Oceanography Chapter 4-大连海事大学海洋生物学英文讲义

4.2
The pH of Seawater
n.阳离子 n.阴离子 n.氢氧化物,羟化物 n.小部分, 片断, 分数 adv.自然地, 本能地 adj.碱的, 碱性的 化学风化作用 化学制剂 v.减轻; 缓冲; 保护 碳酸 n.平衡, 均衡 n.呼吸, 呼吸作用
cation anion hydroxide fraction spontaneously alkaline chemical weathering agent buffer carbonic acid equilibrium respiration
4.3 Salts 4.3.1 Ocean Salinities
dip Amazon River Red Sea Persian Gulf freshwater
v.浸, 蘸, 沾 亚马孙河 红海(印度洋西北的长形内海) 波斯湾 n.淡水
Fig.4.3 Mid-ocean average surface salinity values match the average changes in evaporation minus precipitation values that occur with latitude.
Argon, helium, neon, etc. Totals
N2 O2 CO2
Ar, He, Ne
20.99 0.03
0.95 100.00
36 15
1 100
6 83
100
1 Salinity=36‰, temperature=20℃
4.4.1 Distribution with Depth photosynthesis photosynthetic decomposition compensation depth trench sill fjord stagnant anoxic supersaturated primary production n.光合作用 adj.光合的，促进光合作用的 n.分解, 腐烂 补偿深度 n.海沟,沟渠, 堑壕 n.基石,门槛, 岩床 n.海湾, 峡湾 adj.停滞的, 迟钝的 adj.缺氧的 adj.过饱和的 初级生产
Chapter 4 The Properties of Seawater
4.1 The Water Molecule
preservative
philosopher Henry Cavendish Humphrey Davey deceptively envision nucleus neutron proton outermost covalent hydrogen three-dimensional
Symbol Concentration2
Mn Hg Mo Ni Nb Pa Ra Rb Sc Se Ag Tl Th Sn Ti W U V Y Zn 3×10-2 1×10-3 1.1×101 5×10-1 ≤4.6×10-3 5×10-8 7×10-8 1.2×102 6.7×10-4 1.3×10-1 2.7×10-3 1.2×10-2 1×10-2 5×10-4 ＜9.6×10-1 9×10-2 3.2 1.58 1.3×10-2 4×10-1 (0.5-3.0)×10-3
4.3.2 Dissolved Salts sodium chloride ionic potassium trace element iodine conservative n. 钠 n.氯化物 adj.离子的 n.钾 n.痕量元素,微量元素 n.碘, 碘酒 adj. 保守性的，保守的
Table 4.1 Major Constituents of Seawater1
Gas Symbol Percentage by Percentage by Percentage by Volume in Volume in Volume in Atmosphere Surface Total Oceans Seawater1 78.03 48 11
Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon dioxide
Symbol Concentration2
Al Sb As Ba Bi Cd Ce Cs Cr Co Cu Ga Ge Au In I Fe La Pb Li 5.4×10-1 1.5×10-1 1.7 1.37×101 ≤4.2×10-5 8×10-2 2.8×10-3 2.9×10-1 2×10-1 1×10-3 2.5×10-1 2×10-2 5.1×10-3 4.9×10-3 1×10-4 5×101 6×10-6 4.2×10-3 2.1×10-3 1.7×102
Fig. 4.6 High density ocean water is trapped behind the sill. The trapped water becomes anoxic at depth owing to continual respiration and decomposition. At the surface, sunlight enhances photosynthesis and the production of oxygen.
Fig. 4. 2 The pH scale is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. A neutral solution has a pH of 7. Acidic solutions have a pH less than 7, and alkaline, or basic, solutions have a pH greater than 7.
n.结晶化 n.(有机物或矿物的)稀糊, 岩浆 adj.熔化的 n.地幔 n.灌溉, 冲洗 adv.向下游 美国科罗拉多州 n.裂缝 & v. (使)处
4.3.4 Regulating the Salt Balance
geological time excretion silica radiolarian ion exchange metallic fracture saline uplift elevate
Element
Manganese Mercury Molybdenu m Nickel Niobium Protactinium Radium Rubidium Scandium Selenium Silver Thallium Thorium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Yttrium Zinc Rare earths
Fig. 4.4 Average sea surface salinities in the Northern Hemisphere summer, given in parts per thousand (‰). (High salinities are found in areas of high evaporation; low salinities are common in coastal areas and regions of high precipitation.)
地质时代地质时期 n.(动植物的)排泄, 排泄物 n.硅石, 硅土 放射虫 离子交换 adj.金属(性)的 v.(使)破碎, (使)破裂 adj.盐的, 苦涩的 vi.上升, 升起&n.举起; 提 高; vt.举起, 提拔
Fig. 4.5 Processes that distribute and regulate the major constituents in seawater. Salt ions are added to seawater from rivers, volcanic events, ridge system, and decay processes. Salt ions are removed from seawater by adsorption and ion exchange, spray, chemical precipitation, biological uptake, and addition to crustal rocks at ridge systems.
4.4 Gases
argon helium neon inert inhabitant saturation
n.氩 n.氦 n.氖 adj.无活动的, 惰性的 n.居民, 居住者 n.饱和(状态), 饱和度
Table 4.4 Abundance of Gases in Air and Seawater
1 Nutrients and dissolved gases are not included. 2. Parts per billion, or μg/kg.
4.3.3 Sources of Salt
crystallization magma molten mantle irrigation down-river Colorado crack permeable void
Constituent
Symbol
Chloride ClSodium Na+ Sulfate The six most SO42Magnesium abundant ions Mg2+ Calcium Ca2+ Potassium K+ Bicarbonate HCO3Bromide BrStrontium Sr2+ Boron B3+ Fluoride FTotal
1 Nutrients and dissolved gases are not included.
Table 4.2 Concentrations of Trace Elements in Seawater1
Element
Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Barium Bismuth Cadmium Cerium Cesium Chromium Cobalt Copper Gallium Germanium Gold Indium Iodine Iron Lanthanum Lead Lithium