2018总结——新版《英语国家概况》各单元核心生词总结
英语国家概况知识点总结
U.K.&Ireland1.What is the full name of the United Kingdom?the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国its short term :UK: the United Kingdom (大不列颠)联合王国2.What are the other names?Great Britain (大不列颠，英国）its short term: G.B. GBBritain(不列颠, 英国)England英格兰(the main part of Britain)英国the British Empire大英帝国(a historical term)the British Commonwealth英联邦3.What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles?The British Isles（不列颠群岛）：are made up of two large islands---Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.Great Britain and Ireland4.What are the four political divisions of the United Kingdom? Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland5.What’s its respective capital（首府）?England: LondonScotland: EdinburghWales：CardiffNorthern Ireland:. Belfast6.What’s the national anthem?God Save the Queen/King7. What’s its national flower?RoseWhat’s its national flag?the Union Jack9. What’s its nickname?John Bull. A personification of the British nation or a typical British man10.What kind of country is Britain in terms of its geographical feature? An island country11.Which river is important in Britain?The Thames River12.Can you tell me something about the location of Britain?It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.13.What’s the climate like in Britain? Why do British people talk about weather very often?Britain has a maritime climate------winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a smallrange. That’s why British people talk about weather a lot.14.What are the symbols of England?The royal policeman, Royal Coat of Arms(皇家徽章), Black Taxi, Foot Guard,Life Guard, Double Decker Bus ,Union Flag , Big Ben15.Can you list some landmarks of London?Tower of London, London Eye, the Buckingham Palace, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge16.What are the symbols of Scotland?Edinburgh, Edinburgh International Arts Festival, Tartan, Whiskey, Bagpipe, golf17.The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were Iberians18.Christianity was first brought to England by The RomansThe United States1. How do you know about the different names of USA?the United States of America; US; U.S. USA; U.S.A2. What’s its national flag?The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, The Starry Banner3.How do you know the meaning of its national flag?The stripes symbolize the 13 colonies that originally constituted the United States of America. The stars represent the 50 states of the Union. White signifies Purity and Innocence; Red, Hardiness and Valor; and Blue, Vigilance, Perseverance and Justice.4. What’s the nickname of American people?Uncle Sam5. What’s its national anthem(国歌)?The Star-Spangled Banner 《星条旗永不落》6. There are many things that symbolize American culture, could you say some of them? No less than 10 itemsMany things that symbolize American culture. The list runs as follows:1) Statue of Liberty2)White House3) President Hill4)Lincoln Memorial Hall5)Empire State Building6)Times Square7)Broadway Theater DistrictWhere is the US? Could you tell me its boundary ?How large is it?What’s its rank respectively all over the world concerning to its area and population? How many states are there in the mainland of the United States?And which two states are geographically separated from the other?。
英语国家概况 总结
BritainGovernmentThe Legislature●The United Kingdom is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch.● A king or queen is the head of state, and a prime minister is the head of government.●The people vote in elections for Members of Parliament (MPs) to represent them.●Consists of the House of Lords, the House of Commons, and the Crown.●Head of Government: Prime Minister●Parliament (659 in House of Commons, more than 660 in House of Lords)●Highest Court: House of Lords (Lord Chancellor is head of judiciary)●V oting Qualifications: All citizens age 18 and overThe Executive●The chief executive is the prime minister, who is a member of the House of Commons.●The executive branch also includes Her Majesty’s Government, commonly referred tosimply as “the government.”●The government is composed of ministers in the Cabinet, most of whom are members of theHouse of Commons; government departments, each of which is responsible to a minister;local authorities; and public corporations.●The prime minister presides over the Cabinet and selects the other Cabinet members, whojoin him or her to form the government that is part of the functioning executive.●Acting through the Cabinet and in the name of the monarch, the prime minister exercises allof the theoretical powers of the Crown, including making appointments.●Two key doctrines of Cabinet government are collective responsibility and ministerialresponsibility.The Judiciary●Judges are appointed from among practicing lawyers.●Barristers or advocates advise on legal problems and present cases in the lay justices' and jurycourts.●Solicitors represent individual and corporate clients and appear in the lay justices' courts.●Lay justices need no legal qualifications but are trained to give them sufficient knowledge ofthe law.EducationPrimary and Secondary Education●Up to age 5, children may have some pre-primary schooling in nursery schools, daycare orplay groups.●Between the ages of 5 to 11, pupils mainly attend state sector primary schools. Theseschools are called co-educated or mixed schools because they admit both boys and girls.●From the age of 11 up to around the age of 19, students attend secondary schools. More than80% of pupils in secondary students in England and Wales attend mixed schools ; 60% in Northern Ireland; Scotland, nearly all.Higher education●only one privately funded university: the University of Buckingham●oldest universities:1) England—Oxford (12th C.) and Cambridge (13th C.)2) Scotland: St Andrews, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen from 14th and 15th centuriesIrelandGovernment●After independence from the Great Britain, Ireland takes a polity mixed with both the Britainand the United States●The Government is headed by President, not the Queen.●The President appoints the Prime Minister, not necessarily the head of the Party in power.●The Cabinet is organized by 16 Ministers of the Government assigned by the Prime Minister ●The legislation is interpreted by a hierarchy of courts●The executive branch of the country, checked by the legislature and the judiciary●the parliament and the legal system●Education●Irish educational system is among the cheapest and best in Europe.●In Ireland, education is compulsory for children aged 6 to 15.●Primary education 6-12●Secondary education 12-18●Higher educationAmericaGovernmentThe United States of America is a constitutional, representative democracy. Power in the US ultimately derives from the citizens of the country. The nation’s leaders are chosen by elections every few years.The Constitution of the United States is the foundational document of America which forms the basis of the laws in the US and lays out the structure of the government.The constitution divides the government into three branches:The Legislative branch: The congress of the United States is laid out in two houses, the upper house or Senate, and the lower house or the House of Representatives.The Executive Branch: The executive branch of the US government is composed of the President of the United States and the Federal Bureaucracy, or all of the people who work for the President.Judicial Branch: The United States federal court system makes up the Judicial Branch of the US government. This includes federal courts, federal appeals courts, and the US Supreme Court.Education●Primary schoolAmerican children start school at the age of five years. The first year at school is called kindergarten.●Secondary schoolSecondary school most commonly consists of a total of seven years, referred to as sixth through twelfth grades●Undergraduate schoolUndergraduate school offers either a two-year degree or a four-year degree in a specific course of major.●Graduate schoolStudents who have obtained a bachelor’s degree can continue their education by pursuing one of two types of degrees.CanadaGovernment●Canada’s system of government was based on the British system of parliamentarydemocracy,which is referred to as “west minster-style”democracy●The official head of state is the Queen,who is also the queen of other former British colonies ●The Queen is represented by an official called a Governor-general●Both the queen and the Governor general occupy roles which are largely ceremonial●MPs—generally all belong to political parties●Prime minister—the party that wins the most seats forms the government and the party leaderbecome Prime Minister, the most important person in Canadian government●The Cabinet—chosen by the prime minister,consists of senior MPs from the governingparty●The Senate—appointed by the governor general,who acts on the recommendation of theprime minister.●--not like the US Senate,but analogou to the House of Lords in UKEducation●the mandatory of school is continued to the age of 16 (some is 18).●children start to go to the kindergarten at the age of 5.●after finished the programs in kindergarten, children will go to Elementary & juniorhigh/middle school.●Before going to college, people sometimes will have a program called 'victory lap' to getready to the college studying●In college, students will get Bachelor's degree then they will decide whether they will have afarther study for a Master's or a Doctorate degree.AustraliaGovernment●Government system: reflects both the British and North American models of liberaldemocracy but with unique Australian characteristics.●Three branches: the legislature, the executive and the judiciary.●The House of Representatives (Lower House)✧150 members✧Functions: It determines the government, debates and passes laws, watches over governmentadministration and expenditure, and provides a forum for public debate on issues of national importance.✧The House's other roles: debate proposed laws, watch over government expenditure,including through its committee system, and to provide a forum for public debate on issues of national importance.●The Senate✧ A check on the government of the day. It consists of 76 senators ( 12 from each state and 2from each territory)✧An equal number of senators regardless of its population✧The Senate conducts much of its work including the budget estimates accountability process.●Parties✧Major political parties:✧The Australian Labour Party(ALP) & the Coalition (the Liberals & the Nationals)✧Governor General –representative of the QueenEducation●Australia has a well-developed educational system with a very high rate of participation andsecondary completion.●Education in Australia is primarily the responsibility of the individual states.●Each state government manages the school system within their state. This means that theyprovide funds and regulation for their schools.●The education system in Australia is divided into five areas:PreschoolPrimary schoolSecondary/high schoolCareer and vocational institutionsUniversity and other tertiary institutionsNew ZealandGovernment●Independent State●Constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy●No written constitution, but the Constitution Act of 1986 defines the structure of thegovernment.●Three branches of government●Legislative (parliament)●Executive (departments and agencies)●Judicial (courts)●Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by a Governor-General●The Legislaturedeveloped from the British parliamentary system known as the Westminster system of government,and is the law-making body of the New Zealand government.Consists of Sovereign and House of Representatives●The executive-The branch of the New Zealand government is made of the Cabinet ,the Prime Minister and the public sector .-The Governor General is appointed by the Sovereign on the Prime Minister's recommendation for a term of five years.●The judiciaryThe Judiciary applies the law by hearing and deciding cases. It is made up of judges and judicial officersThe judiciary (court system) is independent of the governmentEducation●Education is freely available to everyone. Nearly all schools are run by the stae. All these public school are secular and free●New Zealand offers a wide range of early childhood agencies,namely kindergratens,playcenters,preschools,etc.●Schooling in New Zealand is compulsory for all children aged 6 to 16.Most children start atage 5.●New Zealand secondary education covers Years 9 to 13. Most secondary schools aregovernment-established.●Tertiary education institutions in New Zealand include universities of technology andpolytechnics ,colleges ,Maori tertiary educational institutions and various training establishments。
电大2018年期末考试英语《英语国家概况》科目考试精讲内容汇总
2018电大英语《英语国家概况》科目考试精讲内容整理汇总第一章英国的国土与人民Land and PeopleChapter 1：Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; thesouth Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
《隋铭才《英语国家概况》笔记和课后习题详解》读书笔记模板
4.1复习笔记 4.2课后习题及详解
5.1复习笔记 5.2课后习题及详解
6.1复习笔记 6.2课后习题及详解
7.1复习笔记 7.2课后习题及详解
8.1复习笔记 8.2课后习题及详解
9.1复习笔记 9.2课后习题及详解
10.1复习笔记 10.2课后习题及详解
11.1复习笔记 11.2课后习题及详解
印度的教育
第1章加拿大、澳 大利亚、新西兰、
印度的社会生活
第3章加拿大、澳 大利亚、新西兰、
印度的媒体
第4章加拿大、 1
澳大利亚、新 西兰、印度的 传统和风俗
第5章加拿大、 2
澳大利亚、新 西兰、印度的 体育运动
3 第6章加拿大、
澳大利亚、新 西兰、印度的 国歌和国旗
4 第7章加拿大、
澳大利亚、新 西兰、印度的 外交关系
17.1复习笔记 17.2课后习题及详解
18.1复习笔记 18.2课后习题及详解
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12.1复习笔记 12.2课后习题及详解
13.1复习笔记 13.2课后习题及详解
14.1复习笔记 14.2课后习题及详解
15.1复习笔记 15.2课后习题及详解
16.1复习笔记 16.2课后习题及详解
17.1复习笔记 17.2课后习题及详解
18.1复习笔记 18.2课后习题及详解
英语国家概况重点整理
英语国家概况重点整理第一周Questions and answers1.一、What are those 6 English-speaking countries and it’s capitals?1: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(London伦敦)2: The Republic of Ireland 爱尔兰共和国(Dublin都柏林)3: The United States of America 美利坚合众国(Washington DC 华盛顿DC) 4: Canada 加拿大(Ottawa渥太华)5:The Commonwealth of Australia 澳大利亚联邦(Canberra堪培拉)6:New Zealand (新西兰) (Wellington惠灵顿)第二周chapter1-2Questions and answers2.What is the full name of the United Kingdom?The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland3.What are the other names?Simplified names: UK, United Kingdom。
Geographical name; Britain, Great BritainHistorical name: the British Empire; the British Commonwealth;4.What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles?Great Britain and Ireland5.What are the four political divisions of the United Kingdom?England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland6.What are their respective capitals（首府）?London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Belfast7.What’s its nickname?John Bull; sometimes, lion8.What’s the national anthem（国歌）?God save the Queen/King9.What’s its national flower?Rose10.What’s its national flag?Union Jack11.How many members are there in British Commonwealth in 2007?53课后重点练习P8 一、1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 三、1 2 3 4 5 6 四、1 2 3 4 8 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 五、2第三周chapter3-5Questions and answers1. How do you know the three stages in the development of the English language?1. Old English.2. Middle English.3. Modern English. (450-1150-1450-present) English is descended from the Germanic (日耳曼语) language of the Anglo-Saxons.(450-1150-1450-present)A: Early Modern English B: Authoritarian English C: Mature Modern English D: Late Modern English2. Who are the ancestors of the English people?It’s Anglo-Saxons. The majority of the English people are descendents(后裔)of the Anglo-Saxons( after Romans left in 410 AD)3. Who are the ancestors of the Scots, Welsh and Irish people?It’s Celts. Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendents of the Celts 4. Name the most important cities in UK. And then do exercises on p19 match all. London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Belfast, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester……课后重点练习三、4 5 6 7 8 9 10 四、1 2 3 6 7 8 11 12 13 14.（in Chinese）第四五周chapter6-9大事件时间表1.Earliest Settlers 最早的居民（3000 BC）p.482.Roman Britain 罗马时期的不列颠（43-410）p.48-493.Anglo-Saxons Britain 央格鲁-撒克逊时期的不列颠（449）-P.494.Feudal Society after the Norman Conquest 诺曼征服后的封建社会（1066）p.515.King John and the Great Charter 约翰王和大宪章（1215）p.526.Birth of Parliament议会的诞生（1265）p537.Hundred Years’ War 英法百年战争(1337—1453)p.578.Black Death 黑死病(1348)9.Watt Tyler’s Uprising瓦特-泰勒起义(1381) p5810.The Wars of the Roses 玫瑰战争(1455—1485) p5911.Religious Reformation 资产阶级革命(1534) p6012.The Civil War 内战(1642—1649) p6313.The Commonwealth (1649—1660) 共和国时期p6414.Restoration and the Glorious Revolution 复辟与光荣革命p64Questions and answers1.The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were Iberians.2. the most famous / biggest relic left by the earliest settlers on British Isles is Stonehenge.3. From 700 B.C, Celts came from Upper Rhineland and began to inhabit British Isles.. Christianity was first brought to Britain by Romans.5. The Romans left behind on Britain three things of value, they are Welsh Christianity the Roman roads and cities，especially London.6、The three Teutonic groups began to migrate from the region of Denmark and Low Countries (Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg) and settled in Britain. The three groups are Angles Saxons and Jutes. From the Anglo-Saxon conquerors came the name ―England‖ and ―English‖.7. In 878, a peace treaty was signed between the Danes and Alfred, the king of the Great Wessex.8. Norman Conquest has speeded up the development of Feudalism in England9. King William made a record of each man’s property, whi ch was called Doomsday Book.10. The Great Charter signed in 1215 was made in the interest of the lords.11. The first parliament was called in 1265.12. The Tudor 都铎王朝Monarchy was in a transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism.13. In 1533, Henry VIII repudiated/refused papal/pope supremacy over English Church and declared himself Supreme head 至高无上的权利of the Church of England by the Act of Supremacy至尊法案.14. During the Renaissance period, the greatest of the English humanist was Sir Thomas More, with his classical work Utopia15. The greatest dramatist William Shakespeare lived in theage of Elisabeth I.16. The ―Glorious Revolution‖ was so called because it was bloodless.17. The industrial revolution began in textile industry and was marked by a series of important inventions.18.James Hardgrave,a carpenter made the first invention called ―spinning Jenny‖.19. The British Empire began with the founding of Newfoundland in 1583.20. The British Empire used to be an empire on which the sun never sets.课后重点练习CHAPTER 6一：1至16四：Norman Conquest 诺曼征服Anglo-Saxons Conquest 央格鲁-撒克逊征服Birth of Parliament议会的诞生Roman Conquest 罗马征服Danish invasion 丹麦入侵Anglo-Saxons settlement 央格鲁-撒克逊定居Anglo-Saxons Heptarchy -------Edward the confessor 爱德华信教徒Battle at Hastings 哈斯丁斯战役Doomsday Book 末日审判书The Great Charter 大宪章All Estates Parliament 各级会议Model Parliament 模范会议CHAPTER 7三：the outbreak of the Wars of the roses. 玫瑰战争的爆发the outbreak of the Hundred Years’ War 百年战争爆发Wat Tyler’s Uprising 农民起义The Black Death 黑死病The glorious revolution 光荣革命the call of the Long Parliament -------The restoration of Charles 2 查理二世复辟the execution of Charles 1 查理一世死刑The call of the Short Parliament ------ CHAPTER 8一：1 2 3四：spinning machine run by water power 蒸汽纺织机the power loom------- The steam engine 蒸汽机the ―Spinning Jenny‖珍妮纺织机CHAPTER 9一：136****1516第六七周Chapter 10Questions and answers1、Where is the US? Could you tell me its boundary?The United States is situated in the southern part of North Americ a with its two youngest states.It borders Canada on the north，and reaches south to Mexico and Gulf of Mexico.2、How large is it?The Continental United States stretches 4,500km from The Atlantic ocean on the east to the Pacific ocean on the west.3、What’s its rank all over the world concerning its area?It’s fourth largest in world in terms of area.4、How many states are there in the mainland of the United States?48 states5、Which two states are geographically separated from the other?Alaska is in the northwestern part of North America and Hawaii is in the central Pacific6、What is the capital of the US? Can you say some of its tourist attractions (4or more)?1：Washington D.C. 2：the United States Capitol（美国国会大厦），the White House（白宫），the Pentagon Building（五角大楼），Potomac River（波托马克河），The Lincoln Memorial Hall and Washington Monument etc.7、The two most important mountains of the US are the Appalachian Mountains(阿巴拉契亚山脉) and the Rocky mountains (落基山脉).8、“Father of Waters”re fers to The Mississippi River.9、The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.10、The 5 Great Lakes are_______, ______, _________, ________ and _______.HOMES：H-Huron，O-Ontario，M-Michigan，E-Erie and S-Superior. 11、How many geographical regions is it divided into?The Eastern Highland，The Central Plain，the Western Mountains12、What are the major cities in USA? What’s the characteristics(特点) of each city?I will List 3 for you.1:Washington D.Cthe capital of the US, is situated on the Potomac River and covers an area of over 174 square kilometers.2:New York CityThe largest city and chief port of the United Stated lying at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York State, has a metropolitan population of 19.306 million(2007), of which the city proper is a little over 8 million and about 10 million in the suburbs.3:Los angelesA seaport in southwest California, is the second largest city of the US, with a population of about 3.82 million in the urban area, and 12.163 million in the metropolitan area.课后重点练习一：1 2 3 5 9 10 11 18 19 20三：2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10第八周Chapter 11Questions and answers1、How do you know about the different names of USA?Its full name: the United States of America;Its short terms：U.S.；USA；America 美洲;美国2、What’s its national flag? How do you know the meaning of its national flag?The Stars and Stripes；Old Glory；The Starry Banner;It c onsists of 13 horizontal stripes, 7 red alternating with 6 white, and in the upper corner near the staff，a rectangular blue field，containing 50 five-pointed white stars. The stripes symbolize the 13 colonies that originally constituted the United States of America. The stars represent the 50 states of the Union. White signifies Purity and Innocence；Red，Hardiness强壮and Valor勇猛；and Blue，Vigilance 警觉，Perseverance and Justice.3、What are the nicknames of America and its people?It’s Uncle Sam.It’s Brother Jonathan and Yankee.4、What’s its national anthem, national flower and tree?The Star - spangled Banner5、There are many things that symbolize American culture. Could you say someof them with no less than 10 items?Bald eagle Great seal National flower National tree Statue of Liberty White House President Hill Lincoln Memorial Hall Empire State Building Times Square Broadway Theater District Las Vegas Hoover Dam Disneyland The Gate Way of St. Louise GoldenGate Bridge Yellow Stone National Park The Niagara Falls Barbie Doll6、Why is USA called a salad bowl or a melting pot?The United Sta tes is a nation of many ethnic groups, making it a ―melting pot‖, meaning people with different cultural and ethnical backgrounds immigrate to the United States, live together, get assimilated and build up this culture that is called American culture today.Since 1960s, a lot of scholars oppose against the term ―melting pot‖. They think America is similar to a Salad Bowl that every culture can find its position in American society. Multiculturalism is the symbol of America.7、Traditionally, the mainstream Americans were called WASPs, that is, WhiteAnglo-Saxon Protestants. (祖先为英国新教徒的白人).8、Why is USA called as a nation on wheels?Cars are an important part of life in the United States. Henry Ford(1863 –1947)was the man who first started making cars in large numbers. He probably didn’t know how mu ch the car was going to affect American culture. The car made the United States a nation on wheels. 1 in 5 Americans moves to a new home every year seeking new jobs and opportunities. That’s why it has got the name of ―a nation on the wheel‖.9、What’s the character of American people?representative form of government 建立代表制政府rule of law 法治respect of individual rights 对个人权利的尊重religious tolerance宗教上的宽容a strong spirit of individual enterprise强烈的个人进取心10、Name W ho’s Who (名人录) in America (presidents、writers、scientists、actorsor actresses and so on.).1st President/3rd President Humorist and Novelist Novelist of lost generation Greatest Inventor Automobile Microsoft Comic Actor Actress Rock and Roll Martial Arts Basketball Champion American Superman George Washington/Thomas Jefferson Mark Twain Ernest Hemingway Thomas Edison Henry Ford Bill GatesCharlie Chaplin Marilyn Monroe Elvis Presley Bruce Lee (Li Xiao long) Michael Jordan Christopher Reeve课后重点练习一：1 2 3 4 7三四：1 2 5第九十周Chapter 15—18Questions and answers1、The inhabitants prior to the arrival of the Europeans are now called Native Americans /American Indians.2、Christopher Columbus is commonly regarded as the discoverer of America.3、The first successful English settlement in America was Jamestown in 1607.4、In 1620, a group of puritans arrived at America on a ship called Mayflower.5、The first shots of the American War of Independence were fired at Lexington，Massachusetts，in 1775.6、On July，7，1776；in the Second Continental congress，The Declaration ofIndependence was declared, which was primarily written by Thomas Jefferson.7、The Louisiana Purchase，in 1803, gave Western farmers use of the importantMississippi River waterway, almost doubled the territory of the U.S.8、After the election of Lincoln, eleven Southern states seceded from the union,establishing a rebel government, which is called _ Confederate States of Americ a on February 9, 1861.9、Har riet Beecher Stowe’s anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin had a profoundeffect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the United States. 10、In 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation，which liberated somefour million Negro slaves in the South.11、The battle of Gettysburg was the turning point in the Civil War.12、The stock market crash was the beginning of the long economic depression inthe late 1920s and 1930s. President Roosevelt’s (FDR) New Dea l measures were to save American democracy and the capital system.13、The United States declared war against Japan after its surprise attack on PearlHarbor on December 7，1941.14、The United States dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki inAugust 1945, thus hastened the unconditional surrender of Japan.15、After WWII, the United States became one of the two dominant superpowers, andthe Cold W ar began.课后重点练习Chapter 15一：1 2 3 4 11 12四：1 2 4 5 6 7 in ChineseChapter 16一：1 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 14三：1 2 7 8 9 10四：2 4 5 6 7 9 10 12Chapter 17一：1 4 6 9 10四：1 2 7 8Chapter 18一：1 5 6 9 10三：1 8 9 10第十一周chapter13-14Questions and answers1.How many branches are there in the federal government? What are they? Three. They are Judicial，Executive and Legislative branches.2.On what kind of system are the three branches based?A system of checks and balances..3.Where is the seat of government for congress?The Capitol.4.The congress is composed of two chambers. What are they?The House of Representatives and the Senate5.Where is the official residence of the president?The White House.6.Who has the executive power in the U.S.?The president.7.In American history, only two presidents were raised for impeachment bill. Who were there ?Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton8.What are the two major parties in the U.S.? Tell the symbol of each party. Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton9.Who is the first African president in the American history?Barack Obama10.Which book written by him became No. 1 on both New York Times and /doc/495986337.html, bestseller lists ?Barack Obama课后重点联系Chapter13一1 2 3 4 15 16 三第十二周Chapter 3-4Questions and answers1.What is the basis of the British government?constitutional monarchy2.Who is the head of the country?a queen or a king3.Who is the present sovereign of the UK?Elizabeth II4.How many parts make the British Parliament?Three. They are the sovereign, the House of Lords, the House of Commons.5.What is the president of the House of Lords called?Lord Chancellor上议院议长、大法官6.What are the two major parties?the Conservative Party and the Labor Party.7.Who presides the cabinet?the Prime Minister8.Who has the real power in the country?the Prime Minister9.Who is the present Prime Minister of the UK? David Cameron10.Where does the Prime Minister live and work? No.10, Downing Street课后重点练习。
英语国家概况必背
英语国家概况精讲：第十四章美国人口种族chapter 14：population.Race and Ethnic groups必背细节1.The United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world after Chind and India.美国是世界人口第三大国，仅次于中国和印度。
2。
Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth,The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigtants from independence until 1960s.Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.19世纪末20世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点。
3。
Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in 1992.Between 80% and 90% of immigration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.如今美国移民的80%到90%主要来源于亚洲和拉美国家。
4。
Arizona,Nevada,and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years.在过去的二十年里，亚利桑那，内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。
《英语国家概况》各国知识点归纳
《英语国家概况》各国知识点归纳
燕忠忙
【期刊名称】《英语自学》
【年(卷),期】2006(000)001
【总页数】5页(P43-47)
【作者】燕忠忙
【作者单位】南昌陆军学院
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H319
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英语国家概况章节概要
英国概况1. Land and People 国土与人民Different names for Britain and its parts 英国的不同名称及其区域正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
简称：联合王国，或UK。
首都伦敦。
它包括不列颠岛和北爱尔兰。
不列颠诸岛：包括不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛和几百个小岛。
爱尔兰岛：岛的北部地区，即北爱尔兰属于联合王国；岛的南部地区，称为爱尔兰共和国或爱尔兰，1949年独立，首都是都柏林。
三个政治区域：英格兰，苏格兰，威尔士。
由于帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为一个帝国。
两次世界大战后，其殖民地不断独立，大英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦取代。
英联邦：是由原英国殖民地组成的一个自由联合体，各独立成员国间，根据贸易协议实行经济合作。
英联邦没有特别的权力，目前有50个成员国。
2. Origins of the Nation 英国的起源Arrival and settlement of the Celts 凯尔特人的到来和迁居自公元前700年不断迁入，来自东欧及中欧，即现在的法国，比利时和德国南部。
三次入侵高潮：第一次是公元前600年，盖尔人。
第二次是公元前400年，布立吞（不列颠）人。
第三次是公元前150年，贝尔盖人。
强大的酋长卡西弗洛诺斯，莎士比亚剧本中的辛白林。
技艺：农耕，沼泽地排水，修建房屋，铁匠。
后裔：山地苏格兰人，爱尔兰人，威尔士人。
语言：是威尔士语和盖尔语的基础。
宗教：德鲁伊德教。
德鲁伊德指智者，占星家和占卜者。
采用活人祭祀。
Basis of modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons 现代英格兰民族的基础：盎格鲁--撒克逊人三支日尔曼（条顿）部落的入侵：朱特人：来自朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）。
酋长亨及斯特和霍塞，帮助肯特国王伏泰根驱逐皮克特人和苏格兰人后，转而攻击伏泰根，最终亨及斯特成为肯特国王。
撒尔逊人：来自德国北部。
建立了埃塞克斯，苏塞克斯，威塞克斯。
《英语国家概况》单词
C 11. geography [英] [dʒɪ'ɒɡrəfɪ] [美] [dʒi'ɑɡrəfi] n. 地理（学）；地形，地势；布局adj. geographical adv. Geographically2. features高频词，一定要记住哦！[英] ['fi:tʃəz] [美] ['fi:tʃəz] n. 特征( feature的名词复数)；特写；[复数]面貌；面貌的一部分3. geographical features地理特征4. collectively中频词，你记住了吗？[英] [kə'lektɪvlɪ] [美] [kə'lɛktɪvlɪ]adv. 全体地，共同地5. account[英] [ə'kaʊnt] [美] [ə'kaʊnt] n. 账，账目；存款；记述，报告；理由vi. 解释；导致；报账vt. 认为；把…视6. account for[英] [ə'kaunt fɔ:] [美] [ə'kaʊnt fɔr] 生词本说明（原因、理由等）；导致，引起；（在数量、比例上）占；对…负责7. urbanize[英] ['ɜ:bənaɪz] [美] [ˈɚbəˌnaɪz] vt. 使都市化，使文雅过去式：urbanized 过去分词：urbanized 现在分词：urbanizing 第三人称单数：urbanizes8. constituent中频词，你记住了吗？[英] [kənˈstɪtjuənt] [美] [kənˈstɪtʃuənt]n. 选民；成分，构成部分；委托人adj. 构成的，组成的；选举的；有选举权的复数：constituents9.substantial [英] [səb'stænʃl] [美] [səbˈstænʃəl] adj. 大量的；结实的，牢固的；重大的n. 本质；重要材料复数：substantials10.unifiy中频词，你记住了吗？[英] ['ju:nɪfaɪ] [美] [ˈjunəˌfaɪ] vt. 使联合；使相同；使一致；统一过去式：unified 过去分词：unified 现在分词：unifying 第三人称单数：unifies 11. scenery低频词，[英] ['si:nərɪ] [美] [ˈsinəri] 生词本n. 风景，景色；舞台布景；风景画；舞台面12.whisky [英] [ˈwɪski] [美] [ˈhwɪski, ˈwɪs-] n. 威士忌酒13.densely[英] [denslɪ] [美] [ˈdɛnslɪ] adv. 浓密地，稠密地，密集地14.originate[英] [ə'rɪdʒɪneɪt] [美] [əˈrɪdʒəˌnet] vt. 引起；创始，创作；开始，发生；发明vi. 起源于，来自；产生；起航过去式：originated 过去分词：originated 15. dominate[英] ['dɒmɪneɪt] [美] [ˈdɑməˌnet] vt.& vi. 控制；在…中占首要地位；在…中具有最重要（或明显）的特色；在…中拥有最重要的位置vt. 耸立于，俯临；支配；施加过去式：dominated 过去分词：dominated 现在分词：dominating 第三人称单数：dominates16.temperate低频词，[英] [ˈtempərət] [美] [ˈtɛmpərɪt, ˈtɛmprɪt] 生词本adj. 有节制的；（气候）温和的；适度的比较级：more temperate 最高级：most temperate 17. frequent[英] ['fri:kwənt] [美] [ˈfrikwənt] adj. 频繁的，时常发生的，常见的；（脉搏等）急促的，快的vt. 常到，光顾，常与…交往；常去，时常出入于过去式：frequented 过去分词：frequented 现在分词：frequenting 第三人称单数：frequents18. instability[英] [ˌɪnstə'bɪlətɪ] [美] [ˌɪnstəˈbɪlɪti] n. 不稳定，不稳固；不坚决，反复无常；基础薄弱复数：instabilities19. changeability[英] [ˌtʃeɪndʒə'bɪlətɪ] [美] [ˌtʃeɪndʒə'bɪlətɪ] n.可变性，易变性20. financial [英] [faɪˈnænʃl] [美] [faɪˈnænʃ(ə)l] adj. 财政的；财务的；金融的；有钱的21. port中频词，你记住了吗？[英] [pɔ:t] [美] [pɔrt, port] n. 港口22. a major port主要港口23. landmark中频词，你记住了吗？[英] [ˈlændmɑ:k] [美] [ˈlændˌmɑrk] 生词本n. [航]陆标；界标；里程碑；纪念碑adj. 有重大意义或影响的复数：landmarks n. 陆标( landmark的名词复数)；目标；（标志重要阶段的）里程碑~ (in sth)；有历史意义的建筑物（或遗址）24. symbol [英] ['sɪmbl] [美] [ˈsɪmbəl] n. 象征；标志；符号；记号vt. 用符号代表复数：symbols 过去式：symbolled symboled 过去分词：symbolled symboled 现在分词：symbolling symboling 第三人称单数：symbols25.tourist attractions旅游景点26. administrative[英] [ədˈmɪnɪstrətɪv] [美] [ædˈmɪnɪˌstretɪv] 生词本adj. 管理的，行政的；行政职位；非战斗性行政勤务的27. headquarter英] ['hed'kwɔ:tə] [美] ['hed'kwɔ:tə] vi. 设总部vt. 将…的总部设在；把…放在总部里headquarters n. （机构，企业等的）总部；总店；司令部；指挥部28.institution高频词，一定要记住哦！[英] [ˌɪnstɪˈtju:ʃn] [美] [ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃən, -ˈtju-] n. （大学、银行等规模大的）机构；惯例，制度，规定，建立；社会事业机构；<口>名人，名物复数：institutions29. the National Gallery国家美术馆30. the Royal Festival Hall皇家节日音乐厅, 皇家音乐厅31. stunningly中频词，你记住了吗？[英] ['stʌnɪŋlɪ] [美] [ˈstʌnɪŋlɪ] adv. 绝妙地；极好地；令人震惊地；使人目瞪口呆地stun中频词，你记住了吗？常见度：[英] [stʌn] [美] [stʌn] 生词本vt. 击晕，使昏厥；使震聋；使目瞪口呆；使大吃一惊n. 打击，刺激过去式：stunned 过去分词：stunned 现在分词：stunning 第三人称单数：stuns 32. renowned [英] [rɪˈnaʊnd] [美] [rɪˈnaʊnd] adj. 有名的，享有声誉的；有声望的v. 使有声誉(renown的过去分词)renown[英] [rɪˈnaʊn] [美] [rɪˈnaʊn] n. 名望，声誉；威名；声威33. insurance[英] [ɪnˈʃʊərəns] [美] [ɪnˈʃʊrəns] n. 保险，保险业；保险费；预防措施adj. [体]巩固球队领先局面，使对手不能因增加一分而成平局的34. enormous中频词，你记住了吗？[英] [iˈnɔ:məs] [美] [ɪˈnɔrməs] adj. 巨大的；庞大的；极恶的；凶暴的35. restoration[英] [ˌrestə'reɪʃn] [美] [ˌrɛstəˈreʃən] n. （规章制度等的）恢复；复原；（遗失等物的）归还原主；整修36. fashionable[英] [ˈfæʃnəbl] [美] [ˈfæʃənəbəl] adj. 流行的；时髦的，符合时尚的；时髦人物使用的；（尤指）有钱人常光顾的n. 时髦的人37. impressive [英] [ɪmˈpresɪv] [美] [ɪmˈprɛsɪv] adj. 给人印象深刻的，感人的；引人注目的；可观的；显赫38. selection [英] [sɪ'lekʃn] [美] [sɪˈlɛkʃən] n. 选择，挑选；被挑选的人[事物]；选萃；[生]选择，淘汰复数：selections39. world-class adj. 世界级的；国际水平的40. trendy低频词，[英] ['trendɪ] [美] [ˈtrɛndi] adj. 时髦的，赶时髦的，追随时髦的n. 时髦人物，赶时髦的人；领导时尚的人复数：trendies 比较级：trendier 最高级：trendiest41. waterfront waterfront低频词，[英] [ˈwɔ:təfrʌnt] [美] [ˈwɔtɚˌfrʌnt, ˈwɑtə-] 生词本n. 海滨，江边；装在火炉前部的热水缸复数：waterfronts42. trendy waterfront area时髦的滨水地区,时髦的海港区/江岸地区43. crammed crammed低频词，常见度：[英] [kræmd] [美] [kræmd]adj. 塞满的，挤满的；大口地吃；快速贪婪地吃v. 把…塞满；填入；临时抱佛脚( cram的过去式)44. monuments[ˈmɔnjumənts] n. 纪念碑( monument的名词复数)；遗迹；遗址；丰碑45. remarkable中频词，你记住了吗？[英] [rɪˈmɑ:kəbl] [美] [rɪˈmɑrkəbəl] adj. 异常的，引人注目的，；卓越的；显著的；非凡的，非常（好）的比较级：more remarkable 最高级：most remarkable46. transformation[英] [ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn] [美] [ˌtrænsfɚˈmeʃən, -fɔr-] n. 变化；<核>转换；<语>转换；<电>变换47. redevelop[英] [ˌri:dɪ'veləp] [美] [ˌridɪˈvɛləp] vt. 重建，重新开发过去式：redeveloped 过去分词：redeveloped 现在分词：redeveloping 第三人称单数：redevelops48. estimate[英] ['estɪmət] [美] [ˈɛstəˌmet] n. 估计，预测；报价，预算书；评价，判断vt. 估计，估算；评价，评论；估量，估价复数：estimates 过去式：estimated 过去分词：estimated 现在分词：estimating 第三人称单数：estimates49. density[英] ['densətɪ] [美] [ˈdɛnsɪti] n. 密度；稠密，浓厚；[物]浓度，比重；愚钝复数：densities50. prosperous[英] ['prɒspərəs] [美] [ˈprɑspərəs] adj. 繁荣的，兴旺的；富裕的；幸福的，运气好的；良好的51. fertile[英] ['fɜ:taɪl] [美] [ˈfɚtl] adj. 肥沃的；可繁殖的；丰富的；[物]能产生裂变物质的52. distribute[英] [dɪ'strɪbju:t] [美] [dɪˈstrɪbjut] vt. 分配，散布；散发，分发；把…分类；[电]配电过去式：distributed 过去分词：distributed 现在分词：distributing 第三人称单数：distributes53. descendant低频词，[英] [dɪˈsendənt] [美] [dɪˈsɛndənt] n. 后代；后裔；（由过去类似物发展来的）派生物；弟子adj. 下降的；祖传的复数：descendants54. mountainous[英] [ˈmaʊntənəs] [美] [ˈmaʊntənəs] 生词本adj. 多山的；巨大的；山一般的1. permanent中频词，你记住了吗？[英] ['pɜ:mənənt] [美] [ˈpɚmənənt] adj. 永久（性）的，永恒的，不变的，耐久的，持久的，经久的；稳定的；常务的，常设的n. 电烫发，烫发2. resident [英] [ˈrezɪdənt] [美] [ˈrɛzɪdənt, -ˌdɛnt]adj. 定居的，常驻的；[计]常驻的，常存于内存中的；[动]不迁徙的（鸟兽等）；固有的，内在的n. 居民；（旅馆的）住宿者；住院医师复数：residents3. permanent resident 永久居民4. immigrant [英] [ˈɪmɪgrənt] [美] [ˈɪmɪɡrənt] n. 移民，侨民；从异地移入的动物[植物] adj. 移民的，移来的；侨民的5.Caribbean英] [ˌkærɪˈbi:ən] [美] [ˌkærəˈbiən, kəˈrɪbiən] n. 加勒比海6. mutually 中频词，你记住了吗？英[ˈmju:tʃuəli] 美[ˈmjuːtʃuəli] adv. 互相地，互助；7. intelligible英[ɪnˈtelɪdʒəbl] 美[ɪnˈtɛlɪdʒəbəl] adj. 可理解的，明白易懂的，清楚的8. inhabitant英[ɪnˈhæbɪtənt] 美[ɪnˈhæbɪtənt] n. 居民，住户；（栖息在某地区的）动物9. Christianity 中频词，你记住了吗？英[ˌkrɪstiˈænəti] 美[ˌkrɪstʃiˈænɪti, ˌkrɪsti-]n. 基督教；基督教徒；基督教教义10. estrange e 英[ɪs'treɪndʒ] 美[ɪˈstrendʒ] vt. 使疏远（尤指家庭成员之间11. modify 中频词，你记住了吗？英['mɒdɪfaɪ] 美[ˈmɑdəˌfaɪ] vi. 被修饰；修改vt. 改变；减轻，减缓；[语]修饰，（用变音符号）改变12. standardization 低频词，英[ˌstændədaɪ'zeɪʃn] 美[ˌstændədaɪ'zeɪʃn] n. 标准化；标定；规格化；规范化13. assimilate低频词，英[ə'sɪməleɪt] 美[əˈsɪməˌlet] vi. 吸收，消化；同化vt. 透彻理解；使吸收14. protein中频词，你记住了吗？英[ˈprəʊti:n] 美[ˈproˌtin, -tiɪn] n. [化]朊，蛋白（质）adj. 蛋白质的15. vaccine英['væksi:n] 美[vækˈsin,ˈvækˌsin] n. 疫苗，痘苗adj. 痘苗的，疫苗的复数：vaccines16. shampoo英[ʃæm'pu:] 美[ʃæmˈpu] n. 洗发剂；洗发香波；（洗地毯、家具罩套、汽车等的）洗涤剂；洗头vt. 用洗发剂洗头；用洗涤剂洗17. pajamas英[pə'dʒɑ:məz] 美[pə'dʒæməz] n. 睡衣裤18. virtually中频词，你记住了吗？英[ˈvɜ:tʃuəli] 美[ˈvɚtʃuəli] adv. 实际上，实质上，事实上，几乎；无形中；无形19. lingua franca生词本英[ˌlɪŋgwəˈfræŋkə] n. 混合语，任何混合国际商业用的语言P15-P16Establishment n. 确定，制定美 [ɪ'stæblɪʃmənt] 英 [ɪ'stæblɪʃm(ə)nt; e-]Feudalism n. 封建制度英 ['fjuːdəlɪz(ə)m] 美 ['fjʊdl'ɪzəm]principal adj. 主要的英 ['prɪnsɪp(ə)l] 美 ['prɪnsəpl]ascend v.上升，登高英 [ə'send] 美 [ə'sɛnd]throne n. 王座vi. 登上王座英[θrəʊn] 美[θron]justice n. 司法，法律制裁英 ['dʒʌstɪs] 美 ['dʒʌstɪs]institutionalize vt. 使~~~制度化美 [,ɪnstɪ'tuʃənəlaɪz]clause n. 条款英 [klɔːz] 美 [klɔz]payment n. 付款，支付；报酬，报答；偿还；惩罚，报应英 ['peɪm(ə)nt] 美 ['pemənt] consent vi. 同意；赞成；答应n. 同意；（意见等的）一致；赞成英 [kən'sent] 美 [kən'sɛnt] arrest vt. 逮捕；阻止；吸引n. 逮捕；监禁英 [ə'rest] 美 [ə'rɛst]imprisoned adj. 被封印的英 [ɪm'prɪznd]convicted adj. 证明有罪的privilege n. 特权；优待；基本权利vt. 给与…特权；特免英 ['prɪvɪlɪdʒ] 美 ['prɪvlɪdʒ] vassal n. 诸侯；封臣adj. 臣属的英 ['væs(ə)l] 美 ['væsl]self-government n. 自治；自制；克己英 ['selfɡʌvənmənt]be crowned in 登基被加冕rein n. 缰绳；驾驭；统治；支配vt. 控制；驾驭；勒住vi. 勒住马英 [reɪn] 美 [ren]wage vi. 进行；发动；从事n. 工资；代价；报偿vt. 进行；开展英 [weɪdʒ] 美 [wedʒ] provision n. 规定；条款；准备；[经] 供应品vt. 供给…食物及必需品英 [prə'vɪʒ(ə)n]noble 贵族clergyman n. 牧师英 ['klɜːdʒɪmən] 美 ['klɝdʒɪmən]parliament n. 议会国会英 ['pɑːləm(ə)nt] 美 ['pɑrləmənt]P17-P18throne [θrəʊn] 王座，王权renew [rɪ'nʊ]使更新，复兴Concept ['kɑnsɛpt] 观念feudalism ['fjuːdəlɪz(ə)m]封建主义badge [bædʒ] 微章，标记centralize ['sɛntrəlaɪz] 使集中，medieval [,mi:dɪ'i:vəl] 中世纪的，原始的inevitable [ɪn'evɪtəb(ə)l]必然的monarchy ['mɒnəkɪ]君主政体resentment [rɪ'zentm(ə)nt] 愤恨，怨恨corruption[kə'rʌpʃ(ə)n]贪污，腐败grant [grɑːnt] 授予，允许wholesale ['həʊlseɪl]】批发的，批发vtsuppression [sə'preʃ(ə)n]抑制，镇压guise [gaɪz]伪装，外观reformation [refə'meɪʃ(ə)n]革新，改善bloody ['blʌdɪ]血腥的，残忍的persecution [pɜːsɪ'kjuːʃn] 迫害，烦忧settlement ['set(ə)lm(ə)nt]解决，处理execute ['eksɪkjuːt]实行，执行faction ['fækʃ(ə)n] 派别，内讧consolidate [kən'sɒlɪdeɪt]巩固，使固定P23-241.occupy ['ɑkjupaɪ][ 过去式occupied 过去分词occupied 现在分词occupying ]vt. 占据，占领；居住；使忙碌occupier ['ɑkjupaɪɚ]n. 居住人；占有者；占用者2.self-governing ['self'ɡʌvəniŋ]adj. 自治的；自己管理自己的governing ['gʌvɚnɪŋ]adj. 有统治、控制或治理权力的govern ['ɡʌvɚn]vt. 管理；支配；统治；控制vi. 居支配地位；进行统治3.dominion [də'mɪnɪən]n. 主权，统治权；支配；领土4.colonial [kə'lonɪəl]n. 殖民地居民adj. 殖民地的，殖民的colony ['kɑləni]n. 殖民地；移民队colonialism [kə'lonɪəlɪzəm]n. 殖民主义；殖民政策ndmass ['lændmæs]n. 大陆6.imperialism [ɪm'pɪrɪəlɪzəm]n. 帝国主义imperialistic[ɪm,pɪrɪəl'ɪstɪk]adj. 帝国主义的；帝国主义者的；拥护帝国主义的\imperialisticallyadv. 帝国主义地imperialist [ɪm'pɪrɪəlɪst]n. 帝国主义者adj. 帝国主义的7.industrialized [ɪn'dʌstrɪəlaɪzd]adj. 工业化的industrialize [ɪn'dʌstrɪəlaɪz]vt. 使工业化vi. 实现工业化[ 过去式industrialized 过去分词industrialized 现在分词industrializing ]8.eager ['igɚ]adj. 渴望的；热切的；热心的eagerly ['igɚli]adv. 急切地；渴望地；热心地9.conflict ['kɑnflɪkt]n. 冲突，矛盾；斗争；争执vi. 冲突，抵触；争执；战斗10.rivalry ['raɪvlri]复数[rivalries ] n. 竞争；对抗；竞赛rivalrous ['raɪvlrəs]adj. 敌对性的；有竞争性的11.plunge [plʌndʒ]n. 投入；跳进vi. 突然地下降；投入；陷入；跳进vt. 使陷入；使投入；使插入12.respective [rɪ'spɛktɪv]adj. 分别的，各自的13.allies [æ,laɪz; ə'laɪz]n. （第二次世界大战时的）同盟国；（第一次世界大战时的）协约国14.drain [dren]vi. 排水；流干vt. 喝光，耗尽；使流出；排掉水n. 排水；下水道，排水管；消耗15.merchant ['mɝtʃənt]n. 商人，批发商；店主adj. 商业的，商人的merchantable ['mɝtʃəntəbl]adj. 适销的；可买卖的；有销路的16.taxes [tæksiːz] n. 税收，税金；税务；[税收] 税捐tax æks]vt. 向…课税；使负重担n. 税金；重负17.soar [sɔr]vi. 高飞；高耸；往上飞舞n. 高飞；高涨18.relinquish [rɪ'lɪŋkwɪʃ]vt. 放弃；放手；让渡relinquishment[ri'liŋkwiʃmənt]n. 作罢；让渡19.permanently ['pɝmənəntli]adv. 永久地，长期不变地permanence ['pɝmənəns]n. 持久；永久20.disarm [dɪs'ɑrm]vt. 解除武装；裁军；缓和vi. 放下武器；裁减军备disarming [dɪs'ɑrmɪŋ]adj. 使解除警戒心的；使人消气的pel [kəm'pɛl]vt. 强迫，迫使；强使发生[ 过去式compelled 过去分词compelled 现在分词compelling ]22.vast [væst]adj. 广阔的；巨大的；大量的；巨额的n. 浩瀚；广阔无垠的空间[ 比较级vaster 最高级vastest ]vastitude ['væstɪtjʊd]n. 广大；广阔境界；浩瀚23.sum [sʌm]n. 金额；总数vi. 概括vt. 总结；合计[ 过去式summed 过去分词summed 现在分词summing ]24.arouse [ə'raʊz]vt. 引起；唤醒；鼓励vi. 激发；醒来；发奋[ 过去式aroused 过去分词aroused 现在分词arousing ] arousal [ə'raʊzl]n. 觉醒；激励25.racism ['resɪzəm]n. 种族主义，种族歧视；人种偏见racist['resɪst]n. 种族主义者26.reluctant [rɪ'lʌktənt]adj. 不情愿的；勉强的；顽抗的[ 比较级morereluctant 最高级most reluctant ]27.somewhat n. 几分；某物adv. 有点；多少；几分；稍微28.propel [prə'pɛl]vt. 推进；驱使；激励；驱策[ 过去式propelled 过去分词propelled 现在分词propelling ]propelling [prə'peliŋ]adj. 推进的29.suicide ['suɪsaɪd]n. 自杀；自杀行为；自杀者adj. 自杀的vt. 自杀vi. 自杀[ 过去式suicided 过去分词suicided 现在分词suiciding ]30.supremacy [su'prɛməsi]n. 霸权；至高无上；主权；最高地位supremacist [su'prɛməsɪst]n. 至上主义者adj. 至上主义者的P221. formation英[fɔ:ˈmeɪʃn] 美[fɔrˈmeʃən] n. 形成；构成，结构；形成物；编队，队形复数：formations2. colonization英[ˌkɒlənaɪ'zeɪʃn] 美[ˌkɑlənɪˈzeʃən] n. 殖民地的开拓，殖民，殖民地化；移殖3. Newfoundland英[ˌnju:fəndˈlænd] 美[ˈnufənlənd, -ˌlænd, -fənd-, ˈnju-]n. 纽芬兰，加拿大东部省名，包括纽芬兰岛和拉布拉多半岛东部。
英语国家概况各单元知识点汇总
《英语国家概况》一、课程性质、目的和要求（一）课程性质随着社会的进步和科技的高速发展，中外各种交流越来越密切，了解和掌握一些英语国家的文化传统也显得极为重要。
英语国家概况是面向英语专业三年一期学生开设的专业必修课程。
《英语国家概况》是介绍英语国家社会与文化背景的教科书，旨在帮助英语专业学生和英语自学者了解这些国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理，历史，政治，经济，社会生活和文化传统方面的基本知识。
（二）课程目的该课程旨在提高英语水平为目的。
该课程可以通过课文的学习和各种练习的实践，在教学过程中实行语言教学与文化知识课紧密相结合，以学生为中心，帮助学生能够理解课文，掌握英语，吸取知识，适当的补充对重大事件和人物的历史背景，典故，以提高学生的学习兴趣。
课后可以适当布置一些思考题，指导学生进行有效的自学，拓宽他们的知识面。
（三）课程要求该课程要求学生对英语国家的社会文化背景有一定的了解，能够对中西方社会和文化的差异有一定的理解和认识，正确看待中西方社会文化差异性与多元性。
二、教学重点和难点（一）教学重点英国部分：英国历史、英国的经济制度和政策、英国的政治制度和政府机构、英国的福利制度。
美国部分：美国地理区域划分及人口结构、美国历史、美国经济特点、美国政治制度中的三权分立。
（二）教学难点英国部分：英国的经济制度和政策、英国的政治制度和政府机构、英国的福利制度。
美国部分：美国地理区域划分及人口结构、美国经济特点、美国政治制度中的三权分立。
三、教学内容第一章英国第一课：英国的国土和人民教学内容：英国的地理特征，四部分的山水河流，气候状况，英国的各个民族。
这一部分主要从整体对大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国作一个综述。
了解英国不同名称的含义，英国的地理特征、河流和湖泊、气候的特点以及影响气候的因素，了解英国的民族构成、人口结构及其特点；了解英国的语言构成及阶级状况。
第二课：英国历史教学内容：英国的起源（1066年诺曼征服之前的历史，即英国早期遭受的三次外族入侵）：诺曼王朝，金雀花王朝，兰开斯特王朝，约克王朝，都铎王朝，斯图亚特王朝，克伦威尔时期的共和国，复辟时期，光荣革命，工业革命，宪章运动，英帝国的殖民扩张，一战及二战中的英国，战后到八十年代末的英国。
英语国家概况复习笔记
英语国家概况复习笔记 Final approval draft on November 22, 2020英语国家概况复习笔记Chapter1LandandPeople英国的国土与人民DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographicalnames:theBritishIsles,GreatBritainandEngland.地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰.2.Officialname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国.3.TheBritishIslesare madeupof twolargeislands—GreatBritain(thelargerone)and Ireland,and hundredsofsmallones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛［大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛］及成千上万个小岛组成.4.Three politicaldivisions ontheislandofGreatBritain:England,Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政区:英格兰,苏格兰和威尔士.①EnglandisinthesouthernpartofGreatBritain.Itisthelargest,mostpopuloussection.位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区.②ScotlandisinthenorthofGreatBritain.Ithasthreenat uralzones(theHighlandsinthenorth;theCentrallowlands;t hesouthUplands)Capital:Edinburgh.苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部.它有三大自然区：北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵.首府：爱丁堡.③WalesisinthewestofGreatBritain.Capital:Cardiff威尔士位于大不列颠的西部.首府：加的夫④NorthernIrelandisthefourthregionoftheUK.Capital:Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域.首府：贝尔法斯特5.The Commonwealth(ofnations)isafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Membe rnationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhavecertaintradingagreements.TheCommonwealthhasnospecialpowers. ThedecisiontobecomeamemberoftheCommonwealthislefttoeachnation.Itwasfoundedin1931,andhas50membercountrie suntil1991.英联邦是一个自由联合体,由曾是英国殖民地而现在已经独立的国家构成.成员国之间实行经济合作,有一定的贸易协议.英联邦没有特别的权利,是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定.它成立于1931年,到1991年止已有50个成员国.Chapter2TheOriginsofaNation(5000BC-1066)英国的起源1.ArrivalandsettlementoftheCelts Atabout700BC theCeltsbegantoarriveinBritainandkeptcomingun tilthearrivaloftheRomans.TheymaycomeoriginallyfromeasternandcentralEurope,now France,Belgium and southernG ermany.约公元前700年,凯尔特人来到不列颠岛并一直陆续到来直到罗马人的入侵.他们可能源自东欧和中欧,即现在的法国,比利时和德国南部.Theycameinthreemainwaves:the Gaels~about600BC;the Brythons~about400BC;the Belgae~about150BC.凯尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮:第一次是约公元前600年的盖尔人;第二次是约公元前400年的布立吞人;第三次是约公元前150年的贝尔盖人.TheCeltictribesaretheancestorsofthe HighlandScots,the Irish andthe Welsh,andtheirlanguagesarethebasisofb oth Welsh and Gaelic.凯尔特人是山地苏格兰人,爱尔兰人和威尔士人的祖先,他们的语言是威尔士语和盖尔语的基础.TheCelts’religionwas Druidism.凯尔特人的宗教为德鲁伊德教.The Belgae werethemost industrious and vigorous oftheCeltictribes.贝尔盖人是最勤奋,最精力充沛的.TheCeltswere practisedfarmers.凯尔特人是有经验的农民.2.BasisofmodernEnglishrace:theAnglo-Saxons现代英国人的基础:盎格鲁—萨克逊(446-871)Inthemid-5th century Jutes,Saxons,and Angles cametoBritain.Theywerethree Teutonic tribes.TheJutes,whofishedandfarmedinJ utland(now southernDenmark),cametoBritainfirst.ThentheSaxonscame.Theycamefrom northernGermany,established theirkingdomsin Essex,Sussex and Wessex.Inthesecondhalfofthe6th century,the Angles whoalsocamefromnorthernGerm anyandwereto givetheirnametotheEnglishpeople,settledin EastAnglia,Mercia and Northumbria.五世纪中叶,朱特人,撒克逊人和盎格鲁人来到不列颠岛.这是三支日耳曼部落.居住在朱特兰岛(现丹麦南部)从事打渔农耕的朱特人先到达不列颠;接着是撒克逊人,他们来自德国北部,在埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国;六世纪后半叶,同样来自德国北部把自己名字给了英国人的盎格鲁人,在东盎格利亚,麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居.Heptarchy:DuringtheAnglo-Saxon’stime,Britainwasdividedintomanykin gdoms,amongwhichthereweresevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Su ssex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.TheyweregiventhenameforHeptarchy.在盎格鲁-撒克逊时期,英国被划分为许多王国,其中有七个主要王国:肯特,埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯,威塞克斯,东盎格利亚,麦西亚和诺森伯利来.他们被合称为七王国.TheAnglo-Saxontribeswere constantlyatwarwithoneanother,eachtryingtogettheupperhand,sothatthekingdomswereoftenbrok enupandoftenpiecedtogetheragain.盎格鲁-撒克逊部落之间不断交战,彼此都想占上风,因此王国总是分了合,合了又分TheAnglo-Saxons broughttheirownTeutonicreligiontoBritain.盎格鲁—撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国.AlthoughtheAnglo-Saxonswere ferocious people,theylaidthe foundations oftheEnglishstate.Firstly,theydividedthecountryinto shir es;Secondly,theydevisedthe narrow-strip,three-fieldfarmingsystem whichcontinuedtothe18thcentury;Thirdly,theyalsoestablishedthe manorial system.Finally,t heycreatedthe Witan(council/meetingofwisemen)toadvisetheking,thebasisofthePrivyCouncilwhichstillexiststo day.虽然盎格鲁-撒克逊人是凶猛的民族,但他们为英国国家的形成打下了基础.首先他们把国家划分为郡;其次他们设计的窄条三圃田农耕制延用至18世纪;他们还建立了采邑制;最后他们还创立了议会(贤人会议),向国王提供建议,这是现存的枢密院的基础.3.TheVikingandDanishinvasions The NorwegianVikings andthe Danes attackedvariouspartsofEnglandfr omtheendofthe8th century.TheDanesgainedcontrolofthenorthandeastofEngland—the Danelaw.从8世纪末起,挪威海盗和丹麦人就不断袭击英格兰各地方.丹麦人控制英格兰北部和东部丹麦法区.AfterAlfred’sdeath,hissuccessorsreconqueredtheDanelaw.KingEthelredtheUnreadytriedpayingtheinvaderst ostayaway.ButtheDanesdidn’t goawaybutinvadeagain.亚尔弗雷德死后,他的继任者们重新征服了丹麦地区."未准备好者"埃塞尔雷德国王进贡给丹麦人以免被侵略,但丹麦人又再度进犯.AfterEthelred’sdeath,Canute,theDanishleaderwasmadeEnglishkingin1016.Heprovedtobeawiseruler.Afterhis deathin1035,hissons Harold and Hardicanute reignedsuccessively.AfterHardicanute’sdeaththesuccessionpassedt othesuccessor EdwardtheConfessor.埃塞尔雷德死后,丹麦首领喀奴特在1016年成为了英国国王.他是位英明的通知者.1035年他死后,他的儿子哈罗德和哈迪喀奴特先后统治王国.哈迪喀奴特死后,王位传给了"忏悔者"爱德华.4.KingAlfredandhiscontributions亚尔弗雷德国王和他所做出的贡献(849-899)①Alfredwasthe kingofWessex anddefeatedtheDanesandreachedafriendlyagreementwiththemin879亚尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王.他打败了丹麦人,并于公元879年与他们达成了友好协议;②Hefoundedastrong fleet andisknownas“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”他因为建立了强大舰队,而以“英国海军之父”闻名于世;③He reorganized the Saxonarmy,makingitmoreefficient他改组了撒克逊军队,使之更为高效;④Heissaidtohavetaughthims elf Latin and translated aLatinbookintoEnglish据说他自学了拉丁语并将一本拉丁语书译成英语⑤Heencouragedlearninginothers,establishedschools andformulateda legalsystem.Allthisearnshimthetitle“Alf redtheGreat”他鼓励向他人求知并修建学校,并且制订法律制度.5.TheNormanConquestanditsconsequences诺曼征服及其影响(1066)ItwassaidthatkingEdwardhadpromisedtheEnglishthronetoWilliam,buttheWitanchoseHaroldasking.So Willia m ledhisarmytoinvadeEngland.InOctober1066,William defeatedHarold inthe battleofHastings.OnChristmasDayWilli amwascrownedkingofEnglandin WestminsterAbbey.据说爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉,但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王.公元1066年10月,在哈斯丁斯战役中威廉打败了哈罗德军队.圣诞节这天在威斯敏斯特大教堂,威廉被加冕为英格兰国王.TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.WilliamtheConquerorconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers. HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.TheNormanConquestendedtheEnglishhistoryofbeinginv aded,the feudalsystem wascompletelyestablishedinEngland.RelationswiththeContinentwereopened,andcivilizati onandcommercewereextended.Norman-Frenchculture,language,mannersandarchitecturewereintroduced.TheChurchwasbroughtintocloserconnectionwith Rome,andthechurchcourtswereseparatedfromthecivilcourts.公元1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最着名事件.征服者威廉没收了几乎所有土地,将其分发给他的诺曼追随者.他用强大的诺曼政府取代软弱的撒克逊人统治.诺曼征服结束了被侵略的英国历史,英格兰完全确立了封建制度:扩展了与欧洲大陆的关系;文明和商业都得到发展;引进了诺曼—法国文化、语言、举止和建筑.教会与罗马的联系更为密切,教会法庭从世俗法庭中单独分离出来.Chapter3TheShapingoftheNation英国的形成（公元1066-1381）1.England'sfeudalismundertheruleofWilliamtheConqueror在威廉统治下的英国封建制度①Under William,thefeudalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished在威廉统治下,英国的封建制度得到完全确立;②Inthissystem,theKingownedallthelandpersonally根据此制度,国王拥有全国所有土地;③WilliamgavehisbaronslargeestatesinEnglandinreturnforapromiseofmilitaryserviceandaproportionoftheland’s produce威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族,条件是贵族保证服役和交租;④Theseestateswerescatteredfarandwideoverthecountry,sothatthosewhoheldthemcouldnoteasilycombinetorebelthe king贵族的这些地产分散于各处,这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王;⑤Thebaronsparceledouthislandtothelessernobles,knightsandfreemen,alsoinreturnforgoodsandservices贵族又把土地分配给小贵族,骑士和自由民,同样要他们交租和服役;⑥Atthe bottom ofthefeudalscalewerethe villeins or serfs 在封建等级底层的是农奴;⑦OnepeculiarfeatureofthefeudalsystemofEnglandwasthatalllandownersmusttaketheoathofallegiance,notonlytoth eirimmediatelord,butalsototheking英国封建制独有的特色就是,无论是土地承租人还是二佃户,都必须要宣誓效忠于直接领主,而且要效忠于国王.William replaced the Witan withthe GrandCouncil.威廉用大议会取代了贤人会议.Inordertohaveareliablerecordofallhislands,histenantsandtheirpossessions,Williamsenthisclerkstocompil eapropertyrecordknownasDomesdayBook,whichwascompletedin1086.为了使所有的土地,佃户和他们的财产记录可靠,威廉派官员编了一本财产清册,称为末日审判书2.ContentsandthesignificanceoftheGreatCharter大宪章的内容及意义AlsoknownastheMagnaCarta,GreatCharterwassignedby KingJohn in1215underthepressofthebarons.大宪章是约翰国王1215年在封建贵族压力下签定的.Itconsistsof63clauses.Itsimportantprovisionsareasfollows大宪章共有63条:①notaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovaloftheGrandCouncil没有大议会批准不得征税;②nofreemanshouldbearrested,imprisoned,ordeprivedofhispropertyexceptbythelawoftheland除依照法律,不得随意逮捕,拘禁自由民,不依照土地法不得剥夺其财产;③theChurchshouldpossessallitsrights,togetherwithfreedomofelections教会拥有的权利和选举自由不受侵犯;④Londonandothertownsshouldretaintheirancientrightsandprivileges伦敦和其它城市应保留其古老的权利和特权;⑤thereshouldbethesameweightandmeasuresthroughoutthecountry全国应统一度量衡.AlthoughtheGreatCharterhaslongbeenpopularlyregardedas thefoundationofEnglishliberties,itwasastatement ofthefeudalandlegalrelationshipbetweentheCrownandthebarons,aguaranteeofthefreedomoftheChurchanda limitat ionofthepowersoftheking.The spirit oftheGreatCharterwasthelimitationofthepowersoftheking,keepingthemwithi ntheboundsofthefeudallawoftheland.尽管长期普遍认为大宪章是英国自由的基础,但它只是国王与贵族之间的封建与法律关系,保证教会的自由,限制国王的权力.大宪章的精神是限制王权,置王权于封建法律的约束下.3.TheoriginsoftheEnglishParliament英国议会的起源In1258,thebarons,under SimondeMontfort,forcedHenryⅢandhissonPrinceEdwardtosweartoacceptthe ter,HenryrefusedtoconfirmtotheProvisionsofO xford,thusacivilwarbrakeoutbetweentheking’ssupportersandthebaronialarmyledby SimondeMontfort.1258年,贵族们在西蒙德孟福尔的领导下迫使国王和他的儿子爱德华王子宣誓接受"牛津协定".亨利拒绝批准牛津协定,国王的支持者和西蒙德孟福尔领导的封建主组成的军队之间爆发了内战.TheGreatCouncilisknowntobetheprototypeofthecurrentBritishParliament.In1265,SimondeMontfortsummonedthe GreatCouncil,togetherwith twoknightsfromeachcountry and twocitizensfromeachtown.,ameetingwhichhasseenasthe earliestparliament.ItlaterdevelopedintotheHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommonasaparliament.大议会是当今英国议会的原型.1265年,西门德孟福尔召开大议会,各县有两名骑士,各镇有两名市民参加,此次会议被看作是最早的议会.大议会发展到后来演变成议会.分为上议院和下议院Itsmainrolewastoofferadvice,nottomakedecisions.Therewerestillnoelections,noparties,andthemostimportantp artofParliamentwastheHouseofLords.其作用是咨询而非决定,也没有选举和政党.议会的最重要的部分是上议院4.TheHundredYears'WarwithFranceanditsconsequences百年战争及其结果WhenEdwardIIIclaimedtheFrenchCrownbuttheFrenchrefusedtorecognize,thewarbrokeout.爱德华三世宣布要继承法国王位,但法国人民拒绝承认,于是引发了百年战争.TheHundredYears’WarwithFrancereferstothewarbetweenEnglandandFrancethatlasted intermittentlyfrom1337t o1453.Thecausesofthewarwerepartlyterritorialandpartlyeconomic.Theterritorialcauseswererelatedwiththepos sessionbytheEnglishkingsofthelargeduchyofAquitaine,whiletheFrenchkingscovetedthislargeslice.Theeconomic causeswereconnectedwithclothmanufacturingtownsinFlanders,whichweretheimporterofEnglishwool,buttheywerel oyaltotheFrenchkingpolitically.Besides,England'sdesiretostopFrancefromgivingaidtoScotsandagrowingsenseo fnationalismweretheothercauses.百年战争指1337年到1453年英法之间一场断断续续的战争.战争的起因既有领土因素又有经济因素.领土起因尤其是与英国国王拥有法国阿奎丹大片的公爵领地有密切关系,随着法国国王势力日增,他们日益渴望占领这片从他们领土内被分割出去的土地.经济原因则与弗兰德斯有关.弗兰德斯地区生产棉布的城镇是英国羊毛的主要进口地,但这些城镇在政治上却效忠法国国王.其他原因还有英国试图阻止法国帮助苏格兰人,以及不断觉醒的民族意识.Whenthewarended,Calais wastheonlypartofFrancethatstillinthehandsofEnglish.战争结束的时候只有加来港还被英军占领.Consequences:TheexpulsionoftheEnglishfromFranceisregardedasablessingforbothcountries:hadtheyremained ,thesuperiorsizeandwealthofFrancewouldcertainlyhavehinderedthedevelopmentofaseparateEnglishnationaliden tity,whileFrancewashinderedsolongasaforeignpoweroccupiedsomuchFrenchterritory.战争的结果:把英国人赶出了法国对两个国家都是幸事:若英国人继续留在法国,那么法国人在领土和财富上所占的优势必然会阻碍英国作为一个独立民族的发展;而法国如被外国势力占领了大量的领土,其民族特性的发展也要长期受阻.HenryⅤrenewedthewarin1415andwonacrushingvictoryat Argencourt.HewasrecognizedtotheFrenchthronein1420.Afterhisde ath,theFrench,encouragedby JoanofArc,finallydrovetheEnglishoutofFrance.亨利五世在1415年重新发动战争.在阿根科特战役中大胜.他在1420年成为法国国王.亨利死后,法国人民在圣女贞德的鼓舞下,最终把英军驱逐出法国. 5.ConsequencesoftheBlackDeath黑死病的影响TheBlackDeathwasthemodernnamegiventothedeadlyepidemicdiseasespreadbyratfleasacrossEurope inthe14th century .ItsweptthroughEnglandinthesummerof1348withoutwarningand,mostimportantly,withoutanycure.ItreducedEnglan d’spopulation from fourmilliontotwomillion(aboutonehalfandonethirdofthepopulation waskilled)bytheendofthe 14th century.黑死病是现代名称,指老鼠身上的跳蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫引起的传染性疾病.14世纪传播了到欧洲.1348年夏天横扫全英国,事先毫无预兆,而更重要的是无药可救.英国的人口在14世纪末从400万锐减至200万.TheeconomicconsequencesoftheBlackDeathwerefar-reaching.Asaresultoftheplague,ndownersten dedtochangefromarabletosheep-farming,whichrequiredlesslabour.Thesurvivingpeasantshadbetterbargainningpowerandwereinapositiontochange theirserfdomintopaidlabour.Sosomelandlords,unableorunwillingtopayhigherwages,triedtoforcepeasantsbackin toserfdom.In1351thegovernmentissuedaStatuteofLabourerswhichmadeitacrimeforpeasantstoaskformorewagesorfo rtheiremployerstopaymorethantherateslaiddownbytheJusticesofthePeace.黑死病对经济造成的后果更为深远.鼠疫导致了大片土地无人照管和劳动力极度匮乏.地主只得把耕地改成对人力需求较少的牧场.幸存的农民处于有利的可以讨价还价的地位,他们从农奴变为雇佣劳动力。
英语国家概况笔记整理
英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家是指以英语为官方语言或为第一语言的国家。
这些国家有着丰富的历史和文化，并且在全球范围内都有着重要的地位。
以下是对一些典型英语国家的笔记整理。
英格兰英格兰是指大不列颠岛上最大的一个国家，首都是伦敦。
英格兰是全球最重要的文化和商业中心之一，是世界上最重要的旅游胜地之一。
它以其壮丽的城市风光、古老的大学、世界顶级艺术品和丰富的文化遗产而著名。
英格兰还是口音最标准、最古老的英语发源地之一。
苏格兰苏格兰是英国的一个国家，位于英国北部，与英格兰隔着哈德里安长城相隔。
苏格兰地处北极圈附近，因此气候较为寒冷，但是其美丽的山川湖泊和独特的文化使得它成为了一个重要的旅游胜地。
苏格兰的联合王国象征是印有一只独角兽的盾牌。
苏格兰有着悠久的历史，并且拥有着独特的文化，比如苏格兰传统的音乐、服装和食品等。
威尔士威尔士是英国的一个国家，位于英格兰西部。
它以其壮观的山地风景和世界最佳的海岸线而著名。
威尔士人喜欢庆祝传统文化，并且其歌曲、舞蹈和风俗仍然在今天得到了广泛传承。
威尔士听起来有着特别的口音。
英国国旗上的红色龙即是威尔士的象征。
爱尔兰爱尔兰是一个欧洲国家，位于大不列颠岛西侧。
它分为爱尔兰共和国和北爱尔兰，后者是英国的一部分。
爱尔兰是一个美丽的国家，拥有许多独特的风景和文化遗产。
爱尔兰以其友好的人民、美妙的音乐和优美的文学而著名。
美国美国是世界上最强大的国家之一，是一个多元化的国家，拥有许多文化和民族。
美国以其灿烂多彩的文化、科技创新和政治制度而闻名于世。
美国是一个旅游胜地，拥有世界上最知名的城市之一，如纽约、洛杉矶和旧金山等。
在美国，许多地方需要汽车来进行通行，而且美国人也对汽车有着独特的热爱。
加拿大加拿大是北美洲最多元化和最友善的国家之一。
加拿大有着尽可能保持自然美和野生动物保护的承诺，拥有美丽的大自然风光，如落基山脉和尼亚加拉瀑布。
加拿大人民非常注重公民权利和社会公正，是全世界人权保护能见度最高的国家之一。
英语国家概况教学总结
英语国家概况教学总结篇一：英语国家概况学习心得与体会《英语国家概况》学习心得与体会英语国家概况（英美概况），雨婷认为是所有科目中最难的一科了！英概的出题范围很广，书中的每一句话都可能成为考题，尤其是选择题、填空题、改错题。
从历年考题上看，英、美两国概况所占分值比较大，其他几国相对少些。
其中以英、美两国的政治、经济、历史、教育、文化等方面为主，地理次之。
大家首先一定要把教材看透，如果感觉生词太多，可以先通读全文，然后把生词的释义及音标标注出来，再通读全文；若有英汉对照本，那学起来就更方便了！（呵呵，雨婷当时考的时候可没买到这本小册子。
）然后把以下几方面单独整理出来，常看常记，雨婷觉得考题中会常出现的。
当然这并不是雨婷在押题，而只是总结自己的考试经验而已，各位不要想偏了噢！！！¶ 、世界之最（国家之最、城市之最）；2、名作家作品；3、著名城市的地理位置；4、世界著名大学所在地及概况；5、各国历史（年代表）；6、历界总结；7、各国首都。
这几天雨婷将英、美两国的“之最”（世界之最、国家之最、城市之最等等）整理了一下，会贴出来的。
至于其他方面，因为最近实在抽不出时间来，过阵子时间充足了，再好好整理整理！快考试了，加油噢！以下是英国之最（世界、国家、城市之最）及少部分英国作家作品等。
声明：并非押题！！！这可是雨婷花了整整一天的时间、一个字母一个字母打出来的，呵呵，雨婷还是第一次打这么多的英文呢，感觉比打汉字费时多了！因为时间比较仓促，难免会有错误之处，望多涵噢！下次会打出美国之最（世界、国家、城市之最）及少部分美国作家作品等。
1、EnglandisthemostimportantpartoftheKingdominwealth,size,andpopulation .2、BennevisisthehighestmountaininBritain.itis1343meters.3、ThenorthSeaisthefirsthighqualitypetroleum.4、Britainisoneoftheworld?smostadvancedmanufacturingandtradingnations.5、TheBritisheconomywasthefirsttohavebeenfullyindustrialized.6、Thecottonindustry,thelargestbranch,hasundergoneaseverecontraction.7、TheBritishagriculturalindustryisoneofthemostefficientinEurope.8、Theearliestinvasionisthatbythedark-hairedmediterraneanracecalledtheiberi ans.9、BirminghamisthesecondlargestcityinEngland.10、LiverpoolisthesecondlargestportofEngland.11、Beforethegreaticeage,GreatBritainwasjoinedtothecontinentofEurope.itwas thenthatmenfirstcametoBritain.12、alfredwasconsideredthefirstnationalhero.13、normandywasthemosthighlyorganizedstateinEuropeatthattime.14、Therewereanumberoflords,butthemostimportantclasswastheknights.15、Thenormanswerethefinestfightinghorsemen.16、attheendofthecentury,themostwell-knowncompany,theEastindiacompany wasformed.17、TheEnglishRenaissance?sfinestexponentswerechristophermalovve,BenJo hnson,andwilliamShakespeare.ThegreatestdramatistoftheagewasShakespe are.18、Theearly17thcenturywasaperiodofthemostacuteclassstrugglebetweentheb ourgeoisieandthefeudalistswiththeKingastheirhead.19、Economicrecoverywasthemostdifficulttaskforthecommonwealth.in1651P arliamentpassedthefirstnavigationact.20、ThemostnotoriouslycomiptofthewhigstatesmeninthathalfcenturywasRober twalpole.21、in1761thefirstextensivecanalwasopened.in1814GeorgeStephensonconstru ctedthefirstsuccessfulsteamlocomotive.22、Theeconomicboomwhichbeganin1824collapsedin1825,causingthefirstofm anyperiodiceconomiccrisesintheworld.23、in1840underthepretextofprotectinghertrade,Britainlaunchedanaggressive waragainstchina.Thiswastheopiumwar.24、Fromthemid-19thcenturyonwardanumberofBritishcolonieswereorganizedi ntodominiors.ThedominionofcanadawasthefirstBritishdominiontobesoorg anized.25、TheThirdReformBillof1884andtheRedistributionactof1885wasthemostim portantofreforms.26、Theirishquestiononeoftheoldestissuescreatedthegreatestdifficulties.27、inforeignpolicythemostimportantachievementwastheLocarnoTreatyof192 6.28、intheearly1950?s,Britain?sfirstatomicbombwastested,joininghertotheUSandtheUSSRasanuclearpower.29、margaretThatcherwasthefirstfemalePrimeministerinthenation?shistory.30、in1981,theHumberBridgewascompletedat4626feettheworld?slongestSusp ensionBridge.Theworld?slongesthigh-speedopiticalfiberlinkconnectedBir minghamwithLondon.31、Thelongestministryofthecentury,ithadglorifiedtheVictorianvaluesofself-he lpandnationalism.32、JohnmajorbecamethefirstwesternleadertovisitliberatedKuwait.33、TheEuropeanUnionistheworld?slargesttradingbloc.34、Theworldfamousuniversitiesoxfordandcambridge,aretheoldestonesdatingf rom1167and1284.35、durhamUniversitycameintobeingin1832,theoldestuniversityinthisgroupan dthefirstEnglishuniversityafteroxfordandcambridge.36、alargegroupofnineteenthandtwentiethcenturyuniversitieswerefoundedinm ostofthebiggestindustrialtownsandinafewothercentres.Theystartedas “universitycolleges”.37、TheearlistknownprintednewspaperinBritainwaspublishedin1513.itwascall edTreweEncountre.38、TheTimesisthemostfamousofallBritishpapersandtheoldestatthat.39、ThemostimportantPeriodicalsaretheEconomist,newStatesman,Spectator,n ewSociety,PrivateEyeandnewScientist.40、Britishradioandtelevisionplayanimportantpartindailylife,socialactivities,c ulturalandeducationalcauses.Theyarechieflyrunbythreecompanies:theBriti shBroadcastingcorporation(B.B.c),theindependentTelevisioncommission( i.T.c),andtheRadioauthority,thoughtherearemanycommercial,companies.41、ThePressassociationLtd.whichwasfoundedbyprovincialnewspapersonaco-operativebasisin1868istheoldestandlargestnewsagencyoperatingexclusivel yinBritain.42、associationfootball(orsoccer)claimsthehighestpopularattendanceinthecoun try.43、GolfisprobablythemostattractiveofBritishsports.44、Stephenson?s?Rocket?isthemostfamousofallsteamlocomotives.45、JohndaltonwasanEnglishchemistandphysicist,whoisbestknownfordevelopi nganatomictheoryinwhichtheelementsarecharacterizedbydifferentsizesand weights.46、Thebest-knownscientificachievementinthenineteenthcenturywascharlesRo bertdarwin?sdevelopmentofatheoryofevolution.47、ThenumberoftheBritishnoblePrizewinnersinsciencebeforeworldwar Ⅱisthelargestintheworld.48、Fableswhichareaboutanimalsorsupernaturalpersonsorincidentsandwhosep urposeisteachingamoralareprobablytheearliestformofstory-telling.49、Thebest-lovedstoryisaboutRobinHoodwhowasapopularherolivingunderthe greenwoodwithhismen,takingfromtherichandgivingtothepoorandwagingw aragainstbishopsandarchbishops.Bythetimewegettothemiddleages,wefindt hefirstgreatEnglishpoet,chaucer.50、inthesixteethcenturyThomasmoreissuedhismasterpieceUtopiaintwobooks, thefirstofwhichcontainsalongconversiationonthesocialconditionofEngland .51、duringthePuritanperiod(orintheseventeethcentury)JohnBunyanwasacommandingprosewriterandJohnmiltonwasanoutstandingpoet.Bunyanwroteothe rworks,suchastheHolywar,Graceaboundingtothechiefofsinners.52、danieldefoeandhisRobinsoncrusoeandJonathanSwiftandhisGulliver?sTrav elsbelongtothisperiod.53、SamuelRichardsonisanothernovelistrenownedasastoryteller.Hechosetheep istolataryfromandwrote“thefirstmodernnovel.”54、Thenineteenthcenturywasthegoldenageofthenovel.Therewerealotofnovelis ts,thegreatestofwhomwascharlesdickens.Heislookeduponasoneofthegreate stcreativewriterswhoeverlived.55、Thecomicmasterpieceofwhichdickenswastheproudest,isPicwickPapers.da vidcopperfield,whichislarglybasedonhimself,isperhapshisbestnovel.other well-knownnovelsinclude.TheoldcuriosityShop,HardTimes,GreatExpectat ions,aTaleofTwoLitiesanddombeyandSon.56、walterScottwasapoetandfamousScottishhistoricalnovelist,whowrotemuch. amonghisnovelsandwaverley,Guymannering,Kenilworth,woodstockandQ uentindurward.Hisbestknownnovelisivanhoe,hisbestnovelisTheHeartofmi dlothian.57、williammakepeaceTackeray,wholargelywroteaboutmiddle-classsociety.He wroteTheHistoryofPendennis,TheHistoryofHeyEsmond,Thenewcomersth eVirginians.58、nineteenth-centuryEnglandalsoproducedmanygreatwomennovelists,theear liestofwhomwasperhapsJaneausten.Hermostwidely-readnovelisPrideandP rejudice,thoughthreeothers,SenseandSensibility,EmmaandmansefieldPark ,haveslowlywontheirwaytothefrontrankoffiction.59、JosephRudyardKiplingwasthefirstBritishnovelisttowinthenobelPrize,whic hhedidin1907.60、davidHerbertLawrencewasaninnovatorofpsychologicalfictionandoneofthe mostcontroversialwritersoftheearly20thcentury,surpassedonlybyJamesJoy ceintheamountofoppositionwhichwascausedbyhisworks.Hismajorworksar eSonsandLovers,theRainbow,womeninLove,Kangaroo,thePlumedSerpent andLadychatterley?sLover.61、JamesJoycewasconsideredinthewestandthemostimportantandinfluentialno velistwritinginEnglish.62、ThenameofHerbertGeorgewellsiscloselyassociatedwithsciencefiction.The Timemachine,TheislandofPr.moreau,Theinvisibleman,whentheSleeperwa kesandTheShapeofThingstocomearehisbestworksaboutscience.63、JohnGalsworthywasoneofthemostprominentBritishnovelistsanddramatists ofthetwentiethcentury.HismaidenworkisFromtheFourwinds.64、anothernobelPrizewinnerwasBertrandRussell,whowasaphilosopher,mathe matician,logicianandnovelist.HegothisnoblePrizein1950.65、Geoffreychaucer,thefatherofEnglishpoetry,describesapartyofpilgrimsgoin gtocanterburyinhismasterpieceThecanterburyTales.66、ThegreatestEnglishrevolutionarypoetoftheseventeenthcenturywasJohnmilt on,whomwerememberchieflyforhislongepicintwelvebooksParadiseLost,w hichmainlytellsthestoryofadamandEreintheGardenofEden.67、TwoofthegreatestnamesinthepoetryofthiscenturyarewilliamButlerYeatsan dThomasSteamsEliot.TheSecondcoming,oneoftheYeats?smostfamouspoe ms,hismostfamousworksareThewindamongtheweeds,Responsibilities,The Tower,ThewindingstairsandThelandofHeart?sdesire(aplayof1914).68、EliotwasborninamericanbuthebecameaBritishsubjectin1927.Hisbestknow nwork,ThewasteLand,causedanuproarbecauseofitsoriginalityandoftheseve rityofitsattackonEnglishandamericansociety,whenitwaspublishedwithPou nd?shelpin1922.69、EnglishdramaiscompletelydominatedbywilliamShakespeare.Heisthegreat playwrightandpoetoftheRenaissance,widelyregardedbythepeopleofthewor ldasoneofthegreatestwriterswhoeverlivedKarlmarxtakesShakespeareandae schylusasthetwogreatestgeniusesofwholetheatre.Hewrotethirty-sevenplay s,mostlyinverse,manyofwhicharestillfrequentlyacted.Theyincludecomedie s.asYouLikeit,amidsummernight?sdream,awinter?sTale,ThemerchantofVe nice,TheTempestandTwelfthnight;thegreattragedies:RomeandJuliet,macb eth,KingLearandothello.70、christophermarloweisthemostgiftedofthe “universitywitswhosethreebestplaysareTamburlaine,TheJewofmaltaand TheTragicalHistoryofdoctorFaustus.71、intheeighteenthcenturythemostoutstandingdramatistoftherealisticschoolw asRichardBrinsleySheridanwhosefirstcomedyTheRivalswasstagedwhenhe was24.72、TheBritishmuseumLibraryisoneofthelargestandrichestintheworld.73、atthenortheastendaremarblearchwhichisfamousforitslovelyplantsandthew orld-famousSpeakers?corner,whereoutdoororatorsmaketheireloquentfrees peechesonwoodensoapboxes.74、inTowerofLondon,thefirstprisonerwasRanulfFlambard,bishopofdurham,o neoftheoriginalbuildersofthewhiteTower.75、St.Paul?scathedral,thebiggestandmostwell-knownchurchinLondon,isatypi calexampleofthearchitectureoftheRenaissance.76、TheoldbuildingsoftheobservatoryareonthehighesthillinGreenwichPark,wh ichwasbeautifullylaidoutbyLenotreforcharlesⅡ,butnowtheRoyalobservatoryhasmovedtoHerstmonceuxcastleinSussexo naccountoftheLondonpollution.77、Thebest-knownqualityoftheBritishpeopleand,inparticular,oftheEnglishpeo pleistheirexclusiveness.78、TheBritishParliament,istheoldestparliamentinEurope.79、inspeakingofJohnBull,animageimmediatelyappearsinourmind.Heisshortan dfat,withatallhatonhisheadandapairofbootsonhisfeet.itisthenicknameforBr itain.80、“LadiesFirst”isalsoaBritishcustom,thoughitislessobservedtodaythanitusedtobe.81、inBritish,“Threedon?t”:(1)TheBritishhavethehabitofqueuing.Theydon?tjumpofthequeue.(2)inEngland,youshouldn?taskawomanherage.(3)don?ttrytobargaininBritainwhenyoudotheshopping.82、Three“inGS”refertobetting,drinkingandtipping,endingforeachofwhichisinG.83、christmasdayisondecember25,whichisthegreatestofthechristianfestivals,co mmemoratingasitdoesthebirthofJesuschrist.84、newYear?sday(January1st)ispartoftheScottish?Hogmanay?festivalwhichis moreimportantthanchristmastoScots.85、aprilFool?sdayishardlyafestival,butonthatdayyoumayfindthatsomeonehas givenyouafalsemessageoryourshoe-laceshavebeentiedtogether,orsomeoth eringenioustrickshavebeenplayedonyoutomakeyouan“aprilFool”.86、TherearethreemainworldreligiousBuddhism,islamandchristianity.87、Themostimportantdenominationistheanglicanchurch.88、TheBritishParliamentconsistsofthreeelements:thecrown,theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofcommons.89、TheHouseofLor(:英语国家概况教学总结)dsistheoldestpartofParliament.90、TherearetwomajorpartiesinBritaintoday.TheyaretheconservativePartyandt heLaborParty.91、intermsofthenatureofcases,wecanalsodividethecourtsintotwosystems:theci vilcourtsandthecriminalcourts.英语国家概况学习要领关于《英语国家概况》课程方面的辅导材料很少。
余志远《英语国家概况》笔记和课后答案pdf网课视频
余志远《英语国家概况》笔记和课后答案pdf网课视频第一部分英国第1章国土与人民1.1 复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ. Geographical Features1. The UK’s Geographical Location and Its Size2. Rivers and LakesⅡ. Climate1. A Maritime Climate2. Factors Which Influence the Climate3. RainfallⅢ. Plant and Animal Life1. Plant Life2. Animal LifeⅣ. People1. Ethnic Groups2. Languages3. Religion4. Urbanization5. Population Growth6. Migration Patterns【重难点归纳】1. Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland, and Wales. Together with Northern Ireland, it forms the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. The total population of the UK was around 63 million, which is the third-largest in the European Union and the 22nd-largest in the world.3. The UK is a developed country with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally.4. The UK’s capital is London, and it has other major cities including, Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester in England and so on.1. 大不列颠由英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士组成。
英语国家概况复习整理
英语国家概况复习整理英语国家概况一、国家概况英语是世界上使用最广泛的第二语言，几乎所有英语国家都以英语为官方语言。
以下是几个代表性的英语国家概况：1. 英国（United Kingdom）英国位于欧洲大陆的西北部，由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
英国是一个君主立宪制国家，伦敦是其首都和最大城市。
英国是工业革命的发源地之一，对现代科学、文化和法律产生了重要影响。
2. 美国（United States）美国是一个位于北美洲的联邦共和制国家，由50个州组成。
华盛顿特区是其首都，纽约市是最大城市。
美国是世界上最大的经济体和军事力量之一，对全球政治、经济和文化具有巨大影响。
3. 加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲最北端的国家，是一个君主立宪制国家。
渥太华是其首都，多伦多是最大城市。
加拿大是世界上最大的国家之一，拥有丰富的自然资源和文化多样性。
4. 澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是世界上面积第六大的国家，位于南太平洋地区。
堪培拉是其首都，悉尼是最大城市。
澳大利亚以其独特的自然景观、丰富的动植物种类和多元文化而闻名。
5. 新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰位于南太平洋地区，由北岛和南岛组成。
惠灵顿是其首都，奥克兰是最大城市。
新西兰以其美丽的自然景观和友好的人民而闻名，是旅游和冒险活动的热门目的地。
二、国家特点1. 文化和历史英语国家的文化和历史各具特色。
英国的文化底蕴深厚，有着悠久的王室传统和文学艺术遗产。
美国是一个移民国家，融合了来自世界各地的文化，拥有独特的美国梦和好莱坞电影文化。
加拿大和澳大利亚等英联邦国家也保留了英国文化的一些传统，并发展了自己的多元文化。
2. 经济和科技英语国家在经济和科技领域具有强大实力。
英国在金融、教育、文化创意产业等领域发达，是世界上最重要的金融中心之一。
美国是全球最大的市场之一，科技创新领域具有很高的竞争力。
加拿大和澳大利亚等国也在自然资源开发和高科技产业方面表现出色。
《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分
《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分1. Population, Race and Ethnic Groups 人口与民族世界第三人口大国，20世纪90年代人口增长更加迅速，将来60年还将迅猛增加。
预计将从1992年的25，550万，增加到2000年的27，500万。
移民是人口增长的主要来源，基本开放的移民政策。
现在多数移民来自亚洲和拉丁美洲。
城市化高，最大的城市：纽约，洛杉矶，芝加哥，旧金山，费城。
1946-1964是生育高峰，20世纪80年代人口老龄化趋势。
美国是移民国家。
第一批移民来自英国和荷兰，为了逃避宗教迫害，寻求更好的生活，契约劳工。
三次移民浪潮：第一次移民浪潮始于1805年，1845年到达高峰，许多爱尔兰人迁入。
第二次移民浪潮从1860-1890。
第三次移民浪潮从1890-1914，是最大的一次。
来自奥匈帝国，意大利，俄国，希腊，罗马尼亚和土耳其。
Characteristics of the American population 美国人口的特征流动性。
四次大规模的人口流动：第一次从内战结束到1880年，西进运动。
从东海岸向西部迁移。
第二次从1890-1920年，随着工业化和城市化的实现，人口从农村涌向城市。
第三次从1920-1960年，大批黑人离开南方涌入外地。
第四次从60年代至今，从东北部向西南部的阳光地带迁移。
Black people and the Civil Rights Movement 黑人与民权运动黑人是美国人口最多的少数民族。
自1619年作为奴隶贩运到北美洲，集中在南部农业区，生活悲惨。
代表小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和《根》。
1863年林肯的《解放奴隶宣言》和1865《宪法》第13条修正案正式结束了奴隶制，但仍存在歧视。
1954年布朗诉教育委员会一案，开始了漫长的废除种族隔离的进程。
60年代爆发民权运动。
1964年通过《民权法案》，1965年通过《选举权法案》。
英语国家概况知识点
英语国家概况知识点（绝对全）3投一票第一部分英国第一章英国地理1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.3. About a hundred years ago, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area.4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once colonies of Britain.5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the southeast slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in Britain.9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the central lowlands, and the southern uplands. The lowlands in the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides.苏格兰有800座岛屿，包括奥克内群岛，谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。
英语国家概况复习整理
英语国家概况复习整理英语国家概况复习整理一、单选题知识点：1.英国部分英国的主要岛屿：Great Britain and IrelandEdinburgh(爱丁堡)是苏格兰的首都英国有超过60 million的人口Northern Ireland是4个英国组成部分中最小的一个1/4 人口住在southeastern England英语属于Indo-European 语系中的Germanic(日耳曼语)基督教额引入为英国添加了第一笔 Latin and Greek色彩中世界英语被Norman influence强化塞缪尔.约翰逊的词典的意义是建立了Spelling的标准目前，将近a quarter的世界人口讲英文The Gremanic对罗马的进攻结束了罗马人占领英国在7世纪晚期，Roman Christianity(天主教会)处于英格兰的主导地位Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)建立在Edward the confessor(忏悔者爱德华)时期The Norman conquest 标志着Feudalism(封建制度)在英国的建立玫瑰花战争带来the House of Tudor的统治宗教改革(Religious Reformation)的直接原因是亨利三世国王divorce his wife英国革命在1642年爆发于Royalists and Parliamentarians(保皇党人和国会议员)之间Bill of Right(人权法案)在Glorious Revolution (光荣革命)后被通过19世纪中期英国的Industrial Revolution完成英国在20世纪初期面临着强烈的全球帝国统治挑战英国政府的三权分立：judiciary(司法),legislature(立法)及executive(行政)，而不包括momarchy(君主) 英国君主的重要性体现在他在public attitude方面的影响British Cabinet(内阁)在Collective responsibility(集体负责制)的原则下工作英国Priry Council(枢密院)的主要责任是Give advice英国议会大选每5年举行一次Scotland拥有建立在罗马法律基础上的独特的法律系统英国议会的经营是two-party(两党的)模式保守党的政策是典型的Pragmatism(实用主义)和a belief in individualism(个人主义的信仰)工会党(The Labor Prty)的影响是建立了全国健康服务体制(National Health Service)英国经济到1800s实现了全球统治在1946年，英国议会通过了两个重要法案，建立了福利规定1970s早期的The oil crisis(石油危机)恶化了本来已经不景气的英国经济布莱尔政府没有在reducing inequality方面获得成功英国开垦了74%的土地用于发展农业英国的渔业地区不包括The sea area between Britain and Ireland在英国，煤矿产业提供了1/4的能源英国汽车产业几乎全部是Foreign-owned(外企)英国文艺复兴时期最光辉的成就是drama(戏剧)"Preface to Lyrical Ballads"是浪漫诗的开篇之作Thomas Hardy 是19世纪批判现实主义的代表Waiting for Godot是Samuel Bekett 写的2.美国部分美国大陆上有48个statesAlaska是最大的州美国在 central North America ,加拿大在它的北面，墨西哥在南面，大西洋在它的东面，太平洋在它的西面美国最大的河流是Mississippi River哈佛、耶鲁和MIT等著名大学位于New EnglandNiagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)位于美国-加拿大边境上阿拉斯加人口中没有the Blacks美国最大的少数民族是the Blacks1924年的移民法案限制美国的进一步移民，尤其是来自欧洲的美国文化主流的特点是：English-speaking,Western European,Protestant and Middle-class第一个北美殖民地建立在Jamestorn,VirginiaPilrim Fathers 是一群Paritans(清教徒)，他们为了逃避在英国的迫害而来到美国7年战争发生在French and British之间"No taxation without represtation"是The people of 13 colonies的口号美国独立战争的第一枪在Lexingto (列克星顿)打响1775年5月，The second continenta congrsee 在Philadelphia举行林肯签发了Declaration of Independence承诺给予所以奴隶自由第二次世界大战开始时，美国是neutrality(中立的)政策Roosevelt(罗斯福)新政处理了大萧条的问题越南战争继续受Eisenhower,kennedy and johnson的影响美国的ore(矿石)只占世界很小部分现代美国经济经历了faming economy,handcraft economy,最终形成industrial economy第一家国家银行是在Alexander Hamilton时期建立的美国1/3粮食用于出口目前，美国出口占世界10%美国常规教育包括elementary,secondary and higher education美国高等教育开始于Harvard University 的建立MIT没有出过总统美国国庆节在July 4thWashington Irving 是美国文学之父Tony Morrison是第一个获得诺贝尔奖文学奖的非裔美国人二、名词解释：1. American Civil War(美国内战)American Civil War is a war that was fought in the US between 1861 and 1865 when 11 southern states rebelled against the federal government. The southern states were beaten, and as a result of the war, slaves became free.2.Melting pot and salad(大熔炉)The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society. The term, which originates from the United States, is often used to describe societies experiencing large scale immigration from many different countries.3.American Constitution(美国宪法)American Constitution，which was drawn up in 1787 and came into effect in 1789,is the basic law of the land.For over two centuries,it has guided the development of government institution and has the basis for the nation，s political stability,economic growth and social progress.4.Cold War(冷战)In the spring of 1947 ,for the purpose of establishing theU.S.hegenmiony(霸权) in postwar world,President Truman declared the "Tueman Doctrine",aiming at expanding American sphere of influence.This marked the beginning of the Cold War period.the Cold War exerted great influence in Europe,and two Germanys were founded.Then,in April 1949,the U.S.allied with other Western countries,forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.While seeking to prevent Communist ideology from gaining further adherents(追随者) in Europe, the U.S.also responded to the challenges elsewhere.5.Thanksgiving(感恩节)Thanksgiving is a associated with the time when Europeans first came to the New World.In1620,the Mayflower arrived and brought about 150 Pilgrims.Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food,so many of them died.During the following summer the Native Americans helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest.So they held a big celebration to thank God and the Native Americans.6.British Labor Party(英国工会党)British Labor Party known as a party of high taxation,was created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the 19th century.It quickly replaced the Liberal Party as one of the two largest political parties.The Labor government that come to power in 1945 had a major effort on British society. It set up the National Health Service.The party activities are largely funded by the trade unions.7.British Conservative Party(英国保守党)By and large, the Conservative Party is supported by those who have something to "conserve".Economically,the Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprise.It is against too much governmentintervention,especially nationalization.The Conservative Party favors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare.Its policies are charactized by pragmatism and a belied in individualism./doc/604515591.html,monwealth of Nations（联邦国家）The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign statse,all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head.The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort,and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs.It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence.The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy,human rights,and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.9.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)The Critical Realism of the 19th centry flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s.The Critical Realism described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.The greatest English realist was Charles Dickens.10.Standard English (标准英语)Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England.It is widely used in media and taught at school .It is preferred by the educated,middle-class people .It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct British English .It is also the norm carried overseas.Today Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabularyare much the same everywhere in the world where English is thought and used.三、简答题：1.what is the full name of the UK?The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery ,to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they ?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods : Old English ,Middle English and Modern English.4.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death,so English also grew in importance compare to French.。
英语国家概况总结资料
Unit1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom 1.The flag of Britain : Union Jack（英国国旗中没有显示出Welsh旗）2. The basic information of each country:Count ry Capital AreaMemoEngland London最大1.最不会把自己的“英格兰文化区别于其他文化”2.一个高度城市化3.The time joining the British parliament: However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union.4.Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England:British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding isles●UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland●Great Britain =England +Scotland + Wales5.The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain :At first, England was occupied by Celtic people.Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire.Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.the Angle-Saxon invaded.Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land", later changed into England, the language they spoken became English.PS：One of the best-known English legends derives from this time. In 5 century AD, King Author(亚瑟王) united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur（被称为“王者之剑”的圣剑）,drove the Saxons back.关于亚瑟王的一些名词：Excalibur:被称为“王者之剑”的圣剑;亚瑟王之魔剑Castle at Tintagel(廷塔杰尔) in Cornwall: Tintagel传说为亚瑟王的诞生地，这是一个与亚瑟王传奇有关的地方。
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Chapter 1Loch Lomond罗蒙湖freight [freɪt] 货运；运费；船货prevail [prɪ'veɪl] 盛行，流行westerlies ['wɛstɚliz]西风带mammal ['mæm(ə)l] 哺乳动物roe [rəʊ] 獐predominantly [prɪ'dɒmɪnəntlɪ] 主要地；显著地Chapter 2iberian [ai'biəriən] 伊比利亚人；伊比利亚语teutonic [tju:'tɔnik] 日耳曼人的Iona爱奥那岛（苏格兰一小岛）columba [kə'lʌmbə] 天鸽座；鸽属monastery ['mɒnəst(ə)rɪ] 修道院；僧侣witan ['wɪtən] 国会成员manorial [mə'nɔrɪəl] 庄园的；采邑的christianize ['krɪstʃən,aɪz] 使成基督徒Chapter 3oath [əʊθ]. 誓言，誓约；诅咒，咒骂allegiance [ə'liːdʒ(ə)ns] 效忠，忠诚；忠贞immediate [ɪ'miːdɪət] 立即的；直接的；最接近的Domesday Book ['duːmzdeɪ] 最后审判日compiled [kəm'paɪl] 编译的sponsorship ['spɒnsəʃɪp] 赞助；发起；保证人的地位；教父母身份extent [ɪk'stɛnt] n. 程度；范围；长度Plantagenet [plæn'tædʒənit]金雀花王1154-1485年significance [sɪg'nɪfɪk(ə)ns] 意义；重要性；意思clause [klɔːz] 条款magna carta大宪章territorial [,terɪ'tɔːrɪəl] 领土的；土地的；地方的brutally ['brʊtli] 残忍地；野蛮地；兽性地Chapter 4Lancaster兰卡斯特Walter Scott 沃尔特·司各特compromise ['kɒmprəmaɪz] 妥协，和解；折衷cavaliers [,kævə'liəs] 骑士Oliver Cromwell奥利弗·克伦威尔Chapter5nonconformist [nɒnkən'fɔːmɪst] 不属于圣公会的英国基督教徒enclosure [ɪn'kləʊʒə; en-] 附件；围墙；围场Jeremy Bentham杰里米·边沁（英国哲学家）utilitarianism [jʊ,tɪlɪ'teərɪənɪz(ə)m] 功利主义modify ['mɒdɪfaɪ] 修改refer [rɪ'fɜː]参考；涉及；提到；查阅mechanization [,mekənaɪ'zeɪʃən] 机械化；机动化consequent ['kɒnsɪkw(ə)nt] 结果industrialize [ɪnˈdʌstrɪəlʌɪz] 使工业化allies [ˈæ,laɪz] 同盟国league [liːg] 联盟；社团；范畴tension ['tenʃ(ə)n] 紧张，不安Neville Chamberlain内维尔·张伯伦appeasement [ə'piːzm(ə)nt] 缓和，平息；姑息hasten ['heɪs(ə)n] 加速；使赶紧；催促Margaret Thatcher玛格丽特·撒切尔emphasis ['emfəsɪs] 重点；强调；加强语气manifesto [mænɪ'festəʊ] 宣言；声明；告示Chapter6conventional [kən'venʃ(ə)n(ə)l] 传统的barley ['bɑːlɪ] 大麦oat [əʊt] 燕麦sugar beet [biːt]甜菜rapeseed ['reɪpsiːd]油菜籽infrastructure ['ɪnfrəstrʌktʃə] 基础设施；公共建设financial [faɪ'nænʃ(ə)l] 金融的；财政的，财务的tourism ['tʊərɪz(ə)m] 旅游业；游览Chapter7sovereign ['sɒvrɪn] 君主；独立国；最高统治者coronation [kɒrə'neɪʃ(ə)n] 加冕礼nobility [nə(ʊ)'bɪlɪtɪ] 贵族；高贵；高尚Lords temporal世俗贵族,上议院世俗议员peeress ['pɪərɪs] 有爵位的妇女；贵族夫人hereditary [hɪ'redɪt(ə)rɪ] 世袭的；世代相传的suffrage ['sʌfrɪdʒ] 选举权；投票；参政权；cabinet ['kæbɪnɪt] 内阁的；私下的，秘密的magistrate ['mædʒɪstrət; -streɪt] 地方法官bail [beɪl] 保释custody ['kʌstədɪ] 拘留bobby ['bɒbɪ] 警察Chapter8voluntary ['vɒlənt(ə)rɪ] 自愿的；志愿的；自发的；故意的compulsory [kəmˈpʌlsərɪ] 义务的；必修的；被强制的secretary [ˈsekrətrɪ] 秘书；书记；部长；大臣curriculum [kə'rɪkjʊləm] 课程,总课程applicable [ə'plɪkəb(ə)l]可适用的；可应用的；合适的Beatles ['bi:tlz] 披头士合唱（摇滚乐队）Guardian ['gɑːdɪən] 监护人，保护人；守护者digital ['dɪdʒɪt(ə)l] 数字的；手指的Chapter 9Michigan ['miʃigən] 美国密歇根州；密歇根Superior [suːˈpɪərɪə] 苏必利尔Huron ['hjuərən] 休伦湖Ontario安大略湖Rio Grande River里奥格兰德河Detroit [di'trɔit] 底特律（美国一座城市）volcano [vɒl'keɪnəʊ] 火山Mauna Loa莫纳罗亚山（夏威夷岛的活火山）sugar cane甘蔗pineapple ['paɪnæp(ə)l] 菠萝Honolulu [,hɔnə'lu:lu:] 火奴鲁鲁Eskimos爱斯基摩人Chapter 10California [,kælɪ'fɔ:njə] 加利福尼亚Texas ['teksəs] 德克萨斯州amnesty ['æmnɪstɪ] 大赦，特赦resident [ˈrɛzɪdənt] 居住的；定居的partial ['pɑːʃ(ə)l]局部的；偏爱的；不公平的ancestry ['ænsestrɪ] 祖先；血统Chicano [tʃi:'kɑ:nəu] 奇卡诺人Hispanic [hi'spænik] 西班牙的assimilation [ə,sɪmɪ'leɪʃən] 同化；吸收diabetes [,daɪə'biːtiːz]糖尿病；多尿症alcoholism ['ælkəhɒlɪz(ə)m] 酗酒tuberculosis [tjʊ,bɜːkjʊ'ləʊsɪs] 肺结核；结核病suicide ['s(j)uːɪsaɪd] 自杀disproportionate [,dɪsprə'pɔːʃ(ə)nət] 不成比例的incidence ['ɪnsɪd(ə)ns] 发生率；影响Chapter11Virginia弗吉尼亚州Pilgrims ['pɪlgrɪmz] 清教徒Philadelphia [,filə'delfjə; -fiə] 费城declaration [deklə'reɪʃ(ə)n] （纳税品等的）申报theory ['θɪərɪ] 理论；原理；学说；推测philosopher [fɪ'lɒsəfə] 哲学家；哲人Saratoga [,særə'təugə] 萨拉托加Alexander [,ælɪg'zændɚ] 亚历山大Hamilton ['hæmiltən] 汉密尔顿-名；哈密尔顿-城市James Madison詹姆斯·麦迪逊（美国前总统）ratification [,rætəfə'keʃən] 批准；承认，认可Napoleonic [nə,pəuli'ɔnik] 拿破仑一世的forcibly ['fɔːsɪblɪ] 用力地；强制地；有说服力地Louisiana [lu:,i:zi'ænə] 美国路易斯安那州frontiersmen ['frʌntjəzmən] 拓荒者manifest destiny天定命运O’Sullivan奥沙利文confederate [kən'fed(ə)rət] 同盟国Chapter12Muckraker ['mʌk,rekɚ] 探听丑闻的人prosperous ['prɒsp(ə)rəs] 繁荣的；兴旺的corruption [kə'rʌpʃ(ə)n] 贪污，腐败；堕落regulate ['regjʊleɪt] 调节，规定laissez faire [lei'sei'fεər] 放任；自由主义Woodrow Wilson伍德罗·威尔逊，总统（1913-1921）reduction [rɪ'dʌkʃ(ə)n] 减少；下降；缩小；还原反应decentralized [di'sɛntrəl,aɪz] 使分散；使分权neglect [nɪ'glekt] 疏忽，忽视；忽略commission [kə'mɪʃ(ə)n] 委员会investigate [ɪn'vestɪgeɪt] 调查；研究conference ['kɒnf(ə)r(ə)ns] 会议；协商；联盟frustration [frʌ'streɪʃn] 挫折creditor ['kredɪtə] 债权人，贷方Ku klux klan三K党foreclosure [fɔː'kləʊʒə] 丧失抵押品赎回权Franklin D. Roosevelt富兰克林罗斯福（美国总统）pragmatist ['prægmətɪst] 实用主义者；爱管闲事人Tennessee Valley Authority田纳西州流域管理局stimulation [ˌstɪmjʊ'leʃn] 刺激；激励，鼓舞formulation [fɔːmjʊ'leɪʃn] 构想，规划；公式化implementation [ɪmplɪmen'teɪʃ(ə)n] 实现；履行incident ['ɪnsɪd(ə)nt] 事件，事变；插曲Chapter13violation [vaɪə'leɪʃn] 违反；妨碍，侵害；违背；senator ['senətə] 参议员McCarthy [mə'ka:θi]麦卡锡（姓氏）Vietnam [ˌvjet'næm]越南（南亚国家）vietminh [,vjet'min] 越南独立同盟；越盟领导人Geneva [dʒi'ni:və] 日内瓦（瑞士西南部城市）Hochiminh（越南）胡志明市communique [kə'mju:nɪkeɪ] 公报，官报diplomatic [dɪplə'mætɪk] 外交的；外交上的；老练的Barack Obama巴拉克·奥巴马Chapter14-16bloc [blɒk] 集团optimism ['ɒptɪmɪz(ə)m] 乐观；乐观主义circulation [sɜːkjʊ'leɪʃ(ə)n] 流通，循环；发行量petroleum [pə'trəʊlɪəm] 石油extreme poverty极端贫穷petition [pɪ'tɪʃ(ə)n] 请愿；请愿书vice president [,vais'prezidənt] 副总统；副主席mandatory ['mændət(ə)rɪ] 强制的；托管的；命令的option ['ɒpʃ(ə)n] 选项；选择权；买卖的特权patriotic [ˌpætrɪˈɒtɪk] 爱国的parade [pə'reɪd] 游行；阅兵；炫耀concert ['kɒnsət] 音乐会Nathaniel纳撒尼尔Hawthorne霍桑Edgar埃德加Allan Poe爱伦·坡Chapter 17-18semicircular[,sɛmaɪ'sɝkjʊlɚ] 半圆的Hudson Bay哈得逊湾（位于加拿大中东部）uninviting[ʌnɪn'vaɪtɪŋ] 讨厌的，无吸引力的；无魅力的cordillera [,kɔːdɪ'ljeərə] 山脉Mackenzie [mə'kenzi] 麦肯齐河bison ['baɪs(ə)n] 北美野牛；欧洲野牛multiculturalism[,mʌltɪ'kʌltʃərəlɪzm] 多元文化论Montreal[,mɔntri'ɔ:l] 蒙特利尔（加拿大东南部港市）hockey ['hɒkɪ] 曲棍球；冰球Ontario安大略省（加拿大省份）Governor General（大英帝国国协内独立国家或殖民地等的）总督prairie ['preərɪ] 大草原；牧场adequate ['ædɪkwət] 充足的；适当的；胜任的canola [kə'nəʊlə] 一种菜籽油timber ['tɪmbə] 木材；木料Halifax ['hælifæks] 哈里法克斯Chapter 19-20platypus ['plætɪpəs] 鸭嘴兽wattle ['wɒt(ə)l] 金合欢树floral ['flɔrəl] 花的；植物的，植物群的；花似的marsupial [mɑː'suːpɪəl]有袋的；袋状的kangaroo [,kæŋgə'ruː]袋鼠continuously [kən'tɪnjʊəsli] 连续不断地influx ['ɪnflʌks] 流入；汇集；河流的汇集处vegemite咸味酱yeast [jiːst]酵母；泡沫；酵母片；引起骚动因素peanut ['piːnʌt] 花生prestigious [pre'stɪdʒəs] 有名望的；享有声望的Sydney Cove悉尼湾homosexuality ['hɒməʊ,seksjʊ'ælətɪ] 同性恋Brisbane ['brizbən] 布里斯班（澳大利亚东部城市）Perth [pɜrθ]珀斯，佩斯（澳大利亚城市）Chapter 21-22Matthew Flinders马修·福林达斯alongside [əlɒŋ'saɪd] 在旁边informal [ɪn'fɔːm(ə)l] 非正式的；不拘礼节的matrimonial [mætrɪ'məʊnɪəl] 婚姻的；与婚姻有关的bicameral [,baɪ'kæmərəl] 两院制的；有两个议院的poultry ['pəʊltrɪ] 家禽inroad ['ɪnrəʊd] 侵袭，袭击；减少Newcastle ['nu,kæsəl] 纽卡斯尔（英国港市）vehicles [ˈviːɪk(ə)lz] 交通工具beverage ['bev(ə)rɪdʒ] 饮料quota ['kwəʊtə] 配额；定额；限额Hay Point海波因特（地名）Telstra Corporation澳洲电信volcanic [vɒl'kænɪk] 火山的；猛烈的；易突然发作的pohutukawa [pəu,hu:tə'kɑ:wə] 桃金娘科常绿树secluded [sɪ'kluːdɪd] 隐蔽的；隐退的，隐居的missionary ['mɪʃ(ə)n(ə)rɪ] 传教的；传教士的Waitangi怀唐伊（新西兰地名）entitled [ɪn'taɪtl] 有资格的；给与名称的mutton ['mʌt(ə)n] 羊肉integrating ['ɪntɪgreɪtɪŋ]整合；积分；集成化trilogy ['trɪlədʒɪ] 三部曲；三部剧scenic ['siːnɪk] 风景优美的；舞台的；戏剧的Chapter 23-24endemic [en'demɪk] 地方性的；风土的stoat [stəʊt] 白鼬hare [heə] 野兔reptile ['reptaɪl] 爬虫类的；卑鄙的lizard ['lɪzəd] 蜥蜴；类蜥蜴爬行动物Massachusetts [,mæsə'tʃu:sits] 马萨诸塞州（美国）dire ['daɪə] 可怕的；悲惨的；极端的prototypical [,protə'tɪpɪkl] 原型的；典型的tenor ['tenə] 男高音mccormack [məˈkɔ:mək] 麦考马克（人名）sinn fein新芬运动（要求爱尔兰独立）Downing Street Declaration唐宁街声明saint [seɪnt] 圣人；圣徒；道德崇高的人boisterous ['bɒɪst(ə)rəs] 喧闹的；狂暴的；猛烈的secular ['sekjʊlə] 世俗的；长期的；不朽的, 修道院外的教士，(对宗教家而言的) 俗人。