英语修辞学 期末小论文
大学英语修辞教学论文.docx
摘要大学英语修辞教学主要是常用的、对文章有重要影响的和反复出现的修辞格的教学，出现的不在少数，部分修辞格出现的频率还很高。
这一教学不仅能够加强学生对文章的理解，更能提高学生的写作水平。
然而，大学英语教学中的修辞教学没有得到应有的重视，教材上也极少附有对各类修辞格的讲解与练习。
既要结合英汉修辞的相似性促进学生的概念正迁移，又要结合英汉修辞的差异性讲解英语修辞格的特点，防止学生概念负迁移，还要讲解英语中独有的修辞格。
关键词大学英语；修辞格；教学修辞在西方语言中一直备受重视，从古希腊哲学家亚里士多德在《修辞学》一书中对古典修辞理论的介绍到现当代学者提出的各类修辞理论，无一不说明了修辞在西方语言中的重要性。
在现实生活中，无论在口语中还是在书面语中，也无论是英语中还是汉语中，人们运用语言时也都在自觉或不自觉地借助修辞手段以提高表达效果。
然而，长期以来，修辞在大学英语教学中没有引起足够的重视，更多大学英语教师将注意力集中在了阅读、词汇、听力、口语、翻译、写作等方面，极少有人关注修辞教学。
在中国期刊网上以大学英语阅读教学或大学英语听力教学为标题关键词进行搜索，可以查到数以千计的期刊论文。
但以大学英语修辞教学为标题关键词，只能搜索到53 篇文章，其中只有2篇发表在外语类核心期刊上，时间已有十几年，而且这两篇文章分别讲的是修辞结构理论和句式转换修辞法在大学英语教学中的运用，并没有涉及修辞教学。
可见，在大学英语教学中，修辞教学没有引起足够的重视。
一、概念界定这里大学英语教学指的是作为非英语专业本科生的必修课程《大学英语》的教学。
这一课程一般持续两年，即大一和大二两个学年。
使用的教材一般是大学英语系列教材，目前高校用的较多的是上海外语教育出版社出版、秦秀白主编的新世纪大学英语系列教程，包括《综合教程》《视听说教程》《阅读教程》《写作教程》《快速阅读》等，重心在《综合教程》，共四册，每册八个单元，供四个学期使用。
修辞有两种，一种是消极修辞，一种是积极修辞，陈望道2012 将之称为修辞的两大分野。
修辞学论文——公文中修辞学(英语)
Rhetoric in Official Document公文中的修辞学The significance of choosing the topic:选择这个论点的重要性：Rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the facility of speakers or writers who attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations。
Because it can help the speaker express better, even obtain some unexpected effects, rhetoric is used so broadly that we can see it everywhere in our daily life. Similarly, rhetoric is indispensable in work, especially in official document in that rhetoric can help the speaker use lexical chunks more smoothly and present their views more accurately. Comparing to the usual writing, rhetoric is applied in practice and act upon practice, so that rhetoric in office document has its outstanding features and aesthetic effect. If somebody want conduct it proficiently, he should make strenuous effort to learn a great of knowledge and all kinds of abilities. In a word, rhetoric in official document is so practical and important that I think it's very necessary to talk about it.修辞，就是适应特定的交际需要与情境，增强那些想告知、说服或者鼓动特定人群的说话者或写作者的言辞或文句效果的一种说话艺术。
英语修辞论文
浅谈英语的修辞摘要：任何语言都有修辞，英语当然不能例外。
在中学英语教学中，修辞显然不是教学重点，但把它束之高阁，甚至在教学中遇到一些常用修辞现象不向学生讲一讲也是欠妥的。
我认为，在教学中，如果遇到一些英语修辞现象，可适当向学生介绍，不仅可以使课文讲解生动，加深学生印象，也可启发学生学习英语的兴趣。
现将散见在中学英语课本中的修辞现象分类别列出来。
一、明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。
常用比喻词like,as,asif,as though等，例如：１、this elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。
２、he looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。
３、it has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingersreaching to touch something. 它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。
二、隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
１、german guns and german planes rained down bombs,shells andbullets... 德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。
２、the diamond department was the heart and center of the store.钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。
英语修辞与文体 论文
Not marble, nor the gilded monumentsOf princes, shall outlive this powerful rhyme;But you shall shine more bright in these contentsThan unswept stone, besmear'd with sluttish time.When wasteful war shall statues overturn,And broils root out the work of masonry,Nor Mars his sword nor war's quick fire shall burnThe living record of your memory.'Gainst death and all-oblivious enmityShall you pace forth; your praise shall still find roomEven in the eyes of all posterityThat wear this world out to the ending doom.So, till the judgment that yourself arise,You live in this, and dwell in lovers' eyes.Sonnet 55 is one of Shakespeare's most famous works and a noticeable deviation from other sonnets in which he appears insecure about his relationships and his own self-worth. Here we canfind an impassioned burst of confidence as the poet claims to have the power to keep his friend's memory alive evermore.We should focus on the translation of this poem at first. Not marble, nor the gold-plated shrines. Of princes shall outlive the power of poetry. You shall shine more bright in these verses than on dust-covered gravestones, ravaged by time.When devastating war shall overturn statues and conflicts destroy the mason's handiwork, the cause of war (Mars) nor the effects of war (fire) shall destroy the living record of your memory (this poem). Against death and destruction, which render people forgotten,shall you push onward; praise of you will always find a place even in the eyes of future generations. That survives until the end of humanity.So, until you arise on Judgment Day,you are immortalized in this poetry, and continue to live in lovers' eyes.Then we will discuss its stylistics.First, we focus on this poem ’s rhyme. Sonnet 55 is a fourteen-line sonnet, metered in iambic pentameter:x / x / x / x / x /No marble, nor the gilded monumentsx / x / x / x / x /Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rhymeIt consists of three quartrains followed by a couplet. The rhyme scheme is ABABCDCDEFEFGG.Not marble, nor the gilded monuments Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rhyme But you shall shine more bright in these contents Than unswept stone, besmeared with sluttish time When wasteful war shall statues overturnAnd broils root out the work of masonry Nor Mars his sword nor war’s quick fire shall burn The living record of your memoryGainst death and all-oblivious enmityShall you pace forth, your praise shall still find roomEven in the eye of all posterity That wear this world out to the ending doom So, till the judgment that yourself arise You live in this, and dwell in lover ’s eyesSecond, we focus on this poem ’s metaphor. The poet uses metaphors like marble, monuments, and stone in the first four lines to say that none of them will be as everlasting as this poem. Then he says that war and broil may destroy many tough things like statues and masonry, but not people ’s memory of you ——the hero in this poem. It will survive your death and all the powers which work against you.You shall still move on, people will always honor you even their offsprings will praise you forA B A B C D C D E F E F G Gwhat you have done now. We will always remember you and your behaviors until you are judged reasonably.Third, we focus on this poem’s comparisons. Comparisons are frequently used in this sonnet as a foregrounding to the ideas that the poet wants to convey. At the beginning he compares the marble and monument with the rhyme, and tells us that the rhyme will outlive all these things as time goes by.He uses comparison again in the third and fourth lines to say it again that this rhyme will be everlasting. Again in the fifth and sixth lines he uses comparison to highlight his idea that this poem, this rhyme will survive time, the fire of war.The ninth line begins to say something different from the first eight lines. He begins to talk about some abstract subjects like enmity, judgment, praise, and memory. But in the last couplet he concludes with so to say that you will always be remembered by your offspring till you are fairly judged by history. He uses the Christian concept in the last two lines about the arising of the hero.Fourth, we focus on this poem’s alliteration. He uses alliteration in the first line with not and nor to connect the two objects. Then h e uses “shall shine” for alliteration to make the internal rhyme. Alliteration is also used with “wasteful war shall statues” in the fifth line to make the internal rhyme.Fifth, Repetition is also used with the sentence pattern like you shall or shall you. It makes readers to feel the strong feelings of the must of immortalization.Finally, Inversion is used in several lines. The fifth line should be: when wasteful war shall overturn statues , and the eighth and ninth lineshould be:you shall pace forth against death and all-oblivious enmity.Sonnet 55 is a poem about time and immortalization. The speaker claims that his beloved will wear out this world to the ending doom. The speaker's poem won't last much compared to his beloved, even though his beloved is immortalised in the poem, adhering to a larger theme of giving and possessing that runs through many of Shakespeare's sonnets.This poem, however, emphasizes the concept of time slightly differently. He argues that the sonnet traces the progression of time, from the physicalendeavours built by man (monuments, statues, masonry), as well as theprimeval notion of warfare depicted through the image of "Mars his sword" and "war's quick fire", to the concept of the Last Judgment. The young man will survive all of these things through the verses of the speaker.Although the poet's previous pride in writing verse is missing in this sonnet, he still manages to demonstrate a superbly confident spirit: "Not marble, nor the gilded monuments. Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rime." He clearly abandons, at least for the time being, his earlier depressing opinion of his verse as "barren rime," for next he contrasts his verses' immortality to "unsweptstone, besmeared with sluttish time," meaning that the young man will be remembered longer because of the poet's having written about him than if descriptions of his beauty had been chiseled in stone.The next four lines address the same theme of immortality, but now the poet boasts that not only natural forces but human wars and battles cannot blot out his sonnets, which are a "living record" of the youth. Monuments and statues may be desecrated during war, but not so these rhymes.In the first seventeen sonnets, the poet worried about death's effect on the youth's beauty and questioned the nature of his sonnets' reputation after both he and the young man died. Now, however, in lines 9 through 12, he boldly asserts that death is impotent in the face of his sonnets' immortality: To the youth he says, "Against death and all-oblivious enmity, shall you pace forth." In fact, he asserts that the young man's name will be remembered until the last survivor on earth perishes: "your praise shall still find room. Even in the eyes of all posterity. That wears this world out to the ending doom." Only then, when no one remains alive, will the youth's beauty fade, but through no fault of the youth or the poet.This notion of "the ending doom" is the main point in the concluding couplet. The syntax of line 13"So, till the judgment that yourself arise" is confusing, restated, the line says, "Until the Judgment Day when you arise." The poet assures the youth that his beauty will remain immortal as long as one single person still lives to read these sonnets, which themselves will be immortal.Sonnet 55 symbolizes nothing but the rhyme and the poem will be everlasting as time goes on. The rhyme and the poem which can be a metaphor for justice were conducted by all kinds of heroes. Inthis way he is not only talking about the poem but also writing as an important matter of art and literation. Shakespeare shows that thepower of words and languages is much greater than wars, statues, and monuments which is the toughest thing in nature. It is significant that all Shakespeare’s work remains as masterpieces for us till now after almost five hundred years. He and his work elaborate the power and beauty of words and languages.。
修辞手法的英语作文
修辞手法的英语作文The Power of Metaphor in Literature。
Metaphor is a powerful and evocative literary devicethat has been used by writers and poets for centuries to convey complex ideas and emotions. It allows readers to see the world in a new light and understand abstract conceptsin a more tangible way. In this essay, we will explore the power of metaphor in literature and how it enhances the reader's experience.Metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two unlike things by stating that one thing is another. It is a formof analogy that creates a vivid image in the reader's mind and helps them to understand the deeper meaning of the text. For example, in William Shakespeare's famous line "All the world's a stage," he compares the world to a stage, suggesting that life is like a play with different acts and characters.One of the key benefits of using metaphor in literature is that it allows writers to convey complex ideas and emotions in a more accessible way. By comparing abstract concepts to concrete objects or actions, writers can make their writing more relatable and engaging for readers. For example, in George Orwell's novel "1984," he uses the metaphor of Big Brother to represent the oppressive power of the government, making it easier for readers to understand the dangers of totalitarianism.Furthermore, metaphor can also create a deeper emotional impact on the reader. By using vivid and evocative imagery, writers can evoke strong emotions and create a more immersive reading experience. For example, in Emily Dickinson's poem "Hope is the thing with feathers," she compares hope to a bird, suggesting that it is fragile yet resilient, which creates a powerful and poignant image for the reader.In addition, metaphor can also be used to create layers of meaning in a text, allowing readers to interpret the writing in different ways. By comparing one thing toanother, writers can imbue their writing with symbolic and allegorical meanings that add depth and richness to the text. For example, in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel "The Scarlet Letter," the scarlet letter "A" is a metaphor for the protagonist's sin, but it also represents her strength and resilience in the face of adversity.In conclusion, metaphor is a powerful literary device that enhances the reader's experience by making abstract ideas more tangible, creating a deeper emotional impact, and adding layers of meaning to the text. It allows writers to convey complex ideas and emotions in a more accessible way, making their writing more relatable and engaging for readers. As readers, we can appreciate the beauty and power of metaphor in literature and the way it enriches our understanding of the world.。
谈谈英语的修辞格的论文
运用修辞的英文作文
运用修辞的英文作文英文：When it comes to using rhetoric in writing, I believe it is an essential tool for effectively conveying ideas and engaging readers. Rhetoric involves the use of language in a persuasive and impactful way, and can be achieved through various techniques such as metaphors, similes, and rhetorical questions.One example of using rhetoric in writing is through the use of metaphors. Metaphors can help to paint a vivid picture in the reader's mind and make abstract concepts more relatable. For instance, instead of saying "the economy is struggling," a writer could use the metaphor "the economy is a wounded animal, limping along." This creates a more powerful image and engages the reader's emotions.Another technique is the use of rhetorical questions.Rhetorical questions are questions that are not meant to be answered, but rather to provoke thought and engage the reader. For example, a writer discussing the importance of education could ask, "Is there anything more valuable than knowledge?" This prompts the reader to consider the value of education and can lead to a more impactful message.In addition to these techniques, tone and voice are also important aspects of rhetoric in writing. The tone and voice can convey the writer's attitude towards the subject and can also engage the reader on a personal level. For example, a writer discussing a serious topic such as climate change could use a passionate and urgent tone to convey the importance of the issue and engage the reader's emotions.Overall, using rhetoric in writing can greatly enhance the impact of the message and engage the reader on a deeper level. Through the use of metaphors, rhetorical questions, tone, and voice, a writer can effectively convey ideas and leave a lasting impression.中文：在写作中运用修辞，我认为这是一种有效传达思想和吸引读者的重要工具。
运用修辞的英语作文高中生
运用修辞的英语作文高中生As a high school student, I believe that using rhetoric in English writing can greatly enhance the expressiveness and persuasiveness of the text. Rhetoric refers to the art of using language effectively and persuasively in spoken or written form. It involves the use of figures of speech, literary devices, and persuasive language to convey a message and influence the audience.One of the most commonly used rhetorical devices is the use of metaphors and similes. Metaphors and similes help to create vivid and imaginative descriptions that can engage the reader's imagination and emotions. For example, instead of saying "the sky is blue," a writer can use a metaphor like "the sky is a vast, cerulean canvas stretching as far as the eye can see." This not only paints a moredescriptive picture but also evokes a sense of wonder and awe.Another important rhetorical device is the use of repetition. Repetition can be used to emphasize a point, create rhythm, and make the text more memorable. For example, in Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream"speech, the phrase "I have a dream" is repeated multiple times to emphasize the speaker's vision of equality and justice.Additionally, rhetorical questions can be used to engage the reader and prompt them to think more deeply about a topic. By posing a question without expecting an answer,the writer can draw attention to a particular issue and encourage the reader to consider different perspectives.Moreover, the use of anecdotes and personal stories can make the writing more relatable and engaging. By sharing personal experiences or stories, the writer can create a connection with the audience and evoke empathy or understanding.In Chinese, 作为一名高中生，我认为在英语写作中运用修辞可以极大地增强文本的表现力和说服力。
英语修辞学期末小论文
英语修辞学期末小论文Where Do We Go From Here (Original Text, Abridged)Martin Luther KingSo, I conclude by saying again today that we have a task and let us go out with a "divi ne dissatisfaction." Let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a high blo od pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds. Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic wa lls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty and despair shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice. Let us be dissati sfied until those that live on the outskirts of hope are brought into the metropolis of da ily security. Let us be dissatisfied until slums are cast into the junk heaps of history, an d every family is living in a decent sanitary home. Let us be dissatisfied until the dark yesterdays of segregated schools will be transformed into bright tomorrows of quality, integrated education. Let us be dissatisfied until integration is not seen as a problem b ut as an opportunity to participate in the beauty of diversity. Let us be dissatisfied unti l men and women, however black they may be, will be judged on the basis of the cont ent of their character and not on the basis of the color of their skin. Let us be dissatisfi ed. Let us be dissatisfied until every state capitol houses a governor who will do justly , who will love mercy and who will walk humbly with his God. Let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a m ighty stream. Let us be dissatisfied until that day when the lion and the lamb shall lie down together. And every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraid. Let us be dissatisfied. And men will recognize that out of one blood God ma de all men to dwellupon the face of the earth. Let us be dissatisfied until that day whe n nobody will shout "White Power!" - When nobody will shout "Black Power!" - But everybody will talk about God's power and human power.Let this affirmation be our ringing cry. It will give us the courage to face the uncertain ties of the future. It will give our tired feet new strength as we continue our forward st ride toward the city of freedom. When our days become dreary with low hovering clo uds of despair, and when our nights become darker than a thousand midnights, let us r emember that there is a creative force in this universe, working to pull down the gigan tic mountains of evil, a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows. Let us realize the arc of the moral universe is l ong but it bends toward justice.Appreciation of the Rhetorical Devices Using in Where Do We Go From HereAs we all known that the speeches of Martin Luther King are studied by English-learners all over the world, because the using of rhetorical devices makes his speeches vivid, attractive and with the power of encouraging people’s spirit. I choose two typical paragraphs of his famous speech where do we go from here to analysis and appreciate the skillful using of his rhetorical devices and the effect they made.In this speech, the author writes that let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a blood pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds. This sentence is the typical use of metaphor. Metaphor is a linguistic process used to make comparisons between the attributes of one thing and something else, and the more complex form of metaphor, embedded metaphor is used inthis sentence. The tenor is creeds and deeds, while blood pressure and anemia are used to describe the behaviors of white people. The authorities of America are good at making promise to black people, but fail to realize their commitment, and the black people still can’t get the equity and civil power which are guaranteed by the American charter. We can find that the ironical effect is very significant. He uses blood pressure to describe white people’s emotional and enthusiastic in making commitments to black people, which is more attractive and vivid. Blood pressure and anemia are easily understood by ordinary people, which arouse listeners’ sympathy to his idea.The using of transferred epithet is also a bright spot in this speech. The author writes that let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty. Transferred epithet means that an adjective or descriptive phrase is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really apply or belong. We all know that there are two special kinds of transferred epithet, synaesthesia and empathy. Empathy is employed here, because the word tragic is used to describe the suffering that separation brought to black people, but in here it used to describe the wall. Transferred epithet is a charming rhetorical device, for it seems that the adjective is wrongly used, but it actually constitutes a special and active context. For instance, in this sentence, we can feel the strong rage and disappointment of Martin Luther King and mass black people. The gap between the poverty of black people and the comfort of white people is dramatic. Tragic thing is not the wall but the unfair situation toward black people, and the situation can’t be improved in a short time. Transferred epithet can make ourlanguage delicate, which may not common used as metaphor and simile, but it can strengthen the profundity of our passage and we should learn to use it freely.Another special rhetorical device synecdoche is employed by author: let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall…. Synecdoche may not be familiar to many learners. It uses a part of one thing to represent the whole, or uses the whole to represent a part. Here a part for the whole is used. We know that city hall is a building where municipal government lies: it’s the best symbol of municipal government. By using this method the la nguage of this speech is become charming and lively. It’s more close to our everyday life, which is the demand of a high-value speech. Synecdoche is widely used in passages. For example, in the New Testament there is asentence, Silver and gold have I none. Here silver and gold are used to represent fortune, which is very vivid. In speech and oral language this rhetorical device is especially highly valued.Simile may be the most often used rhetorical device in our writings. We can find plenty of similes in King’s speech, which directly enhance the liveliness of his language. Just set this sentence as example; let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down like water and righteousness like a mighty stream. Simile is a way of comparing one thing with another by showing how it is similar to another thing. It explicitly signals itself in a text, with the words as or like. In this sentence, the tenor is justice and righteousness; the vehicle is water and stream; the corresponding is like, and the ground tremendous figure of both. The author expresses his hope to let real equity and civil right come to mass black people. This kind of equity is constrainted so long and just let it blast like water and mightystream. The advantage and effect of the using of simile are apparent; for it makes a picture in listeners’ mind and makes them have the interest to concentrate their attention.Allusion is also a rhetorical device appreciated by King, and he used this device in many places in his speech. For example, let us be dissatisfied until that day when lion and the lamb shall lie down together, and every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraid. Allusion is references to well-known persons, things, or events that writers assure are familiar to their readers. The phrase, lion and lamb lie down together, and vine and fig tree are all come from the Bible. By this way, King describes an ideal world for the struggling black people. Bible is familiar and authoritative to Western people, which increases the convincing of his language at the same time. The stories in allusion usually have some deep meaning or historical origin. It needs college students to understand the related knowledge and then master the use of allusion.In addition, the rhetorical device, antithesis is also easily found in King’s speech. Let us look at this sentence, a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows. The phrase dark yesterdays and bright tomorrows form the antithesis. By this way the structure is well-organized and the rhythm is formed. Bright and dark, yesterday and tomorrow are totally antonyms, which form a bright picture in listeners’ mind and let them believe that tomorrow is not far away. It also reminds black people they are still in the severe situation and their distance to their dreams. They need to fight bravely for their final ambition. King’s convincing idea is become prominent through antithesis. Antithesis is a comparatively easy device to master by collegestudents, and it’s common used in Chinese language as well.In all the paragraphs above I choose the rhetorical devices metaphor, transferred epithet, synecdoche, simile, allusion and antithesis as example to appreciate and analysis the language using in where do we go from here. In fact, King used a number of rhetorical devices in his speech in addition to these six ones. All these rhetorical devices, along with his delicate language, make his speech attractive and convincing, which has inspired American black people from generation to generation, and worthwhile our English-learners to learn from him.。
英语修辞学论文.doc
Rhetoric in English advertisementNowadays, advertisement is very ubiquitous in our daily life and affects our intention and behaviors in buying goods in different levels. Rhetoric now has been frequently used in English advertisements which add to the taste of art and influence on people. The successful use of rhetoric can dramatically draw listeners’ or audiences’ attention and persuade them to buy the products. There are various rhetorics in English advertisements.Suspense is a good way of advertising and is said to have the effect of generating loyalty. Soap operas have been very popular among women, especially those who do housework at home. Advertisers make the use of the time between two programs of soap opera to advertise their products. Wanting to continue watching soap operas, house women usually choose to stay before their television and watch the advertisements, which make the ads function properly. Suspense can always engineer high loyalty, for in the absence of finality; each subplot stops at cliff-hanging moment.As a good way of persuasion, setting and scenario is also often used in advertisements. Advertisers use a set and some role players to simulate the normal situation of people. In this way, viewers will be more likely to accept the meaning of ads and be affected by ads. They will observe the role players who are in the life set by the advertisers and the viewers will also see the result of using the product. Audiences will automatically place themselves in that position and imitate the players’behavior. This kind of ads demands that role players should have positive image and satisfactory life. If the role players do not have good images or are living very poor and failed life, people will not be convinced at all.Good advertisers often look back to famous ancient rhetors. They try to use logos, pathos and ethos to influence their potential buyers. They are also called rational appeal, emotional appeal and ethical appeal. In advertisements, advertisers try to explain the advantages of their products and use empirical proof to prove that they are right or try to raise audiences’ emotion like sympathy, excitement, fear, happiness or jealousy to persuade them to buy.In a medicine advertisement, it is set in a bus where a passenger called his mother:” My throat itches and I feel sick when brushing teeth in the morning.”His mother told him that it’s the symptom of chronic pharyngitis and one medicine could cure. All passengers around him listened and nodded their heads. In this advertisement, the advertiser successfully used emotional appeals to draw audiences’attention. Viewers who also have this symptom will fear whether they have got pharyngitis and buy some medicine to try. As to those with pharyngitis, they will have the same feeling of the role player in the ad and have sympathy to him and themselves. Another technique it uses is setting and scenario or role play. This ad simulates a situation that a man has pharyngitis and need medicine. He got the answer from hismother and the most important thing is that people around him all agreed with his mother and will try that medicine. The viewers will be persuaded to do the same thing as those passengers in the bus unconsciously as he saw the reaction of other passengers.V arious kinds of rhetoric in sounds are used to give rhyme and rhythm to ads and to impress people. Alliteration and rhyme are often used in ads to make ads more attractive. “Health, humors and happiness----- Gifts we’d like to give!”This is an advertisement of a newspaper. The three “h”at the beginning of the ad makes it relaxing and happy and gives people good impression. “My goddess! My Guinness!”is another perfect example of alliteration. A taxi ad is “Big thrills, small bills!”It not only poses contrast, but also uses rhyme to promote itself.Rhetoric in words is another kind used in ads. Simile, metaphor, pun, personification, parody, hyperbole, etc. are frequently used in ads. “Where there is a way, there is a Toyota.”Is a good example of parody, coming from the famous proverb “Where there is a will, there is a way.”It effectively tells people that Toyota is famous throughout the world which indicates the car’s good quality and acceptance. “F rom sharp minds come sharp products.”is the ad of Sharp. It uses the pun of sharp here to suggest that their products have high tech. Toshiba is a famous Japanese computer firm which has a famous ad:” Take Toshiba, take the world.”It uses hyperbole shows the confidence of Toshiba and the high quality of Toshiba, very impressive. MacDonald uses repetition in his ad:”Every time A good time!”This slogan is frequently called to tell people that MacDonald shop is filled with happiness and relaxing and you will savor every second in the shop. The famous mobile phone producer Nokia uses personification in its ad:” Hold me, touch me and talk to me. It speaks your language!”This ad makes the cold and lifeless mobile phone close to the audiences and audiences will naturally have an image that they are talking happily to their mobile phone evoked by this nice ad.Let us look at some world renowned ads here. Maxwell is famous for its coffee and also its ad:”Good to the last drop. ” This ad apparently shows the confidence of Maxwell in its coffee’s taste and quality. It uses hyperbole to emphasize the confidence and it is short and frequently repeated to draw people’s attention and give them good impression. Emotional appeal or pathos is successfully used with the witty and skillful language to persuade people to try a cup of Maxwell and enjoy every drop of it. This ad makes people form an image in their mind that they are sampling every drop of the coffee. Another is “Obey your thirst.”It is also urging you to buy one bottle of beverage.To sum up, advertisement is a kind of art. Rhetoric makes ad both informative and artistic. A good use of rhetoric in ad makes advertisement impressive and attractive which will easily persuade people to buy their products.。
英语专业毕业论文-浅论英语修辞格的运用及翻译模板
浅论英语修辞格的运用及翻译摘要修辞格是人们在组织，调整，修饰语言，以提高语言表达效果的过程中长期形成的具有特定结构，特定方法，特定功能，为社会所公认的言语模式。
无论在文学作品还是日常生活中，我们都力求运用生动形象鲜明准确的语言有效地表达思想感情，因而有必要学习和研究修辞格的翻译，从而我们会更好的运用语言，阅读和欣赏文学作品，以提高我们的语言文化修养。
本文主要有三部分组成。
在第一部分，作者主要介绍了修辞格的定义，与此同时，这一部分也阐明了修辞格的作用和范围，因此我们可以更好地理解修辞格。
第二部分，文章介绍了由于语言和文化差异，导致了英汉修辞格翻译的不同，也指出了一些翻译者需要注意的问题。
第三部分主要介绍了几种修辞格和它们相应的翻译方法。
关键词：修辞；翻译；语言差异；文化差异ABSTRACTRhetoric is a speech pattern which comes into being in the long-term process of organizing,regulating languages to improve the effectiveness of expression.Rhetoric is approved socially and has its definite structures,techniques and functions.Whether it is in the field of literary works or daily life,we all try our best to express our emotions and feelings effectively by using vivid,lively ang exact languages.Therefore,it is necessary to learn and study the translation of rhetoric so that we could better use language,read and appreciate literary works. Finally,we could improve our cultural refreshment.This paper consists of three parts. In the first part,the author mainly introduces the definition of rhetoric.At the same time,this part also elaborates the scope and function of rhetoric so that we could better understand the rhetoric.In the second part,this paper displays that the rhetorical translation of Chinese and English is different owing to the difference between different languages and cultures.It also points out some problems which translators should pay attention to in the process of translating.The third part mainly displays a few rhetoric and their corresponding translation techniques.Key words:rhetorical device;translation;language difference;Cultural differenceContents摘要ABSTRACTContentsIntroduction1.Rhetoric1.1 Definition of Rhetoric1.2 Modern Rhetoric:Its Scope and Functions1.3 Rhetoric:Its Role in Translation2.Differences between English and Chinese Rhetoric and Their Translation2.1 language Differences and Translation2.1.1 Phonetic Form and Text Patterns2.1.2 V ocabulary Morphology2.1.3 Syntactic Structure2.2 Cultural Differences and Translation2.2.1 The Material Culture2.2.2 Institutional Culture2.2.3 Psychological Culture3.Specific Translation Methods of Rhetocics3.1 Metaphor and Its Translation3.1.1 Simile and Its Translation3.1.2 Metaphor and Its Translation3.2 Metonymy and Its Translation3.3 Parallel Structures and Its Translation 3.4 Personification and Its Translation 3.5 Other Rhetoric3.5.1 Hyperbole3.5.2 Transferred Epithet3.5.3 AlliterationConclusionBibliographyAcknowledgementIntroductionOriginating from 2000 years ago,the ancient Greece,rhetoric is a subject of language arts.Rhetoric is the art of using language,and is seen as the decoration of the languages like icing on the cake.Whether in literature or in daily life people have always sought out the use of vivid,clear,precise language to express their feelings.Therefore,it is necessary to study and research the figure of speech and its translation in order to use languages,read and appreciate literary works as well as to improve our culture refreshment. In translation,we can neither correctly express the original's thoughts,spirits and its styles nor weaken the original without right reflection of figure of speech.Rhetoric in Translation is a huge issue,therefore,people properly handling the translation of the rhetoric is necessary.The relationship between translation and rhetoric are very close.A translator should understand the rhetorical techniques of the source,and make use of rhetorical devices in order to reproduce faithfully and effectively the content,intention,feeling and style of the original text.This paper firstly generalizes thesituation of the study about the rhetoric in the home or foreign from the function and the field of rhetoric.From the comparison of English and Chinese rhetorics,the paper further explains the same and difference of the two kinds of rhetorics because of the languages and cultures.Finally,this paper briefly elaborates how to understand and translate the English rhetoric on the basis of being loyal for the text.This paper consists of three parts.In the first part,author gives the general definition of rhetoric,so that we can have a clear understanding of rhetoric.Also,in this part,we probe into the functions and scope of rhetoric.All in all,in the first part, the author gives some basic knowledge of rhetoric and the relationship between rhetoric and translation.In the second part,this thesis introduces readers some basic knowledge of rhetorical translation.Also,the author displays things that translator should pay attention to in his work.In the third part,this paper probes deep into the relationship between rhetoric and translation.1.Rhetoric1.1 Definition of RhetoricRhetoric originates in speech in the West.Aristotle,in the 4th century BC,first defined rhetoric,which has contributed to its flourishing in the academic field.With the development and influence of modern linguistics,philosophy,semantics, psychology,etc,great success has been achieved in rhetoric studies whether basic conception or specific problem.Since 1950,modern rhetoric,especially Anglo-American modern rhetoric,has developed into a large discipline involving practical rhetoric,rhetoric in argumentation,rhetoric of fiction,stylistics,etc.格式！！！Hence rhetoric is endowed with new meanings.1.2 Modern Rhetoric:Its Scope and FunctionsModern rhetoric is a large field,too large to be plotted here.According to H.Hudson（1990），rhetoric includes both oral rhetoric and literary rhetoric."注明出处Oral rhetoric focuses on the wielders of public opinion while literal rhetoric emphasizes aesthetic analysis"(Hudson.1990).A modern discussion usually consists of chapters on diction,figure of speech,and forms ofarrangement,such as antithesis,periodicity and balance.The identification of rhetoric only with persuasion in the West and with ornament of writing in China seems to have vanished.In the eye of a rhetorician,any linguistic symbol has a rhetorical meaning in a specific situation.Rhetoric,however,as a serious scholarly study,has entered a wider area.That there is a body of philosophy and principle worth scholarly effort in discovery,enlargement,and reinterpretation is beyond question,and fortunately more competent scholars each year are working at it.Rhetorical criticism and the study of rhetoric as a revealing social and cultural phenomenon are also gaining ground.New and interesting directions for studies in these areas are being explored,or at least marked out;they are based on newly developed techniques.Text linguistics,for example,is a newly-developed discipline,out of which textual analysis has developed.An analysis of any language symbol must be based on a specific text.No doubt,therefore,textual analysis will have more and more to contribute to modern rhetoric.Likewise,modern rhetoric has been applied to translation studies,which has developed to be a branch of rhetoric---translative rhetoric.There are many other researchtopics,e.g,rhetoric in discourse,psycho-rhetoric,contrastive rhetoric,pragmatic rhetoric,textual rhetoric,interpersonal rhetoric,rhetoric in journalism,etc.No doubt,these new disciplines on rhetoric will definitely widen and enrich the scope of rhetoric studies.词的间距！！Now turn to the point of rhetorical functions.Generally speaking,the rhetorical function,in present-day usage,is the function of adjusting words or sentences suitable to a discourse situation.According to Bryant(1990)."The rhetorical function is the function of adjusting ideas to people and of people to ideas."More specifically,the major function of rhetoric include wholeness,aesthetic appeal,impact,appropriateness, coherence,cohesion,focus and emphasis.According to different effects produced by these functions in a text,they are subdivided into communicative and aesthetic municative function ensures the choice of words and phrases,and selection of sentence patterns,organizing paragraphs and whole pieces of writing in such a way that ideas are expressed most clearly,most accurately and most appropriately and the intended results are achieved in municative function includes such matters as wholeness,unity,appropriateness,coherence,and cohesion.Aesthetic function creates the vividness andgracefulness in emotional appeal of one's speech or writing.Aesthetic appeal,impact and emphasis belong to aesthetic function.In fact,any literary text contains a combination of communicative rhetoric and aesthetic rhetoric.Both of them are effective means in communication and are often mingled and permeated with each other.Take the following sentences as an example:(1) I trembled,and turned white.Something…I don't know what or how…connected with the grave in the Churchyard,and the raising of the dead,seemed to strike me like an unwholesome wind(Dickens,92)This is a description of how little David was feeling at the news that he had got a new father.When he was told about it,he ‘trembled and turned white’to describe his feelings at the moment.Dickens appropriately chooses the indefinite pronoun ‘something’and a simile ‘strike me like an unwholesome wind,’which aims at exerting an emotional impact on the readers.1.3 Rhetoric:Its Role in TranslationRhetoric always plays an important role in the process of translation.As we know,the process includes two stages:comprehension and reproduction.The former is theprerequisite for and the beginning of the latter while the latter is the objective and outcome of the former.Inaccurate comprehension of the original will inevitably result in inaccurate reproduction.In some cases,we cannot puzzle out the meaning in reading the original while there are neither new words nor grammatical problems.We just can not make out the true essence of the diction though we check up various dictionaries of idiomatic usages may not help.Why?The obstacles most probably are rhetorical techniques employed in it.Indeed,a translator can hardly understand the original without knowledge of rhetorical techniques.For example:(2) Ham Peggotty,who went to the national school and was a very dragon at his catechism and who may therefore be regarded as a credible witness,reported next day,what happening to peep in at the parlour-door an hour after this…(Dicken,59)Ham Peggotty is likened to dragon,which means that he worked at his catechism as hard as a dragon safeguards his treasure.We may well be puzzled if we do not know about the metaphor.The importance of rhetoric lies not only in comprehending the source text,also in reproducing it.An ideal translation,especially literary translation,not only conveys thecontent of the source text,but reproduces aesthetic or artist charm of the source text.The purpose of rhetoric is to make the translation more effective and more adequate.(3)It haunted me n when I got home.I seemed to have left the Doctor's roof with a dark cloud lowering on it.The reverence that I had for his grey head was mingled with commiseration for his faith in those who were treacherous to him and with resentment against those who injured him(Dickens.339) 【Version 1】在我回家以后，这表情萦绕在我的心目中，我觉得我离开博士的屋顶时，那上面似乎有一层黑云笼罩着，我对他那白发的头所怀抱的敬意中，混有对他寄托在背叛他的人们身上的信心所抱的怜悯，以及对那些伤害他的人的愤慨(Tr.Dong327)【Version 2】在我离开那所房子的时候，好像那所房子上面有一片乌云，阴惨惨地笼罩。
(全英文论文)以爱是谬误为例浅析英语修辞的使用
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英语修辞鉴赏 论文
简析比喻及其存在的理据一、引言英语修辞是英语表达中必不可缺的一部分，比喻是英语修辞的重要组成部分，比喻这种修辞格为表情达意增添了一分形象生动的意味，使说话者的意思通俗易懂，但又富有新意。
二、定义比喻是用本质不同而又有相似点的事物描绘事物或说明道理的辞格，通俗来说，就是根据联想，抓住不同事物的相似之处，用浅显、具体、生动的事物来代替抽象、难理解的事物，所谓“举他物而以明之也”。
它能使语言精炼、生动、形象，增加其鲜明性，使人更加印象深刻。
我们不仅在汉语文化中常用比喻的修辞手法，在英语表达中更是一种常见的修辞格。
三、分类比喻可分为明喻和暗喻，二者有相似之处，又有不同之处。
《文学词汇词典》( A Dictionary of Literary Terms )对明喻是这样定义的：A figure of speech in which one thing is liken to another , in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image . It is explicit comparison ( as opposed to the metaphor where comparison is implicit ) recognizable by the use of words “like” or “as”.明喻是一种表现一事物像另一事物的修辞格，也就是打比方，即把要描述的事物——本体用比喻词与另一种具有鲜明的同一特征的事物——喻体联系起来。
而A Dictionary od Literary Terms 对隐喻的定义是：A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another . The basic figure in poetry . A comparison is usually implicit ; whereas in silmile it is explicit . 隐喻不用比喻词，直接把甲事物（喻体）当做乙事物（本体）来描述，其比喻关系含在句意中，从而更生动，更深刻的说明事理，增强语言的表现力。
英语修辞学论文
Moving thoughtsLife is a long but not very even way. There are many difficult and choices. we may feel depressed, doubt and donnot know what should be done. So we need face them with mild and optimistic.The book which was named The Most Beautiful English of Giving Love an Open Hand and the article was one of it. It not just tell a story but tell some truth about life. It tells some situations in our life, such as couple, gains and losses, happiness and so on. And it also gives some suggestions, and teaches us to remember the people's virtue which make you unhappy, learn lessons from misfortunes. Learning all of these can make life more beautiful and we will be happier. Of course, the author also impled some rhetorics to make the article easy to understand."It takes only a minute to get a crush on someone, an hour to like someone, and a day to love someone, but it takes a lifetime to forget someone."In this sentence, it imply climax which means that the arrangement of words, phrases, clauses or sentences in ascending order of importance. It's about the process of love which from stranger to familiar. During different stage, it needs different time——from short term to long. And the felling is deepen gradually. It describe the love accurately. And also implied antithesis to explain that forgetting is hard. Thus, just the same as what has said that don't expect love in return. We only can require ourselves not others.In the content that followed also used this rhetoric. For example, "When you were born, you were crying and everyone around you was smiling. Live your life so that when you die, you're the one who is smiling and everyone around you is crying."Antithesis is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balance structural forms. It can add vividness and appeals to the readers' emotion. Here, the author described the state of life correctly and it fit to everyone of us. Our parents and other relative expect our to come the world, so when we are born, they are all very happy. But we are cry for adjusting the new world. But we also can do something to change this. Try our best to do something meaningful, to help others, to enrich our life,to do what we are want to do and to be succussed. Thus, we will neverregret and can be accept dead at ease. At this time, our relatives and friends would cry, because they hate to part with us. Everything is opposite to each other, the key is how we treat it."May you have enough happiness to make you sweet, enough trials to make you strong, enough sorrow to keep you human, enough hope to make you happy."In this sentence, parallelism was implied. In this construction, it's necessary to balance word to word, phrases to phrases, clauses to clauses, sentences to sentences. It crates a good visual image and gives emphasis, clarity and coherence of ideas as well as the rhythm of the language. In the article, it listed some important elements in life and discussed by positive way. We can make good better and worse thing be good. The key is how we treat them. Trials can make us depress but also make us strong, no one can always live a happy life, just as no one would in depress forever. When you treat the life with optimistic, you can find advantage from everything. The life that without sorrow is not complete, so we should cherish whatever we have."It's true that we don't know what we've got until we lose it, but it's also true that we don't know what we've been missing until it arrives."In the sentence, it implied antithesis and repetition. We have introduce antithesis, here, we main talk about repetition. Repetition is main used to emphasis the content that the author want to express. The sentence is lexical anaphora. Just as the word" It's true that we don't know......It's true that we don't know......". It express the fault that people have often make. When we have something, we can't find its benefit, but when we loss it, we will find its importance and feel regret. It tells us to cherish everything that we have and treat them seriously.Life is not a simple thing and there may be many things before us. How we do and what we do would always have a result. Will it good or not, just based on you how to treat it.Treat everything in the life with mild and optimistic, you will get a lot!附原文Maybe God wants us to meet a few wrong people before meeting the right one so that when we finally meet the right person, we will know how to be grateful for that gift.When the door of happiness closes, another opens, but often times we look so long at the closed door that we don't see the one which has been opened for us.The best kind of friend is the kind you can sit on a porch and swing with, never say a word, and then walk away feeling like it was the best conversation you've every had.It's true that we don't know what we've got until we lose it, but it's also true that we don't know what we've been missing until it arrives.Giving someone all your love is never an assurance that they'll love you back! Don't expect love in return; just wait for it to grow in their heart but if it doesn't, be content it grew in yours. It takes only a minute to get a crush on someone, an hour to like someone, and a day to love someone, but it takes a lifetime to forget someone.Don't go for looks; they can deceive. Don't go for wealth; even that fades away. Go for someone who makes you smile because it takes only a smile to make a dark day seem bright. Find the one that makes your heart smile.There are moments in life when you miss someone so much that you just want to pick them from your dreams and hug them for real!Dream what you want to dream; go where you want to go; be what you want to be, because you have only one life and one chance to do all the things you want to do.May you have enough happiness to make you sweet, enough trials to make you strong, enough sorrow to keep you human, enough hope to make you happy.Always put yourself in others' shoes. If you feel that it hurts you, it probably hurts the other person, too.The happiest of people don't necessarily have the best of everything; they just make the most of everything that comes along their way.Happiness lies for those who cry, those who hurt, those who have searched, andthose who have tried, for only they can appreciate the importance of people who have touched their lives. Love begins with a smile, grows with a kiss and ends with a tear. The brightest future will always be based on a forgotten past, you can't go on well in life until you let go of your past failures and heartaches.When you were born, you were crying and everyone around you was smiling. Live your life so that when you die, you're the one who is smiling and everyone around you is crying.Please send this message to those people who mean something to you, to those who have touched your life in one way or another, to those who make you smile when you really need it, to those that make you see the brighter side of things when you are really down, to those who you want to let them know that you appreciate their friendship. And if you don't, don't worry, nothing bad will happen to you, you will just miss out on the opportunity to brighten someone's day with this message.。
四种修辞英语作文模板
四种修辞英语作文模板模板一，比喻修辞英语作文。
Title: The Power of Metaphor in Everyday Language。
Metaphors are a powerful tool in the English language, allowing us to convey complex ideas and emotions in a simple and relatable way. Just as a painter uses different colors to create a masterpiece, a writer uses metaphors to paint vivid pictures in the minds of their readers.One of the most common metaphors used in everyday language is "time is money." This simple phrase encapsulates the idea that time is a valuable resource that should be spent wisely. By comparing time to money, we can easily understand the importance of using our time effectively and not wasting it on unimportant things.Another powerful metaphor is "love is a battlefield." This comparison highlights the emotional turmoil and conflict that can arise in relationships, making it easier for us to understand the complexities of love and the challenges it can bring.Metaphors are not only used in literature and poetry, but also in everyday conversation. When we say that someone has a "heart of gold," we are using a metaphor to describe their kind and generous nature. Similarly, when we say that a difficult task is "a mountain to climb," we are using a metaphor to convey the challenges and obstacles we may face.In conclusion, metaphors are a valuable tool in the English language, allowing us to express complex ideas in a simple and relatable way. By using metaphors, we can paint vivid pictures in the minds of our readers and make our language more engaging and expressive.模板二，排比修辞英语作文。
使用了修辞手法的英文文章
使用了修辞手法的英文文章Certainly! Here is an example of an English articlethat uses various rhetorical devices:Title: "A Symphony of Solitude: Exploring the Beauty of Being Alone"In a world filled with constant noise and ceaseless activity, the art of solitude often goes unappreciated. Yet, in the quiet embrace of solitude, one can find a symphonyof serenity that is unparalleled. The gentle caress of the wind, the whispered secrets of the trees, and the dance of sunlight on the water all compose a masterpiece that only those who seek solitude can truly appreciate.As the sun dips below the horizon, casting the worldinto a tapestry of twilight, the solitude-seeker becomes a silent witness to the grandeur of nature's nightly performance. The stars, like shimmering jewels, adorn the velvet canvas of the night sky, and the moon, a solitarysentinel, watches over the world with a silent grace. In this nocturnal symphony, one finds solace in the embrace of the universe, a comforting reminder of the vastness of existence.Yet, solitude is not merely a physical state; it is a state of mind. In the quiet recesses of one's thoughts, the mind becomes a canvas upon which dreams and aspirations paint their vibrant hues. It is in solitude that the cacophony of the world fades into a distant murmur, allowing introspection and self-discovery to take center stage. Here, the soul finds nourishment in the silence, and the spirit finds renewal in the absence of distraction.As the first light of dawn breaks the nocturnal spell, the solitude-seeker emerges from the cocoon of silence, rejuvenated and invigorated. The symphony of solitude, with its delicate melodies and harmonious rhythms, has left an indelible mark on the seeker's heart, a testament to the beauty and power of being alone.In this article, various rhetorical devices such asimagery, metaphor, personification, and parallelism are used to create a vivid and engaging portrayal of the beauty of solitude.。
修辞手段 英语作文
修辞手段英语作文Metaphors and Similes in Our Daily Life。
Metaphors and similes are two common figures of speech that we often use in our daily life. They are used to make comparisons between two things that are seemingly unrelated, and they add depth and richness to our language. In this essay, I will explore the use of metaphors and similes in our daily life, and how they can help us to better understand the world around us.Metaphors are comparisons that do not use the words "like" or "as". They are used to describe something interms of something else, and can be very powerful in conveying an idea or emotion. For example, "life is a journey" is a common metaphor that we use to describe the ups and downs of our lives. This metaphor helps us to understand that life is not always easy, and that therewill be obstacles that we must overcome. Another example of a metaphor is "the world is a stage". This metaphor helpsus to understand that life is like a play, and that we all have our own roles to play.Similes are comparisons that use the words "like" or "as". They are used to describe something in terms of something else, and can be very effective in conveying an idea or emotion. For example, "she is as beautiful as a rose" is a simile that we use to describe someone's beauty. This simile helps us to understand that the person is very attractive, just like a rose is very beautiful. Another example of a simile is "he runs like a cheetah". Thissimile helps us to understand that the person runs very fast, just like a cheetah is very fast.Metaphors and similes are not just used in literature and poetry, but also in everyday language. We use them to describe our feelings, experiences, and the world around us. For example, we might say "my heart is aching" to describe the pain we feel when we are sad. This metaphor helps us to understand that the pain is not physical, but emotional. Another example is "he is a bull in a china shop". This metaphor helps us to understand that the person is veryclumsy and likely to break things.In conclusion, metaphors and similes are powerful tools that we use to describe the world around us. They help us to understand complex ideas and emotions, and add depth and richness to our language. By using metaphors and similes in our daily life, we can better communicate our thoughts and feelings to others, and better understand the world around us.。
修辞学大学英语小论文
Rhetorical Functions of Accuracy and Vagueness Vagueness, clearly, is a matter of degree, depending upon the extent of the possible differences between different systems represented by the same representation. Accuracy, on the contrary, is an ideal limit.1Generally speaking, vagueness is a language attribute, so we should bear it in mind that accuracy as well as vagueness is a comparative definition. However, as two important ways of expression, they both possess rhetorical functions.First of all, accuracy enables a speaker or writer to express ideas exactly and to the point while vagueness allows him or her to carry on the communication smoothly.Speech and writing are always man’s important methods of communication, which requires people to convey information and ideas in the exact degree. In other words, accuracy ensures exact expression in communicative function. Hereafter is an example about the British General Churchill, who highly stressed accuracy. During the WWII, an officer working in Department of Chief of General Staff of the British Army once reported that his troop had been fighting with the Germans at a small village in Italy. Back came Churchill’s copy that “We do not fight with Germans. We fight either for or against them.”In this example, the officer had expected to convey the information of fighting against enemies but failed to express it exactly, which aroused ambiguity in meaning.Thought it’s of great importance to adhere to accuracy, when one finds it impossible to be accurate or suddenly is at a loss about expressing something in a exact way, he or she may resort to a vague term to carry on the communication smoothly.. “Oh…in the trade somewhere round fifteen thousand dollars. But if it was bought on Fifth Avenue, I shouldn’t be surprised to hear that anything up to thirty thousand was paid it.”W. Somerset Maugham, Mr. Know-AllIn the example above, the expressions like “somewhere round”are vague 1Bertrand Russell, Vagueness, 2007reference because the speaker can hardly tell how much and where. By doing so, he was able to let the topic move on in a smooth and natural way.Secondly, accuracy allows no ambiguity, so accurate expression is always grand and direct. On the other hand, vagueness can fulfill a useful function of tactful expression.. “Could you do me a favor”“Sorry, I simply can’t promise.”In this example, “simply can’t”shows the speaker’s straightforwardness and frankness about refusal. Thus accuracy here conveys his attitude directly towards the other’s request for help.As to the function of vagueness, when one finds it unnecessary or unwise to be very accurate, he or she may make deliberate use of vagueness. In this respect, what people call “tactful expression” are most commonly used.. TV reporter: “Would you mind telling me frankly what do you think of our programs ”One of the audience: “Well, some are interesting, some could be better, and some are almost sort of rubbish.”In this dialogue, although the questioner was evidently trying to get some frank opinions, the answer was full of vague terms like “some…some…and some…”. The reason is that the person questioned didn’t want to hurt the reporter. Instead, he chose a tactful way of vagueness to show his opinion about the programs.Last but not least, accuracy features the function of persuasion while vagueness serves as a device for emphasis.. “You’ll be surprised to hear that Mrs. Ramsay bought that string at a department store the day before we left New York for eighteen dollars.”W. Somerset Maugham, Mr. Know-AllIn this example, the expressions like “the day before we left New York” and “for eighteen dollars”are accurate and exact reference to numbers and time. These definite terms not only show the speaker’s confidence but also add convictive evidence to his speech. In other words, accuracy here strengthens the persuasivepower of the speaker.Although vagueness usually blurs the idea, appropriate use of vague expression can help to emphasize expressions.. ThanksThanks a million.In the example above, “a million”are the vague expression. Compared with “Thanks”, “Thanks a million” strongly emphasizes the degree of one’s appreciation. In a word, vague elements can be found in rhetorical figures of hyperbole and understatement to function as emphasis.In conclusion, accuracy focuses on exact, direct and persuasive conveyance of ideas, attitudes and argumentations. Then vagueness speaks highly of smoothness, tact and emphasis in expression and communication. Therefore, both accuracy and vagueness give full play to their functions in communicative rhetoric exact, direct, smooth and tactful expressions as well as in aesthetic rhetoric persuasive power and figure of hyperbole.。
求英语文体修辞学论文!!!
求英语文体修辞学论文！！！浅论英语修辞格的运用及翻译摘要使用修辞格是为了使语言更加生动形象，鲜明突出，加强语言表现力和感染力。
本文从正确运用英语修辞格及对比分析英汉语言在修辞格式上的异同入手，浅谈如何在忠实表达原文的基础上，正确翻译和理解英语的修辞格，并介绍英语修辞格在翻译方面的基本原则及方法。
关键词英语修辞格翻译运用语言是表达思想的工具，修辞则是语言表达的艺术。
使用修辞格的目的是为了使语言更加生动形象、鲜明突出；或者使语言更加整齐匀称，音调铿锵，加强语言表现力和感染力，引起读者丰富联想的效果。
英语和汉语都有悠久的历史，也都具有非常丰富的修辞方式。
由于东、西方民族文化背景的不同，英汉语言在修辞格式上显然存在着既相一致又有区别的特点。
认识并了解英汉两种语言修辞格式的异同，找出二者各自的特点，有助于我们在英汉语言转换过程中正确理解原文的修辞手法，并在译文中正确使用，从而忠实地表达原文的思想和风格。
以下举例浅谈英语修辞格在翻译方面的基本原则及方法：一、直译法对于英汉两种语言中相类似的常用修辞格，~I1：simile(明喻)，metaphor(隐喻)，metonym(借代)，personification(拟人)，hyperbole(夸张)，irony(反语)，pun(双关)，rhetoricquestion(设问)等。
在翻译中当然应当尽可能采用直译的方法，即在用词和修辞结构上都与原文保持一致，做到形神皆似。
举例如下：Inhisdreamhesawthetinyfigurefallasafly(simile)在他的梦中他看见那小小的人影像苍蝇一般地落了下来。
Lifeisanisthmusbetweentwoeternities．(Metaphor)生活是永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。
Sometimesthepenmaybemightierthanthesword．(Metonymy)有时文人比武士更有力量。
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Where Do We Go From Here (Original Text, Abridged)Martin Luther KingSo, I conclude by saying again today that we have a task and let us go out with a "divi ne dissatisfaction." Let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a high blo od pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds. Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic wa lls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty and despair shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice. Let us be dissati sfied until those that live on the outskirts of hope are brought into the metropolis of da ily security. Let us be dissatisfied until slums are cast into the junk heaps of history, an d every family is living in a decent sanitary home. Let us be dissatisfied until the dark yesterdays of segregated schools will be transformed into bright tomorrows of quality, integrated education. Let us be dissatisfied until integration is not seen as a problem b ut as an opportunity to participate in the beauty of diversity. Let us be dissatisfied unti l men and women, however black they may be, will be judged on the basis of the cont ent of their character and not on the basis of the color of their skin. Let us be dissatisfi ed. Let us be dissatisfied until every state capitol houses a governor who will do justly , who will love mercy and who will walk humbly with his God. Let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a m ighty stream. Let us be dissatisfied until that day when the lion and the lamb shall lie down together. And every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraid. Let us be dissatisfied. And men will recognize that out of one blood God ma de all men to dwell upon the face of the earth. Let us be dissatisfied until that day whe n nobody will shout "White Power!" - When nobody will shout "Black Power!" - But everybody will talk about God's power and human power.Let this affirmation be our ringing cry. It will give us the courage to face the uncertain ties of the future. It will give our tired feet new strength as we continue our forward st ride toward the city of freedom. When our days become dreary with low hovering clo uds of despair, and when our nights become darker than a thousand midnights, let us r emember that there is a creative force in this universe, working to pull down the gigan tic mountains of evil, a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows. Let us realize the arc of the moral universe is l ong but it bends toward justice.Appreciation of the Rhetorical Devices Using in Where Do We Go From HereAs we all known that the speeches of Martin Luther King are studied by English-learners all over the world, because the using of rhetorical devices makes his speeches vivid, attractive and with the power of encouraging people’s spirit. I choose two typical paragraphs of his famous speech where do we go from here to analysis and appreciate the skillful using of his rhetorical devices and the effect they made.In this speech, the author writes that let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a blood pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds. This sentence is the typical use of metaphor. Metaphor is a linguistic process used to make comparisons between the attributes of one thing and something else, and the more complex form of metaphor, embedded metaphor is used in this sentence. The tenor is creeds and deeds, while blood pressure and anemia are used to describe the behaviors of white people. The authorities of America are good at making promise to black people, but fail to realize their commitment, and the black people still can’t get the equity and civil power which are guaranteed by the American charter. We can find that the ironical effect is very significant. He uses blood pressure to describe white people’s emotional and enthusiastic in making commitments to black people, which is more attractive and vivid. Blood pressure and anemia are easily understood by ordinary people, which arouse listeners’ sympathy to his idea.The using of transferred epithet is also a bright spot in this speech. The author writes that let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty. Transferred epithet means that an adjective or descriptive phrase is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really apply or belong. We all know that there are two special kinds of transferred epithet, synaesthesia and empathy. Empathy is employed here, because the word tragic is used to describe the suffering that separation brought to black people, but in here it used to describe the wall. Transferred epithet is a charming rhetorical device, for it seems that the adjective is wrongly used, but it actually constitutes a special and active context. For instance, in this sentence, we can feel the strong rage and disappointment of Martin Luther King and mass black people. The gap between the poverty of black people and the comfort of white people is dramatic. Tragic thing is not the wall but the unfair situation toward black people, and the situation can’t be improved in a short time. Transferred epithet can make our language delicate, which may not common used as metaphor and simile, but it can strengthen the profundity of our passage and we should learn to use it freely.Another special rhetorical device synecdoche is employed by author: let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall…. Synecdoche may not be familiar to many learners. It uses a part of one thing to represent the whole, or uses the whole to represent a part. Here a part for the whole is used. We know that city hall is a building where municipal government lies: it’s the best symbol of municipal government. By using this method the language of this speech is become charming and lively. It’s more close to our everyday life, which is the demand of a high-value speech. Synecdoche is widely used in passages. For example, in the New Testament there is asentence, Silver and gold have I none. Here silver and gold are used to represent fortune, which is very vivid. In speech and oral language this rhetorical device is especially highly valued.Simile may be the most often used rhetorical device in our writings. We can find plenty of similes in King’s speech, which directly enhance the liveliness of his language. Just set this sentence as example; let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down like water and righteousness like a mighty stream. Simile is a way of comparing one thing with another by showing how it is similar to another thing. It explicitly signals itself in a text, with the words as or like. In this sentence, the tenor is justice and righteousness; the vehicle is water and stream; the corresponding is like, and the ground tremendous figure of both. The author expresses his hope to let real equity and civil right come to mass black people. This kind of equity is constrainted so long and just let it blast like water and mighty stream. The advantage and effect of the using of simile are apparent; for it makes a picture in listeners’ mind and makes them have the interest to concentrate their attention.Allusion is also a rhetorical device appreciated by King, and he used this device in many places in his speech. For example, let us be dissatisfied until that day when lion and the lamb shall lie down together, and every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraid. Allusion is references to well-known persons, things, or events that writers assure are familiar to their readers. The phrase, lion and lamb lie down together, and vine and fig tree are all come from the Bible. By this way, King describes an ideal world for the struggling black people. Bible is familiar and authoritative to Western people, which increases the convincing of his language at the same time. The stories in allusion usually have some deep meaning or historical origin. It needs college students to understand the related knowledge and then master the use of allusion.In addition, the rhetorical device, antithesis is also easily found in King’s speech. Let us look at this sentence, a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows. The phrase dark yesterdays and bright tomorrows form the antithesis. By this way the structure is well-organized and the rhythm is formed. Bright and dark, yesterday and tomorrow are totally antonyms, which form a bright picture in listeners’ mind and let them believe that tomorrow is not far away. It also reminds black people they are still in the severe situation and their distance to their dreams. They need to fight bravely for their final ambition. King’s convincing idea is become prominent through antithesis. Antithesis is a comparatively easy device to master by college students, and it’s common used in Chinese language as well.In all the paragraphs above I choose the rhetorical devices metaphor, transferred epithet, synecdoche, simile, allusion and antithesis as example to appreciate and analysis the language using in where do we go from here. In fact, King used a number of rhetorical devices in his speech in addition to these six ones. All these rhetorical devices, along with his delicate language, make his speech attractive and convincing, which has inspired American black people from generation to generation, and worthwhile our English-learners to learn from him.。