宏观经济学图形总结

The Expenditure Approach
GDP = C + I + G + ( EX − IM )
The Income Approach
GDP = national income + depreciation + (indirect taxes – subsidies) + net factor payments to the rest of the world + other
作者简介 (2009)
• Robert E. Hall is a prominent applied economist. He is the Robert and Carole McNeil Professor of Economics at Stanford University and Senior Fellow at Stanford's Hoover Institution where he conducts research on inflation, unemployment, taxation, monetary policy, and the economics of high technology. He received his Ph.D. from MIT and has taught there as well as at the University of California, Berkeley. Hall is Director of the research program on Economic Fluctuations of the National Bureau of Economic Research, and Chairman of the Bureau's Committee on Business Cycle Dating, which maintains the semiofficial chronology of the U.S. business cycle. He has published numerous monographs and articles in scholarly journals, and coauthored a popular intermediate text. Hall has advised the Treasury Department and the Federal Reserve Board on national economic policy, and has testified on numerous occasions before congressional committees.
The Saving/Investment Approach to Equilibrium
If planned investment is exactly equal to saving, then planned aggregate expenditure is exactly equal to aggregate output, and there is equilibrium.
Source: See Table 18.2.
1,351.3 739.4 11.1 − 96.1 10,205.6
13.2 7.2 0.1 − 0.9 100.0
The Core of Macroeconomic Theory
Explaining Spending Behavior
• All income is either spent on consumption or saved in an economy in which there are no taxes. Saving Aggregate Income − Consumption
Macroeconomics:Principles and Applications
• • • Robert E. Hall, Marc Lieberman Cengage Learning, 2009-2-10 - 528 页 Because issues of policy and real applications are critical to the principles of economics course, acclaimed economists Hall and Lieberman have made the fourth edition of MACROECONOMICS: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS as current as today's headlines, giving students a realworld, up-to-the-minute overview that presents economics as a unified discipline. Taking a no-nonsense, policy approach to economic theory and application, this comprehensive text is very accessible, equipping readers with a solid foundation in economics that they can build upon wherever their career paths may lead. A wealth of interactive online exercises, graphing applications, and research opportunities give students hands-on experience working with current economic issues. Hall and Lieberman's careful focus on core theoretical ideas and systematic application of theoretical tools to timely, practical questions conveys the message that economics is an integrated, powerful body of knowledge that can effectively address domestic and global issues.
The Income Approach
Components of GDP, 2002: The Income Approach
BILLIONS OF DOLLARS PERCENTAG E OF GDP
National income
Compensation of employees Proprietors’ income Corporate profits Net interest Rental income
作者简介 (2009)
• Marc Lieberman is Clinical Associate Professor of Economics at New York University. He received his Ph.D. from Princeton University. Lieberman has presented his extremely popular Principles of Economics course at Harvard, Vassar, the University of California, Santa Cruz, and the University of Hawaii, as well as at NYU, where he won the university's Golden Dozen teaching award and also the Economics Society Award for Excellence in Teaching. He is coeditor and contributor to The Road to Capitalism: Economic Transformation in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Lieberman has consulted for the Bank of America and the Educational Testing Service. In his spare time, he is a professional screenwriter. He co-wrote the script for Love Kills, a thriller that aired on the USA Cable Network, and he teaches screenwriting at NYU's School of Continuing and Professional Studies
8,199.9
6,010.0 943.5 748.9 554.8 142.7
80.3
58.9 7.3 7.3 5.4 1.4
Depreciation Indirect taxes minus subsidies Net factor payments to the rest of the world Other Gross domestic product
Adding Net Taxes (T) and Government Purchases (G) to the Circular Flow of Income
Economic Globalization: International Floபைடு நூலகம்s
The Circular Flow of Income and Product