a groupto exclude (someone) from a group▪ She was ostracized from/by the scientific community for many years because of her radical political beliefs.social trends - ‎社会发展趋势Acquiesce 默许；勉强同意to accept, agree, or allow something to happen by staying silent or by not arguing ▪ They demanded it, and he acquiesced.—often + in▪ We cannot acquiesce in the killing of innocent people.— often + to▪ She acquiesced to her husband's plans.— acquiescenceUnifyto cause (people or things) to be joined or brought together :UNITE▪ The creation of the national railroad system unified the country.▪ two very different people unified by a common belief— unificationOutspoken 直言无讳的；坦率的talking in a free and honest way about your opinions▪ She has been an outspoken advocate/supporter of women's rights throughout her life.Makeup 组成plural makeupsthe way in which something is put together or arranged—often + of▪ the makeup of the Earth's atmosphere▪ the ethnic makeup of the neighborhood▪ the makeup [=layout] of a printed pagefirst and foremostat the most basic level▪ He is first and foremost [=primarily, fundamentally] a teacher.first and lastat the most basic level : in all respects▪ This is first and last a matter of national security.Trampleto treat other people's rights, wishes, or feelings as if they are worthless or not important[no obj] ▪ They are trampling on our rights.[+ obj] ▪ They are trampling our rights.▪ Their most cherished traditions have been trampled.preserve and protect- 维护和保护Silenceto stop (someone) from expressing opinions that are opposed to your own or from telling people about bad things that you have done▪ The mayor tried to silence his critics.▪ I will not be silenced!Etch 蚀刻；铭刻to produce a pattern, design, etc., by using a powerful liquid (called an acid) to cut the surface of metal or glass— often used figuratively▪ That trip is etched in her memory. [=she will never forget that trip]▪ Pain/sorrow was etched [=was shown very clearly] on his face.global civilization - 全球文明。