2020年高考英语精选考点：阅读理解(科普类)(教师版)

2020年全国高考英语试题分类汇编：阅读之科普知识类

2020全国高考英语汇编阅读之科普知识类一（2020安徽卷）BRecordings of angry bees are enough to send big, tough African elephants running away, a new study says. Beehives (蜂窝)-either recorded or real-may even prevent elephants from damaging farmer's crops.In 2002, scientist Lucy King and her team found that elephants avoid certain trees with bees living in them. Today, Lucy wants to see if African honeybees might discourage elephants from eating crops. But before she asked farmer to go to the trouble of setting up beehives on their farms, she needed to find out if the bees would scare elephants away.Lucy found a wild beehive inside a tree in northern Kenya and set up a recorder. Then she threw a stone into the beehive, which burst into life. Lucy and her assistant hid in their car until the angry bees had calmed down. Next，Lucy searched out elephant families in Samburu National Reserve in northern Kenya and put a speaker in a close to each family.From a distance, Lucy switched on the pre-recorded sound of angry bees while at the same time recording the elephants with a video camera. Half the elephant groups left the area within ten seconds. Out of a total of 17 groups, only one group ignored the sound of the angry bees. Lucy reported that all the young elephants immediately ran to their mothers to hide under them. When Lucy Played the sound of a waterfall (瀑布) instead of the angry bees to many of the same elephant families, the animals were undisturbed. Even after four minutes, most of the groups stayed in one place.Lucy is now studying whether the elephants will continue to avoid the sound of angry bees after hearing it several times. She hasn't tested enough groups yet to know, but her initial (最初的) results were promising enough to begin trials with farmers. She has now begun placing speakers in the fields to see if elephants are frightened away.60. We know from the passage that elephants may he frightened of .A. loud noisesB. some cropsC. video camerasD. angry bees61. As mentioned in the passage, LucyA. works by herself in AfricaB. needs to test more elephant groupsC. has stopped elephants eating cropsD. has got farmers to set up beehives on their farms62. Why did Lucy throw a stone into a wild beehive?A. To record the sound of bees.B. To make a video of elephants.C. To see if elephants would run away.D. To find out more about the behavior of bees.63. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Young elephants ignore African honeybees.B. Waterfalls can make elephants stay in one place.C. Elephants do not go near trees with bees living in them.D. Farmers do not allow Lucy to conduct tests in their fields.【考点】考察科普知识类阅读【文章大意】本文讲述了非洲大陆的大象十分害怕蜜蜂的声音，科学家Lucy King正在研究十分可以利用这个现象来保护庄稼不受大象的侵扰。

2020年高考英语试题分类汇编科普类阅读理解 Word版含解析

2020年高考英语试题分类汇编科普类阅读理解 Word版含解析【重庆卷】CAlmost every machine with moving parts has wheels,yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel wasinvented or what it was used for、 We do know, however, that they existed over5,500 years ago in ancient Asia、The oldest known transport wheel was discovered in2002 in Slovenia、 It is over5,100 years old、 Evidence suggests that wheels for transport didnt become popular for a while, though、 This could be because animals did a perfectly good job of carrying farming tools and humans around、But it could also be because of a difficult situation、 While wheels need to roll on smooth surfaces, roads with smooth surfaces werent going to be constructed until there was plenty of demand for them、 Eventually, road surfaces did become smoother, but this difficult situation appeared again a few centuries later、 Therehad been no important changes in wheel and vehicle design before the arrival of modem road design、In the mid-1700s,a Frenchman came up with a new design of road from miceto dogs, cats, and humans、 So all mammals feel basic emotions like fear, pain and pleasure、 But since human feelings also involve other, newer bits of the brain, we feel more complex emotions than any other animal on the planet、If exercise wears you out, how can it be good for you?Because our bodies adapt to everything we do tothem、And as far as your body is concerned, it’s "useit, or lost it”! Its not that exercise makes you healthy; its more that a lack of exercise leaves your body weakand easily affected by disease、46、 What is the colour of blood in a vein near the surface of the skin?A、 Blue、B、 Light yellow、C、 Red、D、 Dark reddish purple、47、 Why do some old people look a little shrunken as they age?A、 Because their spine is in active use、B、 Because they are more easily affected bygravity、C、 Because they keep growing backwards、D、 Because their spine becomes more bent、48、 Which of the following statements about our brain is true?A、 In the long run, our brain probably works harder than our heart、B、 When our brain senses the spinning, we will fell dizzy、C、 The brains of the other mammals are as complex as those of humans、D、 Our feelings and emotions come from the most developed area in our brain、49、 What is the main purpose of the selection?A、 To give advice on how to stay healthy、B、 To provide information about our body、C、 To challenge new findings in medical research、D、 To report the latest discoveries in medical science、【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普文章，介绍了一些相关的人体知识。

超实用高考英语专题复习：专题09阅读理解之科普类(原卷版)高考英语热点题型归纳与变式演练(全国通用)

阅读理解之科普类-高考英语热点题型归纳与变式演练（全国通用）距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。

以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的以下学习资料，希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。

在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。

英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。

越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。

另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。

目录一、热点题型归纳........................................................................................................................................................【题型一】寻找最佳标题或主旨题....................................................................................................................【题型二】推理判断题（包括写作目的题）....................................................................................................【题型三】作者的观点态度题............................................................................................................................【题型四】例证题................................................................................................................................................二、最新模考题组练....................................................................................................................................................科普类文章是高考英语的常考题材，每年高考都有所涉及，每四篇阅读文章至少有一篇是科普文章，有的省份的考题甚至出现两篇科普文章，以体现英语语言的实用性，同时也增加了试题的难度。

2020高考英语分项突破训练阅读理解精析精练08 科普知识类

2020;2020高考英语分项突破训练·阅读理解精析精练科普知识类【精选试题】名校模拟题及其答案Last week, we explained that the planet Mars has passed “opposition.”It passed a point opposite the Sun. This week, we tell about the planet’s surprising motion(运动)among the stars.For thousands of years, people have recognized that planets travel among the stars. The planets generally follow the path taken by the Sun through the sky. The Sun’s path is called the ecliptic. The groups of stars along the ecliptic are called the Zodiac.The motion of the planets can be confusing at times. Everyone knows the Sun rises in the east and sets in the west. But this is caused by the turning motion of the Earth. Planets generally move from west to east.However, Mars will appear to move backward for about two months this year. This happens because the Earth is overtaking Mars on its way around the Sun. Mars began its backward, or westward, motion on May 11th, It will start moving eastward again on July 19th.Mars’ apparent motion has been a mystery to astronomers for hundreds of years. Most early theories of the solar system argued that the Sun and planets turned around the Earth. But the sudden westward motion of Mars presented a problem. Why would Mars move west for two months when it nears “opposition”?In 1543, a Polish church worker named Nicolas Copernicus published a different theory. His theory said the Earth and planets moved around the Sun in perfectly circular orbits. Copernicus’ theory was simpler. But his Sun – centered system still did not explain the observed motion of Mars very well.Finally, a German mathematician named Johannes Kepler published a complete theory of the motion of the planets in 1619. He had carefully studied the motion of Mars for many years.Johannes Kepler discovered that the planets do not move in circular orbits around the sun. Instead, they travel in flattened orbits called ellipses. Mars’ elliptical orbit is the cause of its unusual brightening this year and its apparent large size.During the next several weeks, you can see for yourself why the mysterious motion of Mars has caused so many people to wonder.(1) From the passage we can learn that .A．the sun and planets generally travel westwardB．Kepler studied the orbit of the planets in 1619C．Copernicus’ theory well explained the motion of MarsD．the Earth’s turning motion causes the sun to rise in the east(2) On July 19th Mars .A．will pass the “opposition”B．appears to change its direction againC．will begin to move westward D．appears to change its orbit again(3) Why does Mars appear to be bigger and brighter when it passes “opposition”?A．It is overtaking the earth. B．It follows the path of the sun.C．It moves in an elliptical orbit. D．It travels in a circular orbit.(4) What is the best title for the passage?A．The Recent Research into Mars B．The Surprising Motion of MarsC．The Great Discovery on Mars D．The Wonderful Mystery of Mars【文章大意】本文属于科普性质的文章，主要说了行星令人惊奇的运动。

2020届高考英语二轮复习常考题型大通关(全国卷)：阅读理解---科教科普类

1、 A large male emperor penguin waddles(蹒跚行走) slowly across the ice to the water. He dives deep into the cold salt water and then springs back onto the ice. Nearby a female penguin sleeps as her baby rests on the top of her feet. The penguins are enjoying another beautiful day of sunshine and freezing temperatures in the Penguin Encounter, a special home built for them in sunny California.The Penguin Encounter is located at SeaWorld in San Diego. It was built to help study the emperor penguin,the l argest of all penguins. The emperor penguins’ natural home is in the Antarctic, near the South Pole. Increases in Earth’s temperatures could cause large amounts of ice to break up. Scientists feared that this drastic(剧烈的) change in the environment could destroy the emperor penguins’ nesting areas. This would cause the number of emperor penguins to greatly decrease. A new home for them seemed to be the perfect solution.Scientists wanted to make the Penguin Encounter a comfortable home for the black-and-white feathered birds. A team of scientists was sent to the Antarctic to learn more about the emperor penguins Scientist Frank Todd led the team. Todd is an expert on penguins. He has spent more than 25 years studying them.Getting close to the emperor penguins in the Antarctic wasn’t difficult for the group of scientists. Sometimes they would waddle close to Todd and his team. The scientists concluded that this behavior could be the result of poor eyesight. Penguins are nearsighted, which allows them to see better in the water than on land. Another possible reason for their behavior was that they had little to fear on the ice. Their enemies, such as leopard seals and killer whales,hunt mainly in the water.Todd and his team spent many months studying the diet and social habits of the emperor penguins. It was easy to get close to the penguins, but it wasn't easy to study them.In the Antarctic, the temperature rarely rises above zero degree, which is perfect for penguins, hut not for scientists. Once Todd and his team had finally gathered enough information, they made plans for a new home in California for a number of emperor penguins. Scientists hoped to study the birds in conditions that were more scientist-friendly. When the "new Antarctic" was completed, Todd and his team brought several hundred emperor penguins to California from the Antarctic. 1.Which of the following words can replace the underlined word in the first paragraph?A.Moves.B.Jumps.C.Holds.D.Flies.2.Why did scientists need to study penguins in the Antarctic before building the Penguin Encounter?A.They were afraid that the emperor penguins’ homes would be destroyed.B.They wanted the Penguin Encounter just to be like the emperor penguins' natural home.C.They wanted to see how the emperor penguins reacted to the rising temperatures.D.They knew it would take long to gather enough emperor penguins for the Penguin Encounter.3.Why do emperor penguins have little to fear on the ice?A.It is easy to see their enemies on the white ice.B.Their enemies usually hunt in the water.C.They can easily escape on the smooth ice.D.It is too cold for other animals to survive on the ice.4.The passage mainly emphasizes _______.A.scientists working as a team in the AntarcticB.a science team finding a way to stop global wanningC.how to protect the emperor penguins at Sea WorldD.scientists building a special home to learn more about the emperor penguins2、From the moment you open your eyes in the morning, you can feel sweat (汗水)running down your body, even if you're barely moving at all. That's what most people in China felt like this summer. In fact, the entire northern hemisphere(半球)saw high temperatures in July. The Arctic Circle(北极圈) was no exception(例外). Temperatures in the city of Norilsk, which is in the Arctic Circle, reached a record high of 32 ℃, The Atlantic reported. Temperatures there are usually just 10 ℃at this time of the year.The heat wave in the Arctic is mainly a long-term result of global warming, according to the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences. In fact, while the whole world is getting warmer, the Arctic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet. This is called the polar amplification effect（极地放大效应）.The most direct impact（影响）of Arctic warming is the melting of Arctic ice. According to NASA, Arctic sea ice is now disappearing at a rate of 13.2 percent every 10 years. NASA said that if this continues, the Arctic will have no ice by the year 2040. This has put some Arctic animals,like polar bears, in danger. The ice that the bears live on has shrunk(缩小), the Toronto Star reported.Melting ice can also cause sea levels to rise in the long term. Since 1993, sea levels have risen at a rate of 3.2 cm every 10 years, the Guardian reported. Some countries, such as Tuvalu（图瓦鲁）in the South Pacific Ocean and Maldives（马尔代夫）in the Indian Ocean, are at risk of disappearing into the sea.1. Which of the following is true?A. Some countries in the ocean will disappear in 10 years.B. China is the hottest in the northern hemisphere this summer.C. The temperatures in Norilsk used to be lower than this summer.D. The world gets warmer because of the heat wave in the Arctic.2. What does the underlined word "this" in the third paragraph refer to?A. The heat wave in the ArcticB. The result of global warmingC. Getting warmer in the worldD. The Arctic getting warm faster3. What may be the result of the melting of Arctic ice?A. The polar will become dangerousB. Sea levels rise in the long termC. There will be an end of water shortageD. There will be no ice in the world by 20404. What is the main idea of this passage?A. Heat hits ArcticB. Arctic animals are in dangerC. The world became hotter than beforeD. Some countries may disappear into the sea3、Why are photos and videos of cats high-fiving suddenly popping up on social media?Ask Jackson Galaxy, who launched Cat Pawsitive last year, a program that encourages animal shelters to teach cats how to do tricks to make them more attractive for adoption.The idea is simple. A kitty that can sit on command or give a high five shows that it can listen to instructions and connect with others. A high five can make a shy cat open up, Galaxy said.“Big life changes can lead to cats losing their conf idence, and we help those cats to feel more confident and to feel safe interacting with new people.” Christie Rogero, program manager for Cat Pawsitive, said.And Stephen Holdeman, training manager at the KC Pet Project, added: “All we need to train a cat to do tricks is the right amount of patience, timing and motivation.” He uses a technique called “operant conditioning (操作性条件反射)”, which associates a cat’s action with getting a reward such as a favorite food or treat.He also uses a clicker—a training dev ice that makes a clicking noise. “In the initial stage, we get the cat used to the idea that when it hears the sound of the clicker, one of its favorite treats appears. After we have bridged these two ideas together we can use the clicker to reinforcediff erent actions the cat does to let it know that if it repeats the action, it will get a treat.”After several repetitions, the cat starts to link everything together. Now all you need to do is let your extended hand be the target, and we’ve got a high five.1.According to the text, how can learning tricks benefit cats at animal shelters?A.It is a good way for shelters to raise money.B.It allows them to pick up skills to stay safe.C.It helps them interact more with each other.D.It helps them build confidence and get adopted.2.According to the text, what should be done from the start to train cats to learn tricks?A.Teaching them different actions.B.Teaching them how to use a clicker.C.Making them patient enough to repeat actions.D.Helping them connect the sound of a clicker with treats.3.What does the underlined word “reinforce” in paragraph 6 probably mean?A.recordB.strengthenC.ignoreD.reward4.What is the main purpose of the article?A.To explain how to train cats to perform tricks.B.To show how cats are treated at animal shelters.C.To describe the popularity of cats on social media.D.To inform us of a program that trains cats to do tricks.4、The majority of people on this planet live through ego(自我意识). They feel that they are themselves special, apart from the crowd in some way. Also, they aren't willing to acknowledgeother people's specialness, and feel that they are threatened by the people who are different from them.Besides, there are many different 'exclusive clubs' which people join under certain conditions, like Colour of skin clubs, Sports clubs, and so on. What many people fail to acknowledge, however, is that there is in fact only one club The Human Being club.Our diversity is what makes life interesting. I love watching people who dance or create music beautifully, draw out emotions through their acting skills, or are accomplished athletes. I also understand myself well enough to know that I don't have enough passion for any of these things to make the sacrifices necessary to come close to their level of excellence.I believe that it is human nature to communicate and cooperate with people who are like us, but what a lot of people see as 'like us' is narrowed down to very superficial(表面) characteristics.I remember my Jamaican friend's sister being most put out. She had been the only black woman in her company and then another black woman was employed. They were automatically put to work together because they were both black and obviously had a lot in common - so thought the employer! The truth was that they had nothing in common, didn't come from the same country and actively disliked each other. It's always a mistake to assume anything on a purely superficial basis.I have many friends who are members of a variety of the above mentioned clubs and each one of them has taught me so much about different cultures and life styles, and has enriched my life in the process. I encourage anyone to strike up a conversation with someone who doesn't look like them - you might be surprised at exactly how much you have in common.1.According to the first two paragraphs people tend to _________.A.feel they are specialB.feel they are lack of egoC.admit others are specialD.admit only one club exist2.How is the Paragraph 3 mainly developed?A.By analyzing causes.B.By setting an example.C.By giving a description.D.By making comparisons.3.The author mentioned his Jamaican friend’s sister to show ___________.A.black women have a lot in common indeedB.it is human nature to cooperate with peopleC.people understand “like us” in a narrow wayD.people often make mistakes in judging others4.What does the author advise people to do in the last paragraph?A.To enrich their own life.B.To join an exclusive club.C.To talk to different people.D.To experience different life.5、People generally like to feel happy, but achieving a state of happiness takes time and effort. Aekyoung Kim of Rutgers University in the U.S. and Sam Maglio of the University of Toronto Scarborough in Canada have conducted four studies in which they studied how the pursuit of happiness as well as the state of being happy influenced people’s perception (看法) of time.In the studies, some participants were either instructed to list things that would make them happier or asked to try to make themselves feel happy while watching a boring movie about building bridges, thus showing happiness as a goal to pursue. The other participants came to think of happiness as a goal that they had already accomplished, achieved by watching a comedy or listing things showing that they were already happy. Afterwards, all participants reported how much free time they felt they had.The researchers’ main finding showed that a person’s perception of time scarcity (缺乏) is influenced by their pursuit of (often unattainable) happiness. The feeling that time was scarce became less strong for participants who said that they had attained their goal of being happy to some degree.“Time seems to disappear during the pursuit of happiness, but only when it’s seen as a goal requiring continued pursuit,” explain the researchers. “This finding suggests that the pursuit of happiness can destroy well-being.” According to the researchers, the finding implies that while happiness can hurt positive emotions, it need not necessarily do so. Instead, if someone believes they have achieved happiness, they are left with the time to appreciate this. The research further explains that people have different concepts about happiness, which in turn may well influence how they perceive the time they have to achieve happiness.“Because going through experiences and sharing feelings require more time compared with only, for example, buying material goods, feeling that time is lacking also leads people to prefer material possessions rather th an enjoying pleasant experiences,” the researchers continue. “Encouraging people to worry less about pursuing happiness as a never-ending goal might just end up giving them more time and, in turn, more happiness.”1.The tasks given to the two groups of participants differ in __________.A.how they spent their free timeB.how they drew up shopping listsC.what kind of movies interested themD.whether they had acquired happiness2.We can infer from the finding in Paragraph 4 that __________.A.happiness is determined by timeB.happiness is a matter of choiceC.happiness is a never-ending goalD.happiness can hurt positive emotions3.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?A.Will time-saving tasks make you happier?B.Is emotion management training necessary?C.Can pursuing happiness make you unhappy?D.Should you express your unhappiness in hard times?6、A culture's values can be mirrored by its humor.Humor has been evaluated by many great minds such as Thomas Hobbes,who disliked humor,"Laughter is nothing else but sudden glory arising from some sudden thought of feeling far better than others."He thought humor to be a negative quality of human narrow-mindedness.However, Mordechai Gordon,PhD of Education,insists,"Humor allows us to view the world from an angle that is amusing rather than serious."I agree with Gordon.Learning to look at the world through humour is important.In the United States,every four years an election occurs.Without humor as a way to express their feelings,how else would Americans keep from clawing their eyes out and going the way of lemming? Television shows like“The Daily Show”have become important parts of American culture.They are mothering the masses by metaphorically airplane-ing politics into our mouths.They make politics fun.Of course,politics is only one type of humor.Social humor helps people through the twists andturns of the human condition.American pop culture promotes an unhealthy self-image.On the topic of self-image,Hari Kondabolu stands out.He has a joke about the popular musical group“The Pussycat Dolls”,describing their hit song"Don't Cha”as a negative representation of women.He points out an obvious offence in American culture.A study from Loyola University of Maryland has shown that humor is one determining factor for selecting a mating partner.Amongst other things,mates look for an outstanding funny bone in apotential partner.Of course,humor is not always used for good purposes.Humor can be linked to vulgarity and racism,but,like everything else,it has potential to unite human beings by allowing us to laugh at ourselves,our failures and our connection with one another.Though life may seem tough and depressing at times,all I have to do is look in the mirror at my increased wrinkles to know that there is a comedy out there that even Chaplin wasn't aware of.With that in mind,remember to laugh with humanity and sometimes at humanity.1.Hobbes believed that humor___________.A.was only a way to laugh at others to make oneself feel betterB.resulted in narrow-mindedness of human beingsC.had the power to mirror personal glory and national valuesD.was for people to view the world from another angle2.What is the author's attitude towards political humor?A.Worried.B.Disappointed.C.Curious.D.Appreciative.3.The fourth paragraph is developed mainlyA.by exampleB.by processC.by comparisonD.by classification4.What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?A.Chaplin wasn't aware of being laughed at.B.The author feels helpless and sad about getting older.C.Never be the one who laughs at other people.D.The author is determined to face life with a sense of humor.7、Sharks use their good sense of smell to search for prey(猎物). But a new study shows that the rising levels of carbon dioxide in the ocean could reduce sharks' ability to find food. It's bad news for a healthy ocean. Sharks are top predators(掠食动物) and are like the ocean’s weed controllers.Dixson works at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts. Her earlier work has shown that clown fish in acidifying(酸化的) water act strangely. “We want to expand thisresearch to sharks because we know how important it is for sharks to find their food through their sense of smell," said Dixson.Her team started by placing sharks in each of three different pools for five days. Each pool had a different level of carbon dioxide in it. The first had the same amount as today s ocean water. The second had a level of carbon dioxide that scientists expect to reach by 2050. The third pool had the highest level of carbon dioxide that could develop by the year 2100.Sharks weren't allowed to eat any food while in the pools. This made sure that they would be hungry. Then, Dixson released the sharks—one at a time—into a pool with two side-by-side streams of flowing water. In one stream, the researchers pumped water, in which a dead squid had been overnight. This water smelled strongly of squid. The other stream contained ocean water with no scent(气味). Because each stream flowed at the same rate and in the same direction, the squid smell stayed in its stream. The sharks could choose to swim in either stream.Sharks that had been swimming for five days in pools of regular ocean water spent more than 60 percent of their time in the squid-scented stream. The same was true for sharks that had been in water with the carbon dioxide level that could develop by the year 2050. But sharks exposed to the highest level of carbon dioxide spent just 15 percent of their time in the squid-scented stream.1.Why did the writer mention the sharks’ smell at the beginning of the passage?A.Because the writer appreciates its ability to find food.B.Because the writer considers it dangerous to human beings.C.Because the writer intends to show how to control weed in the ocean.D.Because the writer worries about the sharks in the ocean.2.What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?A.What the ocean in the future will be like.B.Who helped Dixson conduct the study.C.What kinds of pools were used during the study.D.What the levels of carbon dioxide will be at in the ocean in the future.3.The researchers pumped water where a dead squid had been overnight to _________.A.help the sharks look for foodB.test the sharks’ sense of smellC.prove that sharks like eating squidsD.explain why carbon dioxide in the ocean affects sharks4.What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph suggest?A.Sharks like the squid-scented stream better.B.Sharks like the stream with the high level of carbon dioxide.C.Sharks spent 15% of their time in the squid-scented stream.D.The high level of carbon dioxide can affect the sharks’ ability to smell.8、 Today, many people use plants from other places to design their yards. Well, do they have any influence on animals living nearby? As we know, plants supply food for things like insects and plant-eating animals. In turn, birds and meat-eating animals feed on these insects andplant-eating animals. It is easy to see how important plants are.Although foreign plants may look beautiful, they can cause problems when there are too many of them. I live in Virginia, USA, and sometimes see a plant—commonly known as Kudzu —that seems to cover everything in the area, even climbing over whole trees and houses.Kudzu is an unbelievable plant since it grows very fast. It was first brought to the United States from south-east Asia around the 1870’s as a crop that farmers could grow. However, Kudzu quickly came to be considered harmful throughout the southern United States.Since Kudzu grows fast in many different environments, it can completely cover areas of land quickly. The plant is also not eaten by any insects or birds in the United States so it can grow unchecked. Kudzu can cover trees, bushes, and even houses. It costs the United States 500 million dollars a year to just keep Kudzu from growing too fast. The plant is a perfect example of what scientists call an invasive (侵略性的) species, which grows more quickly than other native plants. All foreign plants have the possibility to spread quickly. Not only are they costly, but planting them in gardens actually takes away food from insects. If everyone filled their garden with plants native to where they live, many lovely butterflies and other native creatures would be attracted to their backyards! So, take a look out of your window — how does your garden grow?1.We can learn from the text that Kudzu in Virginia _______.A.is very popularB.is difficult to growC.can cause big troubleD.can make air cleaner2.Which of the following is TRUE of Kudzu?A.It served as food at first in America.B.It came to America in the early 19th century.C.It grows fast in Asia, but slowly in America.D.It is often eaten by insects or birds in America.3.How does the author sound when telling of these foreign plants?A.Sad.B.Worried.C.Proud.D.Excited.4.What does the author mainly discuss in the text?A.Everyone should learn to love nature.B.It is a hard job to grow plants in yards.C.Gardening has become a serious hobby.D.It is important to say no to foreign plants.9、If you have ever had a cat, or have watched one of the many funny cat videos online, you’ll know that cats have a mind of their own. A lot of the things they do are hard to understand—they like to climb up tall furniture, fit themselves in small spaces and attack small objects for no reason at all.Now scientists have managed to figure out what exactly is going on in the brains of our little friends. According to Tony Buffington, a professor at Ohio State University in the US, cats’ strange behavior largely comes from their way of life back in the wild. “Cats today still have many of the same instincts(本能) that allowed them to live in the wild for millions of years.” he said in a TED Talk. “To them, our homes are their jungles.”In the wild, cats are hunters. Their bodies and great balancing abilities allow them to climb to high spots to better look at the environment. Even though they don’t have to hunt anymore in human houses, they still keep the old habit of viewing the living room from, for example, the top of the refrigerator.Cats’ hunting instinct is also what makes them attack small things like keys and USB drives. In the wild, they hunt whatever they can get, and most of the animals they kill are small.However, cats can also be prey. This explains why they like to stay in small spaces like drawers or washing machines—they are hiding, or they think they are hiding, from more dangerous animals. This is also why cats prefer a clean box: a smelly one could easily show enemies where they are.Knowi ng how cats’ minds work is not only useful for better understanding them. It may also help cats’ owners to better meet cats’ needs. For example, owners could try to make climbing easier for cats by moving their furniture around. They could also use “food puzzles” to make eating feel more like hunting instead of just giving food to the cats.1.According to Tony Buffington, .A.cats’ strange behavior is hard for people to understandB.cats are more used to living in the wild than in humans’ homesC.cats behave strangely mainly because of some instincts in the wildD.cats’ instincts are as helpful to them today as they were millions of year ago2.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?A.Cats like to climb up high because they want to hide from dangerous animalsB.Cats attack keys and USB drives because they have a habit of hunting small animalsC.Cats enjoy staying in small spaces because they usually live in small caves in the wildD.Cats’ preference for a clean box probab ly has something to do with their hunting instincts3.The underlined word “prey” in Paragraph 5 probably means .A.an animal that is too lazyB.an animal that likes hiding gamesC.an animal that keeps itself cleanD.an animal that is hunted4.This article is mainly written to .A.explore the reasons behind cats’ strange behaviorB.describe cats’ past wild experience to readersC.tell cat owners how to make life easier for catspare cats’ behavior in human homes with that in the wild10、Runners who encounter visual and auditory(听觉的) distractions may be more likely to suffer leg injuries, according to research by the Association of Academic Physiatrists in Las Vegas. Runners often seek distractions from the task at hand. Whether it is music, texting, daydreaming, taking in the sights,or propping a book up on the treadmill(跑步机),more often than not a distraction is welcome. But, researchers from the University of Florida have recently discovered that those distractions may lead to injury.Daniel Herman, MD, assistant professor at the University of Florida, and his team conducted research on the effects of visual and auditory distractions on 14 runners to determine what effect these distractions would have on things such as the heart rate, how many times a runner breathes per minute and how much oxygen is consumed by the body.The runners were all injury-free at the time of the study and ran 31 miles each week. Dr. Herman^ team had each participant run on a treadmill three separate times. The first time was without any distractions. The second time added a visual distraction, during which the runnersconcentrated on2 a screen displaying different letters in different colors with the runners having to notice when a specific letter-color combination appeared. The third time added an auditory distraction similar to the visual distraction, with the runners having to notice when a particular word was spoken by a particular voice.When compared to running without distractions, the participants had faster application of force to their left and right legs, called the loading rate, with auditory and visual distractions. They also experienced an increased amount of force from the ground on both legs, called ground reaction force, with auditory distractions. Finally, the runners tended to breathe heavier and had higher heart rates with visual and auditory distractions than without any distractions at all.“ Running in environments with different distractions may unfavorably affect running performance and injury risk," explains Dr. Herman. "Sometimes these things cannot be avoided, but you may be able to minimize potentially cumulative(累积的) effects. For example,when running a new route in a chaotic environment such as during a marathon, you may want to skip listening to something which may require more attention—like a new playlist."Dr. Herman’s team will continue to investigate the potential relationship between distracted running and leg injuries, and any effect this relationship has on different training techniques that use auditory or visual cues.1.Paragraph 2 tells us the research ______.A.processB.questionsC.resultsD.reflection2.Based on the research, runners with auditory distractions tended to ____.A.breathe heavier and have lower heart ratesB.gain a faster speed with slower loading ratesC.apply more force with less oxygen consumptionD.get an increased amount of ground reaction force3.What can we infer from the passage?A.Running with distractions becomes uncommon nowadays.B.Listening to a new song while running guarantees performance.C.Runners are advised to minimize distractions in a destination of marathon.D.Runners are more likely to get injured in an environment without distractions.4.What is probably the next task for Dr. Herman's team?。

2020年高考英语阅读理解科普环保类专练(附答案)

2020年高考英语阅读理解科普环保类专练（附答案）一、阅读理解（共10题；共82分）1.阅读理解Water is very important to living things. Without water there can be no life on the earth. All animals and plants need water. Man also needs water. We need water to drink, to cook our food and to clean ourselves. Water is needed in offices, factories and schools. Water is needed everywhere.There is water in seas, rivers and lakes. Water is found almost everywhere. Even in the desert part of the world, there is some water in the air. You can't see or feel it when it is a part of the air. The water in the seas, rivers and lakes is a liquid, the water in the air is a gas, and we call it water vapor (蒸汽).Clouds are made of water. They may be made of very small drops of water. They may also be made of snow crystals(结晶体). Snow crystals are very small crystals of ice. Ice is frozen water. It is a solid. There can be snow and ice everywhere in winter.Water may be a solid or a liquid or a gas. When it is a solid, it may be as hard as a stone. When it is a liquid, you can drink it. When it is a gas, you can not see or feel it.（1）Where can we find water?A. We can find water when it turns into vapor.B. Water can be found almost everywhere.C. We can find water in deserts here and there.D. Water is found only in seas and rivers.（2）Clouds are made of .A. seas, rivers and lakesB. blocks of iceC. solid, liquid and gasD. very small drops of water or snow crystals（3）Water has three states(状态) .A. ice, snow and airB. solid, vapor, snowC. solid, liquid and gasD. drops of water, blocks of ice and crystals of water（4）We can drink water when it is .A. a liquidB. a solidC. in the airD. turned into ice2.阅读理解Words and the way we use them offer a rare window on social and cultural trends. Kory Stamper and Peter Sokolowski know that better than most.The Merriam-Webster(韦氏词典) lexicographers(词典编纂者) are part of a team that edits the dictionary. In a recent interview, Sokolowski and Stamper talked about their job and what the way we use words says about us collectively.So to know more about them, observers of the language, maybe we should start with some background.What is a lexicographer?Sokolowski: A lexicographer is a person who writes or edits a dictionary. The job of a dictionary editor is to prepare and present research about language. One of our former editors-in- chief said, "Tell the truth about words," and that sums it up for me.What do you guys do all day?Stamper: The two main duties of a lexicographer are reading and defining. We read everything: books, journals, blogs, phone books, take-out menus, and so on. What we're looking for are words that catch our eye. We record the context of these words and information about the sources. Those records are added to a database, and they are the raw material we use in writing definitions.When we are writing or revising a dictionary, most of our time is spent defining. We define a word according to how it is used in the recorded context, deciding whether the usage has been covered by our dictionary. Once this is done, you look at the new words and new senses and draft a definition.Drafting definitions requires some training, some experience and a lot of concentration. It's very, very quiet on the editorial floor.How closely do the most looked-up words on your online dictionary seem to be related to the news or trends?Stamper: When our dictionary went online back in 1996, we could see for the first time which were the most looked-up words in English: Affect, effect and ubiquitous were the top words. It was fascinating to us-dictionary editors spend so much time writing definitions but never could have known if anyone ever read them. We could follow what people were thinking about according to what words they were looking up. Thanks to our online dictionary, we had data.（1）What do lexicographers do?A. They collect as many words as they can and edit them into a dictionary.B. They interview as many people as they can to collect new words.C. They do research about language and edit the truth about words.D. They make deep studies of social and cultural trends.（2）What's the function of lexicographers' records during their reading?A. The records show how large the dictionary is.B. The records contain what kind of things they read.C. The records are the main things to add to the database.D. The records offer the raw material to the editors.（3）Which of the following is the correct order of a lexicographer defining a word?a. Write a draft of the definition.b. Conclude the usage of the word.c. Pay attention to the new words and new senses.d. Decide whether the usage has been covered.A. adbcB. dbacC. bdcaD. cbda（4）What does this passage mainly talk about?A. Observers of the language.B. Process of making a dictionary.C. Development of language.D. Experience of editing new words.3.阅读理解I love our kitchen. It's one of the most used parts of our home. About 9 years ago we updated our kitchen and got all new collections. At the time I didn't really do a lot of research on the functions of the equipment and Ireally wish I had. There were so many different choices on the market and I ended up buying some that I didn't really like all that much and now that it's time to update them again, I'll be more careful with the ones I choose.I've had my eye on KitchenAid for a while, especially the new KitchenAid equipment at BestBuy. The new KitchenAid equipment at Best Buy has a cook-like quality without the premium price that you might expect to pay, so it won't cost you a fortune. The equipment has a professionally inspired design that is a perfect balance of good taste and functionality.With the new KitchenAid equipment you will find cooking more optional and flexible, which contributes to your amazing performance while preparing a meal. Its five-door fridge offers organized storage and easier access to food.I love these new collections and I can't think of a better time to update your kitchen than right now, because when you buy now at Best Buy you will get 18 months financing or 5% rewards on major equipment and free delivery on purchases over $399. To learn more about how to transform your kitchen with the new KitchenAid collections, be sure to visit .（1）What is the author's regret for her last update of the kitchen?A. She didn't buy the latest equipment.B. She spent little time studying how they work.C. She purchased something she didn't like at all.D. She didn't make full use of the kitchen.（2）The underlined word "premium" in paragraph 2 can best be replaced by _____.A. favorableB. reasonableC. highD. special（3）Why is the author most impressed by the products of KitchenAid equipment?A. They can save electricity.B. The fridge has a large storage.C. The price is very low.D. They make cooking easy.（4）What is the purpose of this text?A. To recommend some kitchen equipment.B. To introduce a website.C. To compare prices of some goods.D. To describe a fridge.4.阅读理解We all know that listening to music can soothe emotional pain, but Taylor Swift, Jay-Z and Alicia Keys can also ease physical pain, according to a study of children and teenagers who had major surgery.The research was carried out because of a very personal experience. Sunitha Suresh was a college student when her grandmother had major surgery and was put in intensive care (重症监护). This meant her family couldn't always be with her. They decided to put her favorite music on an iPod so she could listen around the clock.It was very calming, Suresh says. “She knew that someone who loved her had left that music for her and she was in a familiar place.”Suresh could see that the music relaxed her grandmother and made her feel less anxious, but she wondered if she also felt less pain. That would make sense, because anxiety can make people more sensitive to pain. At the time Suresh was majoring in biomedical engineering with a minor (兼修) in music cognition (认知) at Northwestern University where her father, Santhanam Suresh, is a professor of pediatrics (儿科).So the father and daughter decided to do a study. And since Dr Suresh works with children, they decided to look at how music chosen by the children themselves might affect their tolerance for pain.It was a small study, involving 60 patients between 9 and 14 years old. All the patients were undergoing big operations that required them to stay in the hospital for at least a couple of days. Right after surgery, patients received narcotics (麻醉药) to control pain. The next day they were divided into three groups. One group heard 30 minutes of music of their choice, one heard 30 minutes of stories of their choice and one listened to 30 minutes of silence via noise canceling headphones.After a 30-minute session, the children who listened to music or books reduced their pain burden by 1 point on a 10-point scale. Sunitha Suresh says it's equal to taking an over-the-counter pain medication like Advil or Tylenol.The findings suggest that doctors may be able to use less pain medication for their pediatric patients. And that's a good thing, says Santhanam Suresh, as children are smaller and are more likely to suffer side effects. So the less pain medication, he says, the better.（1）What does the underlined word “soothe” in Paragraph 1 mean?A. reduceB. influenceC. stopD. ignore（2）What inspired Sunitha Suresh to do the research on the effects of music?A. Her father's study into music cognition.B. Her grandmother's experience of recovery.C. A book that claims anxiety can reduce pain.D. Her desire to find a way to help patients relieve pain. （3）During the research, all the participants _______.A. were under twelve years oldB. received narcotics to control pain after big operationsC. were required to stay in the hospital for a couple of monthsD. were divided into 3 groups to listen to the same music（4）What did Suresh and her father find out from their research?A. Listening to books didn't reduce the children's pain burden at all.B. Music was even more effective than pain medication for the children.C. Listening to music did reduce the children's pain burden to a great extent.D. The longer the children listened to music, the less pain they felt.（5）The findings are especially important for children because ________.A. they are more sensitive to music than adultsB. they can easily get addicted to pain medicationC. they usually don't like taking pain medicationD. they are more likely to suffer side effects of pain medication5.阅读理解There are lots of insects that farmers hate. But there also are some they like. They protect crops against damage from other insects. A good example is the lady beetle, which is also known as the ladybug(瓢虫)．Lady beetles are a natural control for aphids(蚜虫). Lady beetles are red, orange or black. They often have black spots, though some have light colored spots. Different kinds of lady beetles have different numbers of spots. There are lady beetles with four, five, seven and fourteen spots.Many of the well-known kinds of lady beetles come from Asia or Europe. They now are common throughout the United States.American scientists imported one kind of lady beetle, the multicolored Asian lady beetle, as early as 1916. They released them as an attempt to control some kinds of insects. Over the years, the beetle has become established, possibly helped by some that arrived with imported plants on ships.Experts say over 450 kinds of lady beetles are found in North America. Some are native to the area. Others have been brought from other places. Almost all are helpful to farmers.The Asian lady beetles now in the United States probably came from Japan. The Asian lady beetle eats aphids that damage crops like soybeans, fruits and berries.In the southern United States, Asian lady beetles have reduced the need for farmers to use reskilling poisons on pecan trees. This popular tree nut suffers from aphids and other pests that the lady beetles eat.But some people say the Asian lady beetle has itself become a pest. They worry that the lady beetles may eat their late autumn fruit crops.Experts say Asian lady beetles may appear in large numbers in some years. But they say the insects are too helpful to be considered as pests.（1）What do ladybugs look like?A. All kinds of ladybugs are of the same color.B. Most of them are red, orange or black.C. They each have the same number of spots on them.D. Most of them have fourteen spots.（2）Asian ladybugs have been in the United States for______.A. nine decadesB. hundreds of yearsC. half a centuryD. a century（3）According to the passage the following statements are supported EXCEPT________.A. there are more than 450 kinds of ladybugs in North America, including native onesB. only some imported ladybugs are helpful to the local plantsC. soybeans, fruits and berries are favorites of aphids.D. pecan trees are common in the south of America （4）According to the experts, ladybugs are________.A. more helpful than considered as petsB. more pests than helpful insectsC. helpful as well as destructiveD. are more destructive than helpful6.阅读理解Physics is a different world now. Will there ever be another Einstein?Scientists say a new Einstein will appear, but it may take a long time. After all, more than 200 years separated Einstein from his nearest rival (对手) , Isaac Newton. Many physicists say the next Einstein hasn't been born yet, or is only a baby now. That's because the searching for a unified(统一的) theory that would explain all the forces of nature has pushed current mathematics to its limits. New math must be created before the problem can be solved.But researchers say there are many other factors working against another Einstein appearing anytime soon. For one thing, physics is quite a different field today. In Einstein's day, there were a few thousand physicists worldwide, and fewer theoreticians. Education is different, too. One extremely important aspect of Einstein's training that failed to be considered is the philosophy he read as a teenager. It taught him how to think theoretically about space and time.And he was a skilled musician. The interplay between music and math is well known. Einstein would fiercely play his violin as a way to think through a knotty physics problem.Today, universities have produced millions of physicists. There aren't many jobs in science for them, so they go to Wall Street and Silicon Valley to apply their analytical skills to more practical and rewarding efforts.Besides, those who stay in science don't work alone. It's very difficult to imagine an independent person like Einstein ever tolerating this.（1）Which of the following best explains the reason that the next Einstein hasn't been born yet?A. Education today doesn't pay enough attention to philosophy teaching.B. We don't know who will be another Einstein among newly-born babies.C. There were more physicists in Einstein's time than today.D. Math today is limited and cannot help the further development of physics.（2）One of the reasons that made Einstein a great scientist is _________.A. the philosophy he read in his teensB. the lack of physicists in his dayC. the knowledge learnt from Isaac NewtonD. his decision of not working at Wall Street（3）The underlined word “knotty” here probably means________.A. interesting and usefulB. important and meaningfulC. difficult and puzzlingD. realistic and hard（4）From Paragraphs 3 and 4, how many reasons does the writer give to explain that another Einstein hasn't appeared?A. One.B. Two.C. Three.D. Four.7.阅读理解For many people who live in cities, parks are an important landscape. They provide a place for people to relax and play sports, as well as a shelter from the often severe environment of a city. What people often overlook is that parks also provide considerable environmental benefits.One benefit of parks is that plants absorb carbon dioxide and give off oxygen. According to one study, an acre of trees can absorb the same amount of carbon dioxide that a typical car emits in 11,000 miles of driving. Parks also make cities cooler. Scientists have long noted what is called the Urban Heat Island Effect: building materials such as metal and concrete (混凝土) absorb much more of the sun's heat and release it much more quickly than trees and grass. Because city landscapes contain so much of these building materials, cities are usually warmer than surrounding rural areas. Parks and other green spaces help to lessen the Urban Heat Island Effect.Unfortunately, many cities cannot easily create more parks. However, cities could benefit from many of the positive effects of parks by encouraging citizens to create another type of green space: rooftop gardens. While most people would not think of starting a garden on their roof, human beings have been planting gardens on rooftops for thousands of years. Some rooftop gardens are simple container gardens that anyone can create with the investment (投资) of a few hundred dollars and a few hours of work.Rooftop gardens provide many of the same benefits as other urban parks and garden spaces, but without taking up the much-needed land. In the summer, rooftop gardens prevent buildings from absorbing heat from the sun, which can significantly reduce cooling bills. In the winter, gardens help control the heat that materials like brick and concrete release so quickly, leading to savings on heating bills. Rooftop vegetables and herb gardens can also provide fresh food for city settlers, making their diets healthier. Rooftop gardens are not only something everyone can enjoy but also a smart environmental investment.（1）The underlined word “emits” in the second paragraph probably means _________.A. takes upB. gives outC. carries awayD. breathes in（2）Which of the following contributes to the Urban Heat Island Effect?A. More rooftop gardens.B. More trees and grass.C. More parking lots.D. More building materials.（3）When it comes to rooftop gardens, what can be inferred from the passage?A. They make people much happier.B. They provide more benefits from urban parks.C. They help to save money and keep a healthy diet.D. They have become very popular in recent years. （4）What's the author's attitude towards rooftop gardens?A. Supportive.B. Doubtful.C. Critical.D. Objective.8.阅读理解A team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly. The mechanical fly has become a platform for a series of new high-tech integrated systems. Designed to do what a fly does naturally, the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly. Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlled flight tasks.“It's extremely important for us to think about this as a whole system and not just the sum of a bunch of individual components (元件),” said Robert Wood, the Harvard engineering professor who has been working on the robotic fly project for over a decade. A few years ago, his team got the go-ahead to start piecing together the components. “The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are off the shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own,” he said.They engineered a series of systems to start and drive the robotic fly. “The seemingly simple system which just moves the wings has a number of interdependencies on the individual components, each of which individually has to perform well, but then has to be matched well to everything it's connected to,” said Wood. The flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems. Wood says the success of the project proves that the flying robot with these tiny components can be built and manufactured.While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a built-in power source, so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers' fields or on the battlefield. “Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,” he said.Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale. Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board c ould have much broader applications. “You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead,” he said. “So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really what drives us on a day to day basis.”（1）The robotic fly project has been conducted __________.A. just by accidentB. within a decadeC. just by a professorD. for more than ten years（2）The difficulty the team of engineers met with while making the robotic fly was that __________.A. they had no model in their mindB. they did not have sufficient timeC. they had no ready-made componentsD. they could not assemble the components（3）Which of the following can be learned from the passage?A. The robotic flyer is designed to learn about insects.B. Animals are not allowed in biological experiments.C. There used to be few ways to study how insects fly.D. Wood's design can replace animals in some experiments.（4）Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Father of Robotic FlyB. Inspiration from Engineering ScienceC. Robotic Fly Imitates Real Life InsectD. Harvard Breaks Through in Insect Study9.阅读理解On a college camping trip, curiosity about waves and sand caused Rob Thieler to study shorelines around the world. Thirty years later and now a U.S. Geological Survey research geologist, Thieler, is combining science and smartphone technology to help study an endangered bird, the Atlantic Coast piping plover.The piping plover is a shorebird that breeds（繁殖）along the Atlantic Coast, the Great Lakesand the Great Plains. Rising sea levels associated with climate change, as well as increased development in their beach habitats （栖息地）, threaten the species（物种）. To help track changes in piping plover habitats, Thieler developed a free app called iPlover in 2012. This is a marked change from the typical way scientists collect data, which involves gathering information using specialized equipment or writing in notebooks and then putting into spreadsheets.Since releasing iPlover, scientists have gathered data across 1500 km of breeding range. Thatequals about a third of the distance across the U.S., which is a large area to cover for only two thousand breeding pairs of piping plovers on the east coast. Instead of having to travel and spend days at each site, a number of cooperators in the field use the app to collect and send data, allowing scientists to gather data more efficiently. It also allows them to collect data at the same time during each breeding season, providing a better picture of changes that happen over longer periods of time. And fast, centralized access means scientists can look at data quickly to get areal-time idea of where and how piping plovers are using their habitats.While iPlover is used by trained field staff, other apps like the U. S. Geological Survey'sweb-based “iCoast—Did the Coast Change?” invite citizen scientists to identify coastal changes by comparingbird's-eye-view photographs taken before and after storms. All the information scientists and citizen scientists alike collect helps federal and state agencies create policyplans for addressing climate change impacts (影响) worldwide.（1）What can we know about the piping plover?A. Its behaviour is changing.B. Its habitat is growing bigger.C. Its living environment is becoming worse.D. Its breeding is limited to the Atlantic Coast.（2）Why did Thieler develop iPlover?A. To study shorelines across America.B. To advance information technology.C. To find out global climate change.D. To monitor changes of piping plover habitats.（3）Which of the following benefits the shorebirds?A. The camping equipment.B. Research on smartphones.C. The changeable coast.D. Progress in technology.（4）What would be the best title of the text?A. Protecting Endangered ShorebirdsB. Rob Thieler, a Creative ScientistC. IPlover, Tool for Training Field StaffD. Differences Between IPlover and ICoast10.阅读理解When someone is happy, can you smell it?You can usually tell when someone is happy based on seeing them smile, hearing them laugh or perhaps from receiving a big hug. But can you also smell their happiness? Surprising new research suggests that happiness does indeed have a scent, and that the experience of happiness can be transmitted through smell, reports .For the study, 12 young men were shown videos meant to bring about a variety of emotions while researchers gathered sweat samples from them. All of the men were healthy and none of them were drug users or smokers, and all were asked to abstain from drinking or eating smelly foods during the study period.Those sweat samples were then given to 36 equally healthy young women to smell, while researchers monitored their reactions. Only women were selected to smell the samples, apparently because previous research has shown that women have a better sense of smell than men and are also more sensitive to emotional signaling—though it's unclear why only men were chosen to produce the scents.Researchers found that the behavior of the women after smelling the scents—particularly their facial expressions—indicated a relationship between the emotional states of the men who produced the sweat and the women who sniffed them.“Human sweat produced when a person is happy brings about a state similar to happiness in somebody who breathes this smell,” said study co-author Gun Semin, a professor at Koc University in Turkey.This is a fascinating finding because it not only means that happiness does have a scent, but that the scent is capable of transmitting the emotion to others. The study also found that other emotions, such as fear, seem to carry a scent too. This ensures previous research suggesting that some negative emotions have a smell, but it is the first time this has proved to be true of positive feelings.Researchers have yet to isolate(分离) exactly what the chemical compound for the happiness smell is, but you might imagine what the potential applications for such a finding could be. Happiness perfumes, for instance, could be invented. Scent therapies（香味疗法）could also be developed to help people through depression or anxiety.Perhaps the most surprising result of the study, however, is our broadened understanding of how emotions get communicated, and also how our own emotions are potentially managed through our social context and the emotional states of those around us.（1）What is the main finding of the new research?A. Pleasant feelings can be smelt out.B. Negative emotions have a smell.C. Men produce more sweats.D. Women have a better sense of smell.（2）The underlined part “abstain from” in Paragraph 3 probably means _________.。

2020年高考英语题型步步衔接专题19 科普阅读(含解析)

19 科普阅读【母题来源】【2015·湖北卷高考阅读理解】【母题原题】【2015·湖北卷】DThe oddness of life in space never quite goes away. Here are some examples.First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges. The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag. If you leave your arms out, they float free in zero gravity, often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled （芭蕾）dancer. “I’m an inside guy,” Mike Hopkins says, who returned from a six-month tour on the International Space Station. “I like to be wrapped up.”On the station, the ordinary becomes strange. The exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars. It also has no seat. With no gravity, it’s just as easy to pedal violently. You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want. But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. Without gravity to help circulate air, the carbon dioxide you exhale (呼气) has a tendency to form an invisible （隐形的）cloud around you head. You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache.Leroy Chiao, 54, an American retired astronaut after four flights, describes what happens even before you float out of your seat,”Your inner ear thinks your’re falling . Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight. That can be annoying—that’s why some people feel sick.” Within a couple days —truly terrible days for some —astronauts’ brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear, and space sickness disappears.Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous. For instance, astronauts lose bone mass. That’s why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule. The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronauts return home, and, more importantly,how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a round-trip to Mars.63.What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space?A. Deciding on a proper sleep positionB. Choosing a comfortable sleeping bagC. Seeking a way to fall asleep quicklyD. Finding a right time to go to sleep.64.The astronauts will suffer from a carbon-dioxide headache when _____.A. the y circle around on their bikesB. they use microcomputers without a stopC. they exercise in one place for a long timeD. they watch a movie while pedaling65.Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _____.A. their senses stop workingB. they have to stand up straightC. they float out of their seats unexpectedlyD. whether they are able to go back to the station66.One of the NASA’s major concerns about astronauts is _____.A. how much exercise they do on the stationB. how they can remain healthy for long in spaceC. whether they can recover after returning homeD. whether they are able to go back to the station【参考答案】A C D B【命题意图】本题考查了学生的阅读理解能力和基本的科普知识。

2020届高考英语通关(全国卷)：阅读理解---科教科普类 Word版含答案

1、 A large male emperor penguin waddles(蹒跚行走) slowly across the ice to the water. He dives deep into the cold salt water and then springs back onto the ice. Nearby a female penguin sleeps as her baby rests on the top of her feet. The penguins are enjoying another beautiful day of sunshine and freezing temperatures in the Penguin Encounter, a special home built for them in sunny California.The Penguin Encounter is located at SeaWorld in San Diego. It was built to help study the emperor penguin,the l argest of all penguins. The emperor penguins’ natural home is in the Antarctic, near the South Pole. Increases in Earth’s temperatures could cause large amounts of ice to break up. Scientists feared that this drastic(剧烈的) change in the environment could destroy the emperor penguins’ nesting areas. This would cause the number of emperor penguins to greatly decrease. A new home for them seemed to be the perfect solution.Scientists wanted to make the Penguin Encounter a comfortable home for the black-and-white feathered birds. A team of scientists was sent to the Antarctic to learn more about the emperor penguins Scientist Frank Todd led the team. Todd is an expert on penguins. He has spent more than 25 years studying them.Getting close to the emperor penguins in the Antarctic wasn’t difficult for the group of scientists. Sometimes they would waddle close to Todd and his team. The scientists concluded that this behavior could be the result of poor eyesight. Penguins are nearsighted, which allows them to see better in the water than on land. Another possible reason for their behavior was that they had little to fear on the ice. Their enemies, such as leopard seals and killer whales,hunt mainly in the water.Todd and his team spent many months studying the diet and social habits of the emperor penguins. It was easy to get close to the penguins, but it wasn't easy to study them.In the Antarctic, the temperature rarely rises above zero degree, which is perfect for penguins, hut not for scientists. Once Todd and his team had finally gathered enough information, they made plans for a new home in California for a number of emperor penguins. Scientists hoped to study the birds in conditions that were more scientist-friendly. When the "new Antarctic" was completed, Todd and his team brought several hundred emperor penguins to California from the Antarctic. 1.Which of the following words can replace the underlined word in the first paragraph?A.Moves.B.Jumps.C.Holds.D.Flies.2.Why did scientists need to study penguins in the Antarctic before building the Penguin Encounter?A.They were afraid that the emperor penguins’ homes would be destroyed.B.They wanted the Penguin Encounter just to be like the emperor penguins' natural home.C.They wanted to see how the emperor penguins reacted to the rising temperatures.D.They knew it would take long to gather enough emperor penguins for the Penguin Encounter.3.Why do emperor penguins have little to fear on the ice?A.It is easy to see their enemies on the white ice.B.Their enemies usually hunt in the water.C.They can easily escape on the smooth ice.D.It is too cold for other animals to survive on the ice.4.The passage mainly emphasizes _______.A.scientists working as a team in the AntarcticB.a science team finding a way to stop global wanningC.how to protect the emperor penguins at Sea WorldD.scientists building a special home to learn more about the emperor penguins2、From the moment you open your eyes in the morning, you can feel sweat (汗水)running down your body, even if you're barely moving at all. That's what most people in China felt like this summer. In fact, the entire northern hemisphere(半球)saw high temperatures in July. The Arctic Circle(北极圈) was no exception(例外). Temperatures in the city of Norilsk, which is in the Arctic Circle, reached a record high of 32 ℃, The Atlantic reported. Temperatures there are usually just 10 ℃at this time of the year.The heat wave in the Arctic is mainly a long-term result of global warming, according to the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences. In fact, while the whole world is getting warmer, the Arctic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet. This is called the polar amplification effect（极地放大效应）.The most direct impact（影响）of Arctic warming is the melting of Arctic ice. According to NASA, Arctic sea ice is now disappearing at a rate of 13.2 percent every 10 years. NASA said that if this continues, the Arctic will have no ice by the year 2040. This has put some Arctic animals,like polar bears, in danger. The ice that the bears live on has shrunk(缩小), the Toronto Star reported.Melting ice can also cause sea levels to rise in the long term. Since 1993, sea levels have risen at a rate of 3.2 cm every 10 years, the Guardian reported. Some countries, such as Tuvalu（图瓦鲁）in the South Pacific Ocean and Maldives（马尔代夫）in the Indian Ocean, are at risk of disappearing into the sea.1. Which of the following is true?A. Some countries in the ocean will disappear in 10 years.B. China is the hottest in the northern hemisphere this summer.C. The temperatures in Norilsk used to be lower than this summer.D. The world gets warmer because of the heat wave in the Arctic.2. What does the underlined word "this" in the third paragraph refer to?A. The heat wave in the ArcticB. The result of global warmingC. Getting warmer in the worldD. The Arctic getting warm faster3. What may be the result of the melting of Arctic ice?A. The polar will become dangerousB. Sea levels rise in the long termC. There will be an end of water shortageD. There will be no ice in the world by 20404. What is the main idea of this passage?A. Heat hits ArcticB. Arctic animals are in dangerC. The world became hotter than beforeD. Some countries may disappear into the sea3、Why are photos and videos of cats high-fiving suddenly popping up on social media?Ask Jackson Galaxy, who launched Cat Pawsitive last year, a program that encourages animal shelters to teach cats how to do tricks to make them more attractive for adoption.The idea is simple. A kitty that can sit on command or give a high five shows that it can listen to instructions and connect with others. A high five can make a shy cat open up, Galaxy said.“Big life changes can lead to cats losing their conf idence, and we help those cats to feel more confident and to feel safe interacting with new people.” Christie Rogero, program manager for Cat Pawsitive, said.And Stephen Holdeman, training manager at the KC Pet Project, added: “All we need to train a cat to do tricks is the right amount of patience, timing and motivation.” He uses a technique called “operant conditioning (操作性条件反射)”, which associates a cat’s action with getting a reward such as a favorite food or treat.He also uses a clicker—a training dev ice that makes a clicking noise. “In the initial stage, we get the cat used to the idea that when it hears the sound of the clicker, one of its favorite treats appears. After we have bridged these two ideas together we can use the clicker to reinforcediff erent actions the cat does to let it know that if it repeats the action, it will get a treat.”After several repetitions, the cat starts to link everything together. Now all you need to do is let your extended hand be the target, and we’ve got a high five.1.According to the text, how can learning tricks benefit cats at animal shelters?A.It is a good way for shelters to raise money.B.It allows them to pick up skills to stay safe.C.It helps them interact more with each other.D.It helps them build confidence and get adopted.2.According to the text, what should be done from the start to train cats to learn tricks?A.Teaching them different actions.B.Teaching them how to use a clicker.C.Making them patient enough to repeat actions.D.Helping them connect the sound of a clicker with treats.3.What does the underlined word “reinforce” in paragraph 6 probably mean?A.recordB.strengthenC.ignoreD.reward4.What is the main purpose of the article?A.To explain how to train cats to perform tricks.B.To show how cats are treated at animal shelters.C.To describe the popularity of cats on social media.D.To inform us of a program that trains cats to do tricks.4、The majority of people on this planet live through ego(自我意识). They feel that they are themselves special, apart from the crowd in some way. Also, they aren't willing to acknowledgeother people's specialness, and feel that they are threatened by the people who are different from them.Besides, there are many different 'exclusive clubs' which people join under certain conditions, like Colour of skin clubs, Sports clubs, and so on. What many people fail to acknowledge, however, is that there is in fact only one club The Human Being club.Our diversity is what makes life interesting. I love watching people who dance or create music beautifully, draw out emotions through their acting skills, or are accomplished athletes. I also understand myself well enough to know that I don't have enough passion for any of these things to make the sacrifices necessary to come close to their level of excellence.I believe that it is human nature to communicate and cooperate with people who are like us, but what a lot of people see as 'like us' is narrowed down to very superficial(表面) characteristics.I remember my Jamaican friend's sister being most put out. She had been the only black woman in her company and then another black woman was employed. They were automatically put to work together because they were both black and obviously had a lot in common - so thought the employer! The truth was that they had nothing in common, didn't come from the same country and actively disliked each other. It's always a mistake to assume anything on a purely superficial basis.I have many friends who are members of a variety of the above mentioned clubs and each one of them has taught me so much about different cultures and life styles, and has enriched my life in the process. I encourage anyone to strike up a conversation with someone who doesn't look like them - you might be surprised at exactly how much you have in common.1.According to the first two paragraphs people tend to _________.A.feel they are specialB.feel they are lack of egoC.admit others are specialD.admit only one club exist2.How is the Paragraph 3 mainly developed?A.By analyzing causes.B.By setting an example.C.By giving a description.D.By making comparisons.3.The author mentioned his Jamaican friend’s sister to show ___________.A.black women have a lot in common indeedB.it is human nature to cooperate with peopleC.people understand “like us” in a narrow wayD.people often make mistakes in judging others4.What does the author advise people to do in the last paragraph?A.To enrich their own life.B.To join an exclusive club.C.To talk to different people.D.To experience different life.5、People generally like to feel happy, but achieving a state of happiness takes time and effort. Aekyoung Kim of Rutgers University in the U.S. and Sam Maglio of the University of Toronto Scarborough in Canada have conducted four studies in which they studied how the pursuit of happiness as well as the state of being happy influenced people’s perception (看法) of time.In the studies, some participants were either instructed to list things that would make them happier or asked to try to make themselves feel happy while watching a boring movie about building bridges, thus showing happiness as a goal to pursue. The other participants came to think of happiness as a goal that they had already accomplished, achieved by watching a comedy or listing things showing that they were already happy. Afterwards, all participants reported how much free time they felt they had.The researchers’ main finding showed that a person’s perception of time scarcity (缺乏) is influenced by their pursuit of (often unattainable) happiness. The feeling that time was scarce became less strong for participants who said that they had attained their goal of being happy to some degree.“Time seems to disappear during the pursuit of happiness, but only when it’s seen as a goal requiring continued pursuit,” explain the researchers. “This finding suggests that the pursuit of happiness can destroy well-being.” According to the researchers, the finding implies that while happiness can hurt positive emotions, it need not necessarily do so. Instead, if someone believes they have achieved happiness, they are left with the time to appreciate this. The research further explains that people have different concepts about happiness, which in turn may well influence how they perceive the time they have to achieve happiness.“Because going through experiences and sharing feelings require more time compared with only, for example, buying material goods, feeling that time is lacking also leads people to prefer material possessions rather th an enjoying pleasant experiences,” the researchers continue. “Encouraging people to worry less about pursuing happiness as a never-ending goal might just end up giving them more time and, in turn, more happiness.”1.The tasks given to the two groups of participants differ in __________.A.how they spent their free timeB.how they drew up shopping listsC.what kind of movies interested themD.whether they had acquired happiness2.We can infer from the finding in Paragraph 4 that __________.A.happiness is determined by timeB.happiness is a matter of choiceC.happiness is a never-ending goalD.happiness can hurt positive emotions3.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?A.Will time-saving tasks make you happier?B.Is emotion management training necessary?C.Can pursuing happiness make you unhappy?D.Should you express your unhappiness in hard times?6、A culture's values can be mirrored by its humor.Humor has been evaluated by many great minds such as Thomas Hobbes,who disliked humor,"Laughter is nothing else but sudden glory arising from some sudden thought of feeling far better than others."He thought humor to be a negative quality of human narrow-mindedness.However, Mordechai Gordon,PhD of Education,insists,"Humor allows us to view the world from an angle that is amusing rather than serious."I agree with Gordon.Learning to look at the world through humour is important.In the United States,every four years an election occurs.Without humor as a way to express their feelings,how else would Americans keep from clawing their eyes out and going the way of lemming? Television shows like“The Daily Show”have become important parts of American culture.They are mothering the masses by metaphorically airplane-ing politics into our mouths.They make politics fun.Of course,politics is only one type of humor.Social humor helps people through the twists andturns of the human condition.American pop culture promotes an unhealthy self-image.On the topic of self-image,Hari Kondabolu stands out.He has a joke about the popular musical group“The Pussycat Dolls”,describing their hit song"Don't Cha”as a negative representation of women.He points out an obvious offence in American culture.A study from Loyola University of Maryland has shown that humor is one determining factor for selecting a mating partner.Amongst other things,mates look for an outstanding funny bone in apotential partner.Of course,humor is not always used for good purposes.Humor can be linked to vulgarity and racism,but,like everything else,it has potential to unite human beings by allowing us to laugh at ourselves,our failures and our connection with one another.Though life may seem tough and depressing at times,all I have to do is look in the mirror at my increased wrinkles to know that there is a comedy out there that even Chaplin wasn't aware of.With that in mind,remember to laugh with humanity and sometimes at humanity.1.Hobbes believed that humor___________.A.was only a way to laugh at others to make oneself feel betterB.resulted in narrow-mindedness of human beingsC.had the power to mirror personal glory and national valuesD.was for people to view the world from another angle2.What is the author's attitude towards political humor?A.Worried.B.Disappointed.C.Curious.D.Appreciative.3.The fourth paragraph is developed mainlyA.by exampleB.by processC.by comparisonD.by classification4.What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?A.Chaplin wasn't aware of being laughed at.B.The author feels helpless and sad about getting older.C.Never be the one who laughs at other people.D.The author is determined to face life with a sense of humor.7、Sharks use their good sense of smell to search for prey(猎物). But a new study shows that the rising levels of carbon dioxide in the ocean could reduce sharks' ability to find food. It's bad news for a healthy ocean. Sharks are top predators(掠食动物) and are like the ocean’s weed controllers.Dixson works at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts. Her earlier work has shown that clown fish in acidifying(酸化的) water act strangely. “We want to expand thisresearch to sharks because we know how important it is for sharks to find their food through their sense of smell," said Dixson.Her team started by placing sharks in each of three different pools for five days. Each pool had a different level of carbon dioxide in it. The first had the same amount as today s ocean water. The second had a level of carbon dioxide that scientists expect to reach by 2050. The third pool had the highest level of carbon dioxide that could develop by the year 2100.Sharks weren't allowed to eat any food while in the pools. This made sure that they would be hungry. Then, Dixson released the sharks—one at a time—into a pool with two side-by-side streams of flowing water. In one stream, the researchers pumped water, in which a dead squid had been overnight. This water smelled strongly of squid. The other stream contained ocean water with no scent(气味). Because each stream flowed at the same rate and in the same direction, the squid smell stayed in its stream. The sharks could choose to swim in either stream.Sharks that had been swimming for five days in pools of regular ocean water spent more than 60 percent of their time in the squid-scented stream. The same was true for sharks that had been in water with the carbon dioxide level that could develop by the year 2050. But sharks exposed to the highest level of carbon dioxide spent just 15 percent of their time in the squid-scented stream.1.Why did the writer mention the sharks’ smell at the beginning of the passage?A.Because the writer appreciates its ability to find food.B.Because the writer considers it dangerous to human beings.C.Because the writer intends to show how to control weed in the ocean.D.Because the writer worries about the sharks in the ocean.2.What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?A.What the ocean in the future will be like.B.Who helped Dixson conduct the study.C.What kinds of pools were used during the study.D.What the levels of carbon dioxide will be at in the ocean in the future.3.The researchers pumped water where a dead squid had been overnight to _________.A.help the sharks look for foodB.test the sharks’ sense of smellC.prove that sharks like eating squidsD.explain why carbon dioxide in the ocean affects sharks4.What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph suggest?A.Sharks like the squid-scented stream better.B.Sharks like the stream with the high level of carbon dioxide.C.Sharks spent 15% of their time in the squid-scented stream.D.The high level of carbon dioxide can affect the sharks’ ability to smell.8、 Today, many people use plants from other places to design their yards. Well, do they have any influence on animals living nearby? As we know, plants supply food for things like insects and plant-eating animals. In turn, birds and meat-eating animals feed on these insects andplant-eating animals. It is easy to see how important plants are.Although foreign plants may look beautiful, they can cause problems when there are too many of them. I live in Virginia, USA, and sometimes see a plant—commonly known as Kudzu —that seems to cover everything in the area, even climbing over whole trees and houses.Kudzu is an unbelievable plant since it grows very fast. It was first brought to the United States from south-east Asia around the 1870’s as a crop that farmers could grow. However, Kudzu quickly came to be considered harmful throughout the southern United States.Since Kudzu grows fast in many different environments, it can completely cover areas of land quickly. The plant is also not eaten by any insects or birds in the United States so it can grow unchecked. Kudzu can cover trees, bushes, and even houses. It costs the United States 500 million dollars a year to just keep Kudzu from growing too fast. The plant is a perfect example of what scientists call an invasive (侵略性的) species, which grows more quickly than other native plants. All foreign plants have the possibility to spread quickly. Not only are they costly, but planting them in gardens actually takes away food from insects. If everyone filled their garden with plants native to where they live, many lovely butterflies and other native creatures would be attracted to their backyards! So, take a look out of your window — how does your garden grow?1.We can learn from the text that Kudzu in Virginia _______.A.is very popularB.is difficult to growC.can cause big troubleD.can make air cleaner2.Which of the following is TRUE of Kudzu?A.It served as food at first in America.B.It came to America in the early 19th century.C.It grows fast in Asia, but slowly in America.D.It is often eaten by insects or birds in America.3.How does the author sound when telling of these foreign plants?A.Sad.B.Worried.C.Proud.D.Excited.4.What does the author mainly discuss in the text?A.Everyone should learn to love nature.B.It is a hard job to grow plants in yards.C.Gardening has become a serious hobby.D.It is important to say no to foreign plants.9、If you have ever had a cat, or have watched one of the many funny cat videos online, you’ll know that cats have a mind of their own. A lot of the things they do are hard to understand—they like to climb up tall furniture, fit themselves in small spaces and attack small objects for no reason at all.Now scientists have managed to figure out what exactly is going on in the brains of our little friends. According to Tony Buffington, a professor at Ohio State University in the US, cats’ strange behavior largely comes from their way of life back in the wild. “Cats today still have many of the same instincts(本能) that allowed them to live in the wild for millions of years.” he said in a TED Talk. “To them, our homes are their jungles.”In the wild, cats are hunters. Their bodies and great balancing abilities allow them to climb to high spots to better look at the environment. Even though they don’t have to hunt anymore in human houses, they still keep the old habit of viewing the living room from, for example, the top of the refrigerator.Cats’ hunting instinct is also what makes them attack small things like keys and USB drives. In the wild, they hunt whatever they can get, and most of the animals they kill are small.However, cats can also be prey. This explains why they like to stay in small spaces like drawers or washing machines—they are hiding, or they think they are hiding, from more dangerous animals. This is also why cats prefer a clean box: a smelly one could easily show enemies where they are.Knowi ng how cats’ minds work is not only useful for better understanding them. It may also help cats’ owners to better meet cats’ needs. For example, owners could try to make climbing easier for cats by moving their furniture around. They could also use “food puzzles” to make eating feel more like hunting instead of just giving food to the cats.1.According to Tony Buffington, .A.cats’ strange behavior is hard for people to understandB.cats are more used to living in the wild than in humans’ homesC.cats behave strangely mainly because of some instincts in the wildD.cats’ instincts are as helpful to them today as they were millions of year ago2.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?A.Cats like to climb up high because they want to hide from dangerous animalsB.Cats attack keys and USB drives because they have a habit of hunting small animalsC.Cats enjoy staying in small spaces because they usually live in small caves in the wildD.Cats’ preference for a clean box probab ly has something to do with their hunting instincts3.The underlined word “prey” in Paragraph 5 probably means .A.an animal that is too lazyB.an animal that likes hiding gamesC.an animal that keeps itself cleanD.an animal that is hunted4.This article is mainly written to .A.explore the reasons behind cats’ strange behaviorB.describe cats’ past wild experience to readersC.tell cat owners how to make life easier for catspare cats’ behavior in human homes with that in the wild10、Runners who encounter visual and auditory(听觉的) distractions may be more likely to suffer leg injuries, according to research by the Association of Academic Physiatrists in Las Vegas. Runners often seek distractions from the task at hand. Whether it is music, texting, daydreaming, taking in the sights,or propping a book up on the treadmill(跑步机),more often than not a distraction is welcome. But, researchers from the University of Florida have recently discovered that those distractions may lead to injury.Daniel Herman, MD, assistant professor at the University of Florida, and his team conducted research on the effects of visual and auditory distractions on 14 runners to determine what effect these distractions would have on things such as the heart rate, how many times a runner breathes per minute and how much oxygen is consumed by the body.The runners were all injury-free at the time of the study and ran 31 miles each week. Dr. Herman^ team had each participant run on a treadmill three separate times. The first time was without any distractions. The second time added a visual distraction, during which the runnersconcentrated on2 a screen displaying different letters in different colors with the runners having to notice when a specific letter-color combination appeared. The third time added an auditory distraction similar to the visual distraction, with the runners having to notice when a particular word was spoken by a particular voice.When compared to running without distractions, the participants had faster application of force to their left and right legs, called the loading rate, with auditory and visual distractions. They also experienced an increased amount of force from the ground on both legs, called ground reaction force, with auditory distractions. Finally, the runners tended to breathe heavier and had higher heart rates with visual and auditory distractions than without any distractions at all.“ Running in environments with different distractions may unfavorably affect running performance and injury risk," explains Dr. Herman. "Sometimes these things cannot be avoided, but you may be able to minimize potentially cumulative(累积的) effects. For example,when running a new route in a chaotic environment such as during a marathon, you may want to skip listening to something which may require more attention—like a new playlist."Dr. Herman’s team will continue to investigate the potential relationship between distracted running and leg injuries, and any effect this relationship has on different training techniques that use auditory or visual cues.1.Paragraph 2 tells us the research ______.A.processB.questionsC.resultsD.reflection2.Based on the research, runners with auditory distractions tended to ____.A.breathe heavier and have lower heart ratesB.gain a faster speed with slower loading ratesC.apply more force with less oxygen consumptionD.get an increased amount of ground reaction force3.What can we infer from the passage?A.Running with distractions becomes uncommon nowadays.B.Listening to a new song while running guarantees performance.C.Runners are advised to minimize distractions in a destination of marathon.D.Runners are more likely to get injured in an environment without distractions.4.What is probably the next task for Dr. Herman's team?。

阅读理解(科普类说明文)

2020高考英语全国II卷BSome parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income,education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than parents of girls.The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?A. Building confidence.B. Developing spatial skills.C. Learning self-control.D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.25.What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？A. Parents’ age.B. Children’s imagination.C. Parents’ education.D. Child-parent relationship.26. How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play?A. They play with puzzles more often.B. They tend to talk less during the game.C. They prefer to use more spatial language.D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.27. What is the text mainly about?A. A mathematical method.B. A scientific study.C. A woman psychologistD. A teaching program.2020山东卷阅读理解DAccording to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions （份）, it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly（表面上）participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we’re making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she’s having” effect. However, we’ll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I’ll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I’ll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can’t I?12. What is the recent study mainly about?A. Food safety.B. Movie viewership.C. Consumer demand.D. Eating behavior.13. What does the underlined word "beanpoles" in paragraph 1 refer to?A. Big eaters.B. Overweight persons.C. Picky eaters.D. Tall thin persons.14. Why did the researchers hire the actor?A. To see how she would affect the participants.B. To test if the participants could recognize her.C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.D. To study why she could keep her weight down.15. On what basis do we "adjust the influence" according to the last paragraph?A. How hungry we are.B. How slim we want to be.C. How we perceive others.D. How we feel about the food.2020深圳第二次线上测试Pinocchio may be just a children’s fairy tale, but Spanish scientists at the University of Granada recently investigated this so-called “Pinocchio effect” and found that our noses don’t grow when we tell a lie, but actually shrink a bit.Dr. Gómez Milán and his team developed a lie detector test that used thermography（体温计）to tell if people were lying, and found that whenever participants in their research were being untruthful, the temperature of the tip of their nose dropped up to 1.2℃, while the temperature of their forehead increased up to 1.5℃. Scientist also found that drop in temperature at nose level actually caused it to slightly shrink, although the difference is undetected by the human eye.“One has to think in order to lie, which rises the temperature of the forehead,” Dr. Gómez Milán explained the findings. “At the same time we feel anxious, which lowers the temperature of the nose.”For this study, researchers asked a number of 60 students to perform various tasks while their temperature is scanned by technology. One of these tasks required making a 3 to 4 minutes call to their parents or a friend and telling a significant lie. Participants had to make up the lie themselves during the call. Interestingly, this lie detector picked up the “Pinocchio effect” temperature difference in 80 percent of the test subjects, which is a better rate of success than that of any modern lie detector.“With this method we have achieved to increase accuracy”, said Dr. Gómez Milán, who added that law enforcement interviewers could one day combine other lie detection technology with thermal imaging to achieve better results.1.Why does the writer talk about Pinocchio in the first paragraph?A.To tell a fairy tale.B.To give an example.C.To talk about a scientist.D.To introduce the topic.2.What is “Pinocchio effect”?A.Our noses will grow when we tell a lie.B.Our noses will shrink when we tell a lie.C.The temperature of the forehead falls if we lie.D.The temperature of the student rises for anxiety.3.How did Dr. Gómez Milán feel about the lie detector?A.Doubtful.B.Surprised.C.Confident.D.Puzzled.4.What lesson can we learn from the text?A.A lie will travel very hard.B.Many ways to bring a liar to light.C.A lie never lives to be old.D.Once a liar always a liar.2018北京高考阅读CPlastic-Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms’ chewing alon e was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’ stomachs. The ir findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. “Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ”she explains, “The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ”Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”43. What can we learn about the worms in the study?A. They take plastics as their everyday food.B. They are newly evolved creatures.C. They can consume plastics.D. They wind up in landfills.44. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .A. identify other means of the breakdownB. find out the source of the enzymeC. confirm the research findingsD. increase the breakdown speed45. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .A. help to raise wormsB. help make plastic bagsC. be used to clean the oceansD. be produced in factories in future46. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To explain a study method on worms.B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.C. To present a way to break down plastics.D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.2020高考英语全国II卷B keys:BCDB24.B 细节理解题。

【高考冲刺】2020年山东新高考英语模拟猜题专项汇编（5）阅读理解（五）科教科普类

【高考冲刺】2020年山东新高考英语模拟猜题专项汇编（5）阅读理解（五）科教科普类阅读理解（五）科教科普类1、What exactly is intelligence? There aren’t any easy answers. Despite the progress that has been made in genetics and psychology, human intelligence has remained one of the most controversial areas of modern science, until now, that is, for the discovery of a gene(基因) linked to intelligence has made the experts think again.Robert Plomin of the Institute of Psychiatry in London and his colleagues in the US have been looking into genetic make-up. From their research, they have discovered that a slightly different gene is more common in those with a high IQ. Plomin analyzed DNA from two groups of 51 children aged between 6 and 15. What he found was that the first group had an IQ of 136, putting them in the top 5% of the population, while the other group had an average IQ of 103. An analysis of their genes showed that 32% of children in the higher group had the gene in question, while only 16% in the second group did. However, there is a lot more research to be done, and Plomin himself is cautious at this early stage. He suggests that there are probably many genes that contribute to intelligence, rather than just one. Several studies have shown a strong link between IQ and career success, although some psychologists remain unconvinced about this. Professor Michael Rowe, who has written a book called Genius Explained, is one of these. “The people with the highest IQs are not usually the ones who do best in their careers.”Many psychologists now believe that when it comes to intelligence, IQ isn’t eve rything. Many a lternative views havebeen put forward recently. One example is the idea of multiple intelligences, which was developed in the 1980s by Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner. This offers a much broader view than the IQ theory, including creativity and communication skills as relevant factors(因素) in intelligence.Tony Buzan, brain expert and author of Master your Memory, is enthusiastic about this belief, arguing that true geniuses(天才) do indeed appear to combine high levels of each type of intelligence. He lists Alexander the Great, Pablo Picasso and Albert Einstein as examples. At the same time, Buzan believes that everyone can develop their intelligence, only if they take the trouble to exercise their brain. Perhaps there’s hope for us all!1.What is the topic of the passage?A.The relationship between genes and intelligence.B.IQ benefits a lot from high intelligence.C.How to develop intelligence.D.What makes intelligence.2.Why does the author use data in Paragraph 2?A.To make a suggestion.B.To draw a conclusion.C.To prove an idea.D.To give an example.3.What can we learn from the passage?A.Robert Plomin confirms genes have something in common.B.Howard Gardner thinks intelligence includes various factors.C.Michael Rowe approves of a strong link between IQ and career.D.Tony Buzan agrees geniuses exercise brain to improve intelligence.4.What does the underlined word “This” in Paragraph 4 refer to?A.The development of intelligence.B.The idea of multiple intelligences.C.IQ isn’t eve rything for in telligence.D.Alternative views have been put forward.2、Your colleague’s sharp comment keeps replaying in your mind. Two of your students are trapped in a “he said/she said” battle. When you reflect on your emotional reactions, you sometimes get caught up in cycles of negative feelings, which can make you feel even worse. If so, the answermay lie in a skill called “self-distancing”, the ability to take a step back and view yourself more objectively. According to a research, when people adopt self-distancing while discussing a difficult event, they make better sense of their reactions, experience less emotional suffering, and display fewer signs of stress.But what might self-distancing look like in action? Consider a typical “he said/she said” student conf lict where they are each focusing on their own feelings. One is thinking, “I can't believe he did that to me.” And another insists, “She really hurt my feelings.” However, if you ask them to take the self-distancing, they might step outside of themselves and ask broader questions: “Why was he so hurt in this situation?” or “How did her anger affect him?”Although this approach may sound too simple to be effective, studies indicate that a change in point of view can have a powerful effect on the way people think, feel, and behave. Here are several different techniques you can try.First, consider how a thoughtful friend might respond afterquietly observing their situation. Besides, avoid using the pronoun “I”. Focus on using third-person pronouns, he, she, they, and they were able to see the stressful event as challenging rather than threatening. Finally, ask yourself, “How would I feel about this one week from now or ten years from now?” This form of mental time travel may be effective because our attention is directed away from our immediate, concrete circumstances.1.What is self-distancing?A.Getting stuck in negative emotions.B.A stressful situation.C.A study on relieving emotional stress.D.Reflecting on yourself objectively.2.Which of the following statement uses the techniques of self-distancing?A.I'm angry with him.B.How did these two people get to this point?C.How I wish I could go back to the past!D.He grabbed my notes, and then, and then…3.What is the best title for the passage?A.Why Self-distancing MattersB.The Disadvantages of Self-distancingC.Breaking the Cycle of Negative ReflectionD.Ways to Reflect on Emotional Reactions3、It is common for adults to use “baby talk” when interacting with babies. This way of speaking attempts to imitate the sounds babies make when they first try to talk.But is this form of communication helpful to a child’s development?Several studies have suggested a clear link between parental language methods and a child’s early language development.Studies showed that language learning in babies was improved when parents spoke more than a few simple words and used a wider vocabulary. Earlier research found that the style of speech used by parents to communicate with their baby could have an influence on language development.One such speaking style is known as“parentese”.Research has shown that babies react better to this kind of language in the first months of life. Generally, parentese involves adults speaking in a higher voice and at a slower speed. The language is simplified, while sentences are short and often repeated. Studies from the past 30 years have confirmed that babies spoken to in parentese developed larger vocabularies throughout the first three years of life.A new study on the subject, a project of the University of Washington’s Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences, examined whether parents can be effectively taught methods to improve their parentese skills.Naj a Ferjan Ramírez. working in the Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences, said that the parents involved in the research were first shown the importance of language input for their baby’s development. Parents were then given suggestions on how to use different parentese methods, and then rated on how well they used these methods with their child. She added that the new study is important because there are still a 1ot of parents with little knowledge about how to use parentese to help their child.This was one reason the researchers included parents from different cultural and economic groupings.1.How do parents usually talk with their babies?A.By speaking in a funny style.B.By copying babies’sounds.C.By raising speaking speed.D.By whispering in babies’ears.2.What can we learn from the second paragraph?A.Babies’language ski lls are decided by talent.B.Babies’language is improved by simple words.C.Parental language style helps improve babies’behavior.D.Parental language methods affect babies’language development.3.Where can you find how parents were trained in parentese skills?A.In paragraph 2.B.In paragraph 3.C.In paragraph 4.D.In paragraph 5.4.What can be the best title for the text?/doc/0016702369.htmlmunicating with babies matters moreB.Parentese is a good way to practice languageC.The more parents help, the better babies learnD.Speaking parentese helps with babies’ language learning4、Wood has many great characteristics that make it the perfect building material. It is cheap, durable(耐用的), easily available, and most importantly, environmentally sustainable. The one thing it is not, is transparent(透明的). Now thanks to a team of scientists at Stockholm’s KTH Royal Institute of Technology, the material may even be able to add that feature to its already impressive list.Lead researcher Dr. Lars Berglund said he was inspired to create the transparent wood after learning how Japanese researchers had developed a see-through paper for use inflexible display screens for electronic devices. The team began by pulling out the wood’s lignin(木质素). The lignin-free wood was then dipped into a polymer(聚合物)and baked at a temperature of 158F for four hours. The result was a hybrid product that was not only stronger and lighter than the original wood but also, almost transparent. The researchers were able to adjust the level of transparency by varying the amount of the polymer injected and also by changing the thickness of the wood.While scientists have previously created a see-through wood forsmall-scale applications like computer chips, the transparent wood is the first one being considered for large scale applications. The researchers, who revealed their findings in Biomacromolecules on April 11, picture using the transparent wood in buildings to allow for more natural light, or to create windows that let in the desired amount of light without sacrificing privacy.Wood that allows light to pass through could lead to a brighter future for homes and buildings. Berglund also thinks the wood could play a significant role in the design of solar panels. The semi-transparent material would be able to keep light longer and give it more time to interact with the conductor, thus resulting in better solar efficiency. Additionally, substituting the currently used glass with this new product would help solar energy manufacturers improve their carbon footprint and lower the cost. They are now experimenting with ways to scale up the manufacturing process so that the transparent material is cost-effective to make and easy to use.1.What does the underlined part "that feature" in Paragraph 1 refer to?A.Cheapness.B.Durability.C.Sustainability.D.Transparency.2.Which of the following is not the process in which the transparent woodis made?A.Dip the wood into a polymer.B.Reduce the amount of the polymer.C.Make the wood lignin-free.D.Bake the wood for some time.3.What’s the purpose of using the transparent wood in buildings?A.To protect privacy.B.To scale out applications.C.To get more natural light.D.To observe more clearly.4.What is the last paragraph mainly about?A.The bright future of the transparent wood.B.The wood’s role in the design of solar panels.C.The disadvantages of the currently used glass.D.Solar energy manufacturers’ carbon footprint.5、It’s common knowledge that the woman in Leonardo da Vinci’s most famou s painting seems to look back at observers, following them with her eyes no matter where they stand in the room. But this common knowledge turns out wrong.A new study finds that the woman in the painting is actually looking out at an angle that’s 15.4 degrees off to the observer’s right—well outside of the range that people normally believe when they think someone is looking right atthem. In other words, said the study author, Horstmann, “She’s not looking at you.” This is somewhat ironic, because the entire phenomenon of a person’s g aze (凝视) in a photograph or painting seeming to follow the viewer is called the “Mona Lisa effect” . That effect is absolutely real, Horstmann said. If a person is illustrated or photographed looking straight ahead, even people viewing the portrait from an angle will feel they are being looked at. As long as the angle of the person’s gaze is no more than about 5 degrees off to either side, the Mona Lisa effect occurs.This is important for human interaction with on-screen characters. If you want someone off to the right side of a room to feel that a person on-screenis looking at him or her, you don’t cut the gaze of the character to that side—surprisingly, doing so would make an observer feel like the character isn’t lookin g at anyone in the room at all. In stead, you keep the gaze straight ahead.Horstmann and his co-author were studying this effect for its application in the creation of artificial-intelligence avatars(虚拟头像) when Horstmann took a long look at the “Mona Lisa” and realized she wasn’t looking at him.To make sure it wasn’t just him, the researchers asked 24 people to view images of the “Mona Lisa” on a computer screen. They set a ruler between the viewer and the screen and asked the participants to note which number on the ruler intersected Mona Lisa’s gaze. T o calculate the angle of Mona Lisa’s gaze as she looked at the viewer, they moved the ruler farther from or closer to the screen during the study. Consistently, the researchers found, participants judged that the woman in the “Mona Lisa” por trait was not looking straight at them, butslightly off to their right.So why do people repeat the belief that her eyes seem to follow the viewer? Horstmann isn’t sure. It’s possible, he said, that people have the desire to be looked at, so they think the woman is looking straight at them. Or maybe the people who first coined the term “Mona Lisa effect” just thought it was a cool name.1.It is generally believed that the woman in the painting “Mona Lisa”___________.A.attracts the viewers to look backB.seems mysterious because of her eyesC.fixes her eyes on the back of the viewersD.looks at the viewers wherever they stand2.What gaze range in a painting will cause the Mona Lisa effect?A. B.C. D.3.The experiment involving 24 people was conducted to______.A.confirm Horstmann’s beliefB.create artificial-intelligence avatarsC.calculate the angle of Mona Lisa’s gazeD.explain how the Mona Lisa effect can be applied4.What can we learn from the passage?A.Horstmann thi nks it’s cool to coin the term “Mona Lisa effect”.B.The Mona Lisa effect contributes to the creation of artificial intelligence.C.Feeling being gazed at by Mona Lisa may be caused by the desire for attention.D.The position of the ruler in the experiment will influence the viewe rs’ judgement.6、A robot created by Washington State University (WSU) scientists could help elderly people with dementia and other limitations live independently in their own homes.The Robot Activity Support System, or RAS, uses sensors (传感器) equipped in a WSU smart home to determine where its residents are, what they are doing and when they need assistance with daily activities. It navigates (定位) through rooms and around obstacles to find people on its own, provides video instructions on how to do simple tasks and can even lead its owners to objects like their medication or a snack in the kitchen. “RAS combines the convenience of a mobile robot with the activity detection technology of a WSU smart home to provide assistance in the moment, as the need for help is detected,” said Bryan Minor, a postdoctoral researcher in the WSU School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.Currently, about 50 per cent adults over the age of 85 need assistance with everyday activities such as preparing meals and taking medicationand the annual cost for this assistance in the US is nearly $2 trillion. With the number of adults over 85 expected to triple by 2050, researchers hope that technologies like RAS and the WSU smart home will relieve some of the financial pressure on the healthcare system by making it easier for older adults to live alone.RAS is the first robot researchers have tried to apply to their smart home environment. They recently published a study in the journal Cognitive Systems Research that shows how RAS could make life easier for older adults struggling to live independently.“While we are still in an early stage of development, our initial results with RAS have been promising,” Minor said. “The next step in the research w ill be to test RAS’ performance with a gro up of older adults to get a better idea of what video reminders and other preferences they have regarding the robot.”1.What plays a key role in RAS serving the elderly?A.Sensors.B.Videos.C.Signal lights.D.Mobile robots.2.What can we learn about RAS?A.It is the first robot used in daily life.B.Its function remains to be tested.[C.It can locate people and do any task.D.It can cook for owners on its own.3.What’s Minor’s attitude toward the future of RAS?A.Doubtful.B.Negative.C.Optimistic.D.Uncertain.4.What would be a suitable title for the text?A.Elderly People Leave the Nursing Home.B.Smart Home Tests First Elder Care Robot.C.RAS, the First Robot to Make Home Smart.D.Older Adults Have Benefited from RAS a Lot.7、 For the first time ever scientists prepare to set about a 3-yearlong project, the Nekton Mission, to explore the Indian Ocean and documentchanges taking place beneath the waves that could affect the surrounding region over the coming decades.The ambitious exploration team will reach one of the last major unexplored frontiers on the planet, a vast body of water that's already feeling the effects of global warming with rising water temperatures damaging its coral reefs(珊瑚礁). Understanding the Indian Ocean's ecosystem is important not just for the species that live in it, but also for the 2. 5 billion people living in the region.The Nekton Mission is supported by more than 40 organizations. Researchers will spend seven weeks surveying underwater life, map the sea floor, and drop sensors(传感器) to depths of up to 6,560 feet in the seas around the Seychelles.The Seychelles aims to become a leader in the development of a "blue economy" that draws on the resources of the ocean. It relies on fishing and tourism, but has lately also been exploiting oil and gas from beneath the sea floor. "Our ocean is undergoing rapid ecological transformation by human activities. The Nekton Mission is vital to help us better know our ocean space and resources to make wise decisions. Only when we know what we have in the ocean and what is its value can we properly decide what to exploit and what to leave untouched," said Jumeau, the Seychelles' ambassador to the UN.The mission will conduct further dives in other parts of the Indian Ocean over three years. The researchers expect to discover new species and send videos to the world by satellite. The research will provide information for a summit(峰会) about the Indian Ocean planned for late 2021.(1).Why do the scientists plan to explore the Indian Ocean?A.To save the endangered creatures living in the sea.B.To discover the damage mankind has done to the ocean.C.To make the best use of the natural resources in the sea.D.To protect its species and people living around the region.(2).Which is not included in the tasks to be carried out around the Seychelles?A.Drawing maps of the sea floor.B.Finding treasures under the sea.C.Putting sensors into the deep sea.D.Studying underwater life.(3).What can be learned about the Nekton Mission?A.It will extend beyond the Indian Ocean.B.It will benefit a lot from "blue economy".C.It will contribute to the 2021 conference.D.It will find solutions to global warming.(4).What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Scientists Are to Explore the Indian OceanB.The Seychelles Aims to Build a "Blue Economy"C.Effects of Global Warming on Marine EcosystemD.Indian Ocean: the Last Unexplored Frontier on the Planet8、Levison Wood is at the Steve Biko Academic Hospital (SBAH) where, in 2018, the Office of Health Standards awarded the institution the highest honor for its quality of patient care and access to health care professionals. As part of the University of Pretoria, SBAH is a center for world-class surgeons and researchers —and where Levison meets Professor Mashudu Tshifularo.Professor Tshifularo who has performed the world’s first middle ear transplant (移植）using 3D printed bones tells Levison ： "This was not an overnight breakthrough —it’s the result of 10 years’ investing in res earch and state-of-the-art health-tech. Investment in 3D printing has massive potential —we have made history here in South Africa —and it is set tocontinue."According to McKinsey & Company，the estimated(估计的）economicimpact of 3D printing is $ 100—250 billion by 2025，if today’s rate of adoption continues. With the most potential in aerospace (航空航天)，auto，consumer goods and health care, the technologies are making a global impact. MedTech Drive says that 3D printing will be a central part of all major health care businesses within five to ten years.Professor Tshifularo and his team have 3D printed inner ear bones. The procedure presents significantly fewer risks than traditional surgery and is announced as an answer to conductive hearing loss. And it’s not the professor’s only world-first."What I am doing here, nobody else is doing," Professor Tshifularo continues. "In 2008, I performed the world’s first bloodless endoscope-assisted tonsillectomy (扁桃体切除手术）. My team includes experts from all disciplines —including jewelry fields. The international medical community certainly will benefit from this knowledge-sharing and creation in their own country. My research into further innovation is exciting. "1. What does the first paragraph serve as?A. A background.B. A contrast.C. An example.D. A comment.2. Which of the following words can best describe Mashudu Tshifularo?A. Selfless and considerate.B. Determined and humorous.C. Creative and devoted.D. Ambitious and modest.3. What can be learned about 3D printing?A. It brings a large profit to SBAH.B. It is playing a key role in health care.C. It guarantees safety of ear transplants.D. It will be used in a wide range of fields.4. What can be the best title for the text?A. 3D Printing Is Changing the WorldB. 3D Printing Made History by TshifularoC. A Big Breakthrough — 3D Printed EarsD. A Historic Meeting — Levi son and Tshifularo答案以及解析1答案及解析：答案：1.D; 2.C; 3.B; 4.B解析：1.主旨大意题.由文章的第一自然段What exactly is intelligence?开篇,下文均是围绕这一问题展开,由此可知答案为D.2.细节理解题.根据第二段From their research, they have discovered thata slightly different gene is more common in those with a high IQ.从他们的研究中,他们已经发现,在高智商的这些人中,他们的基因都有稍微的不同,这点是相同的.An analysis of their genes showed that 32% of children in the higher group had the gene in question,分析显示,在高智商的小孩儿中有百分之三十二都有思考问题的基因.所以下文他们用的数据是为了来证明这一观点.故答案应为C.3.细节理解题.根据第四段Many psychologists now believe that when it comes to intelligence, IQ isn't everything. Many alternative views have been put forward recently. One example is the idea of multiple intelligences, which was developed in the 1980s by Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner.许多心理学家认为,当谈到智力的时候,智商并不代表一切,许多新的观点已经被提出,其中包括多元智力说.由此可知Howard Gardner认为,智力包括多个因素是正确的.故答案为B4.词义猜测题.根据第四段中的"One example is the idea of multiple intelligences, which was developed in the 1980s by Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner. This offers a much broader view than the IQ theory"可知,其中的一个例子就是20世纪80年代由Howard Gardner提出的多元智力说,它提供了一个比智商理论更为宽广的观点,由此可知This指代的就是前面提到的多元智力说,故B项正确.2答案及解析：答案：1.D; 2.B; 3.C解析：1.细节理解题.根据第一段the answer may lie in a skill called "self-distancing", the ability to take a step back and view yourself more objectively答案可能在于一种叫做"自我疏远"的技能,即后退一步,更客观地看待自己的能力.可知自我疏远就是客观地看待自己,故选D2.细节理解题.根据文章做好一段First, consider how a thoughtful friend might respond after quietly observing their situation. Besides, avoid using the pronoun "I". Focus on using third-person pronouns, he, she, they, and they were able to see the stressful event as challenging rather than threatening. Finally, ask yourself, "How would I feel about this one week from now or ten years from now?" This form of mental time travel may be effective because our attention is directed away from our immediate, concrete circumstances.首先,考虑一下一个有思想的朋友在安静地观察他们的情况之后会如何反应.此外,避免使用代词"i".注意使用第三人称代词,他,她,他们,他们,以及他们能够把这个有压力的事件看作是具有挑战性的,而不是最后,问问你自己:"从现在起的这个星期或者从现在起的十年里,我的感觉如何?"这种形式的精神时间旅行可能是有效的,因为我们的注意力被转移到我们眼前的具体情况上,可知这两个人是怎么走到这一步的?故选B.3.文章标题.文章介绍"自我疏远"的技能,即后退一步,更客观地看待自己的能力.一项研究表明,当人们在讨论困难事件时采取自我疏远的态度时,它们就更有意义了他们的反应中,感情上的痛苦较少,压力的迹象也较少.可知标题为打破消极思考的循环,故选C.3答案及解析：答案：1.B; 2.D; 3.D; 4.D解析：1.细节题。

【高考专题】2020年高考英语专题复习阅读理解-科普环保类(10篇) 一(含答案)

2020年高考英语专题复习阅读理解-科普环保类(10篇) 一A1.Passenger pigeons(旅鸽)once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers.Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks(群)so large that they darkened the sky for hours.It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point,there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States,making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world.Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller,a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles(about 515 kilometers)long was seen near Cincinnati.Sadly the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been theirundoing. Where the birds were most abundant,people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them by the mercial hunters attracted them to small clearings withgrain,waited until pigeons had settled to feed,then threw large nets overthem,taking hundreds at a time.The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.By the closing decades of the 19th century,the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans’need for wood,which scattered(驱散)the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north,where cold temperatures and spring storms contributed to their decline.Soon the great flocks were gone,never to be seen again.In 1897,the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons,but by then,no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years.The last confirmed wild pigeon in the United States was shot by a boy in PikeCounty,Ohio,in 1900.For a time,a few birds survived under human care.The last of them,known affectionately as Martha,died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden on September 1,1914.（1）In the 18th and early 19th centuries,passenger pigeons .A.were the biggest bird in the worldB.lived mainly in the south of AmericaC.did great harm to the natural environmentD.were the largest bird population in the US（2）The underlined word“undoing”probably refers to the pigeons’.A.escapeB.ruinC.liberationD.evolution（3）What was the main reason for people to kill passenger pigeons?A.To seek pleasure.B.To save other birds.C.To make money.D.To protect crops.（4）What can we infer about the law passed in Michigan?A.It was ignored by the public.B.It was declared too late.C.It was unfair.D.It was strict.B2.Do you know how it is when you see someone yawn and you start yawning too? Or how hard it is to be among people laughing and not laugh yourself? Well, apparently it’s because we have mirror neurons(神经元)in our brains.Put simply, the existence of mirror neurons suggests that every time we see someone else do something, our brains imitate(模仿)it, whether or not we actually perform the same action. This explains a great deal about how we learn to smile, talk, walk, dance or play sports. But the idea goes further: mirror neurons not only appear to explain physical actions, they also tell us that there is a biological basis for the way we understand other people.Mirror neurons can undoubtedly be found all over our brains, but especially in the areas which relate to our ability to use languages, and to understand how other people feel. Researchers have found that mirror neurons relate strongly to language.A group of researchers discovered that if they gave people sentences to listen to(for example:” The hand took hold of the ball”), the same mirror neurons were triggered as when the action was actually performed (in this example, actually taking hold of a ball).Any problems with mirror neurons may well result in problems with behavior. Much research suggests that people with social and behavioral problems have mirror neurons which are not fully functioning. However, it is not yet known exactly how these discoveries might help find treatments for social disorders.Research into mirror neurons seems to provide us with ever more information concerning how humans behave and interact(互动). Indeed, it may turn out to be the equivalent(相等物)for neuroscience of what Einstein’s theory of relativity was for physics. And the next time you feel the urge to cough in the cinema when someone else does—well, perhaps you’ll understand why.（1）Mirror neurons can explain .A.why we cry when we are hurtB.why we cough when we suffer from a coldC.why we smile when we see someone else smileD.why we yawn when we see someone else stay up late（2）The underlined word “triggered” in the third paragraph probably means“”.A.set offB.cut offC.built upD.broken up（3）We can learn from the passage that mirror neurons .A.relate to human behavior and interactionB.control human physical actions and feelingsC.result in bad behavior and social disordersD.determine our knowledge and language abilities（4）What is the passage mainly about?A. Ways to find mirror neurons.B. Problems of mirror neurons.C. Existence of mirror neurons.D. Functions of mirror neurons.C3.I have been consistently opposed to feeding a baby regularly. As a doctor, motherand scientist in child development I believe there is nothing to recommend it, from the baby’s point of view.Mothers, doctors and nurses alike have no idea of where a baby’s blood sugar level lies. All we know is that a low level is harmful to brain development and makesa baby easily annoyed. In this state, the baby is difficult to calm down and sleepis impossible. The baby asks for attention by crying and searching for food with its mouth.It is not just unkind but also dangerous to say a four-hourly feeding schedule will make a baby satisfied. The first of the experts to advocate a strict clock-watching schedule was Dr Frederic Truby King who was against feeding in the night. I’ve never heard anything so ridiculous.Baby feeding shouldn’t follow a timetable set by the mum.What is important is feeding a baby in the best way, though it may cause some inconvenience in the first few weeks.Well,at last we have copper-bottomed research that supports demand feeding and points out the weaknesses of strictly timed feeding.The research finds out that babies who are fed on demand do better at school at age 5,7,11 and 14,than babies fed according to the clock.By the age of 8,their IQ(智商)scores are four to five percent higher than babies fed by a rigid timetable.This research comes from Oxford and Essex University using a sample(样本)of 10,419 children born in the early 1990s,taking account of parental education,family income,a child’s sex and age,the mother’s health and feeding style.These results don’t surprise me.Feeding according to schedule runs the risk of harming the rapidly growing brain by taking no account of sinking blood sugar levels.I hope this research will put an end to advocating strictly timed baby feedingpractices.（1）According to Paragraph 2,one reason why a baby cries is that it feels .A.sickB.upsetC.sleepyD.hungry（2） What does the author think about Dr King?A.He is strict.B.He is unkind.C.He has the wrong idea.D.He sets a timetable for mothers.（3）The word copper -bottomed in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to .A.basicB.reliableC.surprisingD.interesting（4） What does the research tell us about feeding a baby on demand?A.The baby will sleep well.B.The baby will have its brain harmed.C.The baby will have a low blood sugar level.D.The baby will grow to be wiser by the age of 8.（5The author supports feeding the baby .A.in the nightB.every four hoursC.whenever it wants foodD.according to its blood sugar levelD4.Women are friendly.But men are more competitive.Why?Researchers have found it’s all down to the hormone oxytocin(荷尔蒙催生素).Although known as the love hormone,it affects the sexes differently.“Women tend to be social in their behavior.They often share with others.But men tend to be competitive.They are trying to improve their social status,”said Professor Ryan.Generally,people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions(互动)such as falling in love or giving birth.But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships,but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship.Professor Ryan’s recent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37.Half of the participants(参与者)received oxytocin.The other half receivedplacebo(安慰剂).After a week,the two groups switched with participants.They went through the same procedure with the other material.Following each treatment,they were shown some video pictures with different social interactions.Then they were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions.The questions were about telling friendship from competition.And their answers should be based on gestures,body language and facial expressions.The results indicated that,after treatment with oxytocin,men’s ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved,but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.Professor Ryan thus concluded:“Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people’s abilities to better distinguish different socialinteractions.And the behavior differences between men and women are caused by biological factors(因素)that are mainly hormonal.”（1）What causes men and women to behave differently according to the text?A.Placebo.B.Oxytocin.C.The gesture.D.The social status.（2）What can we learn from Professor Ryan’s previous experiment?A.Oxytocin affects our behavior in a different way.B.Our body lets out oxytocin when we are deep in love.C.Our body produces oxytocin when we feel unhappy about others’ success.D.Oxytocin improves our abilities to understand people’s behavior differences.（3）Why did Professor Ryan conduct the recent experiment?A.To test the effect of oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions.B.To know the differences between friendship and competition.C.To know people’s different abilities to answer questions.D.To test people’s understanding of body language.（4）The author develops the text by .A.explaining people’s behaviorsB.describing his own experiencesC.distinguishing sexual differencesD.discussing research experimentsE5.Not all bodies of water are so evidently alive as the Atlantic Ocean, an S-shaped body of water covering 33 million square miles. The Atlantic has, in a sense, replaced the Mediterranean as the inland sea of Western civilization. Unlike real inland seas, which seem strangely still, the Atlantic is rich in oceanic liveliness.It is perhaps not surprising that its vitality has been much written about by ancient poets.“Storm at Sea”, a short poem written around 700, is generally regarded as one of mankind’s earliest artistic representations of the Atlantic.When the wind is from the westAll the waves that cannot restTo the east must thunder onWhere the bright tree of the sunIs rooted in the ocean’s breast.As the poem suggests, the Atlantic is never dead and dull. It is an ocean that moves, impressively and endlessly. It makes all kinds of noise—it is forever thundering, boiling, crashing, and whistling.It is easy to imagine the Atlantic trying to draw breath—perhaps not so noticeably out in mid-ocean, but where it meets land, its waters bathing up and down a sandy beach. It mimics(模仿)nearly perfectly the steady breathing of a living creature.It is filled with symbiotic existences, too; unimaginable quantities of creatures,little and large alike, mix within its depths in a kind of oceanic harmony, giving to the waters a feeling of heartbeat, a kind of sub-ocean vitality. And it has a psychology. It has personalities: sometimes peaceful and pleasant, on rareoccasions rough and wild; always it is strong and striking.（1）Unlike real inland seas, the Atlantic Ocean is .A.always energeticcking in livelinessC.shaped like a squareD.favored by ancient poets（2）What is the purpose of using the poem“Storm at Sea”in the passage?A.To describe the movement of the waves.B.To show the strength of the storm.C.To represent the power of the ocean.D.To prove the vastness of the sea.（3）What does the underlined word“symbiotic”mean?A.Living together.B.Growing fast.C.Moving harmoniously.D.Breathing peacefully.（4）In the last paragraph, the Atlantic is compared to .A.a beautiful and poetic placeB.a flesh and blood personC.a wonderful worldD.a lovely animalF6.One moment it was quiet and calm in the forest,the next,the air was charged with tension.The elephant had heard the distant alarm calls of animals and her mood suddenly changed.I urged the elephant deeper into the forest.We sounded like a forest fire—crackling,snapping,trailblazing.But through all the noise came a sharp warning cry.The elephant stopped and we heard it again—the tell-tale call of a spotted deer.I looked quickly around the shadows of the forest.Rays of sunlight shone throughtree branches,beneath which the patchwork(交错)of green plants andshadows-within-shadows would make tiger stripes(条纹)look more attractive.Apart from an occasional noise from the elephant’s stomach,the forest was silent.Gradually,the tension slipped from our bodies.The elephant seized a nearby branch and put it into her mouth.I reached forward and gently moved my hand over the elephant’s neck;there was a soft part,free of wrinkles and hairs,behind her ear.This was my fourth timeto sense the auraof the forest in Corbett,although I saw no tigers in the end.Located at the foot of the Himalayan mountains,Corbett is home to about 135 Bengal tigers,but the forest seemed to be guarding their whereabouts(出没处),a silent reminder of their secrecy and rarity.Still,I was happy enough touching the elephant behind the ear.If I had so desperately wanted to see a tiger,I could have gone to a zoo.After all,spotting tigers merely confirms theirbeauty;tracking them can make you aware of something more.（1）Which of the following was a clear signal of alarm?A.The elephant stopped.B.A spotted deer called.C.The elephant seized a branch.D.The forest was silent for a while.（2）The author begins his account of the tour in the forest mainly by .A.describing various soundsparing different animalsC.listing different activitiesD.introducing various plants（3）What does the underlined part“to sense the aura”most probably mean?A.To see the diversity.B.To enjoy the scenery.C.To feel the atmosphere.D.To experience the freedom.（4）How does the author feel after several visits to Corbett?A.Seeing a Bengal tiger is quite thrilling.B.It is very time-consuming to travel in Corbett.C.It is really worthwhile to study the animals in Corbett.D.The process of finding Bengal tigers is most appealing.G7.You may think that sailing is a difficult sport, but it is really not hard to learn it. You do not need to be strong. But you need to be quick. And you need to understand a few basic rules about the wind.First, you must ask yourself,“Where is the wind coming from?Is it coming from ahead or behind or from the side?” You must think about this all the time on the boat.The wind direction tells you what to do with the sail.Let’s start with the wind blowing from behind. This means the wind and the boat are going in the same direction. Then you must always keep the sail outside the boat. It should be at a 90° angle(角度) to the boat. Then it will catch the wind best.If the wind is blowing from the side, it is blowing across the boat. In this case, you must keep the sail half way outside the boat. It should be at a 45° angle to the boat. It needs to be out far enough to catch the wind, but it shouldn’t flap(摆动). It shouldn’t look like a flag on a flagpole. If it is flapping,it is probably out too far, and the boat will slow down.Sailing into the wind is not possible. If you try, the sail will flap and the boatwill stop. You may want to go in that direction. It is possible, but you can’t go in a straight line. You must go first in one direction and then in another. This is called tacking. When you are tacking, you must always keep the sail inside the boat.（1）What should you consider first while sailing?A. Sailors’ strength.B. Wave levels.C. Wind directions.D. Size of sails.（2）What does the word “It” underlined in Paragraph 4 refer to?A. The boat.B. The wind.C. The sail.D. The angle.（3）What do you have to do when sailing against the wind?A. Move in a straight line.B. Allow the sail to flap.C. Lower the sail.D.Tack the boat.（4） Where can you probably find the text?A. In a popular magazine.B. In a tourist guidebook.C.In a physics textbook.D. In an official report.H8.For those who are tired of doing the laundry, Samsung has found an answer: a washing machine that can tell you when your laundry is done via a smartphone app (application).Strange though it may seem—“my wife already does that” was a common response among attendees viewing the device when it was introduced at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) this week—Samsung is just one of many appliance makers racing to install(安装) a large number of internet-connected features in machines in an effort to make them“smart.”Last year, it was a refrigerator that tweeted. This year, it’s Wi-Fi-enabled laundry machines and fridges that can tell you when your groceries are going bad.The washers and dryers, available starting in the spring, connect to any smartphone through a downloadable application. The phone can then be used as a remote control, so the machines can be turned on and off while their owner is at work or on the bus.Samsung says it’s not just something new—the app connection actually has some practical uses.“If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out, you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when you come home, so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go,”said spokesperson Amy Schmidt.The company also says that with electricity rates(电价) varying depending on the time of day, more control over when the machines are used can help save money.Perhaps, but what they will probably really accomplish is what all good technologies do—enable laziness. Rather than getting up to check on whether the laundry is done, users will instead monitor it on their phones while watching TV.（1）What can be inferred from the common response of the attendees at the CES?A.The machine will be a big success.B.Their wives like doing the laundry.C.The machine is unrelated to their life.D.This kind of technology is familiar to them.（2）What can we learn about the new laundry machines?A.They can tell you when your clothes need washing.B.They can be controlled with a smartphone.C.They are difficult to operate.D.They are sold at a low price.（3）We can conclude from Samsung’s statements that .A.the app connection makes life easierB.it is better to dry clothes in the morningC.smartphones can shorten the drying timeD.we should refresh clothes back at home（4）What is the main idea of the last paragraph?A.The laundry should be frequently checked.zy people like using such machines.C.Good technologies also cause problems.D.Television may help do the laundry.I9.Researchers in the psychology department at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) have discovered a major difference in the way men and women respond to stress.This difference may explain why men are more likely to suffer from stress-related disorders.Until now,psychological research has maintained that both men and women have the same “fight-or-flight” reaction to stress.In other words, individuals either react with aggressive behavior,such as verbal or physical conflict (“fight”),or they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation (“flight”).However,the UCLA research team found that men and women have quite different biological and behavioral responses to stress.While men often react to stress in the fight-or-flight response,women often have another kind of reaction which could be called “tend and befriend.” That is,they often react to stressful conditions by protecting and nurturing their young (“tend”),and by looking for social contact and support from others—especially other females (“befriend”).Scientists have long known that in the fight-or-flight reaction to stress,animportant role is played by certain hormones(激素) released by the body.The UCLA research team suggests that the female tend-or-befriend response is also based ona hormone.This hormone, called oxytocin, has been studied in the context ofchildbirth, but now it is being studied for its role in the response of both men and women to stress.The principal investigator, Dr.Shelley E.Taylor, explained that “animals and people with high levels of oxytocin are calmer, more relaxed, more social, and less anxious.” While men also secrete(分泌) oxytocin,its effects are reduced by male hormones.In terms of everyday behavior, the UCLA study found that women are far more likely than men to seek social contact when they are feeling stressed.They may phone relatives or friends, or ask directions if they are lost.The study also showed how fathers and mothers responded differently when they came home to their family after a stressful day at work.The typical father wanted to be left alone to enjoy some peace and quiet.For a typical mother,coping with a bad day at work meant focusing her attention on her children and their needs.The differences in responding to stress may explain the fact that women have lower frequency of stress-related disorders such as high blood pressure or aggressive behavior.The tend-and-befriend regulatory(调节的)system may protect women against stress,and this may explain why women on average live longer than men.（1）The UCLA study shows that in response to stress,men are more likely than women to .A.turn to friends for helpB.solve a conflict calmlyC.find an escape from realityD.seek comfort from children（2）Which of the following is true about oxytocin according to the passage?A.Men have the same level of oxytocin as women do.B.Oxytocin used to be studied in both men and women.C.Both animals and people have high levels of oxytocin.D.Oxytocin has more of an effect on women than on men.（3）What can be learned from the passage?A.Male hormones help build up the body’s resistance to stress.B.In a family a mother cares more about children than a father does.C.Biological differences lead to different behavioral responses to stress.D.The UCLA study was designed to confirm previous research findings.（4）Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A.How men and women get over stressB.How men and women suffer from stressC.How researchers overcome stress problemsD.How researchers handle stress-related disordersJ10.A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-month-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common.After all,the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world,and the baby is,well,just playing...right?Perhaps,but some developmental psychologists(心理学家)have argued that this“play”is more like a scientific investigation than one might think. Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table.Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge,it falls to the ground—and,in the process,it brings out important evidence about how physical objects interact(相互作用):bowls of rice do not float in mid-air,but require support to remain stable.It is likely that babies are not born knowing this basic fact of the universe;nor are they ever clearly taught it.Instead,babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact.Though their ranges and tools differ,the baby’s investigation and the scientist’s experiment appear to share the same aim(to learn about the natural world),overall approach(gathering direct evidence from the world),and logic(are my observations what I expected?).Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way—that they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means.For example,it may only be through repeated experiments,evidence gathering,and finally overturning a theory,that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has,for example,unlike the child,Mommy actually doesn’t like Dove chocolate.Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn,but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike?Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort—the desire to explore,explain,and understand our world—is simply something that comes from our babyhood.Perhaps evolution(进化)provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds,and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children.The same cognitive(认知的)systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists.As some psychologists put it,“It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”（1）According to some developmental psychologists, .A.a baby’s play is nothing more than a gameB.scientific research into babies’games is possibleC.the nature of babies’play has been thoroughly investigatedD.a baby’s play is somehow similar to a scientist’s experiment（2）We learn from Paragraph 2 that .A.scientists and babies seem to observe the world differentlyB.scientists and babies often interact with each otherC.babies are born with the knowledge of object supportD.babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do（3）Children may learn the rules of language by .A.exploring the physical worldB.investigating human psychologyC.repeating their own experimentsD.observing their parents’behaviors（4）What is the main idea of the last paragraph?A.The world may be more clearly explained through children’s play.B.Studying babies’play may lead to a better understanding of science.C.Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.D.One’s drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.（5）What is the author’s tone when he discusses the connection between scientists’research and babies’play?A.Convincing.B.Confused.C.Confident.D.Cautious.答案解析1.【参考答案】【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文,主要讲述的是美国历史上曾经数量最多的旅鸽如何遭受捕杀并逐渐消失的。

高考英语学科复习--科普类阅读理解解析版

2020届《高考英语学科复习关键问题指导与训练》选送（二）（1---40篇科普类阅读理解）一、存在问题及错误原因分析近年高考科普类阅读理解文本多为自然科学类或者人文社科类的说明文和论说文，2018和2019年全国卷I阅读理解试题中人文社科类和自然科学类的文本各有一篇，出现在C篇和D篇，占据阅读理解四选一试题的半壁江山。

高考中考生在科普类阅读理解语篇中的得分率较低，从近年我省高考实测数据来看，科普类文本的难度值低于阅读理解四选一平均难度的试题占到难题中的66.67%。

具体试题归类如下：（一）细节理解题2题28. What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?（2018年C篇）A. They developed very fast.B. They were large in number.C. They had similar patterns.D. They were closely connected.【分析】本题为推理判断题，正确答案为B。

该题的难度为0.43。

误选D的考生达到52.25%。

体现出我省部分考生语篇意识不强，不关注上下文语境关联性，存在一知半解、似是而非的情况，无法基于文本信息进行正确的理解和推断。

30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?（2019年C篇）A. It’ll be environment-friendly.B. It’ll reach consumers soon.C. It’ll be made of plastics.D. It’ll help speed up typing.【分析】本题为细节理解题，正确答案为B。

该题的难度为0.51，属于难题。

误选C的考生达到23.27%。

考生在于审题能力不足，信息定位失误，错将事实当成期待。

【常考题型大通关】2020届高考英语二轮复习(全国卷)：七选五---科教科普类

2020届高考英语二轮复习（全国卷）：七选五---科教科普类1、根据短文内容,从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。

选项中有两项为多余选项。

Why Do We Get Angry?Anger seems simple when we are feeling it, but the causes of anger are various. Knowing these causes can make us examine our behavior, and correct bad habits. The main reasons we get angry are triggering(触发)events, personality traits(特征), and our assessment of situations.①__________Triggering events for anger are so many that to describe them all would take hundreds of pages. However, here are some examples: being cut off in traffic, a deadline approaching, experiencing physical pain, and much more.②__________The reason why someone is triggered by something and others are not is often due to one’s personal history and psychological traits.Each person, no matter who they are, has psychological imbalances. People who have personality traits that connect with competitiveness and low upset tolerance are much more likely to get angry.③__________Also, sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition, but rather a temporary state before a triggering event has occurred.④__________Sometimes even routine occurrences become sources of pre-anger, or anger itself. Sometimes ignorance and negative (消极的) outlooks on situations can create anger.⑤__________However, anger can easily turn violent, and it is best to know the reasons for anger to appear in order to prevent its presence. With these main reasons inmind, we can evaluate our level of anger throughout the day and prevent cases of outbursts by comprehending the reasons for our feelings.A. Our attitude and viewpoint on situations can create anger within us as well.B. But some types of situations can help us to get rid of the occurrence of anger.C. Anger is rarely looked upon as a beneficial character trait, and is usually advised to reduce it.D. Anger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel angry.E. Having these personality traits implies the pre-anger state, where anger is in the background of your mind.F. Understanding these reasons will control our own anger if we are willing to evaluate ourselves with a critical eye.G. Not everyone acts the same in response to events, and that is why what triggers one person may or may not trigger another.2、根据短文内容,从短文后的七个选项中选出正确答案,。

(精品人教)2020高考英语试题分项版解析专题16 科普类说明文(含解析)

专题16 科普类说明文2019高考题D【2019·全国I】We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life — from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation —Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones. "The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids' room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house," said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We're not just keeping these old devices — we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.So what's the solution（解决方案）? The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.32. What does the author think of new devices?A. They are environment-friendly.B. They are no better than the old.C. They cost more to use at home.D. They go out of style quickly.33. Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research?A. To reduce the cost of minerals.B. To test the life cycle of a product.C. To update consumers on new technology.D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.34. Which of the following uses the least energy?A. The box-set TV.B. The tablet.C. The LCD TV.D. The desktop computer.35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?A. Stop using them.B. Take them apart.C. Upgrade them.D. Recycle them.【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. A【解析】本文是一篇科普说明文。

(新课标)2020届高考英语一轮复习专题三阅读理解考点十八科普研究类(含解析)(最新整理)

考点十八科普研究类A限时8分钟Could the device, smartphone or PC, which you're using affect the moral decisions you make when using it？To test it，researchers presented multiple dilemmas to a sample set of 1,010 people．The participants were assigned a device at random．One case of the questions participants were asked is the classic “trolley (有轨电车） problem”： A runaway trolley is headed towards five people tied up on a set of train tracks． You can do nothing, resulting in the deaths of five people， or push a man off a bridge, which will stop the trolley． The practical response is to kill one man to save five lives，which 33．5 percent of smartphone users chose， compared to 22．3 percent of PC users．“What we found in our study is that when people used a smartphone to view classic moral problems, they were more likely to make more unemotional，reasonable decisions when presented with a highly emotional dilemma,” Dr Albert BarqueDuran, the lead author of the study，told City University of London．“This could be due to the increased time pressure often present with smartphones and also the increased psychological distance which can occur when we use such devices compared to PCs．”As for why the researchers started this study， Dr Barque Duran noted, “Due to the fact that our social lives， work and even shopping take place online， it is important to think about how the contexts where we typically face moral decisions and are asked to engage in moral behavior have changed， and the impact this could have on the hundreds of millions of people who use such devices daily．” It’s clear that we need more research on how our devices affect our moral decision making because we’re using screens at an ever increasing rate．1．Why did the author mention the trolley problem？A．To introduce a difficult problem to readers．B．To introduce the aim of carrying out the study．C．To show an example of the questions in the study．D．To show the difficulty in dealing with dilemmas．答案:C推理判断题。

【高考专题】2020年高考英语专题复习阅读理解-科普环保类(10篇) 三(含答案)

2020年高考英语专题复习阅读理解-科普环保类(10篇) 三A1.Going green seems to be a fad(时尚)for a lot of people these days. Whether that is good or bad, we can’t really say, but for the two of us, going green is nota fad but a lifestyle.On April 22, 2011, we decided to go green every single day for an entire year. This meant doing 365 different green things, and it also meant challenging ourselves to go green beyond the easy things. Rather than recycle and reduce our energy, we had to think of 365 different green things to do and this was no easy task.With the idea of going green every single day for a year, Our Green Year started.My wife and I decided to educate people about how they could go green in their lives and hoped we could show people all the green things that could be done to help the environment. We wanted to push the message that every little bit helps.Over the course of Our Green Year, we completely changed our lifestyles. We now shop at organic(有机的)stores. We consume less meat, choosing green food. We have greatly reduced our buying we don’t need. We have given away half of what we owned through websites. Our home is kept clean by vinegar and lemon juice, with no chemical cleaners. We make our own butter, enjoying the smell of home-made fresh bread. In our home office anyone caught doing something ungreen might be punished.Our minds have been changed by Our Green Year. We are grateful for the chance to have been able to go green and educate others. We believe that we do have the power to change things and help our planet.（1）What might be the best title for the passage?A.Going GreenB.Protecting the PlanetC.Keeping Open-MindedD.Celebrating Our Green Year（2）It was difficult for the couple to live a green life for the whole year because .A.they were expected to follow the green fadB.they didn’t know how to educate other peopleC.they were unwilling to reduce their energyD.they needed to perform unusual green tasks（3）What did the couple do over the course of Our Green Year?A.They tried to get out of their ungreen habits.B.They ignored others’ ungreen behavior.C.They chose better chemical cleaners.D.They sold their home-made food.（4）What can we infer from the last paragraph?A.The government will give support to the green project.B.The couple may continue their project in the future.C.Some people disagree with the couple’s green ideas.D.Our Green Year is becoming a national campaign.B2.Working with a group of baboons(狒狒)in the Namibian desert,Dr.Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box.Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task, while others had to learn for themselves.To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were, Dr. Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.She found that personality had a major impact on learning.The braver baboons learnt, but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones did.In effect, despite being made aware of what to do, they were still too shy to do what the experienced baboon did.The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones.The anxiousindividuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals,something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things.The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive(认知的)tasks not because they aren’t clever enough to solve them,but because they are too shy or nervous to use the social information.The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning.If some individuals are unable to get information from others because they don’t associate with the knowledgeable individuals,or they are too shy to use the information once they have it,information may not travel between all group members,preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.（1）What is the first paragraph mainly about?A.The design of Dr.Carter’s research.B.The results of Dr.Carter’s research.C.The purpose of Dr.Carter’s research.D.The significance of Dr.Carter’s research.（2）According to the research,which baboons are more likely to complete a new learning task?A.Those that have more experience.B.Those that can avoid potential risks.C.Those that like to work independently.D.Those that feel anxious about learning.（3）Which best illustrates the“mismatch”mentioned in Paragraph 4?A.Some baboons are intelligent but slow in learning.B.Some baboons are shy but active in social activities.C.Some baboons observe others but don’t follow them.D.Some baboons perform new tasks but don’t concentrate.（4）Dr.Carter’s findings indicate that our culture might be formed through .A.storing informationB.learning from each otherC.understanding different peopleD.travelling between social groupsC3.Honey(蜂蜜)from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, it is also delicious.Most people, and many animals, like eating it.However, the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees’ nest(巢)and take the honey from it.Often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them.In parts of Africa, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper—a little bird called a honey guide.The honey guide does not actually like honey, but it does like the wax (蜂蜡) in the beehives (蜂房).The little bird cannot reach this wax, which is deep inside the bees’ nest. So, when it finds a suitable nest, it looks for someone to help it. The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people. Once it has their attention, it flies through the forest, waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest.When they finally arrive at the nest,the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches.Some of the honey, and the wax, always falls to the ground, and this is when the honey guide takes its share.Scientists do not know why the honey guide likes eating the wax, but it is very determined in its efforts to get it.The birds seem to be able to smell wax froma long distance away.They will quickly arrive whenever a beekeeper is taking honeyfrom his beehives, and will even enter churches when beeswax candles are being lit.（1）Why is it difficult to find a wild bees’ nest?A.It’s small in size.B.It’s hidden in trees.C.It’s covered with wax.D.It’s hard to recognize.（2） What do the words “the follower” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.A bee.B. A bird.C. A honey seeker.D. A beekeeper.（3）The honey guide is special in the way .A.it gets its foodB.it goes to churchC.it sings in the forestD.it reaches into bees’ nests（4）What can be the best title for the text?A.Wild BeesB.Wax and HoneyC.Beekeeping in AfricaD.Honey-Lover’s HelperD4.As has been all too apparent in recent days at Balcombe,few issues cause greater concern than energy policy.Many village communities feel their countryside is being ruined by the power-producing machines of wind farms;yet they never take“direct action”,even though the planning laws put them at a severe disadvantage.And the generous subsidies(财政补贴),which encourage the expansion of wind power,are not favorable to the village communities and set landowners in conflict with other residents(居民).Those who disagree with the rapid expansion of wind farms state that the damage they cause is out of proportion(比例)to the benefits they bring,because their energy output cannot match that of the carbon-based power stations they are supposed to replace.Supporters insist that wind must be part of a mix of renewables,nuclear and carbon,and that the country is committed to meeting EU(European Union)targets for non-carbon energy generation.Against this background,the fact that there is an argument within the Government over whether to publish an official report on wind farms’ impact on the countryside becomes even more extraordinary.The two parties in the coalition(联合)government are in disagreement over what it should say.We have some advice for the two parties:publish the report,and let the country be the judge.Even if it contains evidence that wind farms are harmful,it will hardly be a pleasant surprise to people who do not like them.Equally,supporters must argue their case by acknowledging the concerns and explaining why they are either misplaced or worthy of much attention.The suggestion that further negotiations are to take place to produce an“acceptable”report suggests that the politics of coalition government are doing the country harm in a certain way.Given the sensitivities involved,all the information should be available so that people can reach their own conclusions,rather than being left with the suspicion(猜疑)that facts are being replaced by political beliefs.（1）We can learn from the first paragraph that .A.energy policy catches much attention of the publicB.the residents are in favor of the expansion of wind farmsC.many village communities are satisfied with the subsidiesD.the planning laws offer great benefits to the residents（2）Supporters think that the expansion of wind power .A.is more rapid than that of carbon-based powerB.guarantees an increase in energy outputC.is expected to be much better than that of nuclear powerD.agrees with EU targets for non-carbon energy generation（3）It can be inferred from the passage that .A.an official report will settle the energy problemB.the two parties are divided over the issue of wind farmsC.the two parties have agreed on a further negotiationD.political beliefs concerning energy issue go against facts（4）Which of the following reflects the author’s opinion?A.Increase political impact on energy policy.B.Release a statement of supporters on wind farms.C.Let the nation judge the facts about wind power.D.Leave the two parties to reach their own conclusions.E5.The idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly.Sadly,biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid—we simply weigh too much,and all our mass pushes down through our relatively small feet,resulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink.However, several types of animals can walk on water.One of the most interesting is the common basiliskBasilicus basilicus,a lizard(蜥蜴)native to Central and South America.It can run across water for a distance of several meters,avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the water’s surface with its feet.The lizard will take as many as 20 steps per second to keep moving forward.For humans to do this,we’d need huge feet that we could bring up to our ears in order to create adequate“hitting”.But fortunately there is an alternative: cornflour. By adding enough of this common thickening agent to water (and it does take a lot),you can create a“non-Newtonian”liquid that doesn’t behave like normal water.Now,if the surface of the water is hit hard enough,particles(粒子)in the water group together for a moment to make the surface hard.Move quickly enough and put enough force into each step, and you really can walk across the surface of an adequately thick liquid of cornflour.Fun though all this may sound,it’s still rather messy and better read about in theory than carried out in practice.If you must do it,then keep the water wings handy in case you start to sink—and take a shower afterward!（1）Walking on water hasn’t become a reality mainly because humans .A.are not interested in itB.have biological limitationsC.have not invented proper toolsD.are afraid to make an attempt（2）What do we know aboutBasilicus basilicusfrom the passage?A.It is light enough to walk on water.B.Its huge feet enable it to stay above water.C.It can run across water at a certain speed.D.Its unique skin keeps it from getting wet in water.（3）What is the function of the cornflour according to the passage?A.To create a thick liquid.B.To turn the water into solid.C.To help the liquid behave normally.D.To enable the water to move rapidly.（4）What is the author’s attitude toward the idea of humans’walking on water?A.It is risky but beneficial.B.It is interesting and worth trying.C.It is crazy and cannot become a reality.D.It is impractical though theoretically possible.F6.Last night’s meteor(流星)shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding answers.According to Gabe Rothschild, Emerald Valley’s mayor, people gathered in the suburbs of the city, carrying heavy telescopes, expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky.What they found instead wasa sky so brightened by the city’s lights that it darkened the light of the meteorspassing overhead.“My family was so frustrated, ”admitted town resident Duane Cosby.“We wanted to make this an unforgettable family outing, but it turned out to be a huge disappointment.”Astronomers—scientists who study stars and planets—have been complaining about this problem for decades.They say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past.They call on people and the government to take measures to fight against it.There is yet a population besides professional and amateur star observers that suffers even more from light pollution.This population consists of birds, bats, frogs, snakes, etc.For example, outdoor lighting severely affects migrating(迁徙的)birds.According to the International Dark-Sky Association.“100 million birdsa year throughout North America die in crashes with lighted buildings and towers.”Countless more animal casualties(伤亡)result from the use of artificiallighting.Clearly, people enjoy the benefits of lighting their evenings, but some scientists think it can be harmful for humans, too.They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase a person’s chances of getting cancer.Emerald Valley is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of light pollution.For years, Flagstaff, Arizona, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory.Similar efforts have been made worldwide, and a movement is underway to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can share the night.（1）It happened last night that .A.the city’s lights affected the meteor watchingB.the meteors flew past before being noticedC.the city light show attracted many peopleD.the meteor watching ended up a social outing（2）What do the astronomers complain about?A.Meteor showers occur less often than before.B.Their observation equipment is in poor repair.C.Light pollution has remained unsolved for years.D.Their eyesight is falling due to artificial lighting.（3）What is the author concerned about according to Paragraph 4?A.Birds may take other migration paths.B.Animals’living habits may change suddenly.C.Varieties of animals will become sharply reduced.D.Animals’survival is threatened by outdoor lighting.（4）Lighting regulations in Flagstaff,Arizona are put into effect to .A.lessen the chance of getting cancerB.create an ideal observation conditionC.ensure citizens a good sleep at nightD.enable all creatures to live in harmony（5）What message does the author most want to give us?A.Saving wildlife is saving ourselves.B.Great efforts should be made to save energy.C.Human activities should be environmentally friendly.D.New equipment should be introduced for space study.G7.The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital.She is quiet but alert(警觉).Twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it.She stares at it carefully.A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another,this time with the spots differently spaced.As the cards change from one to the other,her gaze(凝视)starts to lose its focus—until a third,with three black spots,is presented.Her gaze returns;she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card.Can she tell that the number two is different from three,just 24 hours after coming into the world?Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer?The same experiment,but with three spots shown before two,shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes.Perhaps it is just the newness?When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects(a comb,a key,an orange and so on),changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves.Could it be the pattern that two things make,as opposed to three?No again.Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three,or three to two.The effect even crosses between senses.Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeatsthan when they heard just two;likewise(同样地)when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.（1）The experiment described in Paragraph 1 is related to the baby’s .A.sense of hearingB.sense of sightC.sense of touchD.sense of smell（2）Babies are sensitive to the change in .A.the size of cardsB.the colour of picturesC.the shape of patternsD.the number of objects（3）Why did the researchers test the babies with drumbeats?A.To reduce the difficulty of the experiment.B.To see how babies recognize sounds.C.To carry their experiment further.D.To keep the babies’interest.（4）Where does this text probably come from?A. Science fiction.B. Children’s literature.C. An advertisement.D. A science report.H8.The behaviour of a building’s users may be at least as important as its design when it comes to energy use,according to new research from the UK Energy Research Centre(UKERC).The UK promises to reduce its carbon emissions(排放)by 80 percent by 2050,part of which will be achieved by all new homes being zero-carbon by 2016.But this report shows that sustainable building design on its own—though extremely important—is not enough to achieve such reductions:the behaviour of the people using the building has to change too.The study suggests that the ways that people use and live in their homes have been largely ignored by existing efforts to improve energy efficiency(效率),which instead focus on architectural and technological developments.‘Technology is going to assist but it is not going to do everything,’explains Katy Janda,a UKERC senior researcher,‘consumption patterns of building users can defeat the most careful design.’In other words,old habits die hard,even in the best-designed eco-home.Another part of the problem is information.Households and bill-payers don’t have the knowledge they need to change their energy-use habits.Without specificinformation,it’s hard to estimate the costs and benefits of making different choices.Feedback(反馈)facilities,like smart meters and energy monitors,could helpbridge this information gap by helping people see how changing their behaviour directly affects their energy use;some studies have shown that households can achieve up to 15 percent energy savings using smart meters.Social science research has added a further dimension(方面),suggesting that individuals’behaviour in the home can be personal and cannot be predicted—whether people throw open their windows rather than turn down the thermostat(恒温器),for example.Janda argues that education is the key.She calls for a focused programme to teach people about buildings and their own behaviour in them.（1）As to energy use,the new research from UKERC stresses the importance of .A.zero-carbon homesB.the behaviour of building usersC.sustainable building designD.the reduction of carbon emissions（2）The underlined word“which”in Paragraph 2 refers to“”.A.the waysB.their homesC.developmentsD.existing efforts（3）What are Katy Janda’s words mainly about?A.The importance of changing building users’habits.B.The necessity of making a careful building design.C.The variety of consumption patterns of building users.D.The role of technology in improving energy efficiency.（4）The information gap in energy use .A.can be bridged by feedback facilitiesB.affects the study on energy monitorsC.brings about problems for smart metersD.will be caused by building users’old habits（5）What does the dimension added by social science research suggest?A.The social science research is to be furthered.B.The education programme is under discussion.C.The behaviour of building users is unpredictable.D.The behaviour preference of building users is similar.I9.Last summer, two nineteenth-century cottages were rescued from remote farm fields in Montana,to be moved to an Art Deco building in San Francisco.The houses were made of wood.These cottages once housed early settlers as they worked the dry Montana soil;now they hold Twitter engineers.The cottages could be an example of the industry’s odd love affair with“low technology,”a concept associated with the natural world,and with old-school craftsmanship(手艺)that exists long before the Internet era.Low technology is not virtual(虚拟的)—so,to take advantage of it,Internet companies have had to get creative.The rescued wood cottages,fitted by hand in the late eighteen-hundreds,arean obvious example,but Twitter’s designs lie on the extreme end.Other companies are using a broader interpretation(阐释)of low technology that focuses on nature. Amazon is building three glass spheres filled with trees,so that employees can “work and socialize in a more natural,park-like setting.”At Google’s office,an entire floor is carpeted in glass.Facebook’s second Menlo Park campus will have a rooftop park with a walking trail.Olle Lundberg,the founder of Lundberg Design,has worked with many tech companies over the years.“We have lost the connection to the maker in our lives,and our tech engineers are the ones who feel most impoverished(贫乏的),because they’re surrounded by the digital world,”he says.“They’re looking for a way to regain their individual identity,and we’ve found that introducing real crafts is one way to do that.”This craft based theory is rooted in history,William Morris,the English artist and writer,turned back to pre-industrial arts in the eighteen-sixties,just after the Industrial Revolution.The Arts and Crafts movement defined itself against machines.“Without creative human occupation,people became disconnected from life,”Morris said.Research has shown that natural environments can restore(恢复)our mental capacities.In Japan,patients are encouraged to“forest-bathe,”taking walks through woods to lower their blood pressure.These health benefits apply to the workplace as well.Rachel Kaplvin,a professor of environmental psychology,has spent years researching the restorative effects of natural environments.Her research found that workers with access to nature at the office—even simple views of trees and flowers—felt their jobs were less stressful and more satisfying.If low-tech offices can potentially nourish the brains and improve the mental health of employees then,fine,bring on the cottages.（1）The writer mentions the two nineteenth-century cottages to show that .A.Twitter is having a hard timeB.old cottages are in need of protectionC.early settlers once suffered from a dry climate in MontanaD.Internet companies have rediscovered the benefits of low technology（2）Low technology is regarded as something that .A.is related to natureB.is out of date todayC.consumes too much energyD.exists in the virtual world（3）The main idea of Paragraph 5 is that human beings .A.have destroyed many pre-industrial artsB.have a tradition of valuing arts and craftsC.can become intelligent by learning historyD.can regain their individual identity by using machines（4）The writer’s attitude to“low technology”can best be described as .A.positiveB.defensiveC.cautiousD.doubtful（5）What might be the best title for the passage?A.Past Glories,Future DreamsB.The Virtual World,the Real ChallengeC.High-tech Companies,Low-tech OfficesD.The More Craftsmanship,the Less CreativityJ10.The oldest and most common source(来源)of renewable energy known to man,biomass is one of the most important forms of energy production in the United States and elsewhere.Since such a wide variety of biomass materials is everywhere—from trees and grasses to agricultural and city-life wastes—biomass promises to play a continuing role in providing power and heat for millions of people around the world.According to the Union of Concerned Scientists(UCS),biomass is a kind of renewable energy source that produces no carbon dioxide(二氧化碳),because the energy it contains comes from the sun.When plant matter is burned,it gives off the sun’s energy.In this way,biomass serves as a sort of natural battery(电池)for storing the sun’s energy.As long as biomass is produced continuously—with only as much grown as is used—the“battery”lasts forever.According to the Energy Information Administration, biomass has been one of the leading renewable energy sources in the United States for several years running through 2007, making up between 0.5 and 0.9 percent of the nation’s total electricity supply.In 2008—although the numbers aren’t all in yet—wind power probably took over first place because of the rapid development of wind farms across the country.Producing power from biomass helps reduce some 11 million tons of carbon dioxide each year.Some homeowners also try to make their own heat by using biomassmaterials.Such practice may save homeowners’money, but it also produces a lot of pollution. So, the best way is to encourage power plants to use it.（1）Why is biomass considered as“a sort of natural battery”?A.It burns merely plant matter.B.It keeps producing electricity.C.It stores the energy from the sun.D.It produces zero carbon dioxide.（2）We learn from the text that in 2008 .A.wind power would be the leader of renewable energyB.there was a rapid growth of electricity productionC.biomass might become the main energy sourceD.0.5 ~0.9% of power supply came from biomass（3）Why does the author encourage power plants to use biomass?A. To prevent the waste of energy.B. To increase production safety.C. To reduce pollution.D. To save money.（4）Where does the text probably come from?A. A research plan.B. A science magazine.C. A book review.D. A business report.答案解析1.【参考答案】【文章大意】本文介绍了作者在一年中崇尚环保,过绿色环保生活的经历。

2020年高考历年英语阅读理解—科普知识类范文

科普知识类第一篇(2011?陕西卷)DEver since they were first put on the market in the early 1990s, gentically mondified (GM, 转基因) foods have been increasingly developed and marketed in many countries in the word,mainly on the basis of their promise to end the worldwide food crisis. But can GM technology solve world hunger problems? Even if it would ,is it the best solutiorr?Despite what it promiises,GM technology actually has not increased the production potential of any corp. In fact Studies show that the most crown GM croo.GM soybeans, has suffered reduced productivity. For instance, a report than analysed nearly two decades of research on mojor GM food crops shows that GM engineering has failed to significantly increase US crop production.Something else, however, has been on the rise, While GM seeds are expensive, GM companics tell farmers that they will make good profits by saving money on pesticides(杀虫剂). On the contrary, US government data show that GM crops in the US have produced an overall increase in pesticide use compared to traditional crops. “ The promise was that you could use less chemicals and boost production. But nether is true,” said Bill Christison, President of the US National Farm Coalition.At the same time, the authors of the book World Hunger: Twelve Myths argue that there actually is more than enough food in the world and that the hunger crisis is not caused by production, but by problems in food distribution and politics. These indeed deserve our efforts and money. Meanwhile, the rise in food prices results from the increased use of crops for fuel rather than food, according to a 2008 World Bank report.As a matter of fact ,scientists see better ways to feed the world. Another World Bank report concluded that GM crops have little to offer to the challenges of worldwide poverty and hunger, because better ways out are available, among which “green”farming is supposed to be the first choice.57.The author develops the second paragraph mainly . 【C】A. by classificationB. by comparisonC. by exampleD. by process58. What does the underlined word “boost ” in the third paragraph probably mean? 【D】A. Control.B. EvaluateC. Obtain.D. Increase.59. GM companies promise farmers that they will benefit from _________. 【B】A. practicing “green” farmingB. use of less chemicalsC. fair distribution of their cropsD. using more crops for fuel60. Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author towards GM technology?【C】A. OptimisticB. DefensiveC. DisapprovingD. Casual科普知识类第二篇(2011?重庆卷)CGetting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War Ⅱ. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children offtouching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist(免疫学家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.64. The kings of France and England in the 16th century closed bath houses because .A. they lived healthily in a dirty environment.B. they thought bath houses were too dirty to stay inC. they believed disease could be spread in public bathsD. they considered bathing as the cause of skin disease65.Which of the following best describes Henry IV’s attitude to bathing?A. Afraid.B. Curious.C. Approving.D. Uninterested.66. How does the passage mainly develop?A. By providing examples.B. By making comparisons.C. By following the order of time.D. By following the order of importance.67. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?A. To stress the role of dirt.B. To introduce the history of dirt.C. To call attention to the danger of dirt.D. To present the change of views on dirt.【答案】CA CD科普知识类第三篇(2011?湖南卷)CA recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct (不同的) speciesThe discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants—the Asian elephant, African forest elephant and African savanna elephantOnce they obtained DNA sequences (序列) from two fossils (化石)，mammoths and mastodons the team compared them with DNA frommodern elephants. They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephants and the African forest elephants have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists.There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.Previously, many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species despite the elephants’significant size differences. The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5metres. The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons, roughly double the weight of the forest elephant. But the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species. However, the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.Alfred Roca, assistant professor in the department of Animal Sciences at the University of Minois, said, “We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purpose. Since 1950 all African elephants have been conserved as one species. Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinct animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority (优先)for conservation purpose .”66. One of the fossils studied by the researchers is that of ________.A. the Asian elephantB. the forest elephantC. the savanna elephantD. the mastodon elephant67. The underlined word “divergence” in paragraph 4means “________”A. evolutionB. exhibitionC. separationD. examination68. The researcher’s conclusion was based on a study of the African elephant’s ____________A. DNAB. heightC. weightD. population69. What were Alfred Roca’s words mainly about?A. The conversation of African elephants.B. The purpose of studying African elephantsC. The way to divide African elephants into two unitsD. The reason for the distinction of African elephants70. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Naturalist’s Belief about Elephants.B. Amazing Experiment about ElephantsC. An Unexpected Finding about ElephantsD. A Long scientific Debate about ElephantsC 科普说明文：African elephant 有两个不同的种类66. fossils 定位，找到第三段第一句，有两种fossils，mam 和mas，选项D67. 文中divergence of the two species指代前文the Ase and the Afe have been distinct species, divergence与distinct同义替换，对应选项C68. conclusion, based on定位，找到倒数第二段最后一句lay in 与based on 同义替换，答案：A69. AR定位，找到倒数第一段，从AR的话中，第一句for conservation purpose, 最后一句for conservation purpose确定A70.文章首句点明全文主旨，答案：C。

2014-2020年高考英语真题分类训练专题16 阅读理解之科普类说明文(教师版含解析)

But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant, the researchers found. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these genes produce proteins (蛋白质) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin (胰岛素) levels throughout the body and so are associated with improved metabolic health. These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted.
A.digest the meal easilyB.manage without breakfast
C.decide wisely what to eatD.eat whatever is offered
2.Why were the 10 people chosen for the experiment?
2020年高考英语题组
1.(2020年Байду номын сангаас江苏卷)
For those who canstomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.

2020年高考分类题库考点3阅读理解

一、科普知识类 ....................................................................................................................................................- 1 -二、广告宣传类 ..................................................................................................................................................- 34 -三、政治经济类 ..................................................................................................................................................- 57 -四、人物传记类 ..................................................................................................................................................- 62 -五、文化教育类 ..................................................................................................................................................- 65 -六、社会生活类 ..................................................................................................................................................- 96 -七、环境保护类 ................................................................................................................................................- 171 -八、文学艺术类 ................................................................................................................................................- 184 -考点3 阅读理解一、科普知识类(2013·福建卷·B) Your glasses may someday replace your smartphone, and someNew Yorkers are ready for the switch. Some in the city can’t wait to trythem on and use the maps and GPS that the futuristic eyewear is likelyto include.“I’d use it if I were hanging out with friends at 3 a.m. and going tothe bar and wanted to see what was open,”said Walter Choo, 40, ofFort Greene.The smartphone-like glasses will likely come out this year and cost between $250 and $600, the Times said, possibly including a variation of augmented(增强的)reality, a technology already available on smartphones and tablets(平板电脑)that overlays information onto thescreen about one’s surroundings. So, for example, if you were walking down a street, indicators would pop up showing you the nearest coffee shop or directions could be plotted out and come into view right on the sidewalk in front of you.“As far as a mainstream consumer product, this just isn’t something anybody needs,”said Sam Biddle, who writes for . “We’re accustomed to having one thing in our pocket to do all these things,”he added,“and the average consumer isn’t gonna be able to afford another device(装置)that’s hundreds and hundreds of dollars.”9to5Google publisher Seth Weintraub, who has been reporting on the smartphone-like glasses since late last year, said he is confident that this type of wearable device will eventually be as common as smartphones.“It’s just like smartphones 10 years ago,”Weintraub said.“A few people started getting emails on their phones,and people thought that was crazy.Same kind of thing.We see people bending their heads to look at their smartphones,and it’s unnatural,”he said.“There’s gonna be improvements to that,and this a step there.”【文章大意】作者介绍了一种迷你手机型的眼镜的用途,以及不同的人对它的不同看法。