气体传感器——外文翻译
NDIR红外气体传感器的基本概述
一、NDIR红外气体传感器得基本概述1.简介NDIR红外气体传感器用一个广谱得光源作为红外传感器得光源,光线穿过光路中得被测气体,透过窄带滤波片,到达红外探测器、其工作原理就是基于不同气体分子得近红外光谱选择吸收特性,利用气体浓度与吸收强度关系(朗伯—比尔Lambert-Beer定律)鉴别气体组分并确定其浓度得气体传感装置。
其主要由红外光源、光路、红外探测器、电路与软件算法组成得光学传感器,主要用于测化合物,例如:CH4、CO2、N2O、CO、SO2、NH3、乙醇、苯等,并包含绝大多数有机物。
2.原理由于各种物质分子内部结构得不同,就决定了它们对不同波长光线得选择吸收,即物质只能吸收一定波长得光。
物质对一定波长光得吸收关系服从朗伯—比尔(Lambert2Beer)吸收定律。
下图为NDIR红外气体分析原理图:以CO2分析为例,红外光源发射出1~20μm得红外光,通过一定长度得气室吸后,经过一个4。
26μm波长得窄带滤光片后,由红外传感器监测透过4。
26μm波长红外光得强度,以此表示CO2气体得浓度。
3.分类1)根据红外探测器得通道数,可以划分为单通道NDIR气体传感器与双通道NDIR气体传感器。
单通道就就是在红外探测器内部集成了一个敏感元件以及窄带滤波镜片;双通道就就是在单通道得基础上,集成了一个参考通道、我公司红外传感器产品皆为双通道类型,长期稳定性更好,受环境温度影响小、2)根据探测气体种类,可以划分为单一气体与复合气体传感器。
目前市场上绝大部分NDIR气体传感器都就是针对单一气体组分进行测量得,技术比较成熟,应用也比较广泛。
4.应用红外线气体分析器主要应用领域:1)石油、化工、发电厂、冶金焦碳等工业过程控制;2)大气及污染源排放监测等环保领域;3)饭店、大型会议中心等公共场所得空气监测;4)农业、医疗卫生与科研等领域;例如:(1)合成氨流程得醇化塔进(出)口,用红外气体分析器分析CO与CO2;(2)甲醇生产流程得脱碳工段,用红外气体分析器分析CO与CO2;(3)环保排放监测,用红外气体分析器分析SO2与NOx。
SnO2基 R134a气体传感器 重点单词短语及名词注释
Aapplication [,æpli'keiʃən] n. 应用;BCCatalytic [kætə'litik]adj. 起催化作用的Coating ['kəutiŋ]n. 涂层Characterized adj. 以····为特点Cryogen n. 冷冻剂DDepleting [dɪ'pliːt] v. 用尽,耗尽;使减少detection [di'tekʃən]n.检测deionized [diː'aɪənaɪz] adj. 去离子的degassed vt. [diː'gæs] 脱气;除去瓦斯EEnhanced [in'hɑ:nst, -'hænst] v. 增强Ethylene ['eθɪliːn; -θ(ə)l-] n. 乙烯FGHIImpregnation n. 浸渍indicate ['indikeit]vt. 表明;isotherms ['aɪsə(ʊ)θɜːm] n. [气象] 等温线(isotherm的复数)JKLMMeasure ['meʒə] n.测量maintenance ['meintənəns] n. 维护NOPPorous ['pɔ:rəs,] adj. 多孔渗水的;能渗透的;有气孔的Powders ['paudəs] n. n. 粉;粉末Precipitation [pri,sipi'teiʃən] n. 沉淀,沉淀物prepared [pri'peəd] adj. 准备好的;精制的v. 准备(prepare的过去分词)potential [pəu'tenʃəl] n.潜力;poly ['pɒlɪ] polytechnic的缩写)工艺专科学校;科技学校;工业学校(或大学) propylene 英['prəʊpɪliːn] n. [有化] 丙烯QRrevealing [ri'vi:liŋ]v. 揭示;展现(reveal的ing形式)refrigerants [ri'fridʒərənts] n. 制冷剂复数形式SSensing ['sensiŋ]n. 传感;感觉Static ['stætik]adj. 静态的Significantly [sig'nifəkəntli] adv. 显著地stability [stə'biliti] n. 稳定性;sintering ['sɪntərɪŋ]v. 烧结sorption ['sɔːpʃ(ə)n] n. 吸附作用TTriblock 嵌段Transmittance [trænz'mɪt(ə)ns; trɑːnz-; -ns-] n. [光] 透射比UUndoped [ʌndəupt] adj 无掺杂的纯的Vvolumetric [,vɒljʊ'metrɪk] 体积的WXYZ词组gas sensing materials 气敏材料、noble metal 贵金属be characterized by 以·····为特征adsorption–desorption experiment [æd'sɔ:pʃən]- [di'sɔ:pʃən] 吸附解吸实验经典句型It is well known that Freon can damage the ozone layer which protects the earth from UV irradiation.专业术语nitrogenadsorption–desorption experiment名称缩写FT-IR傅里叶变换红外光谱学Fourier Transform Infrared SpectoscopyXRD 即X-ray diffraction 的缩写,X射线衍射,通过对材料进行X射线衍射,分析其衍射图谱,获得材料的成分、材料内部原子或分子的结构或形态等信息的研究手段。
气体传感器的分类
气体传感器的分类气体传感器是一种用于检测和测量气体浓度和组成的设备。
根据其工作原理和应用领域的不同,可以将气体传感器分为几个主要分类。
1. 热导式传感器(Thermal Conductivity Sensors)热导式传感器是一种基于气体热导率的测量原理来检测气体浓度的传感器。
它包含两个热电阻,其中一个加热丝用于产生热量,另一个用于测量热量传导。
热导率与气体浓度成正比,因此通过测量热导率的变化可以得出气体浓度的信息。
热导式传感器广泛应用于气体分析仪、气体检测仪等领域。
2. 氧气传感器(Oxygen Sensors)氧气传感器是一种用于测量气体中氧气浓度的传感器。
它采用电化学原理,通过氧化还原反应来测量气体中氧气的浓度。
氧气传感器常用于医疗设备、环境监测、工业过程控制等领域,用于监测氧气浓度以确保安全和正常运行。
3. 气体浓度传感器(Gas Concentration Sensors)气体浓度传感器是一种用于测量气体浓度的传感器。
它可以测量各种气体的浓度,如二氧化碳、甲烷、一氧化碳等。
气体浓度传感器采用不同的技术,例如化学传感器、红外传感器、电化学传感器等。
这些传感器广泛应用于室内空气质量监测、工业安全、矿井监测等领域。
4. 气体压力传感器(Gas Pressure Sensors)气体压力传感器是一种用于测量气体压力的传感器。
它可以测量气体的绝对压力或相对压力。
气体压力传感器常用于工业自动化、气象观测、天然气输送等领域,用于监测和控制气体系统的压力。
5. 气体流量传感器(Gas Flow Sensors)气体流量传感器是一种用于测量气体流量的传感器。
它可以测量气体在管道或通道中的流动速度和体积。
气体流量传感器广泛应用于气体供应、燃气测量、气体流程控制等领域,用于监测和调节气体的流动。
气体传感器根据其工作原理和应用领域的不同可以分为热导式传感器、氧气传感器、气体浓度传感器、气体压力传感器和气体流量传感器。
NDIR气体传感器
电调制非分光红外(NDIR)气体传感器本文介绍一种采用电调制红外光源的新型红外气体传感器。
该传感器通过采用电调制红外光源,省却了传统方法中的机械调制部件;同时采用了高精度干涉滤光片一体化红外传感器以及单光束双波长技术,配合易拆卸的镀金气室及数据采集系统,可以实现SO2、NO、CO2、CO、CH4、N2O等气体的实时测量。
一前言NDIR红外气体分析仪作为一种快速、准确的气体分析技术,特别连续污染物监测系统(CEMS)以及机动车尾气检测应用中十分普遍。
国内NDIR气体分析仪的主要厂家大都采用国际上八十年代初的红外气体分析方法,如采用镍锘丝作为红外光源、采用电机机械调制红外光、采用薄膜电容微音器或InSb等作为传感器等。
由于采用电机机械调制,仪器功耗大,且稳定性差,仪器造价也很高。
同时采用薄膜电容微音器作为传感使得仪器对震动十分敏感,因此不适合便携测量。
随着红外光源、传感器及电子技术的发展,NDIR红外气体传感器在国外得到了迅速的发展。
主要表现在无机械调制装置,采用新型红外传感器及电调制光源,在仪器电路上采用了低功耗嵌入式系统,使得仪器在体积、功耗、性能、价格上具有以往仪器无法比拟的优势。
二 NDIR气体分析基本机理当红外光通过待测气体时,这些气体分子对特定波长的红外光有吸收,其吸收关系服从朗伯--比尔(Lambert-Beer)吸收定律。
设入射光是平行光,其强度为I0,出射光的强度为I,气体介质的厚度为L。
当由气体介质中的分子数dN的吸收所造成的光强减弱为dI时,根据朗伯--比尔吸收定律: dI/I=-KdN,式中K为比例常数。
经积分得:lnI=-KN+α (1) ,式中:N为吸收气体介质的分子总数;α为积分常数。
显然有N∝cl,c为气体浓度。
则式(1)可写成:I=exp(α)exp(-KN)=exp(α)exp(-μcL)=I0exp(-μcL) (2)式(2)表明,光强在气体介质中随浓度c及厚度L按指数规律衰减。
Seeed-Grove - Gas Sensor 气体传感器 - Wiki
Grove Gas Sensor 气体传感器 Wiki
Grove Gas Sensor 气体传感器
From Wiki 来自痴汉的爱 [English (/wiki/Grove__Gas_Sensor) ]
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*/ #define Vref 4.95 void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); }
void loop() { float vol; int sensorValue = analogRead(A0); vol=(float)sensorValue/1023*Vref; Serial.print("The voltage is "); Serial.println(vol); delay(100);
参数规格
工作电压:4.95.1V 功耗:0.5800mW 负载电阻:can adjust 加热电阻:33Ω 感应电阻:330kΩ 工作温度:25~70℃
/wiki/Grove__Gas_Sensor_%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93%E4%BC%A0%E6%84%9F%E5%99%A8
}
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气体传感器——外文翻译
本科生毕业设计外文资料翻译题目传感器技术专业**************班级********姓名*******指导教师**************所在学院************附件1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文多传感器数据融合的多分类器系统一、引言在许多应用识别和自动识别的模式中,从不同的传感器监测物理现象提供的免费信息中获得数据是很罕见的。
对这类信息的适当组合通常就叫做数据或者信息的融合,而且可以提高分类决策的准确性和信赖度相对于那些基于单个数据源的任何单独的决策。
之前我们已经介绍过Learn++,一种以整体分类为基础的方法,作为一种有效的自动分类算法是能逐步学习的。
该算法能够获得额外的数据,在分类系统设计好后就能变成有用的数据了。
为了实现增量学习,Learn++生成一个整体的分类器(专家),其中每个分类器都是作为前面的数据库。
为了认清数据融合和增量学习之间概念的相似性,我们讨论了数据融合的一些类似的方法:聘用一个正义专家,从提供的数据中训练每个数据,然后战略性的结合他们的输出。
我们能发现这些系统的性能在决策应用中是很重要的而且向来是优于那些基于单一的数据源决策的决策在一些基准和真实的数据源世界。
这样一个系统中的应用很多,其中的数据是从相同的应用程序所产生的多种来源(或多个传感器)提供的可能包含补充信息中获得的。
例如,在对管道做非破坏性评估时,缺陷信息可从涡流,磁泄漏的图像,超声波扫描,热成像获得,或者几个不同的诊断信息可从不同的医学检测获得,如血液分析心电图,脑电图或者医疗成像设备,如超声波,磁共振或正电子扫描等。
直观的,如果来自多个来源的信息可以适当的结合起来,那么分类系统(检测是否有缺陷,或是否可以做出诊断决定)的性能可以得到改善。
所以,增量学习和数据融合涉及学习不同的数据集。
在增量学习中补充信息必须提取新的数据集,其中可能包含新的分类实例。
而在数据融合中补充信息也必须提取新的数据集,其中可能包含代表数据使用不同的特点。
汽车传感器中英文
汽车传感器中英文曲轴转速传感器 crankshaft sensor凸轮轴位置传感器 camshaft sensor节气门位置传感器 throttle position sensor爆震传感器 knock sensor (or detonation sensor)进气温度传感器 intake air temperature sensor进气歧管绝对压力传感器manifold absolute pressure sensor (manifold vacuum sensor) 空气流量计 air flow sensor质量型空气流量传感器 air mass sensor加速踏板位置传感器 accelerator pedal position sensor轮速传感器 wheel speed sensor车速传感器 vehicle speed sensor空气传感器 air sensor环境温度传感器 ambient sensor大气压力传感器 barometric pressure sensor双金属式温度传感器 bimetallic sensor增压器传感器 boost sensor冷却水温传感器 coolant temperature sensor曲轴传感器 crank sensor碰撞传感器 crash sensor (or impact sensor)汽缸传感器 cylinder sensor排气再循环功能传感器 erg function sensor发动机转速传感器 engine speed sensor发动机温度传感器 engine temperature sensor离地间隙传感器 ground clearance sensor霍尔效应传感器 hall-effect sensor霍尔传感器 hall sensor加热式氧传感器 heated exhaust gas oxygen sensor热氧传感器 heated oxygen sensor侧向加速度感测器 lateral acceleration sensor车内传感器 in-car sensor歧管空气温度感测器 manifold air temperature sensor进气温度传感器 manifold charge temperature sensor进气歧管温度传感器 manifold surface temperature sensor 机油油位传感器 oil level sensor机油压力传感器 oil pressure sensor大气压力传感器 atmospheric pressure sensor压差传感器 pressure differential sensor基准传感器 reference mark sensor转向压力传感器 steering pressure sensor开关传感器 switching sensor叶轮空气温度传感器 vane air temperature sensor可变磁阻传感器 variable reluctance sensor车轮滑动传感器 wheel slip sensor横摆传感器 yaw sensor热膜传感器 hot-film sensor燃油压力传感器 fuel pressure sensor (regulator)上止点传感器 TDC sensor轮胎气压传感器 tire pressure sensor防抱死制动传感器 anti-lock brake sensor差速防滑传感器 differential antiskid sensor背压[排气压力]传感器back pressure transducer堵塞报警传感器 clog warning sensor燃料成分传感器 fuel composition sensor(燃油系)燃油不足[低限]传感器 fuel low—level sensor玻璃破裂传感器 glass breakage sensor(悬架)调平[高度]传感器 leveling sensor液面[位]传感器 level sensor灯光故障传感器 light failure sensor负[载]荷传感器 load sensor主氧传感器 main oxygen sensor相位传感器 phase sensor光电传感器 photo(electric)sensor催化转化器前氧传感器 pre-catalyst lambda probe(刮水器)雨滴传感器 raindrop sensor(悬架)行驶高度传感器ride-height sensor车内温度传感器 room temperature sensor安全传感器 safety sensor副氧传感器(装在催化转化器出口后面) sub-oxygen sensor 悬架位移传感器 suspension sensor油箱(贮液罐]液面[位]传感器 tank-level sensor转[扭]矩传感器 torque sensor燃油水分传感器 water in-fuel detector[sensor]磨损传感器 wear sensor空气滤清器堵塞报警传感器 air filter clog warning sensor 车距传感器 distance sensor停车传感器 park sensor变速范围传感器 transmission range sensor。
气体传感器使用说明书
FEATURES:The GasPoint transmitter provides a 4-20 mA output signal that can be technology and microcontroller based operation, the GasPoint provides continuous monitoring of hazardous gases.The GasPoint transmitter can accept any GasPoint sensor type:arefi eld-interchangeable.Full function sensor integrity test (auto) continuously advises gassensing ability and life endedNon-intrusive, one-person calibration with auto zero andauto spanEquipped with three 5-amp relay contacts—two gas alarm relays(low/high) and fault alarm. Field-selectable normally energized/de-energized and latching/non-latching alarm relay functions.Two backlit alphanumeric LCDs advise all environmental and gashazard conditions as well as instrument and sensor statusaway; combustible sensors over 1,550 ft./475 m. Kit can be installed at any time.Alarm setpoints displayed on demand—simply press the external buttonField programmable alarm levelsBacklight (auto) in low light conditions and alarm Extensive fault diagnostics2-way digital communication using MODBUS moduleOne Transmitterwith interchangeable electrochemical, infrared and catalytic plug-in sensorsR ATINGS AND C ERTIFICATIONS :Locally distributed by:n Class I, Div. 1, Groups B, C, D (LEL and IR models)Class I, Div. 1, Groups B, C, D; Class II, Div. 1, Groups E, F, G (toxic models only)Explosion-proof: ANSI/ISA: UL 1203; CSA: C22.2 No 30Combustible Performance Standards: ANSI/ISA: ISA-S12.13; CSA: C22.2 No 152S PECIFICATIONSM ONITOR : 3-wire, 4-20 mA gas transmitter with advanced microcontroller-based circuitryPower Input: 12 to 32 volts DCOutput Current:Normal Operation: Isolated linear 4-20 mA output Calibration Mode: Steady 3 mA (auto reset to normal operation)Fault Mode: 2 mA signal (and less) Power Consumption:Toxic Versions: 40 mA at 24 VDC Combustible Version: 100 mA at 24 VDCRelays: 50 mA per relay at 24 VDC S ENSORS : Plug-in, smart sensorsDetection Type:Combustible gases: catalytic or IR; Toxic gases and Oxygen: electrochemical Self-Test::Automatic daily self-test of sensor integrity and sensor life Relative Humidity:5 to 95% RH non-condensingDrift:Zero: <5% per year; Span: <10% per year*Factory default setting**Note: Cl 2 not rated for Class I, Div. 1C ALIBRATION :Non-intrusive, via pushbuttonAuto zero and auto spanD ISPLAYS :Two backlit liquid crystal displaysLCD 1 3-digit continuous readout of the gas present (ppm, % LEL or %v/v)LCD 2 Alphanumeric diagnostic status display Alarm Setpoints: Two setpoints: user-selectableR ELAY C ONTACTS :Three SPDT relays; 5 amps at 250 VACLOW/HIGH: Field selectable for normally energized/de-energized and latching/ non-latchingFAULT: Normally energized and non-latchingT RANSMISSION R ANGES : Relay contacts not considered. (For ranges with relays see manual.)1 Large, backlit LCD readout of gas concentration2 Alphanumeric LCD showing transmitter STATUS and diagnostics3 Non-intrusive calibration via simple pushbutton4 Interchangeable sensor types: LEL (catalytic or IR), toxic gas or oxygen with common transmitter assembly5 Three relays: two gas alarm relays, one fault relayDUE TO ONGOING RESEARCH AND PRODUCT IMPROVEMENT, SPECIFICATIONS ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.C ONTROLS :Calibration: Non-intrusive via external pushbuttonAlarm Setpoints: Simple up/down pushbuttons with LCD readout of setpoints P HYSICAL :Size: 6.8 x 7 x 4.3 inches / 17 x 17.8 x 10.8 cm (approx.)Weight: 4.85 lb. / 2.2 kg (approx.)Transmitter:Nema 4, explosion-proof, anodized aluminum enclosure with mounting fl anges Sensor: Stainless steel enclosureW ARRANTY : Instrument: 2 years non-prorated; Sensor: 2 years full replacement warranty43。
传感器中英文介绍
. sensorssensors(English name: transducer/sensor) is a kind of detection device, can feel the measured information, and will feel information transformation according to certain rule become electrical signal output, or other form of information needed to satisfy the information transmission, processing, storage, display, record and control requirements.Sensor's features include: miniaturization, digital, intelligent, multi-functional, systematic and network. It is the first step of automatic detection and automatic control. The existence and development of the sensor, let objects have sensory, such as touch, taste and smell let objects become live up slowly. Usually according to its basic cognitive functions are divided into temperature sensor, light sensor, gas sensor, force sensor, magnetic sensor, moisture sensor, acoustic sensor, radiation sensitive element, color sensor and sensor etc. 10 major categories.temperature transducerTemperature sensors (temperature transducer) refers to can feel temperature translates into usable output signal of the sensor. The temperature sensor is the core part of the temperature measuring instrument, wide variety. According to measuring methods could be divided into two types: contact and non-contact, according to the sensor material and electronic component features divided into two categories, thermal resistance and thermocouple.1 principle of thermocoupleThermocouple is composed of two different materials of metal wire, the welded together at the end. To measure the heating part of the environment temperature, can accurately know the temperature of the hot spots. Because it must have two different material of the conductor, so called the thermocouple. Different material to make the thermocouple used in different temperature range, their sensitivity is also each are not identical. The sensitivity of thermocouple refers to add 1 ℃hot spot temperature changes, the output variation of potential difference. For most of the metal material support thermocouple, this value about between 5 ~ 40 microvolt / ℃.As a result of the thermocouple temperature sensor sensitivity has nothing to do with the thickness of material, use very fine material also can make the temperature sensor. Also due to the production of thermocouple metal materials have good ductility, the slight temperature measuring element has high response speed, can measure the process of rapid change.Its advantages are:(1)high precision measurement. Because of thermocouple direct contact with the object being measured, not affected by intermediate medium.(2)the measurement range. Commonly used thermocouple from 1600 ℃to 50 ℃ ~ + sustainable measurement, some special thermocouple minimum measurable to - 269 ℃ (e.g., gold iron nickel chrome), the highest measurable to + 2800 ℃ (such as tungsten rhenium).(3) simple structure, easy to use. Thermocouple is usually composed of two different kinds of metal wire, but is not limited by the size and the beginning of, outside has protective casing, so very convenient to use. The thermocouple type and structure of the form.2. The thermocouple type and structure formation(1)the types of thermocoupleThe commonly used thermocouple could be divided into two types: standard thermocouple and non-standard thermocouple. Standard thermocouple refers to the national standard specifies its thermoelectric potential and the relationship between temperature, permissible error, and a unified standard score table of thermocouple, it has with matching display instrument to choose from. Rather than a standard thermocouple or on the order of magnitude less than the range to use standardized thermocouple, in general, there is no uniform standard, it is mainly used for measurement of some special occasions.Standardized thermocouple is our country from January 1, 1988, thermocouple and thermal resistance of all production according to IEC international standard, and specify the S, B, E, K, R, J, T seven standardization thermocouple type thermocouple for our country unified design.(2)to ensure that the thermocouple is reliable, steady work, the structure of thermocouple requirements are as follows:①of the two thermocouple thermal electrode welding must be strong;②two hot electrode should be well insulated between each other, in case of short circuit;③compensation wires connected to the free cod of a thermocouple to convenient and reliable;④protect casing thermal electrodes should be able to make sufficient isolation and harmful medium.3.The thermocouple cold end temperature compensationDue to the thermocouple materials are generally more expensive (especiallywhen using precious metals), and the temperature measurement points are generally more far, the distance to the instrument in order to save materials, reduce cost, usually adopt the compensating conductor) (the free end of the cold junction of the thermocouple to the steady control of indoor temperature, connected to the meter terminals. It must be pointed out that the role of the thermocouple compensation wire extension hot electrode, so that only moved to the control room of the cold junction of the thermocouple instrument on the terminal, it itself does not eliminate the cold end temperature change on the influence of temperature, cannot have the compensation effect. So, still need to take some of the other correction method to compensate of the cold end temperature especially when t0 indicates influence on measuring temperature 0 ℃.Must pay attention to when using thermocouple compensating conductor model match, cannot be wrong polarity, compensation conductor should be connected to the thermocouple temperature should not exceed 100 ℃.传感器传感器(英文名称:transducer/sensor)是一种检测装置,能感受到被测量的信息,并能将感受到的信息,按一定规律变换成为电信号或其他所需形式的信息输出,以满足信息的传输、处理、存储、显示、记录和控制等要求。
气体传感器翻译
连接与测试 将气体传感器过滤器插入模块前方的狭槽。 气体传感器本质上是电阻性器件而不是两极 性器件,因此不用担心将其插反。无论安装时的方向如何都可正常工作。 4 引脚接头可以方便地将气体传感器插入面包板或 SIP 槽。 4 个引脚的定义如下图所示。 与像基板这样的 5V 微处理器相连是最直接的方法,只需要两个 I/O 口;一个输入口检测报 警信号,另一个输出口用来控制内部热源。 与一个像 Propeller 板这样的 3.3V 微处理器相连时,需要用到一个 3.9 千欧(10 千欧也 可)的电阻来将 ALR 输出与 Propeller 板输入口相连。为了便于 Propeller 板控制接头开关输 出(HSW)需要一个 NPN 型三极管,例如 2N3904 和一个 1 千欧电阻。接线图如下所示。
*HSW 线由一个 10 千欧电阻上拉至 5V。 注意:传感器震动时可能会发出咯咯声——这是正常现象。 工作原理 该气体传感器模块采用 Hanwei 电子的气体传感器。当内置加热元件被激活时,传感器 对特定的气体传声响应, 其电阻随元件周围的空气中的气体含量的增加而线性减小。 该电阻 是由传感器内部和电位器 R3 共同构成的分压电阻的一部分。分压电阻的输出就是两个 LT1013 双通道运算放大器集成电路的输入信号。运算放大器 A 被配置成具有单位增益的缓 冲器,用来给 TP1(+)和 TP2(-)提供一个零载荷测试点的信号电压。该信号电压输入给 运算放大器 B,运算放大器 B 被配置成比较器,其反相输入端的参考电压由 R4 的断路电平
引脚定义 引脚 E1 E2 E3 E4 TP1 TP2 TP3 TP4 名称 ALR HSW +5V GND 测试点 1+ 测试点 2测试点 3+ 测试点 4功能 输出到微控制器的警报信号 微控制器的热输入信号 +5V 直流电源 接地 传感器缓冲输出 接地 由 R4 设置的信号电平 接地 电平 0V/5V 0V/浮动 5V 0V 0V-5V 0V 0V-5V 0V
外文资料翻译---具有高灵敏度的甲醛气体传感器的制备及其气敏特性
1 外文资料翻译译文具有高灵敏度的甲醛气体传感器的制备及其气敏特性相对甲醛混有氧化铬的氧化铟气体传感器特性已经研究过了。
间接加热式气体传感器是用敏感材料进行制备的。
最终的材料的状态和传感层的形态通过x射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜分别在焙烧前后观察到其特点。
操作温度对传感器响应的影响氧化铬和氧化铟传感器的气体浓度特性的对比已经研究过了。
结果表明,在低操作温度该传感器对于甲醛具有良好的反应性能,使他们成为甲醛气体检测最有希望的候选材料。
1介绍作为一个重要的工业化学品,甲醛被应用于制造业,建筑板,胶合板和漆这样的材料。
此外,它还是消费产品中一个中间添加物,如洗涤剂和肥皂。
由于其杀菌性能也可用于药理学和药物中。
然而,调查结果表明,因为它是挥发性有害化合物,所以甲醛会对人体造成许多损害。
因此,需要一种有效的方法来监测甲醛进而进行气体环境测量与控制。
制造气体传感器被认为是一个理想的监测气体的手段。
我们目前的调查主要涉及与甲醛的检测。
虽然半导体金属氧化物气体传感器提供了对有毒气体或可燃性气体的安全检测,但是他们仍然有一定的局限性,如灵敏度,选择性,长期稳定性等等。
为了克服半导体金属氧化物气体传感器的缺点,半导体金属氧化物的制备与掺杂的研究已经做过了。
氧化铟是一个有希望的具有宽禁带的半导体材料(3.70电子伏特),其电子浓度主要取决于计量缺陷的浓度(如氧空位)就像其他金属氧化物半导体。
就传感机制来说,颗粒的大小,缺陷,表面与界面的性能和化学计量学直接影响了传感器表面的氧化物种类的状态和数量,最后影响了金属氧化物传感器的性能。
因此,为了提高并改善气体传感性能(敏感性,选择性,较好的热稳定性和较低的操作温度),氧化铟通常用于纳米结构形式或掺杂合适的贵金属和金属氧化物。
作为一个单组分氧化物,由于其良好的灵敏度,氧化铟是一种很有前途的氧化性气体检测的候选者。
因此,当其他金属氧化物掺杂氧化铟,对于不同的气体可调谐的气体灵敏度也不同。
传感器中英文介绍
. sensorssensors(English name: transducer/sensor) is a kind of detection device, can feel the measured information, and will feel information transformation according to certain rule become electrical signal output, or other form of information needed to satisfy the information transmission, processing, storage, display, record and control requirements.Sensor's features include: miniaturization, digital, intelligent, multi-functional, systematic and network. It is the first step of automatic detection and automatic control. The existence and development of the sensor, let objects have sensory, such as touch, taste and smell let objects become live up slowly. Usually according to its basic cognitive functions are divided into temperature sensor, light sensor, gas sensor, force sensor, magnetic sensor, moisture sensor, acoustic sensor, radiation sensitive element, color sensor and sensor etc. 10 major categories.temperature transducerTemperature sensors (temperature transducer) refers to can feel temperature translates into usable output signal of the sensor. The temperature sensor is the core part of the temperature measuring instrument, wide variety. According to measuring methods could be divided into two types: contact and non-contact, according to the sensor material and electronic component features divided into two categories, thermal resistance and thermocouple.1 principle of thermocoupleThermocouple is composed of two different materials of metal wire, the welded together at the end. To measure the heating part of the environment temperature, can accurately know the temperature of the hot spots. Because it must have two different material of the conductor, so called the thermocouple. Different material to make the thermocouple used in different temperature range, their sensitivity is also each are not identical. The sensitivity of thermocouple refers to add 1 ℃hot spot temperature changes, the output variation of potential difference. For most of the metal material support thermocouple, this value about between 5 ~ 40 microvolt / ℃.As a result of the thermocouple temperature sensor sensitivity has nothing to do with the thickness of material, use very fine material also can make the temperature sensor. Also due to the production of thermocouple metal materials have good ductility, the slight temperature measuring element has high response speed, can measure the process of rapid change.Its advantages are:(1)high precision measurement. Because of thermocouple direct contact with the object being measured, not affected by intermediate medium.(2)the measurement range. Commonly used thermocouple from 1600 ℃to 50 ℃ ~ + sustainable measurement, some special thermocouple minimum measurable to - 269 ℃ (e.g., gold iron nickel chrome), the highest measurable to + 2800 ℃ (such as tungsten rhenium).(3) simple structure, easy to use. Thermocouple is usually composed of two different kinds of metal wire, but is not limited by the size and the beginning of, outside has protective casing, so very convenient to use. The thermocouple type and structure of the form.2. The thermocouple type and structure formation(1)the types of thermocoupleThe commonly used thermocouple could be divided into two types: standard thermocouple and non-standard thermocouple. Standard thermocouple refers to the national standard specifies its thermoelectric potential and the relationship between temperature, permissible error, and a unified standard score table of thermocouple, it has with matching display instrument to choose from. Rather than a standard thermocouple or on the order of magnitude less than the range to use standardized thermocouple, in general, there is no uniform standard, it is mainly used for measurement of some special occasions.Standardized thermocouple is our country from January 1, 1988, thermocouple and thermal resistance of all production according to IEC international standard, and specify the S, B, E, K, R, J, T seven standardization thermocouple type thermocouple for our country unified design.(2)to ensure that the thermocouple is reliable, steady work, the structure of thermocouple requirements are as follows:①of the two thermocouple thermal electrode welding must be strong;②two hot electrode should be well insulated between each other, in case of short circuit;③compensation wires connected to the free cod of a thermocouple to convenient and reliable;④protect casing thermal electrodes should be able to make sufficient isolation and harmful medium.3.The thermocouple cold end temperature compensationDue to the thermocouple materials are generally more expensive (especiallywhen using precious metals), and the temperature measurement points are generally more far, the distance to the instrument in order to save materials, reduce cost, usually adopt the compensating conductor) (the free end of the cold junction of the thermocouple to the steady control of indoor temperature, connected to the meter terminals. It must be pointed out that the role of the thermocouple compensation wire extension hot electrode, so that only moved to the control room of the cold junction of the thermocouple instrument on the terminal, it itself does not eliminate the cold end temperature change on the influence of temperature, cannot have the compensation effect. So, still need to take some of the other correction method to compensate of the cold end temperature especially when t0 indicates influence on measuring temperature 0 ℃.Must pay attention to when using thermocouple compensating conductor model match, cannot be wrong polarity, compensation conductor should be connected to the thermocouple temperature should not exceed 100 ℃.传感器传感器(英文名称:transducer/sensor)是一种检测装置,能感受到被测量的信息,并能将感受到的信息,按一定规律变换成为电信号或其他所需形式的信息输出,以满足信息的传输、处理、存储、显示、记录和控制等要求。
InPro O2气体传感器系列说明书
Short descriptionThe InPro O 2gas sensor family provides the means for reliable inline measurement of gaseous oxygen in a wide spectrum of inertization, gas vent stream and CO 2treatment processes. To meet the range of res-pective requirements, METTLER TOLEDO offers a selection of advanced sensors and measuring systems suitable for a variety of processes.Outstanding features are:– Inbeatable price-performance ratio – Easy maintenance within five minutes – Wide range of system components– Use in hazardous areas (Gas and dust)– Certified according ATEX and FM (InPro 6800 gas)– ISM (Intelligent Sensor Management)Contents Typical applications 2Specifications 2Drawings4Ordering information5Compatible transmitters and housings 6Accessories 6Spare parts7InPro ® 6950 Gas/InPro ® 6800 GasThe O 2sensor family for gaseous oxygen measurementTechnical DataInPro 6800 (25 mm)InPro 6950The O2 sensor family InPro 6950 Gas/6800 GasTypical applications InPro 6950 Gas InPro 6800 GasBiotechnology/Pharma•Centrifugation–•Drying–•Milling–•Storage(•) trace oxygen application•Packaging(•) trace oxygen application•Food powder processingPowder storage tanks–•Powder packaging–•Brewery industry•CO2purity before recover–•CO2purity after recovery•–CO2purity in CO2mains•–Chemical powder processing•Milling–•Powder storage tanks–•Powder packaging–•Chemical manufacturingNitrogen blanketing(•) trace oxygen application•Inertization monitoring(•) trace oxygen application•Centrifugation–•Drying–•Storage(•) trace oxygen application•Packaging(•) trace oxygen application•Vent gas–•Palletizing–•Specifications InPro 6950 Gas InPro 6800 GasMeasurement principle Amperometric/polarographic (in accordance with therequirements of ISO 5814 and EN 25 814)Working conditionsPermissible pressure range during measuring0.2 ... 6 bar absolute0.2 ... 6 bar absolute(2.9 … 130 psi absolute)(2.9 …130 psi absolute)Mechanical pressure resistance max. 12 bar absolute max. 12 bar absolute(max. 174 psi absolute)(max. 174 psi absolute) Permissible temperature range during measuring0 ... 70 °C0 ... 70 °C(32 …158 °F)(32 …158 °F)Mechanical –5 ...121 °C –5 ...140 °C(23 … 250 °F)(23 … 284 °F)Temperature resistance (steam-sterilizable)(steam-sterilizableautoclavable)Sensor performanceDetection limit0.0005 Vol.-% O20.1 Vol.-% O25 ppm Gas1000 ppm GasAccuracy≤ ± [1% + 5 ppm]≤ ± [1% + 0.1 Vol.-%]Response time at 25 °C (77 °F)t98%≤ 60 s t90%≤ 10 s(5000 ➝10 000 ppm)(N2➝10 Vol.-% O2) Sensor signal in ambient air at 25 °C (77 °F)2500 … 6000 nA50 ...110 nAResidual signal in nitrogen at 25 °C (77 °F)≤ 0,025% of signal ≤ 0,03% of signalin ambient air in ambient airThe O2 sensor family InPro 6950 Gas/6800 Gas Specifications InPro 6950 Gas InPro 6800 GasDesign featuresTemperature compensation automatic automaticwith built-in RTD with built-in RTDCable connection VarioPin (IP68)VarioPin (IP68) or T-82Wetted O-rings Silicone FDA & USP Class VI Silicone FDA & USP Class VIapproved (other materials approved (other materialson request)on request)O2selective membrane material PTFE/Silicone PTFE/Silicone/PTFE FDAcompliant (reinforced withsteel mesh)Wetted sensor parts S/steel 1.4404, [AISI 316L]S/steel 1.4404, [AISI 316L]with material certificate 3.1with material certificate 3.1(other materials on request)(other materials on request) Surface roughness of wetted s/steel parts(EN 1320: 1996)Ra <0.4 µm [16 µm in]Ra <0.4 µm [16 µm in]Inner body trace with guard and reference standard(exchangeable)(exchangeable)Cathode platinum platinumAnode platinum silver/silver chlorideGuard platinum–ReferenceATEX compatibilityT109°C/T161°C Da/Db T109°C/T161°C Da/DbFM compatibility IS CL I, II, III, Div 1/ABCDEFG/T6IS CL I, II, III, Div 1/ABCDEFG/T6Certificates (MaxCert™)Quality (Final inspection Cert.) yes yesEHEDG yes (pending)yesFDA/USP Class VI yes yesMaterial certificate 3.1yes yesSurface finish certificate 2.1yes yesATEX yes yesFM yes yesThe O2 sensor family InPro 6950 Gas/6800 GasDrawings12mm SensorInPro 6950InPro 680025mm SensorInPro 6800Inner bodyInPro 6950O-RingO-RingReferenceAnodeCathode withguard ring70 mm (2.8")52 206 09752 206 101120 mm (4.7")52 206 09852 206 102220 mm (8.7")52 206 09952 206 103320 mm (12.6")52 206 10052 206 104Version with flangeInPro6950/12/060 V8052 206 110Important: The sensor has to be ordered together with the Kit InPro 6950 Gas (or single membrane).70 mm (2.8")52 200 96452 200969––80 mm (3.2")–––52 201 020120 mm (4.7")52 200 96552 200 97052 201 01252 201 016220 mm (8.7")52 200 96652 200 97152 201 01352 201 017320 mm (12.6")52 200 96752 200 97252 201 01452 201 018420 mm (16.5")52 200 96852 200 97352 201 01552 201 019Important: The sensor has to be ordered together with the Kit T-6800 Gas (or single membrane).80 mm (3.2")52 200 97452 200 97852 201 023–160 mm (6.3")52 200 97552 200 97952 201 02152 201 024260 mm (10.2")52 200 97652 200 98052 201 02252 201 025360 mm (14.2")52 200 97752 200 981––Important: The sensor has to be ordered together with the Kit T-6800 Gas (or single membrane).The O 2 sensor familyInPro 6950 Gas/6800 GasOrdering information25 = 25 mm (only InPro 6800 gas)The O2 sensor family InPro 6950 Gas/6800 GasCompatibility with METTLER TOLEDO transmitters24100e/2(X)H–•4100 FF–•Compatibility with METTLER TOLEDO housingsweld-in socket” –•AccessoriesO2Sensor-Master InPro 6950/6800The Sensor-Master serves to polarize the connected sensor in air as well as to check functioning of the sensor.Perfect operation of the Sensor-Master can also be verified through a self-check procedure.O2Sensor-SimulatorThe sensor simulator is used to perform a function check of transmitter and cable. It simulates the behavior of thesensor in air and in an oxygen-free medium.2O2Sensor-Master InPro 680052 200 892O2Sensor-Simulator52 200 891Zeroing gel for zero-point control34 100 1032Adapter T-82 bushing -VP connector52 200 939Adapter VP bushing T-82 connector 52 200 940VP6-ST/ 1 m52 300 107VP6-HT/ 1 m52 300 111VP6-ST/ 3 m52 300 108VP6-HT/ 3 m52 300 112VP6-ST/ 5 m52 300 109VP6-HT/ 5 m52 300 113VP6-ST/10 m52 300 110VP6-HT/10 m52 300 114VP6-ST/15 m52 300 144VP6-HT/15 m52 300 237VP6-ST/35 m52 300 184Please ask your localMETTLER TOLEDO representative.Please ask your localMETTLER TOLEDO representative.The O 2 sensor familyInPro 6950 Gas/6800 GasInner bodyThe inner body is the virtual heart of an oxygen sensor. Over and above that of the standard InPro 6800 version,the inner body of the InPro 6950 sensor is equipped with an ancillary annular protective cathode and reference to provide increased signal stability. This makes it possible to achieve detection limits of 5 ppm.Membrane bodyBoth the InPro 6800 Gas and the InPro 6950 Gas membrane bodies are PTFE-coated and are reinforced with a mesh, and therefore optimally protected against harsh pressure conditons.Cap sleeveIn contrast to the cap sleeve Type N, the P version is equipped additionally with a protective cage and 3 standoffs to provide increased protection for the sensitive measuring tip of the O 2sensor. Cap sleeves are supplied com-plete with material certificate.Membrane kit InPro 6950 Gas (4 membrane bodies, 1 O-ring set silicone, 2 x 5 ml electrolyte, wetted parts SS 316 L) 52 206 109Electrolyte InPro 6950 (5 ml)52 206 111Inner body InPro 6950 (exchangeable)52 206 112Cap sleeve N, s/steel 1.4435 (AISI 316L)52 201 153Cap sleeve P , s/steel 1.4404 (AISI 316L)52 200 038Cap sleeve P , s/steel 1.4435 (AISI 316L)52 201 154Please ask our local METTLER TOLEDO representative for 2.4602 (C 22) or titanium (Ti) cap sleeves.Membrane body T-6800 Gas, single52 201 151Membrane kit T-6800 Gas Ka (4 membrane bodies, 25 ml electrolyte)52 201 159Membrane body T-6800 Gas Ka, single52 201 158Membrane kit T-6800 Gas C22 Ka (4 membrane bodies, 25 ml electrolyte)52 201 164Membrane body T-6800 Gas C22 Ka, single52 201 163Membrane kit T-6800 Gas Ti Ka (4 membrane bodies, 25 ml electrolyte)52 201 167Membrane body T-6800 Gas Ti Ka, single 52 201 166Electrolyte 25 ml34 100 2016Inner body InPro 6800 (exchangeable)52 200 899InPro 6800InPro 6950T-6800 GasTyp NTyp PManagement Systemcertified according toISO 9001 / ISO 14001Subject to technical changes.© Mettler-Toledo AG, Process Analytics 05 / 15Printed in Switzerland. 52 201 148Mettler-Toledo AG, Process Analytics Im Hackacker 15, CH-8902 UrdorfPhone + 41 44 729 62 11, Fax +41 44 729 66 36METTLER TOLEDO Market OrganizationsSales and Service:AustraliaMettler-Toledo Ltd.220 Turner Street Port MelbourneAUS-3207 Melbourne/VIC Phone +61 1300 659 761Fax +61 3 9645 3935e-mail *****************AustriaMettler-Toledo Ges.m.b.H.Südrandstraße 17A-1230 WienPhone +43 1 604 19 80Fax +43 1 604 28 80e-mail ***********************BrazilMettler-Toledo Ind. e Com. 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SMC气体传感器
产品名称:SMC气体传感器
传感器(英文名称:transducer/sensor)是一种检测装置,能感受到被测量的信息,并能将感受到的信息,按一定规律变换成为电信号或其他所需形式的信息输出,以满足信息的传输、处理、存储、显示、记录和控制等要求。
传感器的特点包括:微型化、数字化、智能化、多功能化、系统化、网络化。
它是实现自动检测和自动控制的首要环节。
传感器的存在和发展,让物体有了触觉、味觉和嗅觉等感官,让物体慢慢变得活了起来。
通常根据其基本感知功能分为热敏元件、光敏元件、气敏元件、力敏元件、磁敏元件、湿敏元件、声敏元件、放射线敏感元件、色敏元件和味敏元件等十大类。
工业级甲烷CH4气体传感器NC-300S(英文)
Technical Information(C a t a l y t i c T y p e G a s S e n s o r)Model NC-300S(Single Header Type)For Industrial Application深圳市深国安电子科技有限公司地址:广东省深圳市龙华新区牛栏前大厦C507 蒋小姐:134 2876 2631 电话:86 755-85258900网址:www.singoan.com www.singoan.com.cn www.shenguoan.com1.GeneralCatalytic type gas sensor NC series were developed for industrial applications, and NC-300S is a single header type gas sensor for general combustible gases. Shape, supply voltage and current are compatible with other sensor, however reliability, repeatability, stability and responsibility are quite superior to others, additionally the durability in strict circumstance are quite excellent. Features and typical applications are as follows.2.Features and applications1)Features・Good stability・Excellent repeatability and detection accuracy・Good linearity against gas concentration・Quick response・Down sizing for design flexibility of gas alarm or detector2)Applications・Fixed type gas alarm or detector for general combustible gases・Gas densitometer3.Ratings1)Supply voltage to sensor AC 2.0 +/- 0.1V(50-60Hz)DC 2.0 +/- 0.1V2)Current (when 2.0V is supplied) AC 300 +/- 20mA(50-60Hz)DC 300 +/- 20mA3)Ambient temperature and humidity in operationTemperature -20 - +60 degree CHumidity Less than 95%RH(without dew condensation)4)Ambient temperature and humidity in storageTemperature -30 - +70 degree CHumidity Less than 99%RH(without dew condensation)5)Detection range 0 – around 60%LELLower accuracy over 60%LEL(Except acetylene)4.Specification1)Zero offset value in air 0 +/- 30mV(without trimming resistor)2)Minimum sensitivity 40mV/1% of methane3)Response time Less than 8 sec. at T90Less than 3 sec. at T504)Linearity Effectively linear to 60%LEL5)Detection accuracy +/- 1%LEL深圳市深国安电子科技有限公司地址:广东省深圳市龙华新区牛栏前大厦C507 蒋小姐:134 2876 2631 电话:86 755-85258900网址:www.singoan.com www.singoan.com.cn www.shenguoan.com6) Span drift Less than 1%LEL/month 7) Zero offset drift Less than 0.5%LEL/month 8) Warranty period 24 months 5.Appearance and dimensionFig. 1 : Appearance and dimensions6. Measuring circuit diagramI n p u t (+)I n p u t (G N D )Fig. 2 : Recommended circuit diagram (R1, 2 : 200ohm, VR1 : 3Kohm)7. Gas sensitivity characteristics深圳市深国安电子科技有限公司地址:广东省深圳市龙华新区牛栏前大厦C507 网址:www.singoan.com www.singoan.com.cn www.shenguoan.com蒋小姐:134 2876 2631 电话:86 755-85258900Fig. 3 : Gas sensitivity characteristics8.Temperature dependence at 60%RHFig. 4 : Temperature dependence of zero offset深圳市深国安电子科技有限公司地址:广东省深圳市龙华新区牛栏前大厦C507 网址:www.singoan.com www.singoan.com.cn www.shenguoan.com蒋小姐:134 2876 2631 电话:86 755-85258900Fig. 5 : Temperature dependence of relative sensitivity to methane9.Humidity dependenceFig. 6 : Humidity dependence of zero offset(at 25 degree C)深圳市深国安电子科技有限公司地址:广东省深圳市龙华新区牛栏前大厦C507 网址:www.singoan.com www.singoan.com.cn www.shenguoan.com蒋小姐:134 2876 2631 电话:86 755-85258900Fig.7 : Humidity dependence of relative sensitivity to methane10.Long term stabilityFig. 8 : Long term stability of relative sensitivity to methane11.Sensitivity distributionFig. 9 : Sensitivity distribution深圳市深国安电子科技有限公司地址:广东省深圳市龙华新区牛栏前大厦C507 网址:www.singoan.com www.singoan.com.cn www.shenguoan.com蒋小姐:134 2876 2631 电话:86 755-8525890012.Relative sensitivity(In case that sensitivity to methane is 100.)Gas/Vapor Chemical formula LEL (%) Relative sensitivityStd. Methane CH4 5.0 1001 Acetone (CH3)2CO 2.6 602 Ethanol C2H5OH 3.3 703 Ethyl acetate CH3COOC2H5 2.2 604 Ethylene C2H4 2.7 855 Hydrogen H2 4.0 1106 Iso-propanol CH3-C2H4OH 2.2 607 Methanol CH3OH 6.7 1008 Methyl ethyl ketone CH3-CO-C2H5 1.9 459 N-butane C4H10 1.8 7010 N-heptane C7H16 1.05 5511 N-hexane C6H14 1.2 6512 N-pentane C5H12 1.4 7013 Propane C3H8 2.1 7514 N-octane C8H18 0.95 5015 Toluene C6H5CH3 1.2 6016 Ammonia NH3 15.0 13017 Carbon monoxide CO 12.5 11018 Unleaded petrol 1.2 65Remarks)If other data are required, please contact us since sensitivity of many combustible gases except bad smell, dangerous, poisonous and high boiling temperature materials over 120 degree C are available for investigations.13. Durability1)Exposure in hydrogen sulfideTest conditionsSensors were exposed in 50%LEL of methane and 25ppm of hydrogen sulfide for 1hr. at normal temperature and humidity.No.Before test (mV) After test (mV)Zero offset Relative sensitivity to CH4 Zero offset Relative sensitivity toCH41 5.6 100 6.8 992 21.2 100 22.8 973 -17.9 100 -15.4 924 0.2 100 2.2 945 27.9 100 29.1 92深圳市深国安电子科技有限公司地址:广东省深圳市龙华新区牛栏前大厦C507 蒋小姐:134 2876 2631 电话:86 755-85258900网址:www.singoan.com www.singoan.com.cn www.shenguoan.com2)Exposure in HMDSTest conditionsSensors were exposed in 50%LEL of methane and 10ppm of HMDS for 1hr. at normal temperatureand humidity.No.Before test (mV) After test (mV)Zero offset Relative sensitivity to CH4 Zero offset Relative sensitivity to CH41 11.0 100 11.6 642 14.4 100 14.7 603 22.9 100 22.6 684 12.7 100 13.7 765 -19.4 100 -17.1 753)Exposure in high concentration of methaneTest conditionsSensors were exposed in 8% (160%LEL) of methane at normal temperature and humidity for 1hr.No.Before test (mV) After test (mV)Zero offset Relative sensitivity to CH4 Zero offset Relative sensitivity to CH41 -3.6 100 -1.3 982 -18.1 100 -16.2 1013 -10.7 100 -8.5 944 14.8 100 16.5 925 28.3 100 30.4 944)Drop testTest conditionsSensors were dropped from the height of 30cm onto the wood board of 3cm thickness with free fallby 3 times.No.Before test (mV) After test (mV)Zero offset Relative sensitivity to CH4 Zero offset Relative sensitivity to CH41 7.1 100 8.8 99-8.3 100 -8.8 100 23-5.4 100 -5.2 103-1.3 100 -1.2 100 4-2.0 100 -0.5 102 55)Vibration testTest conditionsVibration which is 10Hz with the 4mm of amplitude for 20min. to 3 directions of X, Y and Z wasadded to sensors at normal temperature and humidity.test(mV)testNo. Before(mV) After深圳市深国安电子科技有限公司地址:广东省深圳市龙华新区牛栏前大厦C507 蒋小姐:134 2876 2631 电话:86 755-85258900网址:www.singoan.com www.singoan.com.cn www.shenguoan.comZero offset Relative sensitivity to CH4 Zero offset Relative sensitivity to CH41 20.4 100 20.9 1002 11.8 100 12.7 1003 -11.6 100 -11.9 100-28.4 100 -29.4 100 45 0.3 100 1.4 1016)Storage in high temperature and humidityTest conditionsSensors were stored in 60 degree C, 90%RH for 1000hrs. without being energized.No.Before test (mV) After test (mV)Zero offset Relative sensitivity to CH4 Zero offset Relative sensitivity to CH41 24.8 100 26.3 992 21.9 100 23.2 953 18.4 100 20.0 954 14.4 100 15.6 975 2.5 100 2.4 997)Operation in high temperature and humidityTest conditionsSensors were energized in 60 degree C, 90%RH for 1000hrs.No.Before test (mV) After test (mV)Zero offset Relative sensitivity to CH4 Zero offset Relative sensitivity to CH41 24.1 100 25.1 972 3.2 100 2.7 953 -9.7 100 -10.3 954 12.5 100 13.2 955 17.7 100 18.1 918)Storage in low temperatureTest conditionsSensors were stored in -20 degree C for 1000hrs.No.Before test (mV) After test (mV)Zero offset Relative sensitivity to CH4 Zero offset Relative sensitivity to CH41 11.1 100 11.8 1002 18.5 100 18.3 973 20.9 100 21.7 974 -22.3 100 -23.5 955 2.2 100 3.0 9914. Evaluation method深圳市深国安电子科技有限公司地址:广东省深圳市龙华新区牛栏前大厦C507 蒋小姐:134 2876 2631 电话:86 755-85258900网址:www.singoan.com www.singoan.com.cn www.shenguoan.com1.Test equipmentOutline of test equipment is as follows.Remarks on equipments)A)Test chamber・Material of test chamber is to be inactive like metal, glass or acrylic resin which does not exhale and adsorb gases.・V olume of test chamber is to be more than 1 litter per 1pc. of sensor.B)Circumstance・Clean circumstance is recommended as evaluation area. Dirty circumstance which contains combustible gases like organic solvent vapor is to be avoided.C)Gas densitometer・Laser gas densitometer is recommended, but volume method is available simply.D)Agitation in test chamber・Air agitation in test chamber is to be conducted carefully in order not to flow air to sensor directly. Air velocity to sensor is to be less than 0.5m/sec.E)Power supply・Both of AC power and DC power are available for sensor, however DC power supply is recommended for accurate evaluation.F)Digital volt meter・Since the impedance of sensor is fairly low, general digital volt meter having over 100kohm as input impedance is sufficiently available.G)Ventilation・Ventilator with ventilation capacity of over 10 times/min. of the volume of test chamber is recommended for the convenient evaluation.H)Installation position of sensor in test chamber深圳市深国安电子科技有限公司地址:广东省深圳市龙华新区牛栏前大厦C507 蒋小姐:134 2876 2631 电话:86 755-85258900网址:www.singoan.com www.singoan.com.cn www.shenguoan.com・When the sensor is installed in test chamber, it should be careful that each sensor is to be in constant position because output signal changes in case that position of sensor changes. If the rough evaluation is carried out, such careful treatment is not necessary.2.Adjustment of gas concentrationAdjustment of gas concentration is to be conducted by volume method or by using laser gas densitometer. In case of volume method, gas volume to be injected into a chamber is obtained from the calculation formula below described.V m Vi C Tr Tc()l=++−・・102732736V: Gas volume to be injectedVi: V olume of test chamber()m lTc: Temperature in test chamber(℃)Tr: Room temperature(℃)C: Target gas concentration (ppm)3.Evaluation methodA.Preliminary aging・Before evaluation of sensor, preliminary aging at rated voltage for over 1 hr. is recommended for accurate evaluation.B.Measurement・At first, output voltage in clean air is measured. It should be confirmed that output voltage has to be stable without fluctuation.・Output voltage is measured around 1min. later after the designated volume of gas is injected intoa test chamber.・Inside of test chamber should be substituted of clean air by ventilator.4.Notice on handling・Sensor is to be gently handled without adding shock or dropping.・Handling in a location which corrosive gases or poisonous gases exist is to be avoided.・Sensor does not have to be dipped in water.・Sensor does not have to be disassembled.・Do not cut pins in any case.・It has explosion proof structure, however it is recommended to be assembled in an approved body.深圳市深国安电子科技有限公司地址:广东省深圳市龙华新区牛栏前大厦C507 网址:www.singoan.com www.singoan.com.cn www.shenguoan.com蒋小姐:134 2876 2631 电话:86 755-85258900。
各类气体传感器介绍
各类气体传感器介绍一、引言广义的说,传感器(Transducer或Sensor)是一种能把物理量或化学量转变成便于利用的电信号的器件或装置,在有些国家或科学领域,也将传感器称为变换器、检测器或探测器等。
将物理量或化学量得变化转变成电信号是传感器的最终目的。
国际电工委员会(IEC:International Electrotechnical Committee)的定义为:“传感器是测量系统中的一种前置部件,它将输入变量转换成可供测量的信号”。
国家标准GB 7765—87给传感器的定义是:能感受规定的被测量并按照一定的规律转换成可用输出信号的器件或装置,通常由敏感元件和转换元件组成。
此处的可用输出信号,一般即指易于处理和传输的电信号。
从这个角度也可以说传感器即为将非电信号转换成电信号的器件。
当然,可以预料,将来的“可用信号201D或许是光信息或者是更先进、更实用的其他信息。
本文主要介绍气体传感器的工作原理及应用场合,并对气体传感器的发展方向进行一些介绍。
二、工作原理传感器之所以具有能量信息转换的机能,在于它的工作机理是基于各种物理的、化学的和生物的效应,并受相应的定律和法则所支配。
了解这些定律和法则,有助于我们对传感器本质的理解和对新效应传感器的开发。
传感器工作物理基础的基本定律和法则有以下四种类型:(1)守恒定律。
包括能量、动量、电荷量等守恒定律。
这些定律,是我们探索、研制新型传感器时,或在分析、综合现有传感器时,都必须严格遵守的基本法则。
(2)场的定律。
包括运动长的运动定律,电磁场的感应定律等,气相互作用与物体在空间的位置及分布状态有关。
一半可由物理方程给出,这些方程可做诶许多传感器工作的数学模型。
例如:利用静电场定律研制的电容式传感器;利用电磁感性定律研制的自感、互感、电涡流式传感器;利用运动定律与电池感应定律研制的磁电式传感器等。
利用场的定律构成的传感器,其形状、尺寸(结构)决定了传感器的量程、灵敏度等主要性能,故此类传感器可统称为“结构型传感器”。
气敏传感器
3.半导体原件
气体敏感元件,大多是以金属氧化物半导体为基础材料。 当被测气体在该半导体表面吸附后,引起其电学特性(例 如电导率)发生变化。流行的定性模型是:原子价控制模 型、表面电荷层模型、晶粒间界势垒模型。
4.常见的电路图
基于MC14468的烟雾传感路:
如果检测到烟雾,时钟周期T0就变成40ms,同时启动报警驱动电 路,使之打开160ms,再关断80ms。在关断期间若没有检测到烟雾, 就禁止BZ发出报警声。一旦检测到烟雾,LED就以1Hz的频率闪烁发 光,表示烟雾报警,1脚由低电平变为高电平
2.工作原理:
它将气体种类及其与浓度有关的信息转换成电信号,根据这些 电信号的强弱就可以获得与待测气体在环境中的存在情况有关的信 息,从而可以进行检测、监控、报警;还可以通过接口电路与计算 机组成自动检测、控制和报警系统。 气敏传感器就是利用这种性能在压电晶体表面涂覆一层选择性吸 附某气体的气敏薄膜,当该气敏薄膜与待测气体相互作用(化学作 用或生物作用,或者是物理吸附),使得气敏薄膜的膜层质量和导 电率发生变化时,引起压电晶体的声表面波频率发生漂移;气体浓 度不同,膜层质量和导电率变化程度亦不同,即引起声表面波频率 的变化也不同。通过测量声表面波频率的变化就可以获得准确的反 应气体浓度的变化值。
5.应用前景
随着微电脑和微电子技术的日益普及和应用,对传感器的性能、数量 及用途提出了新的需求,这就使人们更加重视对新型传感器的开发 传感器技术的发展是与新材料的研究开发密切结合在一起的,可以说, 各种新型传感器孕育在新材 所以说 气敏电阻的应用前景还是非常可观的
气敏传感器
1.概述:
何京沛 2013072019 电气131
MEMS 气体传感器简介(英文版)
•lity Spectrometry
technology of gas sensor
THE CLASSIFICATION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF SENSOR
1、 Based on the gas self photoacoustic spectroscopy and optical properties of MEMS gas sensor: Photoacoustic gas sensor consists of a modulated light source , photoacoustic cell , high sensitive microphone 3 main part of the system .
and optical properties of MEMS gas sensor
• 2、Gas sensors sensitive materials based on adsorption
principle
• 3、Gas sensor for inflammable and explosive gas
THE CLASSIFICATION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF SENSOR
According to different detection theory can be
divided into:
• 1、 Based on the gas self photoacoustic spectroscopy
INTRODUCTION AND APPLICATION
Gas detection in people's production life applications is very extensive, especially in the aspects of safety in production, such as, mine operation, gas production and transportation. Gas sensor is directly related to people's life and property safety.
德国STANGE程序控制器、气体传感器、氧气探头、气体分析仪介绍
德国STANGE程序控制器、气体传感器、氧气探头、气体分析仪介绍STANGE Elektronik GmbH由Dipl于1976年创立。
自公司成立以来,STANGE Elektronik成功地面对了市场不断变化的技术和经济要求。
产品范围已经从简单的数字设定点设备转变为当今复杂的控制系统技术。
三十多年来,STANGE Elektronik一直在开发和生产创新的自动化和控制技术产品。
STANGE Elektronik通过创新的产品、系统和服务提高了热处理的生产力。
由于我们多年的经验和产品的不断进步,STANGE客户的生产速度更快、更灵活、更具成本效益,质量不断提高。
提供广泛的服务和产品:从程序控制器和自动化设备、现场总线连接和传感器技术到软件解决方案。
提供的全面服务:从热处理厂的改造和现代化到工艺工程的技术建议,几乎没有留下什么不足之处。
产品主要应用于金属工业、食品工业、制药工业、陶瓷工业、环境模拟、半导体行业、玻璃工业、航空航天工业等领域。
1)程序控制器SE-701紧凑型程序控制器:带3.5英寸TFT显示屏和触摸操作SE-701用于您的业务应用程序的程序控制器SE-701是一款96毫米x 96毫米格式(1/4 DIN)的通用紧凑型自动化设备,具有优异的性价比。
由于所包含的软件功能块以及模拟和数字输入和输出,该设备可以最佳地适应所需的控制任务。
功能块之间的必要分配以及到IO字段(语句列表编辑器)的连接都是通过使用集成PLC功能创建的。
模拟设备功能,如实际值、设定值、编程器、控制器、公差、极限值等,可以像PLC一样轻松调整和/或设置。
这也适用于其他设备功能,例如具有历史报警记录的广泛报警处理。
工厂可视化可以通过外部图形编辑器实现,该编辑器提供了良好而清晰的工厂概览和实际工艺条件。
其他参考型号:程序控制器SE-702、更换箱SE-404-702、程序控制器SE-707、工业控制SE-604、工业控制SE-607、工业控制SE-6092)远程外围设备◆远程SIOS外围设备:用于记录过程参数的模拟和数字I/OSIOS是一种配置灵活的远程CAN外围设备,适用于应用,智能且经得起未来考验。
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本科生毕业设计外文资料翻译题目传感器技术专业 **************班级 ******** 姓名 ******* 指导教师 **************所在学院 ************ 附件1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文多传感器数据融合的多分类器系统一、引言在许多应用识别和自动识别的模式中,从不同的传感器监测物理现象提供的免费信息中获得数据是很罕见的。
对这类信息的适当组合通常就叫做数据或者信息的融合,而且可以提高分类决策的准确性和信赖度相对于那些基于单个数据源的任何单独的决策。
之前我们已经介绍过Learn++,一种以整体分类为基础的方法,作为一种有效的自动分类算法是能逐步学习的。
该算法能够获得额外的数据,在分类系统设计好后就能变成有用的数据了。
为了实现增量学习,Learn++生成一个整体的分类器(专家),其中每个分类器都是作为前面的数据库。
为了认清数据融合和增量学习之间概念的相似性,我们讨论了数据融合的一些类似的方法:聘用一个正义专家,从提供的数据中训练每个数据,然后战略性的结合他们的输出。
我们能发现这些系统的性能在决策应用中是很重要的而且向来是优于那些基于单一的数据源决策的决策在一些基准和真实的数据源世界。
这样一个系统中的应用很多,其中的数据是从相同的应用程序所产生的多种来源(或多个传感器)提供的可能包含补充信息中获得的。
例如,在对管道做非破坏性评估时,缺陷信息可从涡流,磁泄漏的图像,超声波扫描,热成像获得,或者几个不同的诊断信息可从不同的医学检测获得,如血液分析心电图,脑电图或者医疗成像设备,如超声波,磁共振或正电子扫描等。
直观的,如果来自多个来源的信息可以适当的结合起来,那么分类系统(检测是否有缺陷,或是否可以做出诊断决定)的性能可以得到改善。
所以,增量学习和数据融合涉及学习不同的数据集。
在增量学习中补充信息必须提取新的数据集,其中可能包含新的分类实例。
而在数据融合中补充信息也必须提取新的数据集,其中可能包含代表数据使用不同的特点。
传统的方法一般是根据概率理论(叶贝斯定理,卡尔曼滤波),或登普斯特-谢弗(DS)和它的变化,其中主要用于军事上的应用开发,特别是目标检测和跟踪,如决策理论。
以整体分类为基础的方法寻求一个新的和更通用的解决方案提供更广泛的应用。
还应当指出的是,在一些应用中如上述的无损检测和医疗诊断等,从不同的来源获得的数据可能已产生不同的物理方式,并因此获得的功能可能是不一样的。
虽然在这种情况下使用概率或者决策理论的方法会变得更加的复杂,但异构的功能可以很容易的被安置整体的系统,讨论如下。
一个集成系统结合了集中不同的分类和特定的输出。
分类的多样性可以允许使用略有不同的训练参数,如不同的训练数据集产生不同的决策边界。
直觉来看,每个专家会产生不同的错误,而这些分类战略可以降低总的错误。
集成系统由于各种应用的报道比单一的分类系统的优越性已在过去十年吸引了极大的关注。
认识到增量学习应用这种方法的潜力,我们最近开发了Learn++,并表明Learn++确实是有能力逐步学习新的数据。
此外,该算法不要求对以前使用的数据的访问,并没有忘记以前所学的知识,还能够容纳从以前在早期培训看不见的类的实例。
在Learn++中一般的方法,就像人脸检测在其他集成算法中的方法差不多,创建一个集成分类,每个分类学习数据集的一个子集。
然后结合使用加权的多数表决的分类。
在这方面的贡献,我们回顾了Learn++算法能适当修改数据融合的应用。
从本质上讲,从不同的来源或使用不同的功能生成的每个数据集,Learn++生成新的集成分类,然后结合使用加权的多数表决。
二、LEARN ++Learn++算法的伪码,应用于数据融合问题,见图1,并在下面的段落中详细描述。
对于每个数据库,FS k,k=1,…,K,由一组不同的特点,提出Learn++,算法的输入是:(一)m k训练数据实例的x i随着他们正确的标签y i的序列S k;(二)监督分类算法中相应的分类,生成个人分类(今后,假设);(三)一个整数T K为第k个数据库要生成的分类。
每一种假说h t,在第t个迭代算法中产生,接受不同的训练数据集。
这是通过初始化一套重量训练数据,w t,和从w t(第一步)获得的一个分布D t。
根据这个分布的训练子集TR t 是来自训练数据S k(步骤2)。
分布D t决定更有可能被选择进入训练子集TRT训练数据的实例。
TR t在步骤3中被分类,返回第t个假设h t。
这一假说的错误,εt 计算在当前数据库S k 上,作为误判实例分配权重的总和(步骤4)。
此错误是必须小于1/2 ,以确保最低限度的合理性能,可以从h t预计。
如果是这种情况,假设h t接受,则错误归到获得规范化的错误(步骤5)。
关于数据融合的learn++算法输入:对于每个功能集 FS k , k=1,2,…,K● 训练数据 S k = [(x i , y i )], i=1,…,m k● 监督算法中相应的分类。
● 整数T k ,指定的分类。
对于每一个k =1,2,…,K :初始化w 1(i )=D1(i )=1/m k ,i ∀,i=1,2…,m k对于每一个t=1,2,...,T k :1、设定∑==k m i t t t i w w D 1)(2、从D t 中画训练子集TR t .3、通过训练数据TR t 获得h t4、计算h t 的错误∑≠=i i t y x h i tt i D )(:)(ε 对于S k .,If 21>t ε,丢弃h t 跳到步骤2. 5、对于()t t t εεβ-=1,通过加权的多数表决,获得的符合假说。
=t H 自变量最大值∑Ω∈=y y x h t t t )/1log()(:β6、计算H t 的错误:∑≠=)()(:i D E t y x H i t i i t ( ) 7.对于()t t t E E B -=1,更新权重:{i i t t y x H B else t t i w i w =+=)(,,11*)()( 计算表决权重的调整系数 []k m i i i T km y x H k k ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛≠=∑=1)(α输出最终假设:=)(xHfinal 自变量最大值∑∑==Ω∈⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛yxht ttKkyt)(:11logαβ图1 Learn++数据融合算法如果εt≥1/2,目前的假设不成立,返回到步骤2中选择一个新的训练子集。
所有t假设产生迄今,然后结合使用加权多数投票(WMV)获得复合假说H t。
在对WMV,每个假设被分配重量是成反比的错误,给予较高的权重较小的训练误差分类。
然后以类似的方式计算错误的复合假说H t,通过H t(步骤6)为来误判实例分配权重的总和复合假说H t错误。
归复合误差B t是获得更新的分配权被分配到第7步中的个别实例,然后使用。
正确复合假说H t分类实例的分配权重降低了B t的因素;因此,当分布于下一次迭代的第1步重新正常化时,误判实例的权重有效地增加。
这是因为,当一个新的数据集介绍(尤其是与新类或功能),现有的合奏(H t)是可能误认的实例,尚未得到妥善的教训,因此这些情况下的权重增加,迫使该算法把重点放在新的数据。
介绍了在每个数据融合应用中一个权重的额外集。
这些权重代表的特定数据源的重要性和可靠性,可以根据以往的经验分配,(例如,诊断神经系统疾病,我们可以知道,磁共振成像(MRI)是更为可靠的脑电图,因此,我们可以选择较高的权重训练与MRI数据分类),或者他们可以在自己的训练数据上,根据整体的表现设置的特定功能训练。
我们一套αK等权重计算k个数据集的基础上,第k个数据集上训练的合奏训练中的表现,调整使用αK投票权。
我们已经算出了这样的一套关于第k个数据集的基础上的第k个数据集上训练的整体训练中的表现的权重αk,,使用αk调整表决权重。
每个分类调整后的权重,在最后假说H final.加权多数表决。
图2是该算法的示意图。
Learn++的仿真结果,使用多个数量集的增量学习,相比较其他增量学习的方法,如模糊ARTMAP可以找到。
Learn++两个数据融合应用的仿真结果,现介绍如下,其中主要包括额外的细节,更新的结果比提出的有进一步了解。
一个涉及超声波和确定管道缺陷漏磁数据的组合,以及其他涉及化学传感器的数据来自多个传感器的组合,这些应用程序都是真实世界的应用。
图2 算法示意图厚度对ZnO薄膜的CO气体传感器的影响3 结果与讨论3.1 结构特征半导体氧化锌的传感机制,属于表面控制型,气敏表面吸附位/地区决定。
表面形貌随薄膜厚度的变化显著,因此暴露目标气体的总吸附面积也可能随薄膜厚度变化。
在本文中,吸附面积ZnO薄膜厚度的功能控制,通过改变沉积时间30,60,90,120,150,180分钟。
从89纳米到510纳米ZnO薄膜的厚度增加,当沉积时间从30至180分钟不等。
图2 ZnO薄膜的能量弥散的X线分析频谱正如图2所示,光谱表明,主峰是锌线和O线。
在光谱的另一高峰期是从SEM观察到的预先进行金涂层处理的凹峰。
图3 不同厚度的ZnO薄膜表面的SEM形貌(a)89纳米(b)为240纳米表面的SEM形貌(c)425纳米各种ZnO薄膜的厚度,表面形貌如图3所示。
可以看出,薄膜的光滑,作为薄膜厚膜的增加同晶粒尺寸与形貌发达的多。
3.2 薄膜传感器的传感特性在一般情况下,传感器的灵敏度受工作温度的影响。
温度越高,薄膜表面的反应越大,在一定温度范围内给出了更高的灵敏度。
图4 2100 ppm的CO气氛下,氧化锌薄膜的灵敏度和操作温度的关系如图4所示,2100 ppm的CO浓度下,从50℃至350℃,显示A函数的操作温度灵敏度,沉积氧化锌薄膜各种厚度。
观察快速增长的敏感度,89纳米的薄膜的操作温度升高到200℃达到最大,随着操作温度的进一步增加而下降。
从这个观察中由此可以推断,敏感度的增长随着薄膜厚度的减少,相比较另外的薄膜,89纳米的薄膜的最佳工作温度是最低的。
金属氧化物半导体传感器的灵敏度主要取决于目标气体和传感器的表面之间的相互作用。
材料的表面积越大,吸附气体和传感器的表面之间的相互作用越强,即气体传感灵敏度较高。
它可以从扫描时电子显微镜中观察到形貌,如图2所示,晶粒尺寸在89纳米的薄膜小,而在425纳米晶界是最大的。
在这项研究中膜的厚度为89纳米时大。
图5 ZnO薄膜(89纳米厚)暴露于各种CO浓度下的300摄氏度的瞬态响应如图5所示,作为一个CO气体浓度的功能的灵敏度,89 纳米的氧化锌在300℃沉积ZnO气体传感器的灵敏度,例如CO气体浓度的增加从400到2100 ppm,然后当CO气体被转移急剧下降。
对于不同的CO浓度,表明气体传感器具有良好的反应。