大学英语跨文化复习重点
大学生英语跨文化交际复习题库
1.What kinds of things cannot be noticed by a fish in the sea?A) The foodB) The climate and the environmentC) The danger and the natural enemyD) The water正确答案为D2.Human beings also have hardware and software. __________ is to human beings what software is to computer. 人类也有硬件和软件A) CultureB) BodyC) ShapeD) Color正确答案为A3.American scholars Daniel Bates and Fred Plog define culture from intercultural perspective which reflects the role of _________.美国学者丹尼尔·贝茨和弗雷德·普洛格从跨文化的角度定义文化，反映了文化的作用A) perceptionn. 知觉；觉察（力）；观念；（农作物的）收获B) communicationC) sensationn. 感觉；直觉；知觉；轰动D) intellectual n. 知识分子；脑力劳动者；有极高智力的人；正确答案为B4.Many of the same proverbs appear throughout the world, because all people, regardless of their culture, share common _______.许多相同的谚语出现在世界各地，因为所有人，不管他们的文化如何，都是共同的A) storiesB) languagesC) experiencesD) arts正确答案为C5.We understand two characteristics of subgroups as ________ label and temporality.我们理解亚群的两个特征为________标签和时间性A) sameB) inferior ad j. 低劣的；下级的，下等的；（位置在）下面的；C) superior 优良的；更高级的；傲慢的；D) deviant 不正常的，异常的；离经叛道的正确答案为D6.__________ refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. It means one’s sense of the culture to which one belongs.指一个人对某一特定文化或民族的归属感。
大学英语跨文化复习重点
Chapter 1 CultureI.定义Culture(from intellectual perspective):从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现Culture(from anthropologic perspective)：从人类学角度定义文化：文化有清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号有人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。
文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。
Culture(from psychological perspective) : 从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。
Culture(from sociological perspective): 从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的，基于群体的认知模式——包括言语与非言语符号，态度，价值观，信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。
Culture(from intercultural communication perspective): 从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识，经验，信仰，价值观，行为，态度，阶级，宗教，时间观，角色，空间观和艺术品的集合。
Culture Identity: 文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
Subculture亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位，社会阶层，民族，种族或地理区域。
Co-culture 共文化——指具有独特的交际特征，感知特点，价值观，信仰和行为，区别于其他群体，社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。
Subgroup 亚群体——相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体时代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。
Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication1. Sender/Source信息发出者/信息源：指传递信息的人2. Message信息：只引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
大学英语跨文化交际U3 课文案例+词汇习语整理
U3 Daily Verbal Communication一、案例Case 1美国爸爸和女儿来到菲律宾，举行首次领圣餐仪式，叫了菲律宾朋友，他不置可否，后来却去了别的朋友之间聚会。
美国人觉得很不尊重领圣餐仪式，因此关系不好了起来。
Comment：美国人把这种仪式，特别是关于自己的孩子的看的很重要；而菲律宾朋友忽略了美国人的习俗，而且清点人数是美国人开party 前要做的，为了确保食物数量。
Case 2新西兰人在公开场合对他的菲律宾朋友进行建议和批评，让他下不来台。
他的菲律宾朋友十分生气，并且取消了晚上的一起吃饭。
Comment：在菲律宾，不可以当面指出别人的错误（面子、）；在新西兰，被看成是十分正常的。
选项：Jose thought that Stans actions during the meeting were not those of a true friendCase 3菲律宾夫妇遇见了英国熟人，又遇见了自己的菲律宾朋友，并且大声地用自己的语言进行寒暄，英国人因此十分不悦。
选项：He thought the Filipinos were very rude for introducing him to their friend.Case 4在澳大利亚“no etiquette”customno seeing out when guests leaves；no stand-up when leaders come in；no help for old people专题：Compliments and compliment responsesExamples：1.中国女士买了条裙子，美国女士说好看，中国女士说哎呀一般般；2.美国女主人向别人介绍中国学者，夸赞，中国学者却笑着说你不是真的这个意思？3.中国式谦虚反映了：1.the taste of the American lady is questionable，and poor judgement2.the hostess is not sincere3.“fishing for compliments”沽名钓誉，别人会接着夸你Social functions of complimentssituations: range from formal to casualIn formal situations—reinforce solidarity，connected with the appreciation of something that has been done to the speaker（尼克松访华：感谢中国人的好客和款待）In informal situations —achieve solidarity；make people feelcomfortable体现在：greeting people；expressing thanks ；getting over embarrassmentDifferences between Chinese and English compliments美国，女人不主动夸男人，但是男士应该通俗的对女士的打扮和衣着进行赞美但是在中国，如果男士夸奖女士，会被认为是调情，不尊重。
大学英语教材重点知识归纳
大学英语教材重点知识归纳大学英语是大学本科阶段必修的一门课程，为培养学生的英语语言能力和跨文化交际能力提供了重要支持。
在大学英语教材中，有一些重点知识点对于学生的学习和应用至关重要。
本文将对大学英语教材中的重点知识进行归纳总结，以便学生更好地复习和掌握。
一、语法知识1. 时态和语态大学英语教材中常涉及到各种时态和语态的使用，在句子中起到不同的作用。
包括一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去完成时等。
同时，被动语态也是学生需要掌握的重要语法知识。
2. 从句从句是大学英语教材中常见的句型结构，包括定语从句、宾语从句和状语从句等。
学生需要理解从句的引导词和从句与主句之间的逻辑关系，正确运用从句来更好地表达自己的观点和意图。
3. 句子结构在大学英语教材中，常出现复杂的句子结构，如并列句、复合句等。
学生需要学会使用适当的连词和标点符号，使句子结构清晰，逻辑性强。
二、词汇知识1. 同义词与反义词大学英语教材中常包含大量的同义词和反义词，学生需要学会辨析它们的词义和用法，以便更好地理解文章的意思。
2. 词根和词缀学生需要学会词根和词缀的基本含义和用法，通过拆解词根和词缀来理解和记忆词汇，提高自己的词汇量和词汇应用能力。
三、阅读理解1. 阅读技巧大学英语教材中的阅读材料常涉及到各种文章类型，学生需要学会使用有效的阅读技巧，如快速阅读、略读和精读，以便更好地理解文章的主旨和细节。
2. 阅读策略阅读理解过程中，学生需要掌握一些阅读策略，如预测、推理和归纳等，以帮助他们更好地理解文章的意义和结构。
四、口语和写作1. 口语表达大学英语教材中的口语练习常涉及到日常对话、演讲和辩论等。
学生需要学会流利地表达自己的观点，使用正确的语音语调和灵活运用词汇。
2. 写作技巧写作是大学英语教材中的重要部分，学生需要学会合理组织文章结构，使用恰当的词汇和句型，有效地表达自己的思想和观点。
通过对大学英语教材中的重点知识进行归纳总结，学生可以更有针对性地进行学习和复习。
大学英语跨文化交际 要点汇总
Unit 1
Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.
The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.
--- the explicit, particular, defined meaning. Connotation: the suggestive meaning of a word --- all
the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning. Taboo: some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons. Euphemism: the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.
大学跨文化英语 综合教程I Unit 4 Relating to Animals语言点
Text ALanguage points1. Never give up on anything, least of all a dog. — Never give up hope onanything, especially a dog.give up on: stop hoping that sb. or sth. will change or improve 放弃对……的希望e.g. He’d been in a coma for six months, and doctors had almost given up onhim.At that point, I hadn’t completely given up on the marriage.least of all: especially not 最不，尤其e.g. I never hid the truth, least of all from you.No one ever reads these articles, least of all me.2. in the dead of night: in the middle of the night夜深人静之时e.g. I crept out of bed in the dead of night and sneaked downstairs.The man was still wandering around the street in the dead of night.3. She was more than half dead, starved down to bones, her hair completelyeaten away by mange. — She was very skinny and almost dead from the lack of food, and her hair was completely destroyed by a skin disease.starve vi. suffer or die because you do not have enough to eat 挨饿，饿死e.g. Th ousands of people will starve if food doesn’t reach the cit y.Th ey’ll either die from the cold or starve to death.eat away: reduce or destroy sth. gradually 侵蚀，使消耗殆尽e.g. The stones are being eaten away by pollution.The coastline is being eaten away year by year.4. She had been run off from more than one yard when she finally crept intoan empty doghouse in the trees beyond mother’s yard. —She was chased off from a few places until she finally inched her way into an empty doghouse in the trees outside mother’s yard.run off: force sb. to leave a place 赶走e.g. He tried to run me off the road.Smith ran them off his property with a rifle.creep vi. move in a quiet, careful way 悄悄地缓慢行进e.g. Johann would creep into the gallery to listen to the singers.He crept back up the stairs, trying to avoid the ones that creaked.5. break one’s heart: make sb. very sad or unhappy 令某人伤心e.g. It would break her heart if she lost her children.It’ll break your father’s heart if you tell him you’re giving up college.6. wandering a. traveling about without any clear destination 流浪的e.g. After this, she led a wandering life, traveling between England andScotland telling fortunes.I met a wandering orphan on my way to the library.7. stumble on: meet by chance 偶然遇到，碰巧找到e.g. I stumbled on Tompson outside the hotel.Researchers have stumbled on a drug that may help patients withParkinson’s disease.8.My point is, there is always a little use, a little good, a little life left in anything, and who are they to decide when something is done for good. —I believe that everything has its value so that no one is in a position to judge whether we should give it up.good n. sth. that helps sb./sth. 用处，益处e.g. A bit more exercise would do you good.Eating too much at dinner does you no good.for good: forever 永远e.g. The injury may keep him from playing football for good.I’d like an excuse to get rid of him for good.9. tragic a. making you feel very sad 悲惨的e.g. The parents were not to blame for the tragic death of their son.It would be tragic if her talent remained unrecognized.10. It was as if he could see beyond the ruin, or maybe into it. — It was as if hecould tell what had happened to the dog or perhaps could even understand the dog’s feelings.ruin n. the state or process of being destroyed or severely damaged 破坏，毁坏e.g. The terrorist attack left the city in a state of ruin.The scandal left his reputation in ruins.11. discard vt. throw away 丢弃e.g. He had discarded his jacket because of the heat.Ten percent of the data was discarded as unreliable.12. in the first place:used at the end of a sentence to talk about why sth. wasdone or whether it should have been done or not 最初，首先e.g. What brought you to Washington in the first place?I wish I’d never got involved in the frst place!13. wear down:gradually become flatter or smoother as a result of constantlyrubbing against sth. else 磨平e.g. Th e old wolf ’s teeth were worn down.Pipe smokers sometimes wear down their teeth.14. Her eyes were clouded. — She looks very sad.cloud vt. make sth. become less transparent 使模糊e.g. Ann’s eyes were clouded with tears.Other thoughts clouded his memory.15. bathe vt. wash sth./sb. with water 用水洗e.g. He bathed the children and put them to bed.Have you bathed the baby yet?16. cure vt. make an illness or medical condition go away 治愈e.g. Many types of cancer can now be cured.Doctors believe they have cured him of the disease.17. put ... down: kill an animal without causing it pain, usually because it is oldor sick 杀死(动物) 以免除其痛苦，使受安乐死e.g. We had to have the dog put down.The judge ordered their dog Samson to be put down immediately.18. pull into: move into a place and stop (汽车)驶入e.g. He pulled into the driveway in front of her garage.She pulled into a tight parking space on a side street.19. driveway n. a wide hard path or a private road that leads from the street to ahouse 私家车道e.g. There was a car parked in / on the driveway.I saw him drive out of the driveway.20. miracle n. the achievement of sth. that was previously considered unattainable奇迹e.g. By some miracle, we managed to catch the plane.It’s a miracle (that) nobody was killed in the crash.21. ... her ailments did not magically cease. —... her illness did not go away ina magical way.magically ad. in a magical way 神奇地e.g. She looked about in the faint hope that Simon might magically appearfrom nowhere.It was a sort of magically released force.cease vi. stop 停止，结束e.g. The rain ceased and the sky cleared.He ceased to be a member of the association.22. tend vt. care for, watch over 照料e.g. Doctors and nurses tended the injured.Th e flower beds are very well tended by the gardener.23. be supposed to: be believed to be true by many people, although it might notbe true or you might disagree 理应……e.g. We’re supposed to check out of the hotel by 11 o’clock.You were supposed to be here an hour ago!24. pray vi. speak to God in order to ask for help or give thanks 祈祷e.g. Martha prayed to God for help.Let us pray for peace.25. fail vi. get weaker (身体)衰弱e.g. The hospital said that his kidneys were failing.Her eyesight is failing.26. bury vt. put sb. who has died in a grave 埋葬e.g. He was buried in the St. Mary’s churchyard.I was horrified that people would think I was dead and bury me alive.27. ... like how a man could name a ravaged and dying dog and have her riseinside that, somehow, to make it true. — ... like how a man could give a seriously damaged and dying dog a name like “Pretty Girl,” and managed to have her regain her strength and live for three more years.Text BLanguage points1. consistently ad. always behaving in the same way 一贯地e.g. He supports free trade consistently.They consistently rejected the demand to remove US troops.2. brilliant a. extremely clever or skillful 绝妙的e.g. She had a brilliant mind.The idea was quite brilliant.3. solely ad. only 唯一地e.g. I bought it solely for that purpose.It seems that he’s not solely to blame for the accident.4. temporary a. continuing for a limited amount of time 暂时的，临时的e.g. The ceasefire (停火) will only provide a temporary solution to the crisis.His job here is only temporary.5. secure vt. obtain sth., often after a lot of effort 争取e.g. Federal leaders continued their efforts to secure a ceasefire.The change in the law will make it harder for the police to secure conviction (定罪).6. merciful a. fortunate because it ends sb.’s su ffering (因结束痛苦等而)受欢迎的, 不幸之中算幸运的e.g. We were told when he was taken to hospital that his injuries were so severe thatdeath would be merciful.After such a long illness, his death came as a merciful release (解脱).7. conduct vt. organize an activity or task and do it 组织，实施e.g. The experiment was conducted by scientists in New York.How you choose to conduct your private life is your own business.8. distressed a. upset and anxious 苦恼的，忧虑的e.g. He was deeply distressed by the news of her death.He was too distressed to talk.9. perform vt. do sth., especially sth. difficult 执行e.g. The operation will be performed next week.A computer can perform many tasks at the same time.10. The City felt that the Animal Rescue League had legitimate reasons indefending their devotion to animals … —The City felt that the ARL had lawful reasons to support their love for animals ...11. document vt. record the details of sth. 记录e.g. His interest in cricket has been well documented by the media.The effects of smoking have been well documented.12. voluntary a. done by people who choose to do it without being paid 自愿性的e.g. She does voluntary work for the Red Cross two days a week.The scheme, due to begin next month, will be voluntary.13. reluctant a. hesitating before doing sth. because you do not want to do it orbecause you are not sure that it is the right thing to do 不愿意的，勉强的e.g. I was having such a good time and was reluctant to leave.Many parents feel reluctant to talk openly with their children.。
跨文化交际
跨文化交际I. Give a brief definitions of the following terms(名词解释)1. Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.2. privacyprivacy: It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.3. slangWords and expressions which are regarded as very informal and so are not considered suitable for formal social situations or serious writing.4. collectivist cultureCollectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because b asic unit is thein-group or collective.5. culture shockculture shock：It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture.6. proverbProverbs are those popular short sayings containing words of advice or warning—are an important part of the language and culture of a society.7. intercultural communication.8. Individual CultureIndividuals tend to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from, rather than similar to other. People are encouraged to display self-confidence and assertiveness, disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings.9. CultureCulture means:(a) The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation.(b).The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.10. ProxemicsProxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. The study of proxemics includes three aspects of space: (a) fixed features of space. (b) semifixed features of space, and(c) personal space11. NormsNorms refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectations people have of one another and of others. Norms are the outward manifestations of beliefs and values.12. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.13. ParalanguageThe set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning.14.Low-context cultureCultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low-context.II. Answer the following questions(简答题)1.Give some basic rules of boys or girls interaction2. Describe the different ways in showing hospitality between Chinese culture and western cultureChinese guests always refuse offer of drinks or food to demonstrate polite ness in seeming not to wish to put their host to any trouble.Sometimes an offer is not a real offer but a polite remark. After we say 'no', we usually wait for the second and third offer. If the host just brings the food or drink and ignores 'no', we ill accept it. Chinese like to press their guests to drink or eat to show their hospitality. While westerners always accept or refuse offer of drinks or food very genuinely.Their refusal is accepted as genuine.Westerners don’t to press. To press people to have food or drink after they have refused is frowned upon and can cause embarrassments.3. What are the differences on receiving gifts between Chinese and westerner?In the West, it is regarded as polite to open gifts as soon as they are given to express appreciation. In China, the situation is quite the reverse. Normally we Chinese feel that if you open the gift as soon as it is given, you might embarrass the person who gives the gift and you might be thought greedy. Therefore, Chinese people tend to open the gifts after the visitors have left.In China, many people send gifts without wrapping them, and if they wrap them, they usually tell the receiver what is inside, and the receiver will thank the sender and put the gift aside without unwrapping them since they already know what is inside. English receivers open the gifts in front of the senders of the gifts.4. Explain the term “intercultural communication competence” and its three components.The intercultural competence refers to the ability to understand and adapt the target culture. Intercultural communicative competence involves cognitive, affective and operational aspects, which are inseparable in reality. The interrelatedness of cognitive, affective, and operational components is very important in the improvement of the communicator‟s intercultural communication competence. There are also three aspects in terms of affective components: adaptation motivation, Identity flexibility and esthetic co-orientation, The cognitive aspects of intercultural communication competence are the mental capacities of comprehension and ability to understand the meanings of various verbal and nonverbal codes. Operational components are that Individuals‟ capacity to express cognitive and affective experiences outwardly is shown through specific behaviors.1. The obstacles of studying Intercultural communication2. Why do many Chinese people tend to ask about age, martial status, and even salary when first meeting one another?To them, these are open conversational topics. Knowing a person‟s age helps them use appropriate terms of address. And Chinese people pay a lot of attention to family life, so naturally talk of family members features as a common topic. As to salary, since there is a national system of salarie s, people usually don‟t consider it a secret and they talk about it openly.3 . Analyze the cultural variations in selecting negotiators in America and Japan4. What would you do if a stranger pronounced your name incorrectly?5. What are the five basic themes in individualist culture?1) There is a tendency for foreigners to treat strangers as equals, seen in the politeness with which foreigners treat out-group members and their willingness to follow public rules and laws that guarantee the rights of all. 2) There is a desire for independence and separateness, found in foreigners' needs for their own privacy and autonomy and in the freedom they give to children. 3) There is a lack of inhibition on the part of foreigners in terms of expressive behaviors, seen in their lack of concern about drawing attention to themselves and their willingness to disclose feelings and emotions. 4) There is a lack of understanding if the reciprocal bonds and duties that regulate in-group members, found in foreigners' casual attitudes towards hospitality. 5) There is a lack of concern at public displays of physical or sexual intimacy.6. Analyze the characteristics in Masculine communication culture7. What are the differences between Chinese and English Kin Terms?In Chinese culture, people refer to people strictly according to the kin terms. It is completely unacceptable to refer to one's parents by using the names. When children address relatives, Chinese kin terms tell whether they are older or younger than their father or mother. Chinese kin terms tell whether the relatives are from the mother' or father's side and whether one's brother, sister or cousin is older or younger than he/she. Chinese kin terms are also to other people who are not one's relatives; kin terms are widely used to address known or unknown peopleWhile in English culture, in some families in Western countries, some childrenaddress their parents directly by their first names. In Britain, children are expected to address the parents' brother and sisters with the title of Uncle or Aunt plus their names and sometimes simply address them by first name without a title. English kin terms don’t tell whether the relatives are from the mother' or father's side ,and there are not distinct kin terms for elder brother or younger brother. Kin terms are not as frequently used as in Chinese. In all kinds of social situations, either formally or informally, people won't use kin terms to address each other if they are not relatives.8. State six principles for effective cross-gender communication.9. What is the significance of Nonverbal Communication?Nonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least three reasons.Nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.Nonverbal behavior spontaneously reflects the subconsciousness.We cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals.Besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication can be open to many interpretations.10.Describe the U.S. cultural patterns with the five value orientation categories.People in the United States generally believe in a supreme God or universal spirit and believe that they can control nature. They have a lot of faith in science and technology and are materialistic. They get a sense of identity from work and generally separate work from play. People, in the United States are efficient, practical, and see progress and change as a good thing. They place a high value on time and have a future time orientation, although they often divide it into short-term goals.People in the United States do not agree about whether humans are naturally good, bad, or a mixture of both. However, two beliefs related to human nature—rationality and mutability--- are still believed by many in the United States. One of the most fundamental beliefs of people is individualism. Associated with this belief are the ideas of self-motivation, competition, and responsibility for one‟s own actions. People in the United States also have an unshakable belief in equality. They do not believe that everyone is the same, but they do believe that everyone does or should have the same opportunities as everyone else. Last, people in the United States are conformist—it is important to stay in touch with the latest fashion in hair, clothing, and so forth.11. What does "gilding the lily" mean?12.What are the communication differences between high-and low-context cultures?13.What are the social functions of compliments14. List some study area in nonverbal communication.15. What would you do if someone asks you a question that you feel too personal?16. Explain high-context culture and low-context culture.Cultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low-context. Cultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the physical environment or already shared by people are labeled high context .17. Explain the definition of “collect ivist culture”a. Collectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is thein-group or collective.b. kindness to visitors: friendly, welcoming, and generous treatment offered to guests or strangersc. Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that stresses "the moral worth of the individual". Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and so independence and self-reliance while opposing most external interference upon one's own interests, whether by society, or any other group or institution.18. How do people from different cultures understand “silence”?The use of silence in communication is different from culture to culture. Silence can communicate agreement, apathy, awe, confusion, contemplation, disagreement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings. In eastern cultures, silence has long been regarded as a virtue. While in western cultures, silence has generally been considered socially disagreeable. To most people in the United States, silence means lack of attention and lack of initiative. To the Chinese, silence means agreement.19. Analyze the characteristics in Feminine communication culture20. Why do we need to study intercultural communication?(1). Technological developmentThe development of new transportation and information technologies has connected all nations in ways that were possible before this century only in the imagination.(2). Widespread population Migrations(3). The changes in the international business community have compelled China to reexamine her business.(4). Development of Multiculturalism. Cultural diversity or multiculturalism will become the norm; not the exception. The public must acknowledge and adjust to difference but build on commonality.21. What are the characteristics in naming Chinese Given Names?There have existed differences in naming given names to male and female throughout the Chinese history. If we get down to the classifications of the Given Names according to the different sexes, it is not difficult to see that the differences may lie in two categories, that is, in meanings and forms. Traditionally, male given names usually suggest steel and great strength, showing great concerns about the fate and future of the nation, while female given names impress people on their beauty, elegance, fragrance, loveliness, and gentleness. Shown in the following are the ten classifications of both the sexes showing different characteristics in given names:22. State two typical situations to send flowers in business and social situationsThere are two typical situations in which flowers can be useful to businesspeople. One is to help establish a good relationship with a secretary. The other is when anexecutive is invited to someone's house. It is still more customary - all over the world - to give flowers to women rather than men, who in most cultures only receive flowers when ill. Here are some flower-giving guidelines which should keep you from falling foul of local taboos.Part III Case Analysis (Y ou are required to state cultural phenomenon in each case)(3*20’)Case 1Xiao LI and Xiao Wang were colleagues. Xiao LI gave a lot of help to Xiao Wang financially and socially. Recently Xiao LI would get married. But he forgot inviting Xiao Wang attend his wedding. Later Xiao Wang got information about Xiao LI‟ wedding and sent RMB 500 Yuan to Xiao LI.Question: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected? Why?In Chinese culture influenced by Confucianism, if someone does a favor for you, you should return the favor to them. This is very common for Chinese people..In the philosophy of Confucianism Reciprocity are the base of relationships. Gratitude and indebtedness are important parts of Chinese culture. If a person feels uneasy to be indebted of someone, payback is necessary to achieve balance in the relationshi p.Case 2An English guest: Each time a new dish arrived his parents would lean over and load my plate with tasty morsels. As they had taken all the trouble to cook it I just had to polish it off. As soon as my plate was empty they would put more on. Of course, I felt duty-bound to eat that too.A Chinese guest: Can you imagine how many dishes I had? Only one -- a stew with meat and vegetables. The meat was over done and too hard to eat; green vegetables were no longer green. They never put food on your plate but just ask you to help yourself. If you, as a guest, are shy or modest, waiting for the food to be put on your plate, you will remain half-starved.Question: Are there any differences in hospitality between a Chinese and English? What are the reasons?Y es. The Chinese student felt disappointed at British hospitality because she used the Chinese way of showing hospitality to judge the British one. In the story taking place in China, the westerner couldn't imagine that there should be sixteen dishes prepared for her. When she ate from the eight cold dishes, she couldn't eat anymore. It is because a Western meal normally severs one main course plus a starter and sweets or desserts. The fact is that different people in the world show their differenthospitality in different ways.Case 3Li Lan had an American friend Susan. They usually had lunch together and Li Lan often asked Susan for advice on problems she faced adjusting to American society. Susan gave Li Lan a lot of advice and helped her to improve her English. Once Li Lan needed urgently a big sum of money to pay her tuition fee. Since she has no other friends in the States, she turned to Susan for help and promised that she would return the money soon.To Li Lan‟s great disappointment, this time Susan didn‟t seem happy to lend the money to her. Though Li Lan returned the money as she promi sed, they didn‟t get along well from then on.Question: Why did Li Lan feel unpleasant?Li Lan asked to borrow money from her American friend Susan, which is rarely part of Western friendship. Li Lan and Susan have different expectations of friendship.In the West, people prefer to be independent and equal rather than dependent, so they don't feel comfortable in a relationship in which one person gives more and the other person is dependent on what is given. Among friends they mostly provide emotional support to each other and spend time together, so they rarely borrow or lend money to each other. They would ask for a loan from the bank rather than from their friends.While in China, people expect their friends to be loyal to each other, and they even take risks for their friends. So they would give not only emotional support to each other but also concrete help to each other, such as helping to find a job, solving a problem, or even giving money to help one out over a long period of time. So when a friend is in need, the first person he or she wants to ask for help is naturally his/her friend.Case 4In 1997, a Danish woman from Copenhagen left her 14-month-old baby girl in a stroller outside a Manhattan restaurant while she was inside. Other diners at the restaurant became concerned and called New Y ork City Police. The woman was charged with endangering a child and was jailed for two nights. Her child was placed in foster care. The woman and the Danish consulate explained that leaving children unattended outside cafes is common in Denmark. Pictures were wired to the police showing numerous strollers parked outside cafes while parents were eating inside. Question: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected?This case reflects one of the barriers to the effective intercultural communication----assuming similarity instead of difference. In American culture, it isillegal for parents to leave their baby alone. Whereas it is commonplace for parents to leave their baby alone in Danish culture.The Danish woman had assumed that Copenhagen is similar to New Y ork, that what is commonly done in Copenhagen is also commonly done in New Y ork.Case 5Describing the differences of verbal communication Styles between Chinese people and American people. Take examples to explain it.The Chinese shout be loud when talking about everything. Direct eye-contact is rare when speaking person to person. Counting on your fingers is different. Instead of just holding out the number of fingers on two hands as in America, the Chinese have specific finger signs for numbers one to ten.To indicate yourself, Americans tend to use their thumb or forefinger and point at or touch their chest. Chinese people usually point at their nose with their index finger to do so. Chinese people feel no compunction against staring at other people for long periods of time. Young people, both boys and girls up to the age of 21, engages in all manner of rough-housing, often hitting each other. Women often walk arm and arm down the streets. Men and men hold hands or embrace shoulders as they walk outside. Nothing is wrong with that if they are friends.Case 6Xie Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Xie Li: I don‟t know where it went wrong!Tom: Don‟t feel so bad. Cheer up; you‟ve done your job.Xie Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I‟ll face the music.Xie Li: Tom, we are not playing children‟s games here. This is a scientific experiment. Tom: I‟ve never taken the experiment as child‟s play and I‟m playing the game.Xie Li: Y ou say you‟re playing the game! It‟s a rather important experiment!Xie Li walks out of the laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.Question: What‟s the problem in this case?Idiomatic phrases are often misinterpreted.In English, face the music means: face reality and take the consequence and play the game means: abide competition rules. Here Xie Li misinterpreted two idiomatic phrases Tom used. First he thought that Tom didn‟t take the failure of the experiment seriously and wanted to escape from it, because he would “face the music”; secondly, he misinterpreted Tom‟s “playing the game” as that he hadn‟t done the experiment seriously, which might lead to its failure.A young Chinese officer, together with his wife, was meeting an American consultant at an airport. After phatic communication, the consultant complimented him on his wife out of politeness, “Your wife is beautiful!”The officer felt embarrassed and said, “Where! Where!”（哪里！哪里！）“Where! Where!”the consultant was puzzled and had to say,“From head to foot.”Question: What went wrong in the case and Why?In this case, the words of the Chinese conveyed a message quite different from what was intended. The Chinese officer would be suspected of “fishing for compliments”even though the remarks might have been quite sincere because the consultant was almost forced to say “Y our wife is beautiful from head to foot.” Forced compliments like this can leave a bad taste in the mouth.Because as far as the responses to praise and compliments is concerned, there are great difference between Chinese people and native English speakers. Native English speakers, especially Americans tend to verbalize their compliments and accept them, whereas the Chinese tend to efface themselves to show modest. In contrast, native English speakers, in the same situation, will say Thank you or Thank you for saying so or Thanks a lot, etc. to acknowledge and accept the thanks as a kind of recognition of their individual efforts. Case 8A young Chinese woman in U.S was complimented by an American woman for the lovely dress she was wearing: "It's exquisite. The colors are so beautiful!" she was pleased but somewhat embarrassed. In typical Chinese fashion, she replied, "Oh, it's just an ordinary dress I bought in China."Question: What went wrong in the case and Why?Case 9A married couple are going to visit a friend. They have been driving around for some time looking for the street.B is angry because A refuses to stop and ask direction of someone.Question: What cultural phenomenon can be reflected?This case reflects the masculine emphasis on maintaining autonomy and not appearing weak or incompetent. Men are less likely than women to seek directions from others. Part of the reason for this may well lie in sensitivity of men to issues of status. From the perspective to ask for information and help from others implies that the person asking is inferior. From a woman's point of view, however, sharing information is a way of cementing bonds.Dedrick and Melita have been dating for two years and are very serious. To celebrate their anniversary Melita wants to spend a quiet evening in her apartment where they can talk about the relationship and be alone with each other. When Dedrick arrives, he's planned to dine out and go to a concert. Melita feels hurt that he doesn't want to talk and spend the evening alone with her.Question: could you explain the differences in communication between men and women?Case 11A Filipino couple was vacationing in England. While they were strolling along one of the main streets of London with a British acquaintance, they met another Filipino who had been residing there for some time. He was a good friend from the past, who has not seen for several years. They greeted each other warmly and continued their conversation in a loud and animated fashion using their native language. After a while the British became noticeably agitated, and turned his head away and sighed. TheFilipinos noticed the reaction, and then resumed their conversation but in a quieter tone.Question: Why did the British become agitated?Case 12An American went to Chinese home. He was offered some tea. Just when the first cup was about to finish, more tea was added. The visitor drank the second cup. Then the cup was filled the third time. Then he drank it, then…until the visitor was quite full.Question: Why did the American get quite full?The culture for treating visitors varys from country to country.In China, the Chinese host often constantly puts foot on the visitors' plate, which is an expression of hospitality. The visitors refusals are usually ignored. Westerners, on the other hand, usually leave the guest to help himself/herself and do not keep urging him/her to eat more. in China it is acceptable to leave unwanted food on the plate, whereas according to Western custom, it is impolite to do so. As result, misunderstandings occur. In this case, the American kept finishing all the tea in his cup to show his politeness. Therefore, the American got quite full.Case 13An American tourist and a Chinese couple met for the first time. They are introducing themselves like this:American tourist: It was so nice to meet you both here. I'm Lucy Webster. Thank you very much.Chinese woman: It's a pleasure. I'm Li Hong, and this is my husband. Welcome to China, Miss Lucy.American tourist: Thank you, Mr. and Mrs. Li. Would both of you like a cup of coffee?Chinese couple: No, thanks.Question: What went wrong in the case and Why?1)The American tourist thinks that Li Hongs surname is her husband's surname, because she is unaware of the fact that in China women still use their own surnames after marriage.2) Li thinks that "Miss" is a respectful term of address for any female English speaker, but unaware of the fact that in America it is not used before someone's first name. She also mistakes the given name "Lucy' for the surname.Case 14Lee, an overseas student from China, once had a talk with his American classmate Tom.Lee: It really puzzles me that you Americans thank people all day long: When the teacher answers your questions, when your mother buys you a book that you need, when a wife brings her husband a cup of coffee and so on.Tom: Well, when I finished my tour in China, I said "thank you" to the interpreter who accompanied me during the tour. The interpreter replied, "It's my duty to do so."I can't help thinking what he means, "I had no choice but to do it, because it is my duty. Otherwise I would not have done so."Questions: What makes Lee puzzled and why? Is the interpreter's reply appropriate in the English context?1) A Chinese student would always thank his/her teacher for the latter's help, but would seldom do so to his/her parents because Chinese people don't usually say "Thank you" to those who are very close. They would rather choose some implicit ways to show their gratitude and concern, such as saying something like "leile ba?"(累了吧) "Xingku le."( 辛苦了) "kuai xiexie ba," (快歇歇吧)etc. But one traditional Chinese concept holds that it is the duty of the young and the junior to do something for the elderly and the senior, and so the latter don't have to say thanks.2) Saying "Thank you" is very common in America, even between parents and children, husband and wife for very small and ordinary things. So they thank all day long. They use words like "Please", "Excuse me", "Thank you" in daily conversation, whether between intimates or between strangers.。
大学英语跨文化交际chapter 1 Culture
DEFINITIONS OF ‘CULTURE’
1. Defining Culture from the Anthropological Perspective 2. Defining Culture from the Psychological Perspective 3. Defining Culture from the Sociological Perspective 4. Defining Culture from the Intercultural Perspective 5. Our Definition of Culture
3. Culture Is Like the Water a Fish Swims In
3. Culture Is Like the Water a Fish Swims In Human cannot live without culture. Culture is what the world is like for us. We take for granted the culture whe 1 Culture
Chapter Outline
The nature of culture The definition of culture The characteristics of culture Cultural identity Cultures within culture
Text A: The Nature of Culture
Think about the following similes and metaphors, how do you think culture is related to the references? 1. Culture is like an iceberg. 2. Culture is our software. 3. Culture is like the water a fish swims in. 4. Culture is the grammar of our behavior.
大学跨文化英语阅读教程第1册(麦金)课后习题答案解析
大学跨文化英语阅读教程第1册（麦金）课后习题答案解析第一章介绍大学跨文化英语阅读课后习题1：选择题1.A2.B3.C4.D课后习题2：填空题1.globalization2.culturalmunication4.understanding课后习题3：简答题1.跨文化英语阅读的重要性在于帮助学生理解不同文化背景下的语言和思维方式，从而提高他们的跨文化沟通能力。
2.跨文化英语阅读的优势在于增进学生对不同文化的尊重和理解，拓宽他们的世界观，并且能够培养学生的批判思维能力和文化敏感度。
3.学生可以通过阅读不同文化背景的文学作品、新闻报道、社会文化研究等材料来进行跨文化英语阅读。
课后习题4：论述题跨文化英语阅读对于大学生学习英语是极其重要的。
首先，随着经济全球化的加速推进，英语已成为全球沟通的共同语言。
通过跨文化英语阅读，学生不仅可以提高自己的英语阅读和写作能力，还可以了解不同国家和地区的文化背景，从而更好地适应跨文化沟通的需求。
此外，跨文化英语阅读还可以增进学生对其他文化的理解和尊重。
通过阅读来自不同文化背景的材料，学生可以深入了解不同文化的价值观、习俗、历史和社会背景，从而避免因文化差异而引发的误解和冲突。
最后，跨文化英语阅读还可以培养学生的批判思维能力和文化敏感度。
通过阅读和分析不同文化背景下的文献资料，学生可以提高自己的批判思维能力，保持客观的态度对待不同文化现象，并能够准确地理解和评估不同文化观点和立场。
综上所述，大学跨文化英语阅读教程第1册对于培养学生的英语阅读能力、跨文化沟通能力以及批判思维能力等方面具有重要意义。
通过认真学习和实践，学生可以在跨文化交流中取得更好的效果，提高自身的国际竞争力。
大学跨文化英语综合教程2
大学跨文化英语综合教程2Unit 1•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、The man feels superior to a non-white as he thinks he is a “regular”American and the woman and other non-white people must be immigrants.2、At the beginning, the woman does not mind the question. However, when she realizes the man asks the question because he thinks she is an immigrant, she is somewhat irritated. She asks the man the same question to remind him that his ancestors used to be immigrants, too.Language practice > Task 11-5: FCGLM6-10: JDAON11-15: EIBHKLanguage practice > Task 21、music2、scarcely3、land4、to-go5、spot6、exclaim7、a chipped plate8、shaped9、exhausted10、the weekend shiftLanguage practice > Task 31、for2、at3、of4、of5、ofLanguage practice > Task 41、spoonful2、mistake3、mislead4、glassful5、misuse6、mouthful7、misunderstand8、handfulLanguage practice > Task 51、how to avoid2、whether to get married3、when to harvest lettuce4、how to start the car5、how to make money•Cultural ExplorationViewing1、America is a country that was established by immigrants. Till today it continues to benefit from immigrants’ contributions.2、All Americans are either immigrants or descendants of ancestors who came from somewhere else. Therefore, We should all respect and admire immigrants.Gaining an intercultural insight1）struggle2）lifestyles3）result4）origin5）overseas6）background7）margins8）dominant9）conflict10）opportunities •Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercises Task 11）E2）M3）K4）O5）B6）J7）C8）D9）L10）HTask 2A. Para. 4B. Para. 11C. Para. 10D. Para. 9E. Para.5F. Para. 6G. Para. 2H. Para. 5I. Para. 7J.Para. 3Unit 2•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、In the video clip, the fashion leaders mentioned equal pay and equal treatment as their understanding of gender equality.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 1 1-5: GDONK6-10: LIAJH11-15: CMFEBLanguage practice > Task 21、launch2、advocate3、appointed4、questioned5、bossy6、aggressive7、sheer8、opposing9、vulnerable10、abandonedLanguage practice > Task 3 1、on2、out3、for4、out5、inLanguage practice > Task 41、uncomplicated2、inequality3、unattractive4、unfamiliaruncomfortable5、counterpart6、antiwar7、oppose8、contradictionLanguage practice > Task 51、The louder the noise become2、the greater your opportunities will be3、The more money is donated4、the less chance there is of things going wrong5、the greater their intellectual advantage is •Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight1）finding2）fewer3）odds4）capable5）competent6）ignore7）kids8）reality9）likely10）reach•Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercisesTask 11）G2）C3）I4）M5）E6）O7）L8）A9）F10）HTask 2A. Para. 4B. Para. 6C. Para. 8D. Para. 3E. Para. 5F. Para. 3G. Para. 4H. Para. 7I. Para. 2K.Para. 5Unit 3•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、A community is no longer just about the people around you. It is anyone, anywhere on the planet that has a shared interest.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 11-5: FLBCE6-10: DOHIJ11-15: AKMNGLanguage practice > Task 21、actual sale2、considerably3、plain4、virtual5、stylish6、generates7、promotes8、unique9、outcomeLanguage practice > Task 31、through2、on3、to4、off5、inLanguage practice > Task 41、outbreak2、searchlight3、breakdown4、cutoff5、outcome6、giveaway7、playlist8、blacksmithLanguage practice > Task 51、overalls spattered with pulp2、each plant benefiting from the others3、each one leading to a higher level of command4、many found nowhere else on the planet5、their brown heads drooping over the fence•Cultural ExplorationViewingFunctions Now：1、look for and book service on call2、post, share and socialize with friends3、order and pay for meals4、order and pay for mealsFunctions in the Future：1、help coordinate rescue efforts at times of natural disasters2、make short movies or documentaries3、publish works of literature in serial4、etc.Gaining an intercultural insight1）flexible2）background3）shared4）trend5）ordinary6）deliberately7）abilities8）measurable9）idealized10）observation •Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercises > Task 11）G2）D3）M4）I5）O6）F7）H8）B9）K10）NTask 2A. Para. 2B. Para. 3C. Para. 9D. Para. 7E. Para. 1F. Para. 6G. Para. 8H. Para. 5I. Para. 4J.Para. 1Unit 4•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、He cleaned his desk, did shopping, made dinner and watched TV.2、Procrastination is the inability to get started right away or get work done in a timely manner.Language practice > Task 1 1-5: EKOAL6-10: CNJBH11-15: MDIFGLanguage practice > Task 2 1-5: BCACA6-10: DCADCLanguage practice > Task 31、in2、to3、with4、By5、intoLanguage practice > Task 41、courageous2、reasonable3、awesome4、educational5、troublesome6、aptional7、luxurious8、fatherlyLanguage practice > Task 51、be it personal health2、be they Christian3、be it scientific or artistic4、Be it learning style5、Be it on the beachCultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight 1）tendency2）deadlines3）definitive4）limited5）cyclical6）harmony7）competing8）delay9）drive10）equals•Reading & Reflecting Additional exercises Task 11）A2）H3）C4）O5）E6）J7）K8）G9）I10）LTask 2A. Para. 1B. Para. 8C. Para. 3D. Para. 4E. Para. 2F. Para. 4G. Para. 6H. Para. 7I. Para. 5K.Para. 1Unit 5•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、He lives in San Francisco’s Chinatown. His parents passed away. He is going to celebrate the New Year’s Eve together with family or friends, etc.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 11-5: LFBDA6-10: HGMIJ11-15: EKCNOLanguage practice > Task 21、invariably2、shrunk3、await4、sparingly5、proclaiming6、mannerly7、are ill-fitting for him8、schooled9、remedy10、as a souvenirLanguage practice > Task 31、to2、of3、of4、off5、onLanguage practice > Task 41、outwards2、personally3、otherwise4、invariably5、jokingly6、backwards7、likewise8、afterwardsLanguage practice > Task 51、I arrived at the classroomI realized that I had left my dictionary at home2、you become a motheryour judgment slowly turns to compassion and understanding3、December 1997I could finally sit and relax4、I saw her faceI realized how big the problem was5、they had left the churchJoan discovered they were goingCultural ExplorationViewing1、Chinese sweet treats in Eastern Bakery2、Dim Sum in Great Eastern3、Sesame chicken in House of Nanking4、Fortune cookies in the fortune cookie factoryGaining an intercultural insight1）symbolic2）referred3）ethnic4）overseas5）belief6）distinct7）ideals8）management9）heritage10）assets•Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercises Task 11）H2）F3）J4）E5）B6）G7）L8）N9）K10）OTask 2A. 1B. 7C. 10D. 8E. 5F. 2G. 6H. 4I. 9J. 3Unit 6•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、Hard work, diligence, making great effort.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 11-5: JCIHA6-10: EKBLM11-15: NOFDGLanguage practice > Task 21、A2、B3、D4、A5、A6、C7、A8、A9、C10、DLanguage practice > Task 31、of2、for3、from4、of5、beyondLanguage practice > Task 41、ill-advised2、mouth-watering3、peace-loving4、ill-informed5、everlasting6、self-employed7、far-reaching8、heart-breakingLanguage practice > Task 51、in which students can deposit their credits2、for which you are applying3、on which lovers express their love4、during which rents have risen steadily higher 6、upon which visitors can float in wooden boats Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight1）competitive2）reveal3）traits4）measures5）factors6）embrace7）examiner8）indicators9）otherwise10）absorbingLearning about the VALUE system1、T2、F3、F4、F5、T•Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercises >Task 11）F2）C3）A4）M5）B6）G7）L8）D9）J10）OTask 2A. Para. 2B. Para. 8C. Para. 13D. Para. 6E. Para. 9F. Para. 11G. Para. 12H. Para. 14I. Para. 15K.Para. 3Unit 7•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、Open for discussion. In the video, it is mentioned that humans are considered the most intelligent species on the planet. However, we may only be the guest of the planet, instead of its permanent master.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 1 1-5: JOFNI6-10: LBCMG11-15: AHKDELanguage practice > Task 21、A2、C3、B4、A5、A6、D7、A8、B9、C10、DLanguage practice > Task 31、On2、up3、to4、onLanguage practice > Task 41、cold-blooded2、non-profit3、middle-aged4、ilife-long5、wide-awake6、nation-wide7、eco-friendly8、large-scaleLanguage practice > Task 51、designed for the long-term care2、made at the meeting3、selected from the whole country4、following his retirement5、concerning matters of national security Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight1）amount2）processed3）dairy4）vegetables5）decompose6）destroyed7）brushing8）cooling9）south-facing10）naturallyViewing1、A bottle recycling machine would reward people who bring their bottles back with money and soft drink producers pay less taxes if they join the system. Norway’s bottle deposit scheme is the best in the world. 598,355,791 bottles were recycled in 2016, which is a huge 97% collection rate.2、Plastic bottles are often thrown away by customers and garbage collectors may recycle them for money.•Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercisesTask 11）H2）J3）F4）G5）C6）I7）K8）B9）M10）OTask 2A. Para. 13B. Para. 9C. Para. 12D. Para. 6E. Para. 15F. Para. 7G. Para. 8H. Para. 16I. Para. 9J.Para. 14Unit 8•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、She was surprised to find two packages of sugar on the saucer as she was told that there was no sugar when she ordered green tea.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 11-5: KNIDG6-10: BCGLE11-15: MAOJFLanguage practice > Task 21、C2、A3、C4、B5、A6、B7、A8、C9、D10、ALanguage practice > Task 31、beneath2、to3、in4、In5、InLanguage practice > Task 41、spaceship2、walking stick3、handwriting4、overview5、kinship6、aftermath7、boiling point8、rainfallLanguage practice > Task 51、Removing dead skin cells2、Wearing a scarf3、Communicating with customers4、Implementing the food security strategy5、Actively participating in global governance and multilateral affairs Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight1）concept2）inferior3）commercial4）domestic5）behavior6）implications7）beliefs8）tendencies9）wellbeing10）rejection •Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercises Task 11）D2）G3）O4）K5）E6）M7）J8）A9）F10）NTask 2A. Para. 10B. Para. 12C. Para. 5D. Para. 8E. Para. 13F. Para. 11G. Para. 2H. Para. 14I. Para. 3 J. Para. 6。
大学英语跨文化交际
Visiting and Entertaining
Goals
Learn to be able to negotiate with different people from other cultures the appropriateness for particular situations when using the language for intercultural communication.
(p.54 white carnation) What was wrong?
To commemorate the occasion its initial flights from Hong Kong，United Airlines handed out white carnations ( 麝香石竹花 ) , the state flower of Ohio, as a gift to all the passengers. But they found the Chinese passengers received carnations not as a happy surprise but as a shock. They realized that they must have unknowingly got off on the wrong foot . Discussion: What was wrong? What gift do you think United Airlines should present to the passengers?
Mother: 自家人谢什么。苏珊，你以后 可不要再 减肥了，身体健康才最重要哪！ Husband: It’s my pleasure. Susan, I hope you become even more beautiful. Susan: Thank you! The same to you. Husband: 谢谢妈妈，我祝你身体健康。 Mother: 啊，谢谢，谢谢！
大学跨文化英语综合教程IUnit7ReflectingonParenting语言点
Text A1.unimaginable a. not possible to imagine难以想象的，不可思议的e.g. This level of success would have been unimaginable just last year.The children here have lived through unimaginable horrors.2.parenting n. the way of teaching and raising children 父母对子女的教育e.g. Parenting can be a stressful business.No one knows exactly what it takes for parenting before becoming a parent.3.extremely ad. to a very great degree极端地，非常地e.g. Earthquakes are extremely difficult to predict （预测）.I,m extremely sorry to have troubled you.4.They assume strength, not fragility, and as a result they behave very differently. 一Chinese parents believe that their kids are strong rather than weak, so they behave quite differently from Western parents.5.The Chinese mother will gasp in horror and ask what went wrong. 一 An A一 will immediately make the Chinese mother feel astonished and ask what went wrong with the kid. in horror: in intense fear 惊恐地e.g. The crowd watched in horror as the fire spread.People watched in horror as the small plane crashed （坠毁）to the ground.6.scream vi. give a loud, high cry because you are hurt, frightened, excited, etc. 尖叫e.g. She jumped to her feet, screaming with excitement.The children were screaming with laughter.7.The angered Chinese mother would then get dozens of practice tests and work through them with her child for as long as it takes to get the grade up to an A. —The angry Chinese mother would get piles of practice tests and work together with their child on the tests until their child can improve their grade from B to A.anger vt. make sb. angry 激怒e.g. What angered me most was his total lack of remorse （懊悔）.Environmental groups were disappointed and angered by the president,s decision. dozens of: a large number of 许多e.g. She,s had dozens of boyfriends.We collected dozens of shells on the beach.8.demand vt. ask for sth. very firmly 要求e.g. Angry demonstrators demanded the resignation （辞职）of two senior officials. Theydemanded that the military government free all political prisoners.9.solution n. a way of solving problems or dealing with a difficult situation 解决方案e.g. There are no simple solutions to the problem of overpopulation.Both sides are trying to find a peaceful solution.10.shame vt. make sb. feel ashamed 使羞愧e.g. It shames me to say it, but I lied.He felt shamed and humiliated （侮辱）by the treatment he had received.11.owe vt. feel that you should do sth. for sb. or give sb. sth., because they have done sth. for you or given sth. to you 亏欠e.g. He asked for help from a colleague who owed him a favor.I owe a debt of gratitude to all my family.12.The reason for this is a little unclear, but it,s probably a combination of Confucian filial piety and the fact that the parents have sacrificed and done so much for their children. —The reason why Chinese parents think that their children owe them everything is not completely clear, but it,s probably due to two reasons: one is that traditional Chinese people believe in ConfUcius, teaching of showing respect for one,s parents; the other is that Chinese parents have given up so much of their life for their children.combination n. two or more things joined or mixed together to form a single unit 混合，组合e.g. A combination of factors may be responsible for the increase in cancer.Certain combinations of sounds are not possible in English.sacrifce vt. give up sth. that is important or valuable to you in order to get or do sth. That seems more important for yourself or for another person舍弃，牺牲e.g. The Labor government chose to sacrifice defense （国防）for welfare （福利）.He sacrificed a promising career to look after his kids.13.repay vt. give sth. to sb. or do sth. for them in return for sth. that they have done for you 报答e.g. How can we repay him for everything he,s done?I,d like to buy them something to repay all their kindness.14.provide for: support 供养e.g. Without work, how can I provide for my children?People are struggling with the rising costs of providing for a family.15.This strikes me as an unfair deal for the Western parents. 一 Chinese parents think that their kids owe them everything and their kids are supposed to do something in return; Western parents think that their kids do not have to do anything in return for their parents5 raising them up. For me, this sounds like a very unfair deal between the Western parents and their kids. strike ... as: give sb. a particular impression 给……某种印象e.g. His jokes didn't strike Jack as being very funny.It struck me as odd that the man didn,t introduce himself before he spoke.16.... therefore override all of their children,s own desires and preferences. —... so they force their own will on their children without considering what their children really want or prefer.preference n. a feeling of liking or wanting one person or thing more than another 喜好e.g. Do you have a color preference?Parents may be able to express a preference as to the school their child will attend. 17. incredibly ad. extremely极端地，极其e.g. It was incredibly hard work.I felt incredibly ashamed of myself for getting so angry.18.nonstop ad. without any stops or pauses不停地，不间断地e.g. She talked nonstop for over an hour.It was raining nonstop, wetting the old couple, though they were under an umbrella.19.fall apart: go or break into pieces散架，散开e.g. Tommy,s old bicycle was rusty （生锈的）and falling apart. The book fell apart in myhands.20.... Lulu announced that she was giving up and stomped off. 一 ... Lulu said loudly that she was not playing that piano piece anymore and walked away angrily. announce vt. tellpeople sth. officially, especially about a decision, plans, etc. 宣布e.g. A government spokesman announced that the hostages （人质）had been released.The government has announced plans to create 10,000 new jobs.21.grab vt. take hold of sb. or sth. with a sudden or violent movement 抓起e.g. I grabbed my bag and ran off.Two men grabbed her and pushed her to the ground.22.tear ... up: tear sth. into small pieces 撕毁，撕碎e.g. She tore up his letter and threw it away.I suggest that you tear up the composition and start over again.23.make a deal: reach an agreement 做交易e.g. They made a deal to sell the land to a property developer （房地产开发商）.In spite of that, both Barcelona and Inter Milan had prepared to make a deal with Ronaldo.24.When she still kept playing the music wrong, I told her she was purposely working herself into a frenzy because she was secretly afraid she couldn'一do it. When she kept playing the piece wrong, I told her that she was getting herself angry and upset on purpose because she was in fact afraid that she couldn,t do it.work oneself into a frenzy: make oneself crazy 让（自己）狂怒或抓狂e.g. Late last year many economists and newspapers worked themselves into a frenzy about global deflation （通货紧缩）.He worked himself into a frenzy to forget about his loss of love.25.cowardly a. lacking courage 懦弱的e.g. He thought it would be cowardly to draw back.I was too cowardly to complain.26.insult vt. offend sb. by saying or doing sth. they think is rude 辱骂，侮辱e.g. Nobody insults my family and gets away with it!I hope Andy won,t feel insulted if I don,t come.27.I felt I was just motivating her but he thought threatening Lulu was unhelpful. 一 I felt I was just trying to make her work hard but my husband thought it was not helpful for me to keep pushing our daughter.threaten vt. say that you will cause sb. harm or trouble if they do not do what you want威胁e.g. Postal workers are threatening a strike if they don,t receive a pay increase.Doctors are sometimes threatened with violence if they don't do what patients want.28.negative a. harmful, unpleasant, or not wanted负面的，消极的e.g. My drinking was starting to have a negative effect on my work.The whole experience was definitely more positive than negative.29.out of the blue: suddenly 突然地，意外地e.g. His resignation （辞职）came right out of the blue.One of them wrote to us out of the blue several years later.30.... her right and left hands each doing their own thing ... — her right and lefthands were out of sync, each keeping to their own rhythms31.hold one,s breath: keep one,s breath 屏住呼吸e.g. I held my breath and sank under the water.Hold your breath and count to ten.32.individuality n. the qualities that make sb./sth. different from other people or things 个性，独特性e.g. She expresses her individuality through her clothes.The plot is credible （可信的）but the characters lack individuality.33.pursue vt. continue doing an activity or trying to achieve sth. over a long period of time追求e.g. She plans to pursue a career in politics.Students should pursue their own interests, as well as do their school work.34.passion n. a strong feeling of enthusiasm or excitement for sth.激情，热情e.g. He spoke with considerable passion about the importance of art and literature.He,s a man of violent passions.35.positive a. good or useful肯定的，积极的e.g. Write down all the positive things about your life.The rural environment was having a positive e ect on the children,s health.36.by contrast: in comparison 相比之下e.g. The birth rate for older women has declined, but, by contrast, births to teenage mothershave increased.The private sector （部门）,by contrast, has plenty of money to spend.37.be capable of: be able to 有……•能力e.g. The kitchen is capable of catering （供应食物）for several hundred people.The company isn’t capable ^/handling an order that large.Text B1.demanding a. needing a lot of ability, effort, or skill 要求高的e.g. It is a demanding role and she needs to work hard at it.The work is physically demanding.2.flexible a. able to change easily and adapt to different conditions and circumstances as they occur可变通的，灵活的e.g. We need a foreign policy that is more flexible.Our plans need to be flexible enough to cater to the needs of everyone.3.claim vt. state that sth. is true, even though it has not been proved声称，断言e.g. Critics claim that the trucks are unsafe.Scientists are claiming a major breakthrough in the fght against cancer.4.perform vt. do sth. to entertain people, for example by acting a play or playing a piece of music演奏，表演e.g. The play was first performed in 1987.He has pursued relentlessly high standards in performing classic music.petent a. having enough skill or knowledge to do sth. to a satisfactory standard 能胜任的，有能力的e.g. I wouldn,t say he was brilliant but he was competent at his job.He has a competent secretary.6.primary a. most important 主要的e.g. The primary responsibility lies with those who break the law.A distinction should be made between the primary and secondary tasks.7.... I too have always worked, sometimes juggling demanding deadlines and a busyfamily schedule.——... since I have always worked as well, sometimes I myself have to find a way to balance urgent work demands and busy family matters.juggle vt. try to ft two or more jobs, activities, etc. into your life, especially with difficulty试图应付e.g. Many parents find it hard to juggle children and a career.The management team meets several times a week to juggle budgets and resources.8.switch vt. replace one thing with another, or exchange things交换，对调e.g. The dates of the last two exams have been switched.Do you think she,ll notice if I switch my glass with hers?9.due a. expected to happen or arrive at a particular time 到期的e.g. My half-year,s interest is due now.These are library books, due May 4th.10.genuine a. real and sincere 真实的e.g. If something is genuine, it is real and exactly what it appears to be.If the painting is a genuine Michelangelo （米开朗基罗），it will sell for millions.11.thrive vi. become very successful 兴旺e.g. His business thrived in the years before the war.The region is thriving.12.... while in modern America there is a sense that our nation is becoming flat and that people are not trying to better themselves. —... today in America, people feel that social class is not that important any more and there is no need to strive for self-improvement.13.overprotective a. so anxious to protect sb. from harm that you restrict their freedom过分保护的e.g. The children of overprotective parents are sometimes rather neurotic （神经质的）. Dad canbe a little overprotective.14.interact vi. communicate with sb., especially while you work, play or spend time with them交流，交往e.g. It,s interesting at parties to see how people interact socially.Tom,s teacher says that he interacts well with the other children.15.function vi. work in the way it is supposed to运转，工作e.g. You will soon learn how the office functions.Her brain is functioning normally.16.They are far more important than being able to play the piano . — Compared with being able to play the piano, making friends and interacting with them is much more important.17.And so will society. —The whole society will grow highly functioning, independent, and self-confident as well.。
大学英语跨文化复习题
大学英语跨文化复习题一、选择题1. 跨文化交流中，以下哪个行为是尊重对方文化的体现？A. 坚持自己的习惯，不改变B. 尝试理解并接受对方的文化差异C. 只关注自己的文化，忽视对方的文化D. 强迫对方接受自己的文化2. 在英语国家，以下哪个行为是礼貌的？A. 直接打断别人说话B. 等待别人说完再发言C. 在公共场合大声喧哗D. 未经允许触摸他人的物品3. 在英语国家，以下哪个行为是不礼貌的？A. 见面时握手B. 请客人先入座C. 用食指指人D. 用“请”和“谢谢”4. 在英语国家，以下哪个礼物是不合适的？A. 巧克力B. 鲜花C. 钟表D. 书籍5. 在英语国家，以下哪个话题是敏感的？A. 工作B. 家庭C. 政治D. 天气二、填空题6. 在英语国家，人们通常不喜欢谈论个人_________，因为这可能涉及到隐私。
7. 当你被邀请到别人家中做客时，带上一份小礼物是一种_________的行为。
8. 在英语国家，人们在公共场合_________时，通常会保持较低的音量。
9. 在英语国家，_________是表示尊重的一种常见方式。
10. 在英语国家，人们在_________时，通常会避免讨论政治或宗教等敏感话题。
三、简答题11. 描述一下在英语国家，人们在商务场合中通常遵循的礼仪规则。
12. 解释为什么在跨文化交流中，了解和尊重对方的文化习惯是非常重要的。
13. 请举例说明在英语国家，如何通过非语言沟通（如肢体语言、面部表情等）来表达尊重和友好。
14. 描述一下在英语国家，人们在餐饮场合中通常遵循的礼仪规则。
15. 讨论一下在英语国家，如何避免文化冲突，并建立有效的跨文化交流。
四、论述题16. 论述跨文化交际中常见的误解和冲突，以及如何通过有效的沟通技巧来解决这些问题。
17. 分析在全球化背景下，掌握跨文化交际能力的重要性，并提出提高个人跨文化交际能力的策略。
五、案例分析题18. 阅读以下案例：一位中国学生在美国大学学习期间，由于不了解当地的文化习惯，在一次小组讨论中，他直接指出了一位美国同学的观点错误，导致该同学感到尴尬和不快。
大学英语跨文化交际 chapter one
4. Culture is the grammar of our behavior
in order to behave appropriately in any society, people need to know the culture. culture includes all the rules that make actions meaningful to the people around them. people learn their cultural grammar unconsciously and apply its rules automatically.
2. Culture is our software focuses on the function of culture physical selves are viewed as hardware, and we are programmed by home culture to be human. we are only vaguely aware of it as we use it. sometimes, the computer doesn’t work because it is incompatible with someone else’s software. 3. Culture is like the water a fish swims in in water, fish finds food, reproduces and protects itself from danger. our culture is so much a part of who we are and what the world is like for us that we do not notice it and we take it for granted
大学跨文化英语 综合教程I Unit7 Reflecting on Parenting 语言点
Text A1. unimaginable a. not possible to imagine 难以想象的，不可思议的e.g. This level of success would have been unimaginable just last year.The children here have lived through unimaginable horrors.2. parenting n. the way of teaching and raising children 父母对子女的教育e.g. Parenting can be a stressful business.No one knows exactly what it takes for parenting before becoming a parent.3. extremely ad. to a very great degree 极端地，非常地e.g. Earthquakes are extremely difficult to predict (预测).I’m extremely sorry to have troubled you.4. They assume strength, not fragility, and as a result they behave very differently. — Chinese parents believe that their kids are strong rather than weak, so they behave quite differently from Western parents.5. The Chinese mother will gasp in horror and ask what went wrong. — An A–will immediately make the Chinese mother feel astonished and ask what went wrong with the kid.in horror: in intense fear 惊恐地e.g. The crowd watched in horror as the fire spread.People watched in horror as the small plane crashed (坠毁) to the ground.6. scream vi. give a loud, high cry because you are hurt, frightened, excited, etc. 尖叫e.g. She jumped to her feet, screaming with excitement.The children were screaming with laughter.7. The angered Chinese mother would then get dozens of practice tests and work through them with her child for as long as it takes to get the grade up to an A. —The angry Chinese mother would get piles of practice tests and work together with their child on the tests until their child can improve their grade from B to A.anger vt. make sb. angry 激怒e.g. What angered me most was his total lack of remorse (懊悔).Environmental groups were disappointed and angered by the president’s decision. dozens of: a large number of 许多e.g. She’s had dozens of boyfriends.We collected dozens of shells on the beach.8. demand vt. ask for sth. very firmly 要求e.g. Angry demonstrators demanded the resignation (辞职) of two senior officials.They demanded that the military government free all political prisoners.9. solution n. a way of solving problems or dealing with a difficult situation 解决方案e.g. There are no simple solutions to the problem of overpopulation.Both sides are trying to find a peaceful solution.10. shame vt. make sb. feel ashamed 使羞愧e.g. It shames me to say it, but I lied.He felt shamed and humiliated (侮辱) by the treatment he had received.11. owe vt. feel that you should do sth. for sb. or give sb. sth., because they have done sth. for you or given sth. to you 亏欠e.g. He asked for help from a colleague who owed him a favor.I owe a debt of gratitude to all my family.12. Th e reason for this is a little unclear, but it’s probably a combination of Confucian filial piety and the fact that the parents have sacrificed and done so much for their children. — The reason why Chinese parents think that their children owe them everything is not completely clear, but it’s probably due to two reasons: one is that traditional Chinese people believe in Confucius’ teaching of showing respect for one’s parents; the other is that Chinese parents have given up so much of their life for their children.combination n. two or more things joined or mixed together to form a single unit 混合，组合e.g. A combination of factors may be responsible for the increase in cancer.Certain combinations of sounds are not possible in English.sacrifce vt. give up sth. that is important or valuable to you in order to get or do sth. That seems more important for yourself or for another person 舍弃，牺牲e.g. The Labor government chose to sacrifice defense (国防) for welfare (福利).He sacrificed a promising career to look after his kids.13. repay vt. give sth. to sb. or do sth. for them in return for sth. that they have done for you 报答e.g. How can we repay him for everything he’s done?I’d like to buy them something to repay all their kindness.14. provide for: support 供养e.g. Without work, how can I provide for my children?People are struggling with the rising costs of providing for a family.15. This strikes me as an unfair deal for the Western parents. — Chinese parents think that their kids owe them everything and their kids are supposed to do something in return; Western parents think that their kids do not have to do anything in return for their parents’ raising them up. For me, this sounds like a very unfair deal between the Western parents and their kids.strike ... as: give sb. a particular impression 给……某种印象e.g. His jokes didn’t strike Jack as being very funny.It struck me as odd that the man didn’t introduce himself before he spoke.16. ... therefore override all of their children’s own desires and preferences. — ... so they force their own will on their children without considering what their children really want or prefer.preference n. a feeling of liking or wanting one person or thing more than another 喜好e.g. Do you have a color preference?Parents may be able to express a preference as to the school their child will attend.17. incredibly ad. extremely 极端地，极其e.g. It was incredibly hard work.I felt incredibly ashamed of myself for getting so angry.18. nonstop ad. without any stops or pauses 不停地，不间断地e.g. She talked nonstop for over an hour.It was raining nonstop, wetting the old couple, though they were under anumbrella.19. fall apart: go or break into pieces 散架，散开e.g. Tommy’s old bicycle was rusty (生锈的) and falling apart.The book fell apart in my hands.20. ... Lulu announced that she was giving up and stomped off. — ... Lulu said loudly that she was not playing that piano piece anymore and walked away angrily. announce vt. tell people sth. officially, especially about a decision, plans, etc. 宣布e.g. A government spokesman announced that the hostages (人质) had been released.The government has announced plans to create 10,000 new jobs.21. grab vt. take hold of sb. or sth. with a sudden or violent movement 抓起e.g. I grabbed my bag and ran off.Two men grabbed her and pushed her to the ground.22. tear ... up: tear sth. into small pieces 撕毁，撕碎e.g. She tore up his letter and threw it away.I suggest that you tear up the composition and start over again.23. make a deal: reach an agreement 做交易e.g. They made a deal to sell the land to a property developer (房地产开发商).In spite of that, both Barcelona and Inter Milan had prepared to make a deal with Ronaldo.24. When she still kept playing the music wrong, I told her she was purposely working herself into a frenzy because she was secretly afraid she couldn’t do it. —When she kept playing the piece wrong, I told her that she was getting herself angry and upset on purpose because she was in fact afraid that she couldn’t do it.work oneself into a frenzy: make oneself crazy 让(自己)狂怒或抓狂e.g. Late last year many economists and newspapers worked themselves into a frenzy about global deflation (通货紧缩).He worked himself into a frenzy to forget about his loss of love.25. cowardly a. lacking courage 懦弱的e.g. He thought it would be cowardly to draw back.I was too cowardly to complain.26. insult vt. offend sb. by saying or doing sth. they think is rude 辱骂，侮辱e.g. Nobody insults my family and gets away with it!I hope Andy won’t feel insulted if I don’t come.27. I felt I was just motivating her but he thought threatening Lulu was unhelpful. — I felt I was just trying to make her work hard but my husband thought it was not helpful for me to keep pushing our daughter.threaten vt. say that you will cause sb. harm or trouble if they do not do what you want 威胁e.g. Postal workers are threatening a strike if they don’t receive a pay increase.Doctors are sometimes threatened with violence if they don’t do what patients want.28. negative a. harmful, unpleasant, or not wanted 负面的，消极的e.g. My drinking was starting to have a negative effect on my work.The whole experience was definitely more positive than negative.29. out of the blue: suddenly 突然地，意外地e.g. His resignation (辞职) came right out of the blue.One of them wrote to us out of the blue several years later.30. ... her right and left hands each doing their own thing ... — her right and left hands were out of sync, each keeping to their own rhythms31. hold one’s breath: keep one’s breath 屏住呼吸e.g. I held my breath and sank under the water.Hold your breath and count to ten.32. individuality n. the qualities that make sb./sth. different from other people or things 个性，独特性e.g. She expresses her individuality through her clothes.The plot is credible (可信的) but the characters lack individuality.33. pursue vt. continue doing an activity or trying to achieve sth. over a long period of time 追求e.g. She plans to pursue a career in politics.Students should pursue their own interests, as well as do their school work.34. passion n. a strong feeling of enthusiasm or excitement for sth. 激情，热情e.g. He spoke with considerable passion about the importance of art and literature.He’s a man of violent passions.35. positive a. good or useful 肯定的，积极的e.g. Write down all the positive things about your life.The rural environment was having a positive effect on the children’s health.36. by contrast: in comparison 相比之下e.g. The birth rate for older women has declined, but, by contrast, births to teenage mothers have increased.The private sector (部门), by contrast, has plenty of money to spend.37. be capable of: be able to 有……能力e.g. The kitchen is capable of catering (供应食物) for several hundred people.The company isn’t capable of handling an order that large.Text B1. demanding a. needing a lot of ability, effort, or skill 要求高的e.g. It is a demanding role and she needs to work hard at it.The work is physically demanding.2. flexible a. able to change easily and adapt to different conditions and circumstances as they occur 可变通的，灵活的e.g. We need a foreign policy that is more flexible.Our plans need to be flexible enough to cater to the needs of everyone.3. claim vt. state that sth. is true, even though it has not been proved 声称，断言e.g. Critics claim that the trucks are unsafe.Scientists are claiming a major breakthrough in the fght against cancer.4. perform vt. do sth. to entertain people, for example by acting a play or playing a piece of music 演奏，表演e.g. The play was first performed in 1987.He has pursued relentlessly high standards in performing classic music.5. competent a. having enough skill or knowledge to do sth. to a satisfactory standard 能胜任的，有能力的e.g. I wouldn’t say he was brilliant but he was competent at his job.He has a competent secretary.6. primary a. most important 主要的e.g. The primary responsibility lies with those who break the law.A distinction should be made between the primary and secondary tasks.7. ... I too have always worked, sometimes juggling demanding deadlines and a busy family schedule. — ... since I have always worked as well, sometimes I myself have to find a way to balance urgent work demands and busy family matters.juggle vt. try to ft two or more jobs, activities, etc. into your life, especially with difficulty 试图应付e.g. Many parents find it hard to juggle children and a career.The management team meets several times a week to juggle budgets and resources.8. switch vt. replace one thing with another, or exchange things 交换，对调e.g. The dates of the last two exams have been switched.Do you think she’ll notice if I switch my glass with hers?9. due a. expected to happen or arrive at a particular time 到期的e.g. My half-year’s interest is due now.These are library books, due May 4th.10. genuine a. real and sincere 真实的e.g. If something is genuine, it is real and exactly what it appears to be.If the painting is a genuine Michelangelo (米开朗基罗), it will sell for millions.11. thrive vi. become very successful 兴旺e.g. His business thrived in the years before the war.The region is thriving.12. ... while in modern America there is a sense that our nation is becoming flat and that people are not trying to better themselves. —... today in America, people feel that social class is not that important any more and there is no need to strive for self-improvement.13. overprotective a. so anxious to protect sb. from harm that you restrict their freedom 过分保护的e.g. The children of overprotective parents are sometimes rather neurotic (神经质的).Dad can be a little overprotective.14. interact vi. communicate with sb., especially while you work, play or spend time with them交流，交往e.g. It’s interesting at parties to see how people interact socially.Tom’s teacher says that he interacts well with the other children.15. function vi. work in the way it is supposed to 运转，工作e.g. You will soon learn how the office functions.Her brain is functioning normally.16. They are far more important than being able to play the piano. — Comparedwith being able to play the piano, making friends and interacting with them is much more important.17. And so will society. —The whole society will grow highly functioning, independent, and self-confident as well.。
大学跨文化英语 综合教程I Unit 2 Rethinking Independence语言点
Text A1. achievement n. a thing that sb. has done successfully, especially using their own effort and skill 成绩, 成就e.g. We celebrated the achievements of our students.As we climbed the final few steps, we felt a sense of achievement.2. tower vi. be much higher or taller than the people or things that are near (比周围的人或物体)高出许多e.g. He towered over his mother.The cliffs towered above the church.3. giant a. extremely big 巨大的e.g. There are many giant electronics companies in China.This is a giant step towards achieving independence.4. distract sb. from doing sth.: take sb.’s attention away from what they are trying to do 分散(某人的)注意力e.g. You’re distracting me from doing my work.Studying in groups may distract you from concentrating on your weaknesses.5. apparently ad. as far as one knows or can see 显然地e.g. Apparently the company is losing a lot of money.He paused, apparently lost in thought.6. As a reader, you must be wondering how I could go from being the anxious mother hiding from my daughter to the woman loading my son onto a flight bound for Mexico City —with a change of terminals in Toronto, no less.— As a reader, you must be curious about how I have changed. I used to be a mother so worried about my daughter that I kept an eye on her without being noticed. Now I am going to have my son fly alone to Mexico City. What’s more, he has to go to a different terminal for connection in Toronto.anxious a. feeling worried or nervous 焦虑的，担忧的e.g. He was a bit anxious about the machine’s reliability.My mother always gets a bit anxious if we don’t arrive when we say we will.load vt. put sb. or sth. into a vehicle or container 装载e.g. Emma loaded all the groceries into the car.It took an hour to load the van.(be) bound for:flying to 飞往……e.g. There is one plane bound for Dublin daily.The ship was bound for Italy.no less: used to show surprise or admiration 竟，居然e.g. Our awards were presented by the mayor, no less.He gave me £50, no less.7. accustomed a. becoming used to 习惯于e.g. We were accustomed to working together.She was a person accustomed to having eight hours’ sleep each night.8. host vt. provide the place and other things necessary for a special event 招待，主办e.g. Tonight she will host a ball for 300 guests.Which country is going to host the next World Cup?9. departure n. the act or an instance of leaving 出发e.g. I saw Simon shortly before his departure for Russia.The departure of our plane was delayed.10. confess vt. admit sth. that you feel embarrassed about 坦白，承认e.g. The boy confessed that he had stolen the money.Marsha confessed that she didn’t really know how to use a computer.11. drown vi. die from being under water for too long 溺水e.g. Many people drowned when the boat capsized (翻船).Jane drowned in the river.12. regular a. normal or usual 普通的e.g. He has returned to performing his regular duties.Our regular opening hours are 10 a.m. to 7 p.m.13. let sb. down: disappoint sb. 让某人失望e.g. She had been let down badly in the past.The worst feeling is letting our fans down.14. stop dead in one’s tracks: stop suddenly and completely because of fear, a noise, etc. (因受惊等)立即停住脚步或停止活动e.g. I stopped dead in my tracks when I heard the scream.The horse stopped dead in its tracks when it heard the hunter step on a fallen branch.15. handle vt. deal with (a situation or problem) 处理e.g. The headmaster handled the situation very well.Most customers were satisfied with the way their complaints were handled.16. unfair a. not right or fair 不公平的e.g. Many employers have recognized age discrimination as unfair.It seems unfair to make him pay for everything.17. flat out: directly 坦率地，断然地e.g. She asked him flat out if he was seeing another woman.It’s a 30-year mortgage we flat out can’t handle.18. assume vt. think that sth. is true without definite proof 假设，认为e.g. I think we can safely assume that interest rates will go up again soon.It is reasonable to assume that the economy will continue to improve.19. option n. sth. that you can choose to have or do; the freedom to choose what you do 选择e.g. There are various options open to you.She had the option of staying for an extra year.20. check out: fnd out information about sb. or sth. to make sure that everything is correct orsatisfactory 查实，核实e.g. If you are interested in this topic, you ought to go down to the library to check it out.He checked out the door before going to bed.21. cancel vt.decide that sth. that has been arranged will not take place 取消e.g. I’m afraid we’ll have to cancel our meeting tomorrow.All flights were cancelled due to bad w eather.22. assure vt. tell sb. that sth. is definitely true or is definitely going to happen 向……保证e.g. We were assured that everything possible was being done.Her doctor assured us that she would be fine.23. stick to: not give up 坚持e.g. Have you been sticking to your diet?Miguel was determined to stick to his decision.24. original a. existing or happening first, before other people or things 最初的e.g. The land was returned to its original owner.I think you should go back to your original plan.25. admit vt. agree unwillingly that sth. is true or that sb. else is right 承认e.g. You may not like her, but you have to admit that she’s good at her job.He admitted all his mistakes.26. constructive a. useful and helpful, or likely to produce good results 建设性的e.g. The government is encouraging all parties to play a constructive role in the reformprocess.We welcome any constructive criticism.27. consultation n. the act of consulting 讨论，商议e.g. They reached a decision after consultation with parents and teachers.The plans were drawn up in a consultation with engineers.28. temper vt. make sth. less severe or extreme 缓和，降低e.g. The heat in this coastal town is tempered by cool sea breezes.He had to learn to temper his enthusiasm (热情).29. complain vi. express dissatisfaction or annoyance about a state of affair or an event 抱怨，发牢骚e.g. Residents have complained about increased traffic in the area.She often complains about not feeling appreciated at work.Text B1. cautiously ad. very carefully 谨慎地e.g. He cautiously picked up the nails.She drives very cautiously.2. approach vt. move towards or nearer to sb. or sth. 靠近e.g. The train approached the main line.He was approaching retirement.3. decisively ad. in a way of making decisions quickly and with confidence 果断地e.g. If we had acted earlier and more decisively, things would have been much better.The plan was decisively rejected by Congress three weeks ago.4. state vt. formally say one’s opinion 声明e.g. Clearly state your address and telephone number.The report stated that he was arrested for assaulting (殴打) his wife.5. fuss n. unnecessary excitement, worry or activity 大惊小怪e.g. Stop all this fuss and do your homework!Don’t make a fuss over nothing.6. retire vi. stop working, usually because you have reached a certain age 退休e.g. He is due to retire as chief executive (总裁) next year.Most female models have to retire around the age of 25.7. former a. having a particular position in the past 前任的e.g. Our former President is still very active.There is goodwill between the former enemies.8. enrich vt. improve the quality of sth., especially by adding things to it 使丰富e.g. It is important to enrich the soil prior to planting.An extended family enriches life in many ways.9. … states that allowing ourse lves to be nurtured confers value on the caretaker by giving that person an opportunity to display the valued skill of nurturing. — ... says that our acceptance of others’ help makes them feel valued, for it provides a chance for them to show that they are capable of taking care of others.10. sympathetic a. caring and feeling sorry about sb.’s problems 有同情心的e.g. She was very sympathetic to the problems of adult students.He spoke in a sympathetic tone.11. … there is a saying that men become men through o ther men. —... a saying goes that by helping others a man becomes a real man.12. survive vi. continue to live normally in spite of many problems 活下来e.g. These plants cannot survive in very cold conditions.I can’t survive on £40 a week.13. conquer vi. gain control over sth., using a lot of effort 征服e.g. They vowed to fight and to conquer.Despite their differences, their love will conquer.14. Y ou hold my destiny in your hand. — Whether the negotiation will be successful or not isentirely up to you.15. acknowledge vt. admit or accept that sth. is true or that a situation exists 承认e.g. You must acknowledge that she had been at fault.。
大学跨文化英语综合教程1
大学跨文化英语综合教程1U1•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、It symbolizes the light of knowledge.2、Open for discussion. For example, you may draw a picture of students doing sports on the playground or studying in a library.Language practice > Task 11-5: FCLAB6-10: GOJID11-15: ENKHMLanguage practice > Task 21、B2、C3、A4、C5、D6、C7、B8、B9、D10、ALanguage practice > Task 31、on2、to3、on4、up5、withLanguage practice > Task 41、enjoyable2、attractive3、creative4、emerging5、remarkable6、competitive7、countless8、respectfulLanguage practice > Task 51、I realized that the parcel had been sent to a wrong address by the postman.2、He is being instructed by the examiner to drive out of town.3、A huge reserve for giant pandas has been built by China.4、Children should be taught some basic knowledge of the world by theirparents.5、Many visual details must be designed by the director in order to impress the audience.•Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight1）Interacting2）expanding3）global4）profession5）backgrounds6）promotes7）perspectives8）self-awareness9）sharpens10）contrastViewing1、In a university or college, a tutorial is a regular meeting betweena tutor and one or several students, for discussion of a subject that is being studied, while a lecture is a talk given by a professor in order to teach students about a particular subject.2、The size of a tutorial is a lot smaller than that of a lecture.3、Different from a tutorial, there is not much chance for interactionin a lecture. •Reading & Reflecting Additional exercises Task 11）H2）J3）N4）K5）D6）A7）F8）M9）E10）ITask 2A. Para. 5B. Para. 4C. Para. 10D. Para. 3E. Para. 8F. Para. 10G. Para. 2H. Para. 6I. Para. 7J.Para. 5U2•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、Amy’s father encourages her by citing Amy’s mother as an example. He says that Amy also has the strength that has enabled her mother to follow her dream.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 11-5: INOJE6-10: MLHAD11-15: FCBGKLanguage practice > Task 21、A2、B3、C4、A5、B6、B7、B8、A9、D10、CLanguage practice > Task 31、down2、from3、to4、for5、inLanguage practice > Task 41、development2、internationalization3、Per severance4、bitterness5、educator6、failure7、acceptance8、pressureLanguage practice > Task 51、can2、May3、can/maymust4、Mustneedn’t5、may6、need•Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight1）third culture kid2）lived abroad3）intelligent4）skilled5）tolerance6）understanding7）flexible8）challenges9）different10）delayedViewing1、The mother let her son ride the subway by himself.2、She intended to encourage the development of independence in her son.3、He enjoyed the idea.4、She started a business to help nervous parents.•Reading & Reflecting Additional exercises Task 11）M2）L3）B4）K5）G6）F7）H8）A9）D10）CTask 2A. Para.2B. Para. 5C. Para. 6D. Para. 1E. Para. 6F. Para. 5G. Para. 2H. Para. 3I. Para. 4K.Para. 3U3•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、He thought of a poor and old farmer holding a chicken and standing on an isolated piece of land, because he believes China is an underdeveloped place.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 11-5: NFDJA6-10: MEBOC11-15: KGIHLLanguage practice > Task 21、B2、G3、D4、C5、E6、A7、H8、F9、I10、JLanguage practice > Task 31、for2、to3、to4、by5、ofLanguage practice > Task 41、preview2、forecast3、Mid-Autumn4、refreshed5、postgraduate6、postindustrial7、foretold8、prehistoryLanguage practice > Task 51、Early in the day came the news that Germany had started a war on Russia.2、He finally learned the fact that the students who will be most successful are those who have read extensively.3、Several years later, word came that Napoleon himself was coming toinspect them．4、The event that Netherlands has declared same-sex marriages legal grabbed the headlines worldwide.5、I’m flying high today after hearing the news that J. K. Rowling, the author of Harry Potter, will speak at Harvard University this June. •Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight1、stereotype2、advantage3、disadvantage4、true5、simplify6、characteristics7、prejudice8、impression9、overweight10、NegativeViewing1、Because both Mika’s mother and her elder brother said something unpleasant to belittle her in front of the guests on her wedding day.2、She told Tony that they didn’t really mean it though they were saying in that way since everybody knew her kids were great.•Reading & Reflecting Additional exercises > Task 11）B2）H3）F4）J5）D6）N7）A8）I9）O10）LTask 2A. Para. 3B. Para. 5C. Para. 3D. Para. 1E. Para. 6F. Para. 2G. Para. 4H. Para. 7I. Para. 6J.Para. 3U4•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、I think Amy and her father are great because without their help, the geese may not be able to migrate successfully in winter.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 11-5: CKGLM6-10:BAJDO11-15: EHFNILanguage practice > Task 21、D2、F3、A4、G5、I6、H7、B8、J9、E10、CLanguage practice > Task 31、into2、into3、on4、away5、offLanguage practice > Task 41、Internet2、export3、upload4、subway5、transplant6、interview7、undersea8、transcontinental Language practice > Task 51、had gone2、had given3、had longed4、had been5、had been dug•Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight 1）unacceptable2）demanded3）consumption4）overcrowded5）overgrown6）behave7）chain8）slower9）natural10）quality•Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercisesTask 11）B2）I3）E4）H5）G6）C7）A8）O9）J10）NTask 2A. Para. 2B. Para. 6C. Para. 4D. Para. 5E. Para. 2F. Para. 1G. Para. 3H. Para. 6I. Para. 5K.Para. 6U5•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、Open for discussion.2、As is shown in the clip, the man buys coffee for a woman (a stranger), and the woman does the same thing for another. If this kind of giving goes on and on, it will help create a better world.Language practice > Task 11-5: GEFJN6-10: KLDAI11-15: HBMOCLanguage practice > Task 21、A2、B3、B4、D5、C6、C7、D8、A9、B10、BLanguage practice > Task 31、with2、in3、on4、on5、inLanguage practice > Task 4 1、overcrowded2、superpowers3、outnumber4、extracurricular5、hyperlink6、byproducts7、extrasolar8、overloadLanguage practice > Task 51、must have got up2、can/may be driving3、must be speaking4、may have happened5、must have entered6、may be picking up/doing •Cultural ExplorationAppreciate a Song1）love2）tomorrow3）sorrow4）care5）space6）place8）lie9）giving10）blissGaining an intercultural insight1）being2）presence3）care4）affection5）liking6）comfortably7）concert8）express9）appliance10）conveyViewing1、The video is about the athletes who participate in the Paralympics Games. They are portrayed as “superhumans” because they overcome their physical disabilities and excel as sports stars.2、Open for discussion.•Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercises1）J2）I3）D4）H5）E6）G7）C8）F9）B10）ATask 2A. Para. 8B. Para. 13C. Para. 6D. Para. 2E. Para. 10F. Para. 15G. Para. 12H. Para. 9I. Para. 14 J.Para. 11U6•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、People feel strange, bewildered or awkward.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 11-5: OAJHB6-10: CDIFG11-15: KLMENLanguage practice > Task 21、A2、D3、B4、B5、C6、A7、C8、B9、D10、ALanguage practice > Task 31、on2、with3、At4、across5、onLanguage practice > Task 41、heroism2、manhood3、racism4、leaflet5、poetess6、leadership7、membership8、neighborhoodLanguage practice > Task 51、Be large or small,2、Be it early or late,3、Be it a plant or fish or a tiny insect,4、be it selling goods or shipping them,5、be it selling goods or shipping them,6、be it selling goods or shipping them, •Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight1）concepts2）ancient3）outer4）interaction5）cause6）exist7）passive8）active9）sense10）temperatureViewing·Rich’s improper behaviors are as follows:1）He had the second glass of beer for himself when toasting.2) He finished all the beer in his glass when others just had half an inch for taste.3) He had too much shrimp when the dish was served.4) He bragged he was a fast learner of chopsticks.5) He directly pointed out something not so good about Lindo’s cooking and added soy sauce to the dish.·Some etiquette suggestions for Rich are:1) It is impolite to take a second glass of beer when toasting and especially when others have only had a little.2) It is impolite to have a big share of the best dish without giving others a chance to taste.3) Humility is considered a virtue in the Chinese culture, so do not brag.4) Paying compliments to the host’s dishes is always welcome.5) Never point out your host’s flaws or mistakes directly. •Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercises >Task 11）G2）L3）K4）I5）D6）E7）M8）H9）F10）OTask 2A. Para. 5B. Para. 3C. Para. 1D. Para. 7E. Para. 6F. Para. 2G. Para. 4H. Para. 4I. Para. 5K.Para. 1U7•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、Chinese parents prefer their children to be obedient. They often havea strong sense of honor and expect their children to excel in whatever they do.2、Open for discussion.Language practice > Task 11-5: JNHAM6-10: COKDF11-15: ELGBILanguage practice > Task 21、C2、A3、E4、H5、I6、B7、D8、J9、F10、GLanguage practice > Task 31、for2、of3、in4、as5、byLanguage practice > Task 41、sharpen2、idealize3、memorize4、simplify5、motivate6、beautify7、strengthen8、modernizeLanguage practice > Task 51、that he had finished all the work before I arrived.2、when and where he had met with the victim the last time.3、if it was the quickest way to plant huge quantities of seeds.4、that I had been there for two decades.5、that I had not reported the problems in time to save trouble. •Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight1）talents2）advanced3）driven4）competitive5）primary6）repay7）describe8）cousin9）regularly10）pleasantViewing 11、F2、T3、F5、TViewing 2a、Bb、Ac、Ad、Be、Af、Ag、Ch、Ci、C•Reading & Reflecting Additional exercises Task 11）N2）C3）E4）K5）H6）J7）I9）F10）LTask 2A. Para. 7B. Para. 8C. Para. 9D. Para. 14E. Para. 11F. Para. 13G. Para. 6H. Para. 1I. Para. 3J.Para. 5U8•Reading & DigestingWarm-up1、Before their trip to America, the Sudanese boys thought the U.S. was an alien world where people bathed in different ways, used electricity, lived in apartments, and where men took only one wife.2、People were not friendly. They often walked alone. People did not talk to each other, especially to strangers.Language practice > Task 1 1-5: NDKFC6-10: EGJBH11-15: MLOIALanguage practice > Task 21、C2、E3、G4、A5、F6、I7、J8、B9、D10、HLanguage practice > Task 31、to2、from3、from4、on5、byLanguage practice > Task 41、discouraged2、unnecessary3、discharging4、irresponsible5、unintentionally6、dishonorable7、nonprofit8、inabilityLanguage practice > Task 51、He has made many attempts to meet the challenge, which would help seize an opportunity for overseas market.2、My family could not afford any toys in my childhood, which upset my twin brother and me a lot.3、My dog, whose temper is unstable, often bites the judges at dog shows.4、Wolves are highly social animals, whose success depends on cooperation.5、His grandfather, from whom young people can always learn a lot, isa man of great knowledge.6、Do you know the man to whom I nodded just a moment ago?•Cultural ExplorationGaining an intercultural insight1）valuable2）given3）normal4）keep in mind5）role6）patients7）view of time8）appointment9）Neither10）equippedViewing1、His eyes are green, because green symbolizes jealousy in English-speaking cultures. In the movie, Scar is jealous of Simba’s right to the throne.2、Other examples about color choice from The Lion Kinga.the colors (yellow and orange) of Mufasa and Simba symbolize justice;b.the color (black) of Scar’s mane stands for evil and disaster;c.the colors (black and gray) of the hyenas and the place (the cave) they lived in before Scar took the throne suggests evil;d.the color (brown) of Timon and Pumbaa stands for kindness and friendliness;e.the color (blue) of Rafiki (the monkey) stands for truth and nobility. •Reading & ReflectingAdditional exercisesTask 11）C2）F3）D4）N5）J6）I7）E8）L9）M10）HTask 2A. Para. 19B. Para. 1C. Para. 2D. Para. 13E. Para. 1F. Para. 21G. Para. 21H. Para. 1I. Para. 19 J. Para. 20。
大学跨文化英语教材答案
大学跨文化英语教材答案Unit 1: Introduction to Cross-Cultural CommunicationSection A: Understanding Culture1. What is culture?Culture refers to the shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a group or society. It includes both material and non-material aspects.2. How does culture influence communication?Culture influences communication by shaping the way we perceive, interpret, and express verbal and nonverbal messages. It also affects our attitudes towards time, space, relationships, and social norms.Section B: Cultural Dimensions1. Hofstede's Cultural DimensionsHofstede identified five cultural dimensions that can help us understand cultural differences:- Power Distance: The extent to which a society accepts unequal distribution of power.- Individualism vs. Collectivism: The focus on individual goals vs. group harmony and interdependence.- Masculinity vs. Femininity: The emphasis on assertiveness, competition, and material success vs. cooperation and quality of life.- Uncertainty Avoidance: The extent to which a society tolerates ambiguity, uncertainty, and risk.- Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation: The focus on future rewards and persistence vs. tradition and immediate gratification.2. Trompenaars' Cultural DimensionsTrompenaars proposed seven cultural dimensions that complement Hofstede's model:- Universalism vs. Particularism: The emphasis on rules and standards vs. flexibility and relationships.- Individualism vs. Communitarianism: The importance of personal interests vs. collective welfare.- Neutral vs. Emotional: The display of emotions in social interactions.- Specific vs. Diffuse: The separation of personal and professional life vs. overlapping roles.- Achievement vs. Ascription: The emphasis on individual achievements vs. social status.- Sequential vs. Synchronic: The perception of time as linear and structured vs. flexible and fluid.- Internal vs. External Control: The belief in personal control over events vs. fate and destiny.Unit 2: Verbal Communication across CulturesSection A: Language and Meaning1. Language and CultureLanguage reflects cultural values, beliefs, and worldview. It includes not only words but also grammar, sentence structure, and idiomatic expressions. To communicate effectively across cultures, it is important to remember that words may have different meanings or interpretations.2. High-context vs. Low-context CulturesIn high-context cultures, such as China and Japan, meaning is often embedded in the context and nonverbal cues. In contrast, low-context cultures, like the United States and Germany, rely more on explicit verbal communication.Section B: Pragmatics and Speech Acts1. Speech ActsSpeech acts refer to utterances that perform actions, such as making requests, giving compliments, or offering apologies. However, the appropriateness and interpretation of speech acts vary across cultures due to differences in politeness norms, directness, and indirectness.2. Politeness StrategiesPoliteness strategies aim to maintain social harmony and avoid face-threatening acts. They can be categorized into positive politeness, which emphasizes friendliness and solidarity, and negative politeness, which focuses on respect and deference.Unit 3: Nonverbal Communication and CultureSection A: Nonverbal Codes1. Body LanguageBody language includes gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, and posture. These nonverbal cues can convey different meanings and emotions across cultures. For example, a thumbs-up gesture may be positive in the United States, but offensive in some Middle Eastern countries.2. ProxemicsProxemics refers to the use of space in communication. Different cultures have different preferences for personal space, which can range from intimate distance to public distance. Violating these norms can lead to discomfort or misinterpretation.Section B: Nonverbal Communication Styles1. Display RulesDisplay rules refer to cultural norms that dictate the appropriateness and intensity of displaying emotions. Some cultures encourage emotional expressiveness, while others value emotional restraint or suppression.2. ChronemicsChronemics is the study of how time is perceived and used in different cultures. It includes attitudes towards punctuality, the pace of speech, and the organization of daily activities. Understanding these differences is crucial for effective cross-cultural communication.Note: The above content is a sample outline for a 1000-word article on the answers to cross-cultural English textbook questions. It is important to further develop and expand each section to meet the desired word count.。
大学英语跨文化沟通简答题及答案
三．简答题1. What are the characteristics of culture?Learned, adaptive, pervasive, integrated, dynamic.2. What is the nature of culture?1. Culture is like an iceberg.2. Culture is our software.3. Culture is like the water a fish swims in.4. Culture is the grammar of our behavior.3. What are the characteristics of communication?Communication is dynamic, systematic, symbolic, irreversible, transactional, self-reflective and contextual.4. What are the components of communication?Message, sender, receiver, channel, noise and feedback5. What are the barriers to effective intercultural communication?(1) Assumptions of similarities(2) Language differences(3) Nonverbal misinterpretations(4) Preconceptions and stereotypes(5) Tendency to evaluate(6) High anxiety or tension6. What are the categories of nonverbal communication?2. olfactics3. haptics4. kinesics5. chromatics6. attire7. What are the four modes of acculturation?Assimilation: is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture, losing their culture in the process.Integration:is a process of desiring a high level of interaction withthe host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture.Separation and segregation: Separation is when individuals prefer lowlevels of interaction with the host culture and associated micro-cultural groups while desiring a close connection with, and reaffirmation of, their native culture. If such separation is initiated and enforced by thedominant society, this is called segregationMarginalization:Marginalization occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture.8. What are the four stages of the U-curve pattern intercultural adaptation?/Crisis How is sex different from gender?Sex: biological, permanent, individual property.Gender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, social and relational qualityThe differences between sex and gender are sex refers to biological differencesgender describes the characteristics that a society or culture delineates/describesas masculine or feminine10. How t o distinguish high context culture from low context culture?(了解)11. What are the forms of culture shock?1. Language shock shock shock Fatigue5. Education Shock Stress Distance12. What are the components of cultural patterns?Beliefs, values, norms and social practices13. What are the differences between Chinese and English compliments?80% o f English compliments are of adjectives type. 16% m ake use of verbs. In Chinese, positive words expressing compliments are mainly adjectives, adverbs and verbs.Native English speakers tend to accept the compliments, at least in form, whereas the Chinese tend to efface themselves in words, although they do feel comfortable about the compliments.14. What are the differences between direct and indirect verbalcommunication styles?In the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal the speaker’s intentions.. . Americans tend to use a straightforward form of request.In the indirect verbal style, on the other hand, verbal statements tendto hide the speaker’s actual intentions.. Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more roundabout and implicitway.15. What does the power distance measure according to Hofstede?（选择题20）。
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Chapter 1 CultureI.定义Culture(from intellectual perspective):从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现Culture(from anthropologic perspective)：从人类学角度定义文化：文化有清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号有人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。
文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。
Culture(from psychological perspective) : 从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。
Culture(from sociological perspective): 从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的，基于群体的认知模式——包括言语与非言语符号，态度，价值观，信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。
Culture(from intercultural communication perspective): 从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识，经验，信仰，价值观，行为，态度，阶级，宗教，时间观，角色，空间观和艺术品的集合。
Culture Identity: 文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
Subculture亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位，社会阶层，民族，种族或地理区域。
Co-culture 共文化——指具有独特的交际特征，感知特点，价值观，信仰和行为，区别于其他群体，社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。
Subgroup 亚群体——相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体时代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。
Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication1. Sender/Source信息发出者/信息源：指传递信息的人2. Message信息：只引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
3. Encoding: 编码：之信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。
4. Channel/Medium渠道/媒介：只发送信息的方法5. Receiver:信息接受者：指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人6. Decoding: 解码：指信息接受者赋予其受到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。
7. Feedback: 反馈“指信息接受者对信息源信息所作出的反应。
8. Noise: 干扰：指妨碍信息交流的各种因素。
包括外界干扰，生理干扰，心理干扰和语义干扰。
9. Context: 语境，指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境，社会语境和人际语境。
10. Intercultural communication: 跨文化交际，指的是那些在卫华人之和符号系统上存在差异的人们之间的交际。
这些差异足以改变整个交际事件。
11. International communication: 国际交流，指发生在国家和政府之间而非发生在个人之间的交际，此种交际非常正式和仪式化。
12. Interracial communication: 跨种族交际，指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者来自不同的种族的交际。
13. Interethnic communication: 跨民族交际：来自一个国家或文化内部的不同民族群体的人们之间的交际。
14. Intercultural communication:文化内交际指统一文化内部的成员之间的交际。
Chapter 3 Culture’s Influence on Perception1. Sensation:感觉，是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。
2. Perception知觉：是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物，事件，任何人的行为的过程。
它是解释感觉信息更为高价的认知过程。
3. Selection:选择，是从周围的选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程。
4. Organization组织：是把从周围选择的刺激信息，以一种有意义的方式整理，组合的过程。
5. Interpretation:释义，是赋予感觉信息意义的过程，类似于解码过程。
Chapter 4 Intercultural Communication Barriers1. Anxiety: 焦虑，当人们不知道如何迎合他人对自己的期待，过多的关注自己情绪以至不能全心投入到交际事物中去时，就会产生焦虑。
2. Uncertainty: 不确定，是指人们无法从认知的角度去解释交际活动中自己或他人的感觉及行为，这种认知角度解释能力的欠缺是某种引起焦虑的含糊情镜导致的。
3. Assuming similarity instead of difference: 假定一致性，是指认为来自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的处境与自己处境的相似，儿事实上却并非如此。
4. Ethnocentrism: 民族优越感，只从本国文化得标准出发，消极地审视另一文化。
5. Stereotypes: 文化定势，指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。
6. Prejudice: 偏见，指对于某一特定群体，种族，宗教，或性取向的无端地憎恶和怀疑。
7. Racism: 种族主义，指基于种族把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任意政策，做法，信仰或态度。
Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural CommunicationVerbal intercultural communication:来自不同文化北京的人用言语进行的交际即言语跨文化交际。
Dialect: 方言指某一群体特有的语言，与整个群体的言语不同。
Sociolect: 社会方言指由于社会阶级或言语分割不同而产生的方言。
Pidgin: 洋泾浜；是一种特殊的语言变体，指为贸易等目的将两种或几种语言混合使用。
Creole: 当有人以洋泾浜为母语，并成为某一地区永久的语言时，它就成为克里奥尔语或混合语。
Lingua franca: 通用语指作为国际间交流手段的一种特殊语言。
Taboo: 禁忌语指被禁止或避免的具有毛反省的不礼貌行为。
Euphemism: 委婉语是替代具有毛反省的不礼貌的禁忌语词语。
Jargon: 行话是指演变而来的专门的或科技词汇，用以满足特殊职业的特殊需要，例如医药或法律。
Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationNonverbal communication: 非言语交际：不运用言语语言传递信息。
Proxemics : 时空行为是指对空间关系的研究。
Chronemics: 时间行为是对于人们如何理解和利用时间的研究。
Paralanguage: 为增强其含义，伴随言语语言产生的可听到的声音符号系统。
Olfactics: 气味行为：研究气味对于交流的影响的学科Oculesics: 目光语：对于有眼睛所传达的信息的研究。
不同的文化对于交际时眼神的接触有不同的要求。
Haptics: 触觉行为：指通过身体接触来交流。
Chromatics: 色彩学：指对于影响人们人之，行为和他人印象的色彩的研究。
Kinesics: 身势语：指手势，面目表情，眼神交流，身体姿势，肢体运动和问候方式以及它们与交际的关系。
Chapter 7 Cultural PatternsCultural patterns: 文化模式是指相对稳定的共有的信仰，价值观，标准和社会实践，这些文化模式在相似的情形下会使人产生相似的行为。
Context: 语境是指事件发生时周围的信息，对事件的解读具有重要参考价值。
High Context Communication: 高语境交际是指在交际过程中大部分的信息靠交际人本身传递，只有少量信息被明确地用语言的形式传递。
Low Context Communication: 低语境交际是指大量的信息通过明确的语言编码被传递的交际。
Uncertainty Avoidance: 不确定性规避是指某一文化的成员对不确定性因素的规避程度。
Power Distance: 权力距离是指机构或组织中权利较小的成员对权力被不平等分配的接受程度。
Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on ContextsCommunication context: 交际语境，交际无法脱离外部环境的影响，所有的人类交接都或多或少受到社会，物理和文化场景的影响，这些场景成为交际语境。
Chapter 9 Intercultural Adaptation1. Acculturation 文化适应：指人们学习和适应新文化的社会规范和价值观念的过程。
2. Assimilation 同化，指一个民族群体的人们逐渐失去自己原有的文化，接受新的主流文化的过程。
3. Integration 文化融合：指人们在文化适应过程中高度接受新的主流文化，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性。
4. Separation: 分离，指人们在文化室内光影过程中对自己原有文化进行重新肯定的认同，保留了原有文化，对新的主流文化及与其相关的微观文化不接受不认可。
5. Segregation: 隔离，当境界和政治上更强大的新主流文化不接受人们与它进行文化接触，人们就会被这种文化隔离在外。
6. Marginalization:边缘化，指人们不但失去自己原有的文化身份，而且无法融入新的主流文化。
7. Culture shock: 文化冲击/休克，指人们在进入一种新文化环境中遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。
8. Intercultural adaptation:跨文化适应指人们不断提高自己的适应能力，以期达到新文化环境的需要。
2. 判断1.T The iceberg model of culture implies that it is very difficult to understand a culture thoroughly.2.F Culture is innate as soon as a person is born.3.T People may sometimes get confused about his or her cultural identity.4.F Scholars prefer the term subculture to co-culture in describing a culture which exists within a dominant culture.5.T A person could be a member of several different subgroups at the same time.6.F Intercultural communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.7.T Communication and culture are inseparable and strongly connected.8.F The sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. This activity is called decoding.9.T The process of communication has nine components:sender,encoding,message, channel, noise, receiver, decoding, feedback, and context.10.T No two of us can assume that our sensations are the same.Different stimuli can produce the same sensations.11.T The same stimuli can produce very different sensations.12.T Our perception are influenced by who we are, including the accumulation of our experience.13.F We give meaning to or “decode”the information that we have selected and organized during the sel ection stage.14.T The psychological filters refer to the psychological factors, including the attitudes, beliefs, and dispositions of the individual.15.T Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism are learned.16.T Although stereotypes are considered as being negative judgments,they can also be positive.17.T When communicating with people from other cultures,an individual sometimes is likely to treat them as”his people”and to assume there is only one way of doing things:that is”his way”.18.F Assumption of superiority may lead to assuming similarity instead of difference.19.F Industrialization is not the reason for the persistence of ethnocentrism,stereotyping,prejudice and racism.20.F An exacting style of communication can be found in Japan,China,and some Native American cultures.21.F The self-effacement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about one’s accomplishments and abilities.22.T The elaborate,exacting,or succinct communication style deals with the quantity and/or volume of talk that is preferred across cultural groups.23.T Dialect refers to geographic variation,while sociolect refers to variation in terms of social group.24.T An elaborate style of communication can be seen in Arab cultures.25.F Speaking is the only mode of effective communication.26.F Chinese like to touch babies or small children,especially they like others to pat their children’s head.27.T Saudi Arabs belong to touch cultures.28.T The appropriateness of eye contact varies with different cultures.29.T Paralanguage may imply the connotation of the actual words.30.T Industrialized societies like the United States,the masteruy-over-nature view tends to predominate.31.F The harmony-with-nature orientation draws chear distinctions among human life,nature,and the supernatural.32.F Both Americans and British show respect for tradition.33.T A doing orientation involves a focus on those types of activities which have outcomes that can be measuredby someone else.34.T In Being cultures,social status and position are more important than what a person does.35.F In Saudi Arabia,greetings tend to be informal. Both men and women shake hands on meeting and leaving.36.T In Finland,firm handshakes are the normal greeting for men and women.37.T Americans might regard gift giving as a form of bribery.38.F In Japan,one should open the gift in front of the giver.39.T Mexican negotiators emphasize relational concerns prior to the real negotiation.40.F Similarity of culture does not affect acculturation.41.T Successful management of culture shock depends on an awareness of its symptoms and the degree of its severity.42.F Similarity of culture does not affect acculturation.43.T Successful management of culture shock depends on an awareness of its symptoms and the degree of its severity.44.F The second stage of intercultural adaptation is called honeymoon stage or initial euphoria stage.45.F All the activities of learning one’s culture are called acculturation.46.F Insomnia can be one example of the physical symptoms of culture shock.47.T Financial matters can result in culture shock.3. 简答1. Emotional problems as barriers to intercultural communicationa. Anxiety and uncertaintyb. Assuming similarity instead of difference2. Attitudinal problems as barriers to intercultural communicationa. Ethnocentrismb. Stereotypingc. Prejudiced. Racism3.Five dimensions of stereotypesa. Directionb. intensityc. specificityd. consensuse. accuracy4.Reasons for the persistence of ethnocentrism,stereotyping,prejudice and racism？a. Socializationb. social benefitsc. economic benefitsd. psychological benefits5.Translation problems as language barriersa. Lack of vocabulary equivalenceb. Lack of idiomatic equivalencec. Lack of grammatical-syntactical equivalenced. Lack of experiential equivalencee. Lack of conceptual equivalence6.Verbal communication stylesa. Direct and indirect stylesb. Self-enhancement and self-effacement stylesc. Elaborate,exacting and succinct stylesd. Personal and contextual stylese. Instrumental and affective stylesnguage diversitya. Dialects and sociolectsb. pidgin and lingua francac. taboo and euphemismd. jargon8.Functions of nonverbal communicationa. Repeatingb. complementingc. substitutingd. regulatinge. contradicting9.Edward T.Hall’s context—culture theorya. High-context cultureb. low-context culture10. Hofs tede’s dimensions of cultural variabilitya. individualism and collectivismb. uncertainty avoidancec. power distanced. masculinity and femininity11.Business etiquette normsa. appointment seekingb. the data for businessc. greeting behaviord. gift giving12.Forms of culture shocka. language shockb. role shockc. transition shockd. culture fatiguee. education shockf. adjustment stressg. culture distance13.Stages of intercultural adaptationa. U-curve pattern(a)honeymood period (b)crisis period (c)adjustment period (d)biculturalism periodb. W-curve pattern4. 案例Case 34 What Is Sue’s ProblemThis case can reflect nonverbal intercultural communication should be according to the different context, too. Context refers to the actual setting when communication occurs and is also important in nonverbal communication. In this case, Sue knew how to wai and she knew that bowing was generally important in the Thai culture, but, as is so easy to do in a new environment, she forgot to consider the context. Relational hierarchy is very important in Thailand. Sue’s differential actions may have appropriate in certain settings, but given her status of elder visitor such actions directed toward the children were extremely confusing and uncomfortable for the students and teachers alike.这个案例反映出非言语的跨文化交际也应该根据不同的语境。