中英文对照公文简介

Document types
批示
Group show
批示是上级领导机关用于转发或批转下级机关的工作报告、建议时所使用的应用文体。

批示与批复不能混用。

批示虽具批复作用，但其发送对象较广泛，一般要带附件。

通常由标题、称呼、正文、署名与日期等部分组成。

标题有的带“批示”，有的不带。

正文首先引叙来的请示事项，作为批示的依据。

然后针对来文提出下级机关应当如何贯彻执行的方法和措施。

Instructions are the leading organs for forward or forward lower organs work report, suggest to use when applied style. Instructions and reply should not mix. Instructions are approved, but the object is sent over a wide range, generally with attachments. Usually by the title, title, body, signature and date etc.. Title Some with" instructions", some with No. The first lead to consult the matters, as the basis for instructions. Then the paper subordinate organs should be how to carry out the method and measures.
各级党政机关的负责同志对于各种文件、报告、情况反映等提出自己的意见、要求，通常也称为“批示”，也作为要求各有关部门和下级机关贯彻执行的依据。

但这类“批示”不是一个文种，也没有格式要求，应用时比较灵活。

All levels of Party and government organs responsible comrades for various documents, reports, situation to put forward their opinions, requirements, usually referred to as the " instructions", as well as requested relevant departments and organs at lower levels to implement the basis. But this kind of" instructions" is not a language, no format requirements, application is more flexible.
议案
Discussion on case
一、概说
One, overview
是指国家大会代表，大会常务委员会向本届大会提出，并请求大会予以审议的文书。

Refers to the National Congress, its Standing Committee to the Congress, and asked Congress to review the documents.
议案一般涉及重大问题，具有建议性、可行性特点。

《宪法》第72条规定：“全国人民代表和全国人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员，有权依照法律规定的程序分别提出属于全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会职权范围内的
议案”。

Motion is generally related to the major problem, has suggested, feasibility characteristic. " Constitution" the seventy-second stipulation: "the National People's Congress and the Standing Committee of National People's Congress members, have the right in accordance with the procedures prescribed by law, to submit to the National People's Congress and the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress within the remit of the motion".
二、写法
Two, style of writing
全文由标题、主送机关、正文、落款组成。

正文包括提出议案的案由、案据和方案三部分。

议案撰写要目的明确，理由充分，文字简洁，忌用命令口气。

The full text consists of the title, the main text, addressee, inscribe composition. The text includes a forward motion of the case, and the three part case according to plan. Bill writing aims, well-reasoned, concise text, Jiyong orders.
议案与建议的区别：议案涉及重大问题并且有一定的呈文程序，建议适用范围较广，事无巨细，均可提出建议。

Motion and proposal are distinguished: motion involves the major problem and some reports suggest procedures, wide applicable range, execute, can suggest.
通告
Pass on
一、概说
One, overview
通告是属于周知性的文种之一，是在一定的范围内，对人民群众、机关团体公布应当遵守和周知的事项的文件。

通告与布告、公告都同属于周知性公文，但它们之间相比还有其特点。

通告所宣告的事项多属于专业性或业务性的，多涉及公安、交通、金融方面，而布告内容广泛得多，涉及面较广；公告为重大事项的发布。

通告适用的范围，不仅仅限于上级对下级，不相隶属的单位也可使用。

它有具体
范围和时限性。

通告发布的形式较多，可登报，可广播，可张贴。

布告以张贴为主，公告多广播、登报。

Notice is the one of the known languages, is in a certain range, the masses of the people, organizations and well-known issues announcement shall be in compliance with the documents. Announcements and notices, announcements are belong to the well known documents, but between them and its characteristics. Announcement announcement item belongs to professional or business, many related to public security, traffic, finance, and bulletin content is much wider, involve wide notice for important matters to release. Circular application scope is not limited to, superior to subordinate, not to subordinate units may be used. It has a specific scope and time limit. Announcement form more, can be in the newspaper, broadcasting, post. Notice to post, broadcast, newspaper announcement.
二、种类
Two, species
通告从内容上分类，一类为全国范围内的重大法规性通告，如《中华人民共和国公安部通告》；一类为针对某一项工作或专门问题发布的通告。

从通告的效用上分，又可分为制约性通告和周知性通告。

前者属于在一定范围内，为保证某一项工作的开展与某项活动的进行，而发布的规定性措施。

Tell from content classification, one for the nationwide major regulatory notice, such as the" law of the people's Republic of China Ministry of public security."; such as for a job or specialized issues notice. The utility from a circular points, can be divided into restrictive notices and notice notice. The former is in a certain range, in order to ensure a job begin with an activity, and issued a regulation measures.
指示
To show
—、概说
,, of the
（一）指示的含义及特点。

( a ) indicates the meaning and characteristics of.
指示，是上级领导机关根据宪法、法律、法令以及有关决定、命令等，对下级机关部署工作，阐明工作活动的指导原则，提出基本要求，指出方法步骤的指导性
下行公文。

指示同命令、指令的不同之处是：命令、指令一般由国家行政领导机关或领导人发布。

指示，党的领导机关和领导人亦可使用；命令、指令一经发布，即产生法律效力，必须坚决执行，没有变通余地。

而指示，下级可根据本部门的实际情况灵活掌握，不象命令那样严格。

Indicator, is the leading organs in accordance with the constitution, laws, decrees and pertinent decisions, orders, to organs at lower levels and deployment, elucidating the work guiding principle, put forward the basic requirement, pointed out the method steps of guidance documents issued to the lower levels. The same command instructions, instructions difference: the command, command by the state administrative authority or leader released. Indication, the leading bodies of the party and leaders can also use; command, command was released, which produce legal effectiveness, must be resolutely implemented, no alternative. While the instructions, the lower according to the Department of the actual situation in flexibility, not as strictly as command.
指示，一般可分为两种：一种是针对普遍性、全局性的问题，向下级发布指示，阐明指导原则、目的、要求和方法步骤；另一种是针对某项工作、局部性的问题，向下级机关布置任务，说明意义，提出办法。

指示是指导性的公文，其特点主要有：
Instructions, can generally be divided into two kinds: one is for the general, the problem of global sex, issued instructions, illustrated guide principle, purpose, requirement and method steps; another is a work, local problem to organs at lower levels, decorate the task, illustrates the significance, proposed measures. Indicator is a guiding document, its main features are:
1．内容具有原则性。

1 elements have principle.
指示布置工作任务，阐明工作活动的指导原则，不像通知那样对工作作具体、详尽的安排。

受文单位可按指示精神，结合本地区、本单位实际，加以贯彻落实，指示的内容都是原则性的。

Instruction layout tasks, to elucidate the work guiding principle, unlike the announcement that about work specific, detailed arrangement. By the unit according to the spirit of the instructions, combined with the region, this unit actual, to implement them, indicating the contents are principled.
2．作用具有指导性。

2 role of guidance.
指示是针对全局或局部的重要工作而发，其中有些问题按以往的政策措施不能解决或解决得不好。

上级机关为了统一认识，统一行动，以期取得好的效果，便在指示中提出切实可行的政策措施和工作原则。

指示不仅体现上级机关的意图，还明显地体现其政策性和指导性。

Instructions for global or local important work, some of them according to the previous policy measures cannot be resolved or not good. The higher authorities to unified understanding, unified action, in order to achieve good results, and in the instructions to put forward the feasible policies and measures and work principle. Indicator reflects not only higher authorities intentions, also manifests its policy and guidance.
3．发文机关级别较高。

3 issued by higher level.
理论上说，凡有下级机关的机关，都可发指示。

但实际上，基层单位一般不用，市以上的机关才用得较多。

这一点，同内容有关，高级领导机关居高临下，才能较好地提出指导原则问题。

另外，指示的特点和适用范围决定了指示的严肃性，切忌滥发，既不能对任何问题都发指示，也不能对任何机关和个人都发指示。

除了高中级党政机关及其主要领导人外，县以下的基层机关及其领导人，不宜直接发指示。

一般情况下，县以下的机关向下级机关布置日常具体工作，多用“通知”行文。

（二）适用范围和类型。

In theory, all the lower organs organs, can issue instructions. In fact, basic unit is generally not, the city over the body can use more. At this point, the same content, senior leadership organs look down from a height, in order to better present the guiding principle problem. In addition, indicating the characteristics and applicable scope determines the indication of seriousness, avoid spamming, neither to any problem issuing instructions, nor can any of the organs and individuals send instructions. In addition to high intermediate of Party and government organs and its main leaders, county the following basic organization and its leader, not direct indication. In general, the county the following organs to the layout of the lower bodies of the specific daily work, more than the " notice" to the. ( two) the scope and type.
1．全局性指示。

1 global indicator.
为解决当前工作中一些全局性、普遍性问题而发的指示，叫全局性指示。

In order to solve the current work in some situation, problems and instructions, called global indicator.
2．局部性指示。

2 local indicator.
针对当前工作中具有重要意义的局部问题而发的指示，叫局部性指示。

In view of the current work is of great significance to local issues and issued instructions, called local indicator.
二、写法
Two, style of writing
指示不论是全局性的，还是局部性的，都是由标题、发文字号、正文和发文日期等部分组成。

Indicating whether it is global sex, or local, are by the title, text, text and date of birth and other components.
（一）标题。

( a ) the title.
指示的标题，多用全称（完整式），即发文机关、事由和文种三要素都俱全的标题。

发文紧迫的指示，其标题可在文种前加“紧急”字样。

指示的标题如果省略了发文机关和文种，应该在题解中加以必要的说明。

Indicative of the title, with full ( complete ), namely the dispatch organization, the reasons and the three elements of the title language completely. Issued urgent instructions, its title in the script before the " emergency". Indicative of the title if you omit the dispatch organization and language, should be in the key of necessary explanation.
（二）正文。

( two) the text.
指示的内容如果比较简单，正文可以是一段到底。

有的指示涉及的内容较多，篇幅较长，结构上就要适当安排。

这种指示的正文，一般分指示依据、指示事项和执行要求等三个部分。

The contents of instructions if the relatively simple, text can be a really. Some instructions to more content, length is longer, structure to appropriate arrangements. This indicates the text, generally indicating basis, indicating matters and implementation requirements of three parts.
指令
Refer to
一、指令的定义和适用范围
One, the definition and scope of application of instruction
指令是专门发布经济、科研等方面的指示性和规定性相结合的措施和要求的下行公文。

1987年《国家行政机关公文处理办法》指出：“发布指示性和规定性相结合的措施或要求时用‘指令’。

”
Instruction specifically released economic, research and other aspects of indicative and regulation combined measures and requirements of the downlink document. 1987" national administrative organs document processing approach" pointed out:" publish indicative and regulation measures combined with the ' command ' or request."
指令的特点和命令大致相同，它本身也具有强制性和权威性，要求受文单位必须执行。

国家为了统一措施，制定一致性的要求，对于经济、科研、事业、企业、社会的各方面往往用指令性文件加以统制，表现了行政管理的强制性。

它是国务院及各地各级政府经常使用的文件之一，非国家行政权力机关无权使用。

Instruction characteristics and command of roughly the same, it is compulsory and authority, by asking the unit must be performed. Countries in order to unified measure, making consistency requirement, for economic, scientific research, industry, enterprise, all aspects of society often use mandatory document management, performance of the administrative compulsory. It is the State Council and local governments at all levels often use one of the files, the state administrative authority shall have the right to use.
二、指令的写法和要求
In two, the writing and the requirements of instruction
指令多用于经济、科研、技术方面的文件，因此它的专业性很强，多使用一定的专业性术语和某些专业的理论知识。

指令的起草多数由专业部门撰拟，贯彻主管部门的要求与管理精神，再由它的上级单位核稿，并以上级机关的名义发布，实行对该行业与全局的管理。

Instruction for economic, scientific, and technical aspects of the document, it is professional very strong, more use of certain professional terminology and certain specialized theoretical knowledge. Drafted by the professional sector command most draft, implement the requirements of the competent department and the management spirit, again by its parent unit nuclear release,
and to the higher authorities issued in the name of, to the industry and global management.
指令一般由两部分组成。

第一部分写明发指令的缘由，要简单明了，富有概括性和切中时弊。

第二部分是指令的内容，要分条履述，写明具体措施。

Instruction consists of two components. The first part written instructions to cause, should be simple and clear, full of generality and cutting into the present-day evils. The second part is the content of the instruction, to the points of the shoe, indicating the specific measures.
命令
Life order
—、概说
,, of the
命令（令）是国家权力机关、行政机关、军事机关及其负责人颁布的，是具有强制执行性质的领导性、指挥性的下行公文。

从词义上看，是“使人为事”的意思。

“命”还有“严肃”的含义，“令”有“告诫”的含义。

命令是我国最古老的公文文种之一。

三国时候曹操为了完成其统一中国的大业，千方百计广招人才，先后颁布了《求贤令》、《举士令》和《求逸才令》等。

在我国古代，命令有称作“誓”、“诰”、“制”、“政”、“策”等的。

Command ( make ) is the organ of state power, administrative organs, military organs and its responsible person is promulgated, with enforcing nature of leadership, command of the downlink document. From the meaning of terms, is to "make the human thing .". " Life" and" serious" meaning" to have"," warned" meaning. The command is China's most ancient one of the official documents. Time Cao Cao in order to accomplish its unified China big industry, make every attempt attract talent, has promulgated the" seeking to"," Shi" and" seeking for Yat makes" etc.. In ancient China, the command is called" the oath"," tomorrow"," system", "politics"," plan".
（一）含义。

( a ) meaning.
命令（令）是“依照有关法律规定发布行政法规和规章；宣布施行重大强制性行政措施；奖惩有关人员；撤销下级机关不适当的决定”时所使用的公文。

Command ( make ) is" in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations are promulgated Administrative Rules and regulations; announced major compulsory administrative measures of rewards and punishments; personnel;
revoke the organs at lower levels of inappropriate decisions" by the use of official documents.
（二）特点。

( two) features.
命令（令）与别的公文相比较，具有以下几个特点。

Command ( make ) and other documents are compared, have the following characteristics.
1．内容重要。

1 important.
命令（令）所涉及的事项，有的是发布行政法规和规章，有的是宣布施行重大强制性行政措施，这些都是重要的内容。

运用命令来奖惩有关人员，往往也是在全国或某一地区影响较大的。

如果是一般性的表彰先进或批评错误，就不用命令而用通报等别的公文文种。

Command ( make ) the matters related to, have issued administrative rules and regulations, have announced major compulsory administrative measures, these are the important content. Use the command to reward officials, often is in the whole nation or a region is greatly influenced by the. If it is a general recognition of the advanced or criticize the mistakes, do not command and communications and other official documents.
2．权威性强。

2 authoritative.
根据《中华人民共和国宪法》的规定，只有中华人民共和国主席、国务院总理、国务院各部部长、各委员会主任以及县以上各级地方人民政府才可以依据法律规定的权限发布命令，其他任何单位和个人均不得发布命令。

在实际工作中，各级地方政府都很少使用命令这一文种，国家高级领导机关和主要领导人才较多使用。

因此，命令具有很强的权威性，命令一旦发布，别的单位或个人都不得修改或歪曲，如果别的公文的内容与命令的有关精神相抵触的，也一律以命令的为准。

According to" people's Republic of China Constitution" rules, only the people's Republic of China president, premier, State Council ministers, commissions and local people's governments at all levels above the county level can only be based on legal authority issued orders, any other units and individuals shall publish command. In real work, all levels of government are rarely used to command this language, national senior leading organs and leading talents in common use. Therefore, the command has the very strong authority,
command once released, other units or individuals shall not modify or distort, if the other document content and order related to mental conflict, also be ordered to.
3．强制性大。

3 mandatory big.
命令具有明显的强制性，上级机关发布了命令，下级机关不管是否同意，不管有什么困难或问题，都必须坚决地无条件地执行。

令出必行，违反命令或抗拒执行命令，就要受到惩罚，在所有国家机关行政公文中，命令是最具有强制性的。

The command has obvious mandatory, the higher authorities issued the orders, regardless of whether or not to agree to the lower bodies, no matter what kind of difficulties or problems, must be resolutely execute unconditionally. So that a pipeline, contrary to orders or resist the execution command, will be punished, in all state organs, administrative documents, the command is one of the most compelling.
二、分类和写法
In two, the classification and writing
命令的主要种类有：发布令、行政令、嘉奖令、撤销令、惩戒令等。

The main types are: command issued orders, administrative order, an order of commendation, revocation order, disciplinary order.
（一）发布令。

( a ) publish order.
发布令就是用于发布行政法规和规章的文件。

由令文及附件组成。

附件即应公布的法规或制度、规章。

Release order is used to release the administrative regulations and rules file. By the paper and accessories. The attachment shall be published regulations, rules or system.
发布令的写作：
Release order writing:
1．标题。

1 title.
发布令的标题有两种：一是由发令机关领导人职务加上文种（令）；二是发令机关加上文种（令）。

常见的如《中华人民共和国主席令》、《中华人民共和国国务院令》。

Release the title has two kinds: one is by the authority leadership plus language ( to ); two is the organ with language ( order). Common such as" Republic of China"," Republic of China".
2．发文字号。

The 2 message number.
发布令的发文字号往往采用流水号，即该届政府的主席或总理在任期间所发的命令（令）的顺序号。

也有用一般文号的。

Release order message number often use serial number, namely the government of president or prime minister during the commandment ( make ) the sequence number. Also useful for general number.
3．正文。

3 text.
发布令的正文一般包括几个内容：一是发布的对象，即发布的是哪一个行政法规或规章；二是发布的依据，即由哪一级组织或哪一次会议在什么时候通过了本法规或规章；三是执行要求，即由什么时候起施行本法规或规章。

Release the text generally includes several contents: one is the distribution of an object, which is released which administrative rules or regulations; two is released as the basis, from which an organization or a meeting at any time by the rules or regulations; three is the implementation requirements, namely when the purposes of this laws or regulations.
决定
Never will
—、概说
,, of the
（一）含义及特点。

( a ) the meanings and features.
决定是各级党政机关普遍使用的一种下行公文。

它适用于对重要事项和重大行动做出安排。

这里的重要事项，是指带有全局性或具有重大意义和影响的事项，重大行动是指对社会产生巨大影响的行动。

当然，重要事项和重大行动是相对而言的，并不是事事都是党和国家的重大方针政策。

各级党政机关、企事业单位经常使用决定，比如一些表彰、处分、机构编制、人事安排等事项都可用决定行文。

Decision is party and government organs at all levels the widespread use of a downlink document. It is suitable for important events and major action to make arrangements. Here the important matters, refers to contain global sex or has great significance and impact of the matters, significant action refers to the society have a great impact on the action. Of course, important events and major operation is of relative to character, not everything is the party and the country's major principles and policies. All levels of Party and government organs, enterprises and institutions often use decisions, such as some recognition, disposition, organization, personnel arrangements are available to decide the.
由于决定的内容是“对重要事项或重大行动做出安排”，所以决定具有如下两方面的特点：
As a result of the decision to the content is " on important issues or make arrangements", so I decided to have the following two aspects:
一是制约性：因为决定比较集中地体现发文机关对重要事项或重大行动的指挥和处置意图，要求下级机关无条件执行，决定的制约性和强制性虽然没有命令那么严格，但比其他公文都要强，有些决定还有法规作用，在某些方面，决定往往是法规的延伸和补充，具有较大的强制性和行政约束力。

One restriction: because the decision reflects the dispatch organization on important issues or action command and disposal of intention, inferior organs carry out unconditionally, decided to restrict and mandatory while no command so strict, but other than the document classes, some decisions and laws and regulations, in some ways, the decision is often made regulations of the extension and supplement, has larger mandatory and administrative sanction. 二是指挥性和指导性：因为决定是对重要事项或重大行动做出安排，这对下级机关就有指挥性和指导性。

Two is the command and guidance: because decisions on important issues or make arrangements, the lower organs have command and guidance.
（二）适用范围（类型）。

( two) scope ( type ).
决定的适用范围相当广泛，按其内容和作用划分，大体可分为下面三类：Decision of the scope is broad, according to its content and function division, can be divided into the following three categories:
1．对某项工作或重大行动作出安排的决定。

如《国务院关于严肃税收法纪加强税收工作的决定》，《中共中央关于严厉打击刑事犯罪活动的决定》
1 on a particular job or significant action to make arrangements for the decision. Such as" the State Council on strengthening the work of tax revenue and serious decision"," the Central Committee of the CCP about cracking down on criminal activities decision"
2．对某一重大问题作出处理的决定。

2 on a major problem to make treatment decisions.
3．对设置机构、任免人员、召开会议或表彰、处分等重要事项作出的决定。

3 the setting mechanism, appointing personnel, meeting or recognition, disposition and other important decisions.
二、写法
Two, style of writing
决定一般由标题、正文、发文机关、发文日期等部分组成。

Determine generally consists of the title, text, the dispatch organization, date of birth and other components.
（一）标题。

( a ) the title.
决定的标题要求写明发文机关、事由、文种，这三部分一般不能随意省略。

Decided to claim on the title, subject, which issued by language, the three part generally cannot be omitted.
标题下一行，有一题注，标明通过或发市时间。

The title the next line, with a caption, marked by or send in time.
（二）正文。

( two) the text.
由于决定的类型不同，其正文的内容侧重点就有不同，写法也有不同。

As a result of the decision of different types, the text focuses on different writing, there are different.
对某项工作或重大行动作出安排的决定正文的写法：
On a particular job or significant action to make arrangement determines the text:
这种决定具有很强的规定性和指挥效能，既要提出工作任务或重大行动，又要阐述完成工作任务或重大行动的政策规定、方法措施等，内容丰富，行文较复杂。

正文通常由决定原由和决定事项两部分构成。

This decision has strong regulation and efficiency of command, both to present work tasks or significant action, but also the completion of tasks or major actions of the policies, measures, rich in content, the more complex. The text is usually decides reason and decided that the matter is composed of two parts. 决定原由是指对某项工作或重大行动作出安排的依据。

行文要求简明扼要，依据要恰当充分，令人信服。

Decides reason refers to the particular job or significant action to make arrangements for the basis. The requirements to be concise and to the point, on the basis of the appropriate full, convincing.
决定事项是全文的主体内容，主要包括开展工作的有关政策原则、执行的事项及有关规定要求等。

涉及材料较多的，一般采用分条式或分题式表述，行文要眉目清楚，用语要确切明了，易于有关人员把握和执行。

Decided that the matter is the full text of the main contents, including work on relevant policies and principles, implementation issues and requirements of the relevant provisions. Relates to the material more, generally adopt a type or a topic statement, writing to the prospect of a clear, to the exact language and clear, easy to grasp and implement relevant personnel.
三、写作注意事项
Three, writing matters needing attention
（一）不能滥用决定行文。

( a ) not abuse the decision.
决定的内容要与“决定”文种相符，不能滥发决定。

有些单位以为用决定Determine the content and language." Decision", not spam decided. Some units that decision。