维也纳外交关系公约
五大条约背诵口诀
五大条约背诵口诀：维护世界和平的基石引言：在追求和平与稳定的道路上，国际社会制定了五项重要的条约。
这些条约为维护世界和平与安全奠定了基础，成为国际关系的重要法律文书。
本文将详细介绍《联合国宪章》、《不扩散条约》、《巴黎协定》、《维也纳外交关系公约》和《日内瓦四公约》这五大条约的背景、内容和影响，揭示其在维护世界和平中的关键性作用。
一、《联合国宪章》背景：《联合国宪章》于45成立，是联合国的创建。
宪章超越了一国内政，将全球安全与合作纳入其职责范围内。
内容：宪章的核心理念包括主权平等、和平解决争端、不干涉内政、尊重人权、促进经济和社会发展等。
影响：《联合国宪章》为维护和平与安全供了框架，确立了国际关系的基本原则。
它奠定了联合国的基础，成为国际合作与发展的重要平台。
二、《不扩散条约》背景：《不扩散条约》于70签署，旨在防止的扩散，并通过全球核裁军实现世界无核化。
内容：条约规定签约国应制止传播，同时为非供和平使用核能的保障。
影响：《不扩散条约》的签署和执行促进了核裁军和全球安全。
它成为防止核军备竞赛和核扩散的重要框架，为全球和平和稳定供了坚实的保障。
三、《巴黎协定》背景：《巴黎协定》于签署，旨在应对全球气候变化。
各国通过共同努力，致力于减轻温室气体排放，降低全球气温上升。
内容：协定规定各国减排目标，加强适应能力和应对气候变化能力，并供发展中支持。
影响：《巴黎协定》是全球气候治理的重要里程碑，为应对气候变化供了全球协作机制。
该协定的实施将有助于保护地球生态系统，维护全球和平与可持续发展。
四、《维也纳外交关系公约》背景：《维也纳外交关系公约》于61成立，旨在规范间外交行为，维护外交关系的正常运作。
内容：公约确立了外交使团的特权和豁免权，规定了外交执事人员的权利与义务。
影响：《维也纳外交关系公约》规范了各国间的外交行为，有助于预防和解决外交争端。
该公约为国际外交供了稳定和可预测的框架，维护了各国的和平与稳定。
维也纳条约法
维也纳条约法（原创实用版）目录1.维也纳条约法简介2.维也纳条约法的主要内容3.维也纳条约法的历史意义4.维也纳条约法的现代影响正文维也纳条约法，全称为“维也纳条约法公约”，是 1969 年联合国在维也纳召开的外交会议上通过的一项国际法公约，旨在规范国际条约的缔结、效力、解释和终止等方面的法律问题。
维也纳条约法被认为是国际法领域的一项重要成果，对于维护国际和平与安全、促进国际合作具有深远的历史意义。
维也纳条约法的主要内容包括以下几个方面：1.条约的缔结：规定了条约的缔结程序，包括谈判、签署、批准和交换批准书等环节，明确了条约缔结主体的资格，确保条约的合法性和有效性。
2.条约的效力：阐述了条约的法律效力和国际法地位，规定了条约必须遵守的原则，强调条约是国际法的主要来源之一。
3.条约的解释：提出了条约解释的一般原则，包括文本解释、目的和宗旨解释、历史解释等方法，以解决条约解释方面的争议。
4.条约的终止和暂停施行：规定了条约终止和暂停施行的条件和程序，明确了条约当事方在条约终止或暂停施行情况下的权利和义务。
维也纳条约法对于国际关系的发展具有重要的历史意义。
首先，它确立了现代国际法中的条约制度，明确了条约的法律地位和效力，有利于维护国际和平与安全。
其次，它规范了国际条约的缔结和解释，有助于减少国际条约解释方面的纷争，促进国际合作。
此外，维也纳条约法对于我国国际法实践具有重要的指导意义，为我国参与国际事务、签订国际条约提供了法律依据和遵循。
在现代国际关系中，维也纳条约法依然具有广泛的影响。
随着全球化的深入发展，国际间的合作日益紧密，条约在国际关系中的地位和作用愈发重要。
简述维也纳条约法公约的主要内容
简述维也纳条约法公约的主要内容
维也纳条约公约是由恩斯特·费歇尔首先提出的，以维护国际和平和稳定而订立的一部历
史性的文书。
它是在第一次世界大战时期由十九个不同联盟加强信访运动而订立的。
它捍卫了世界范围内的和平和稳定，并促进各国之间的国际交流与经济合作。
该条约改变了大多数国家的政治格局，使世界的国际关系变得更加稳定，减少了冲突与纷争，并有助于世
界范围内各国之间的文化融合与友好交流。
首先，维也纳条约公约在政治安全性方面有着重要的含义。
它强调任何动乱或缩小世界政
治安全性的行为都是不可容忍的，强调国家之间取得和平安全需要通过诚实和正当的途径实现。
它为国家之间的交流与合作提供了必要的保障，进而推动了国际型政治体系的完善。
另外，维也纳条约公约的一个重要的功能是倡导国际合作精神，提倡以本国公民作为公民权利的实质承诺减少冲突，维护一个相对和平稳定的社会环境。
国家不能仅仅图谋自身政治利益，而是应该以帮助解放弱势群体为基础，确保世界范围内普遍的无差别尊重。
维也纳条约也赋予了国家之间的文化交流，促进国际间的文化友好交流。
最后，珍爱和尊重国家自主权利也是维也纳公约的一项重要原则，即各国应该尊重国家的
国家权利，谋求国家之间的平衡与相互合作，而不是国家之间的竞争性竞争。
会议也倡导
各国应尊重、维护本国人民的基本权利，和平发展，建立民主政治制度，减少地域战争。
总的来说，维也纳条约公约是一部倡导国际和平、稳定及国际文化交流的具有重要历史意
义的条约文件，在维护世界和平的进程中起到了重要的作用，有助于建立和促进世界范围内国家之间的友好关系。
维也纳外交公约主要内容
维也纳外交公约主要内容《说说维也纳外交公约》嘿，今天咱来聊聊那个挺有名的维也纳外交公约哈。
这公约啊，里面的内容可不少呢。
大家知道吗，有一次我去参加一个国际会议，那场面可真是大啊。
在那里，我就深深体会到了维也纳外交公约的重要性。
当时我们很多人从不同的地方赶来，代表着各自的国家或组织。
就说那个外交豁免权吧，这可太关键了。
参会的那些外交官们，他们在履行职务的时候享有一系列特殊的权利和保护，这能让他们可以毫无顾虑地去开展工作。
我记得有个外交官，他在会议上自由地表达着自己国家的观点和立场，咱就别管其他人同不同意，反正他有这个权利去说。
而且，他的物品啥的都受到保护，不用担心会被随随便便检查或干涉。
还有外交代表的馆舍这块，那可真是一个特别的地方。
就好像一个小小的“独立王国”，有那么一种神圣不可侵犯的感觉。
当时我经过一处馆舍的时候，明显感觉到那种特殊的氛围，大家都小心翼翼的，不会轻易去侵犯那里的规定和界限。
另外，通讯自由也是很重要的一点哦。
外交官们可以和自己的国家保持顺畅的联系，能够及时传递重要的信息。
我听到过他们在一旁用特殊的通讯设备交谈着，那种高效和保密让我印象深刻。
哎呀，总之啊，维也纳外交公约真的是很重要，它保障了外交工作能够顺利开展，让各国之间的交流和合作能够有章可循。
通过那次会议的经历，我真的是亲身感受到了这些规定的意义所在。
要是没有这些规定，那国际外交肯定得乱套啦。
所以啊，咱可得好好重视这个维也纳外交公约呢，它在国际舞台上可发挥着大作用嘞！这就是我对维也纳外交公约主要内容的一些理解啦，都是很实实在在的体会。
大家是不是也觉得挺有意思呀？。
维也纳条约法公约白话文
维也纳条约法公约白话文一、维也纳条约法公约简介维也纳条约法公约是一项国际公约，其目的是规范和指导国家之间的国际条约制定、签署和执行的程序和规则。
该公约于1969年在奥地利维也纳签署，并于1980年1月27日生效，被广泛视为国际条约制定过程的标准参考。
二、维也纳条约法公约的主要内容维也纳条约法公约的主要内容包括以下几个方面：1. 条约的定义和要素该公约明确了条约的定义和要素，即合意、具有国际性和以书面形式表述的协议。
它要求条约的内容必须符合国际法的原则和规则，并由有权机关代表国家签署。
2. 条约的制定和表达意愿维也纳条约法公约详细规定了国家之间如何制定和表达意愿。
它要求国家在制定条约之前充分了解条约的对象和目的，并以明确、具体和一致的方式表达其意愿。
此外，该公约还规定了订立条约的合法手续和程序，包括代表权和文件的执行。
3. 条约的解释和解释方法公约对条约解释和解释方法做出了明确的规定。
它认为条约应根据其普通语言意义、背景目的和相关规则进行解释，并优先考虑保持条约的一致性和有效性。
4. 条约的效力和遵守维也纳条约法公约规定了条约的效力和遵守要求。
它要求国家履行其根据条约所承担的义务，并保证条约的有效执行。
该公约还规定了条约效力停止和暂时中止的条件和程序。
5. 条约的修正和终止公约规定了条约的修正和终止方式。
它认为修正必须经过协商和协调，并由原有签署国重新表达意愿。
至于终止，维也纳条约法公约规定了多种方式，包括协商、违约、达到特定条件等。
三、维也纳条约法公约的意义和影响维也纳条约法公约对国际社会的意义和影响广泛而深远。
以下是其主要意义和影响：1. 规范国际条约制定和执行维也纳条约法公约为国际条约制定和执行提供了明确的指导和规范。
它明确了条约的要素和要求，为国家提供了有效的方法和程序，并促进了国际法的发展和完善。
2. 统一条约解释和解释方法公约规范了条约的解释和解释方法，避免了因不同国家对条约理解的差异而导致的争议和冲突。
《维也纳外交关系公约》
《维也纳外交关系公约》国际法委员会在其1949年第一届会议上将外交往来与豁免问题选定为编纂专题之一，但是没有将其列入优先专题清单。
在1953年的第五届会议上，国际法委员会获悉大会于1952年12月5日通过了第685(VII)号决议，大会在该决议中请国际法委员会在可能范围内尽速从事关于外交往来与豁免的编纂，并将其作为一个优先专题加以对待。
在1954年第六届会议上，国际法委员会决定开始就该专题开展工作，并任命A.E.F.Sandström为特别报告员。
国际法委员会分别在1957年第九届会议和1958年第十届会议上审议了这一专题。
在关于这一专题的工作方面，国际法委员会审议了特别报告员的报告(A/CN.4/91；A/CN.4/116及Add.1和2)、政府提供的资料(A/CN.4/114和Add.1-6及A/CN.4/116)以及秘书处编制的一份文件(A/CN.4/98)。
在1957年第九届会议上，国际法委员会以特别报告员的报告(A/CN.4/91)为基础，一读通过了一套条款草案及相关评注。
该草案被分发给各国政府，供其作出评论，并且被纳入国际法委员会1957年提交大会第十二届会议的报告中。
在1958年第十届会议上，国际法委员会通过了关于外交往来和豁免的最终定稿(A/3859)，其中包括四十五个条款草案和相关评注。
在向大会提交这一最终定稿时，国际法委员会建议大会向各会员国推荐该草案，以期缔结一项公约。
在1958年第六委员会关于国际法委员会的报告的辩论中，一些代表对是否应以公约形式编纂有关外交特权与豁免的规则表示怀疑。
但是，大多数成员赞同以公约形式编纂该专题，但在应遵循的程序方面却形成了两种意见。
一种意见提出，应将拟认公约的工作交给第六委员会；另一种意见倾向于为此目的召开一次全权代表会议。
大会在1958年12月5日第1288(XIII)号决议中决定将采取行动的时间推迟至1959年第十四届会议。
大会在该届会议上最终采纳了国际法委员会的建议，并在1959年12月7日第1450(XIV)号决议中决定至迟于1961年春季召开一次全权代表会议。
国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间条约法的维也纳公约(中文简体)
国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间条约法的维也纳公约(中文简体)关于国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间条约法的维也纳公约（1986年3月21日联合国条约法会议订于维也纳）本公约各当事方，考虑到条约在国际关系历史上的重要作用，认识到条约的合意性质及其作为国际法渊源之一的重要性正日益增加，注意到自由同意和善意的原则以及条约必须遵守的规则已获举世所承认，确认在全球一级加强国际法的编纂和逐渐发展进程的重要性，相信编纂和逐渐发展关于国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间的条约的规则是在国际关系上加强法律秩序和有助于实现联合国宗旨的手段，考虑到联合国宪章所载的国际法原则，诸如人民平等权利和自决、一切国家主权平等及独立、不干涉各国内政、禁止以武力威胁或使用武力、以及普遍尊重和遵守全体人类的人权和基本自由等原则，考虑到1969年维也纳条约法公约的各项规定，认识到国家间条约法与国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间的条约法的关系，考虑到国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间的条约作为发展国际关系的有用工具和确保不分宪法体制及社会制度的各国间和平合作条件的重要性，考虑到国际组织作为不同于国家的国际法主体为当事方的条约的特性，注意到国际组织具有为执行其职务和实现其宗旨所必需的缔约能力，认识到国际组织与各国间或各组织相互间缔结条约的惯例应充分按照其组成文书，确认本公约的任何规则不得解释为影响由国际组织的规则加以规定的该组织与其成员国间的关系，又确认关于条约的争端与其他国际争端相同，都应依照联合国宪章以和平方法并依照公正原则和国际法加以解决，又确认本公约未予规定的事项继续受习惯国际法规则的支配，经协议如下：第一部分导言第一条本公约的范围本公约适用于：（a）一个或更多国家和一个或更多国际组织间的条约，和（b）国际组织相互间的条约。
第二条用语1．为本公约的目的：（a）“条约”指（1）一个或更多国家和一个或更多国际组织间，或（2）国际组织相互间以书面缔结并受国际法支配的国际协议，不论其载于一项单独的文书或两项或更多有关的文书内，也不论其特定的名称为何；（b之一）“批准”指一国用该名称在国际上确定该国同意受一项条约拘束的国际行为；（b之二）“正式确认行为”指国际组织用以在国际上确定其同意受一项条约拘束并相当于一国表示批准的国际行为；（b之三）“接受”、“核准”和“加入”分别指一国或一国际组织用该名称在国际上确定其同意受一项条约拘束的国际行为；（c）“全权证书”指一国主管当局或一国际组织主管机关所发的档，以指定一人或数人代表该国或组织谈判、议定或认证条约的约文，表示该国或该组织同意受条约拘束，或完成有关条约的其他行为；（d）“保留”指一国或一国际组织在签署、批准、正式确认、接受、核准或加入条约时所作的单方面声明，不论其措辞或名称为何，其目的在于排除或更改条约中某些规定对该国或该国际组织适用时的法律效果；（e）“谈判国”和“谈判组织”分别指参与草拟和议定条约约文的：（1）国家，或（2）国际组织；（f）“缔约国”和“缔约组织”分别指不论该条约已否生效，已同意受条约拘束的：（1）国家，或（2）国际组织；（g）“当事方”指已同意受该条约拘束，而且该条约已对其生效的国家或国际组织；（h）“第三国”和“第三组织”分别指不是该条约当事方的：（1）国家，或（2）国际组织；（i）“国际组织”指政府间组织；（j）“组织的规则”特别指该组织的组成文书、按照这些文书通过的决定和决议、以及确立的惯例。
2016云南事业单位考试公共基础知识：国际法之《维也纳外交关系公约》
2016云南事业单位考试公共基础知识：国际法之《维也纳外交关系公约》中公事业单位招聘考试网为大家带来公共基础知识复习资料《国际法之<维也纳外交关系公约>》，希望可以帮助各位考生顺利备考事业单位考试。
我国是《维也纳外交关系公约》和《维也纳领事关系公约》的缔约国，并且于1986年和1990年分别颁布了《中华人民共和国外交特权与豁免条例》及《中华人民共和国领事特权与豁免条例》。
两个条例的规定与两个公约的规定基本相同，但根据我国的实践，在不违背公约规定的情况下，在某些方面对特权豁免的规定，稍宽于公约的相关规定。
如《外交特权与豁免条例》中规定，持我外交签证或与中国互免签证的国家的外交护照的人，也享有相应的外交特权与豁免。
《领事特权与豁免条例》规定，未经允许不得进入的领馆范围为整个领馆而不限于领事公约规定的工作区域部分;领事官员的寓所、文书和信件以及财产有不受侵犯的特权，而《维也纳领事关系公约》对此未作规定;对于领事和行政技术人员的职务行为享有司法和行政管辖豁免的规定与公约一致，但同时还规定了领事官员执行职务以外的行为的管辖豁免，按照中国与外国签订的双边条约、协定或者根据对等原则办理。
另外，两个条例根据我国现行法律和实践，对有些问题进行了澄清细化，并规定了某些限制，如把享有特权与豁免的人员家属明确限定为“共同生活的配偶及未成年子女”;规定使领馆和其成员携带自用的枪支、子弹入出境，必须经中国政府批准，并且按照中国政府的有关规定办理。
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维也纳外交关系公约 VIENNA CONVENTION ON DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS
VIENNA CONVENTION ON DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS AND OPTIONAL PROTOCOLSVienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Done at Vienna, on 18 April 1961维也纳外交关系公约(1961年4月18日订于维也纳)The States Parties to the present Convention,本公约各当事国：Recalling that peoples of all nations from ancient times have recognized the status of diplomatic agents,鉴于各国人民自古即已确认外交代表之地位，Having in mind the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations concerning the sovereign equality of States, the maintenance of international peace and security, and the promotion of friendly relations among nations,察及联合国宪章之宗旨及原则中有各国主权平等、维持国际和平与安全、以及促进国际间友好关系等项Believing that an international convention on diplomatic intercourse, privileges and immunities would contribute to the development of friendly relations among nations, irrespective of their differing constitutional and social systems,深信关于外交往来，特权及豁免之国际公约当能有助于各国间友好关系之发展--此项关系对于各国宪政及社会制度之差异，在所不问，Realizing that the purpose of such privileges and immunities is not to benefit individuals but to ensure the efficient performance of the functions of diplomatic missions as representing St ates,确认此等特权与豁免之目的不在于给与个人以利益而在于确保代表国家之使馆能有效执行职务。
特权与人权冲突：《维也纳外交关系公约》的现实困惑
二、 特权与人权 ： 维也纳外交关 系公约》 《 的关键命题
中国人民大学外交学院的黄金祺老师在他 的《 维也纳外交关系公约＞ （ 的特点和意义》 一文中 ， 梳理公 约 内容时总结到 ：《 “ 维也纳外交关系公约》 由序言（ 约首） 实质性条款 ４ 、 ５条（ 约文） 和最后条款 ８条（ 约 尾 ）共 ５ ， ３条组 成 。约文第 １条 是 公 约 用 语 的定 义 ， ２ ｌ 是 涉 及 外 交 关系 的最 基本 问题 的规 定 ， 第 一 ９条 ２＿４ Ｏ＿０条是有关外交特权和豁免的内容 、 享受范围、 享受期限等问题 的规定 ，ｌ ４ 条则规定 了使 馆和 ４和 ２
特权与人权冲突的事件 。笔者拟通过对 外交特权 与人权 冲 突事件 的思考 ， 出一些 可能的解决 方案 ， 提 旨在有利
于 更 好 地 实现 特 权 与人 权 的 融合 。
关键词 ： 外交特权 ； 人权 ；国家利益 中图分类号 ：０ ９ Ｄ ８ 文献标识码 ： Ａ 文章编号 ：０ ０— ０ ９ ２０ ）２— ０ ６— ５ １０ ５ ９ （０ ９ ０ ０ １ ０
特权 与人权 冲突 ： 维也 纳外交 《 关 系公 约》 的现 实 困惑
杨 达
１０ ７ ） ０ ０ １ （ 中国人 民大学 国际关系学院， 北京
摘
要 ：９ １年 ４月２ １６ ４日生效 的《 维也纳外 交关 系公 约》 竖起 了外 交史上一座 耀眼 的里程碑 。它第一次 ，
系统地规定 了外交人 员在 别国的特权 ， 使得 其人权得 到保 障。然而 ， 约生效 以来却 出现 了许 多违背其 初衰的 公
一
、
序 言
每一个从事外交职业 的工作者都会铭记 １６ 年的 ４ ２ ， ９１ 月 ４ １ 因为这一天奠定了外交史上 的一个里 ３ 程碑——《 维也纳外交关系公约》 于该 １生效 。英 国外交家萨道义在其《 ３ 外交实践指南》 中指出： 外交是 “ 运用智力和机智处理各独立国家的政府之间的官方关系 ， 有时也推广到独立国家和附庸国家之间的关系 ； 或者更简单地说 ， 是指 以和平手段处理 国与国之间的事务。 ¨ 因此 ， 国外交的 目的就是通过外交达到 ” 各 国与国之间的和平交往 ， 这一 目的决定 了承担该使命的外交人员所具有的特殊身份 ， 进而也提出了对这种 特殊身份予以保障的客观需求。 从１ ７世纪 近代 国际法 产生 以来 ， 国与 国之 间的外交 往来就 １益 频 繁 ， 交关 系 日益发 展 ， ３ 外 外交 代表应 享 有何种 地位 和得 到何种 优 惠待遇 ， 益 成 为亟待 解决 的问题 。但 是 ， 当时 和直 至 ２ ３ １ 在 ０世 纪初 ， 即欧美 列 强力 图主宰 国际事 务 、 世界 大多 数 国家 和地 区沦 为殖 民地或半 殖 民地 的条 件下 ， 并不 具备使 对外交 人员 的 保护在国家间真正普遍地得到遵循和实施 的基础 。而直到《 维也纳外交关 系公约》 签订并生效 以后 ， 对外 交人员 的保 护 问题 终 于得 以解 决 。细 细品 味《 也纳外 交关 系公 约》的精髓 ， 者 对公 约 赋予 外交 人 员 的 维 笔 特权印象极深 ， 并对特权的赋予所引发 出的与人权 的冲突问题更有一些思考 。（ 在这里需要特别指出的
维也纳外交关系公约-英文版(紧凑排版,可调整格式便于汇总整编编辑)
维也纳外交关系公约英文版VIENNA CONVENTION ON DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS AND OPTIONAL PROTOCOLS Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Done at Vienna, on 18 April 1961The States Parties to the present Convention,Recalling that peoples of all nations from ancient times have recognized the status of diplomatic agents,Having in mind the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations concerning the sovereign equality of States, the maintenance of international peace and security, and the promotion of friendly relations among nations,Believing that an international convention on diplomatic intercourse, privileges and immunities would contribute to the development of friendly relations among nations, irrespective of their differing constitutional and social systems,Realizing that the purpose of such privileges and immunities is not to benefit individuals but to ensure the efficient performance of the functions of diplomatic missions as representing States, Affirming that the rules of customary international law should continue to govern questions not expressly regulated by the provisions of the present Convention,Have agreed as follows:Article IFor the purpose of the present Convention, the following expressions shall have the meanings hereunder assigned to them:(a) The "head of the mission" is the person charged by the sending State with the duty of acting in that capacity;(b) The "members of the mission" are the head of the mission and the members of the staff of the mission;(c) The "members of the staff of the mission" are the members of the diplomatic staff, of the administrative and technical staff and of the service staff of the mission;(d) The "members of the diplomatic staff" are the members of the staff of the mission having diplomatic rank;(e) A "diplomatic agent" is the head of the mission or a member of the diplomatic staff of the mission;(f) The "members of the administrative and technical staff" are the members of the staff of the mission employed in the administrative and technical service of the mission;(g) The "members of the service staff" are the members of the staff of the mission in the domestic service of the mission;(h) A "private servant" is a person who is in the domestic service of a member of the mission and who is not an employee of the sending State;(i) The "premises of the mission" are the buildings or parts of buildings and the land ancillary thereto, irrespective of ownership, used for the purposes of the mission including the residence of the head of the mission.Article 2The establishment of diplomatic relations between States, and of permanent diplomatic missions, takes place by mutual consent.Article 31. The functions of a diplomatic mission consist, inter alia, in:(a) Representing the sending State in the receiving State;(b) Protecting in the receiving State the interests of the sending State and of its nationals, within the limits permitted by international law;(c) Negotiating with the Government of the receiving State;(d) Ascertaining by all lawful means conditions and developments in the receiving State, and reporting thereon to the Government of the sending State;(e) Promoting friendly relations between the sending State and the receiving State, and developing their economic, cultural and scientific relations;2. Nothing in the present Convention shall be construed as preventing the performance of consular functions by a diplomatic mission.Article 41. The sending State must make certain that the agreement of the receiving State has been given for the person it proposes to accredit as head of the mission to that State.2. The receiving State is not obliged to give reasons to the sending State for a refusal of agreement.Article 51. The sending State may, after it has given due notification to the receiving States concerned, accredit a head of mission or assign any member of the diplomatic staff, as the case may be, to more than one State, unless there is express objection by any of the receiving States.2. If the sending State accredits a head of mission to one or more other States it may establish a diplomatic mission headed by a charg?d'affaires ad interim in each State where the head of mission has not his permanent seat.3. A head of mission or any member of the diplomatic staff of the mission may act as representative of the sending State to any international organization.Article 6Two or more States may accredit the same person as head of mission to another State, unless objection is offered by the receiving State.Article 7Subject to the provisions of articles 5, 8, 9 and 11, the sending State may freely appoint the members of the staff of the mission. In the case of military, naval or air attach閟, the receiving State may require their names to be submitted beforehand, for its approval.Article 81. Members of the diplomatic staff of the mission should in principle be of the nationality of the sending State.2. Members of the diplomatic staff of the mission may not be appointed from among persons having the nationality of the receiving State, except with the consent of that State which may be withdrawn at any time.3. The receiving State may reserve the same right with regard to nationals of a third State who are not also nationals of the sending State.Article 91. The receiving State may at any time and without having to explain its decision, notify the sending State that the head of the mission or any member of the diplomatic staff of the mission is persona non grata or that any other member of the staff of the mission is not acceptable. In any such case, the sending State shall, as appropriate, either recall the person concerned or terminate his functions with the mission. A person may be declared non grata or not acceptable before arriving in the territory of the receiving State.2. If the sending State refuses or fails within a reasonable period to carry out its obligations under paragraph 1 of this article, the receiving State may refuse to recognize the person concerned as a member of the mission.Article 101. The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the receiving State, or such other ministry as may be agreed, shall be notified of:(a) The appointment of members of the mission, their arrival and their final departure or the termination of their functions with the mission;(b) The arrival and final departure of a person belonging to the family of a member of the mission and, where appropriate, the fact that a person becomes or ceases to be a member of the family of a member of the mission;(c) The arrival and final departure of private servants in the employ of persons referred to in sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph and, where appropriate, the fact that they are leaving the employ of such persons;(d) The engagement and discharge of persons resident in the receiving State as members of the mission or private servants entitled to privileges and immunities.2. Where possible, prior notification of arrival and final departure shall also be given.Article 111. In the absence of specific agreement as to the size of the mission, the receiving State may require that the size of a mission be kept within limits considered by it to be reasonable and normal, having regard to circumstances and conditions in the receiving State and to the needs of the particular mission.2. The receiving State may equally, within similar bounds and on a non-discriminatory basis, refuse to accept officials of a particular category.Article 12The sending State may not, without the prior express consent of the receiving State, establish offices forming part of the mission in localities other than those in which the mission itself is established.Article 131. The head of the mission is considered as having taken up his functions in the receiving State either when he has presented his credentials or when he has notified his arrival and a true copy of his credentials has been presented to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the receiving State, or such other ministry as may be agreed, in accordance with the practice prevailing in the receiving State which shall be applied in a uniform manner.2. The order of presentation of credentials or of a true copy thereof will be determined by the date and time of the arrival of the head of the mission.Article 141. Heads of mission are divided into three classes - namely:(a) That of ambassadors or nuncios accredited to Heads of State, and other heads of mission of equivalent rank;(b) That of envoys, ministers and internuncios accredited to Heads of State:(c) That of charg閟d' affaires accredited to Ministers for Foreign Affairs.2. Except as concerns precedence and etiquette, there shall be no differentiation between heads of mission by reason of their class.Article 15The class to which the heads of their missions are to be assigned shall be agreed between States.Article 161. Heads of mission shall take precedence in their respective classes in the order of the date and time of taking up their functions in accordance with article 13.2. Alterations in the credentials of a head of mission not involving any change of class shall not affect his precedence.3. This article is without prejudice to any practice accepted by the receiving State regarding the precedence of the representative of the Holy See.Article 17The precedence of the members of the diplomatic staff of the mission shall be notified by the head of the mission to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs or such other ministry as may be agreed.Article 18The procedure to be observed in each State for the reception of heads of mission shall be uniform in respect of each class.Article 191. If the post of head of the mission is vacant, or if the head of the mission is unable to perform his functions a charg?d'affaires ad interim shall act provisionally as head of the mission. The name of the charg?d'affaires ad interim shall be notified, either by the head of the mission or in case he is unable to do so, by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the sending State to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the receiving State or such other ministry as may be agreed.2. In cases where no member of the diplomatic staff of the mission is present in the receiving State, a member of the administrative and technical staff may, with the consent of the receiving State, be designated by the sending State to be in charge of the current administrative affairs of the mission.Article 20The mission and its head shall have the right to use the flag and emblem of the sending State on the premises of the mission, including the residence of the head of the mission, and on his means of transport.Article 211. The receiving State shall either facilitate the acquisition on its territory, in accordance with its laws, by the sending State of premises necessary for its mission or assist the latter in obtaining accommodation in some other way.2. It shall also, where necessary, assist missions in obtaining suitable accommodation for their members.Article 221. The premises of the mission shall be inviolable. The agents of the receiving State may not enter them, except with the consent of the head of the mission.2. The receiving State is under a special duty to take all appropriate steps to protect the premises of the mission against any intrusion or damage and to prevent any disturbance of the peace of the mission or impairment of its dignity.3. The premises of the mission, their furnishings and other property thereon and the means of transport of the mission shall be immune from search, requisition, attachment or execution.Article 231. The sending State and the head of the mission shall be exempt from all national, regional or municipal dues and taxes in respect of the premises of the mission, whether owned or leased, other than such as represent payment for specific services rendered.2. The exemption from taxation referred to in this article shall not apply to such dues and taxes payable under the law of the receiving State by persons contracting with the sending State or the head of the mission.Article 24The archives and documents of the mission shall be inviolable at any time and wherever they may be.Article 25The receiving State shall accord full facilities for the performance of the functions of the mission.Article 26Subject to its laws and regulations concerning zones entry into which is prohibited or regulated for reasons of national security, the receiving State shall ensure to all members of the mission freedom of movement and travel in its territory.Article 271. The receiving State shall permit and protect free communication on the part of the mission for all official purposes. In communicating with the Government and the other missions and consulates of the sending States, wherever situated, the mission may employ all appropriate means, including diplomatic couriers and messages in code or cipher. However, the mission may install and use a wireless transmitter only with the consent of the receiving State.2. The official correspondence of the mission shall be inviolable. Official correspondence means all correspondence relating to the mission and its functions.3. The diplomatic bag shall not be opened or detained.4. The packages constituting the diplomatic bag must bear visible external marks of their character and may contain only diplomatic documents or articles intended for official use.5. The diplomatic courier, who shall be provided with an official document indicating his status and the number of packages constituting the diplomatic bag, shall be protected by the receiving State in the performance of his functions. He shall enjoy personal inviolability and shall not be liable to any form of arrest or detention.6. The sending State or mission may designate diplomatic couriers ad hoc. In such cases the provisions of paragraph 5 of this article shall also apply, except that the immunities therein mentioned shall cease to apply when such a courier has delivered to the consignee the diplomatic bag in his charge.7. A diplomatic bag may be entrusted to the captain of a commercial aircraft scheduled to land at an authorized port of entry. He shall be provided with an official document indicating the number of packages constituting the bag but he shall not be considered to be a diplomatic courier. The mission may send one of its members to take possession of the diplomatic bag directly and freely from the captain of the aircraft.Article 28The fees and charges levied by the mission in the course of its official duties shall be exempt from all dues and taxes.Article 29The person of a diplomatic agent shall be inviolable. He shall not be liable to any form of arrest or detention. The receiving State shall treat him with due respect and shall take all appropriate steps to prevent any attack on his person, freedom or dignity.Article 301. The private residence of a diplomatic agent shall enjoy the same inviolability and protection as the premises of the mission.2. His papers, correspondence and, except as provided in paragraph 3 of article 31, his property, shall likewise enjoy inviolability.Article 311. A diplomatic agent shall enjoy immunity from the criminal jurisdiction of the receiving State. He shall also enjoy immunity from its civil and administrative jurisdiction, except in the case of: (a) A real action relating to private immovable property situated in the territory of the receiving State, unless he holds it on behalf of the sending State for the purposes of the mission;(b) An action relating to succession in which the diplomatic agent is involved as executor, administrator, heir or legatee as a private person and not on behalf of the sending State;(c) An action relating to any professional or commercial activity exercised by the diplomatic agent in the receiving State outside his official functions.2. A diplomatic agent is not obliged to give evidence as a witness.3. No measures of execution may be taken in respect of a diplomatic agent except in the cases coming under sub-paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of paragraph 1 of this article, and provided that the measures concerned can be taken without infringing the inviolability of his person or of his residence.4. The immunity of a diplomatic agent from the jurisdiction of the State does not exempt him from the jurisdiction of the sending State.Article 321. The immunity from jurisdiction of diplomatic agents and of persons enjoying immunity under article 37 may be waived by the sending State.2. Waiver must always be express.3. The initiation of proceedings by a diplomatic agent or by a person enjoying immunity from jurisdiction under article 37 shall preclude him from invoking immunity from jurisdiction in respect of any counter-claim directly connected with the principal claim.4. Waiver of immunity from jurisdiction in respect of civil or administrative proceedings shall not be held to imply waiver of immunity in respect of the execution of the judgement, for which a separate waiver shall be necessary.Article 331. Subject to the provisions of Paragraph 3 of this article, a diplomatic agent shall with respect to services rendered for the sending State be exempt from social security provisions which may be in force in the receiving State.2. The exemption provided for in Paragraph 1 of this article shall also apply to private servants who are in the sole employ of a diplomatic agent, on condition:(a) That they are not nationals of or permanently resident in the receiving State; and(b) That they are covered by the social security provisions which may be in force in the sending State or a third State.3. A diplomatic agent who employs persons to whom the exemption provided for in paragraph 2 of this article does not apply shall observe the obligations which the social security provisions of the receiving State impose upon employers.4. The exemption provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article shall not preclude voluntary participation in the social security system of the receiving State provided that such participation is permitted by that State.5. The provisions of this article shall not affect bilateral or multilateral agreements concerning social security concluded previously and shall not prevent the conclusion of such agreements in the future.Article 34A diplomatic agent shall be exempt from all dues and taxes, personal or real, national, regional or municipal except:(a) Indirect taxes of a kind which are normally incorporated in the price of goods or services;(b) Dues and taxes on private immovable property situated in the territory of the receiving State, unless he holds it on behalf of the sending State for the purposes of the mission;(c) Estate, succession or inheritance duties levied by the receiving State, subject to the provisions of paragraph 4 of article 39;(d) Dues and taxes on private income having its source in the receiving State and capital taxes on investments made in commercial undertakings in the receiving State;(e) Charges levied for specific services rendered;(f) Registration, court or record fees, mortgage dues and stamp duty, with respect to immovable property, subject to the provisions of article 23.Article 35The receiving State shall exempt diplomatic agents from all personal services, from all public service of any kind whatsoever, and from military obligations such as those connected with requisitioning, military contributions and billeting.Article 361. The receiving State shall, in accordance with such laws and regulations as it may adopt, permit entry of and grant exemption from all customs duties, taxes, and related charges other than charges for storage, cartage and similar services, on:(a) Articles for the official use of the mission;(b) Articles for the personal use of a diplomatic agent or members of his family forming part of his household, including articles intended for his establishment.2. The personal baggage of a diplomatic agent shall be exempt from inspection, unless there are serious grounds for presuming that it contains articles not covered by the exemptions mentioned in paragraph 1 of this article, or articles the import or export of which is prohibited by the law or controlled by the quarantine regulations of the receiving State. Such inspection shall be conducted only in the presence of the diplomatic agent or of his authorized representative.Article 371. The members of the family of a diplomatic agent forming part of his household shall, if they are not nationals of the receiving State, enjoy the privileges and immunities specified in articles 29 to 36.2. Members of the administrative and technical staff of the mission, together with members of their families forming part of their respective households, shall, if they are not nationals of or permanently resident in the receiving State, enjoy the privileges and immunities specified in articles 29 to 35, except that the immunity from civil and administrative jurisdiction of thereceiving State specified in paragraph 1 of article 31 shall not extend to acts performed outside the course of their duties. They shall also enjoy the privileges specified in article 36, paragraph 1, in respect of articles imported at the time of first installation.3. Members of the service staff of the mission who are not nationals of or permanently resident in the receiving State shall enjoy immunity in respect of acts performed in the course of their duties, exemption from dues and taxes on the emoluments they receive by reason of their employment and the exemption contained in article 33.4. Private servants of members of the mission shall, if they are not nationals of or permanently resident in the receiving State, be exempt from dues and taxes on the emoluments they receive by reason of their employment. In other respects, they may enjoy privileges and immunities only to the extent admitted by the receiving State. However, the receiving State must exercise its jurisdiction over those persons in such a manner as not to interfere unduly with the performance of the functions of the mission.Article 381. Except in so far as additional privileges and immunities may be granted by the receiving State, a diplomatic agent who is a national of or permanently resident in that State shall enjoy only immunity from jurisdiction, and inviolability, in respect of official acts performed in the exercise of his functions.2. Other members of the staff of the mission and private servants who are nationals of or permanently resident in the receiving State shall enjoy privileges and immunities only to the extent admitted by the receiving State. However, the receiving State must exercise itsjurisdiction over those persons in such a manner as not to interfere unduly with the performance of the functions of the mission.Article 391. Every person entitled to privileges and immunities shall enjoy them from the moment he enters the territory of the receiving State on proceeding to take up his post or, if already in its territory, from the moment when his appointment is notified to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs or such other ministry as may be agreed.2. When the functions of a person enjoying privileges and immunities have come to an end, such privileges and immunities shall normally cease at the moment when he leaves the country, or on expiry of a reasonable period in which to do so, but shall subsist until that time, even in case of armed conflict. However, with respect to acts performed by such a person in the exercise of his functions as a member of the mission, immunity shall continue to subsist.3. In case of the death of a member of the mission, the members of his family shall continue to enjoy the privileges and immunities to which they are entitled until the expiry of a reasonable period in which to leave the country.4. In the event of the death of a member of the mission not a national of or permanently resident in the receiving State or a member of his family forming part of his household, the receiving State shall permit the withdrawal of the movable property of the deceased, with the exception of any property acquired in the country the export of which was prohibited at the time of his death. Estate, succession and inheritance duties shall not be levied on movable property the presence of which in the receiving State was due solely to the presence there ofthe deceased as a member of the mission or as a member of the family of a member of the mission.Article 401. If a diplomatic agent passes through or is in the territory of a third State, which has granted him a passport visa if such visa was necessary, while proceeding to take up or to return to his post, or when returning to his own country, the third State shall accord him inviolability and such other immunities as may be required to ensure his transit or return. The same shall apply in the case of any members of his family enjoying privileges or immunities who are accompanying the diplomatic agent, or travelling separately to join him or to return to their country.2. In circumstances similar to those specified in paragraph 1 of this article, third States shall not hinder the passage of members of the administrative and technical or service staff of a mission, and of members of their families, through their territories.3. Third States shall accord to official correspondence and other official communications in transit, including messages in code or cipher, the same freedom and protection as is accorded by the receiving State. They shall accord to diplomatic couriers, who have been granted a passport visa if such visa was necessary, and diplomatic bags in transit the same inviolability and protection as the receiving State is bound to accord.4. The obligations of third States under paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of this article shall also apply to the persons mentioned respectively in those paragraphs, and to official communications and diplomatic bags, whose presence in the territory of the third State is due to force majeure.Article 411. Without prejudice to their privileges and immunities, it is the duty of all persons enjoying such privileges and immunities to respect the laws and regulations of the receiving State. They also have a duty not to interfere in the internal affairs of that State.2. All official business with the receiving State entrusted to the mission by the sending State shall be conducted with or through the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the receiving State or such other ministry as may be agreed.3. The premises of the mission must not be used in any manner incompatible with the functions of the mission as laid down in the present Convention or by other rules of general international law or by any special agreements in force between the sending and the receiving State.Article 42A diplomatic agent shall not in the receiving State practise for personal profit any professional or commercial activity.Article 43The function of a diplomatic agent comes to an end, inter alia:(a) On notification by the sending State to the receiving State that the function of the diplomatic agent has come to an end;(b) On notification by the receiving State to the sending State that, in accordance with paragraph 2 of article 9, it refuses to recognize the diplomatic agent as a member of the mission.Article 44The receiving State must, even in case of armed conflict, grant facilities in order to enable persons enjoying privileges and immunities, other than nationals of the receiving State, and members of the families of such persons irrespective of their nationality, to leave at the earliest possible moment. It must, in particular, in case of need, place at their disposal the nedcessary means of transport for themselves and their property.Article 45If diplomatic relations are broken off between two States, or if a mission is permanently or temporarily recalled:(a) The receiving State must, even in case of armed conflict, respect and protect the premises of the mission, together with its property and archives;(b) The sending State may entrust the custody of the premises of the mission, together with its property and archives, to a third State acceptable to the receiving State;(c) The sending State may entrust the protection of its interests and those of its nationals to a third State acceptable to the receiving State.Article 46。
维也纳领事关系公约
全文：《维也纳领事关系公约》（一九六三年四月二十四日订于维也纳）本公约各当事国，查各国人民自古即已建立领事关系，察及联合国宪章关于各国主权平等、维持国际和平与安全以及促进国际间友好关系之宗旨及原则，鉴于联合国外交往来及豁免会议曾通过维也纳外交关系公约，该公约业自一九六一年四月十八日起听由各国签署，深信一项关于领事关系、特权及豁免之国际公约亦能有助于各国间友好关系之发展，不论各国宪政及社会制度之差异如何，认为此等特权及豁免之目的不在于给与个人以利益而在于确保领馆能代表本国有效执行职务，确认凡未经本公约明文规定之事项应继续适用国际习惯法之规例，爰议定条款如下：第一条定义一、就本公约之适用而言，下列名称应具意义如次：（一）称“领馆”者，谓任何总领事馆、领事馆、副领事馆或领事代理处；（二）称“领馆辖区”者，谓为领馆执行职务而设定之区域；（三）称“领馆馆长”者，谓奉派任此职位之人员；（四）称“领事官员”者，谓派任此职承办领事职务之任何人员，包括领馆馆长在内；（五）称“领馆雇员”者，谓受雇担任领馆行政或技术事务之任何人员；（六）称“服务人员”者，谓受雇担任领馆杂务之任何人员；（七）称“领馆人员”者，谓领事官员、领馆雇员及服务人员；（八）称“领馆馆员”者，谓除馆长以外之领事官员、领馆雇员及服务人员；（九）称“私人服务人员”者，谓受雇专为领馆人员私人服务之人员；（十）称“领馆馆舍”者，谓专供领馆使用之建筑物或建筑物之各部分，以及其所附属之土地，至所有权谁属，则在所不问；（十一）称“领馆档案”者，谓领馆之一切文书、文件、函电、簿籍、胶片、胶带及登记册，以及明密电码、纪录卡片及供保护或保管此等文卷之用之任何器具。
二、领事官员分为两类，即职业领事官员与名誉领事官员。
本公约第二章之规定对以职业领事官员为馆长之领馆适用之；第三章之规定对以名誉领事官员为馆长之领馆适用之。
三、领馆人员为接受国国民或永久居民者，其特殊地位依本公约第七十一条定之。
维也纳公约1969
维也纳公约1969全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于我国加入《维也纳条约法公约》的决定（1997年5月9日通过）第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十五次会议决定，中华人民共和国加入《维也纳条约法公约》，同时声明如下：一、中华人民共和国对《维也纳条约法公约》第六十六条予以保留。
二、台湾当局于1970年4月27日以中国名义在《维也纳条约法公约》上的签字是非法的、无效的。
维也纳条约法公约（一九六九年五月二十三日订于维也纳）本公约各当事国，鉴于条约在国际关系历史上之基本地位，承认条约为国际法渊源之一，且为各国间不分宪法及社会制度发展和平合作之工具，其重要性日益增加，鉴悉自由同意与善意之原则以及条约必须遵守规则及举世所承认，确认凡关于条约之争端与其他国际争端同，皆应以和平方法且依正义及国际法之原则解决之，念及联合国人民同兹决心创造适当环境俾克维持正义及尊重由条约而起之义务，鉴及联合国宪章所载之国际法原则，诸如人民平等权利及自决，所有国家主权平等及独立，不干涉各国内政，禁止使用威胁或武力以及普遍尊重与遵守全体人类之人权及基本自由等原则。
深信本公约所达成之条约法之编纂及逐渐发展可促进宪章所揭示之联合国宗旨，即维持国际和平与安全，发展国际间之友好关系并达成其彼此合作，确认凡未经本公约各条规定之问题，将仍以国际习惯法规则为准，爰议定条款如下：1969年5月23日订于维也纳。
《公约》由联合国条约法会议于1969年5月22日通过，5月23日开始签字。
共有46个国家和地区在《公约》上签字。
联合国条约法会议是根据联合国大会 1960年12月5日的2166 号决议和1967年12月6日的2287号决议召开的，共举行2次会议。
《公约》于1980年1月27日生效。
到1991年12月31日止，缔约方有74个。
中国尚未加入该《公约》。
《公约》共分为8编，85条，1个附件。
《公约》是条约法上最重要的国际公约。
它集中规定了条约的缔结程序、条约法的各项基本原则和条约争端的解决方法。
维也纳领事关系公约
维也纳领事关系公约（1963年4月24日订于维也纳，1967年3月19日生效。
1979年7月3日中华人民国政府向联合国秘书长交存加入书，同年8月1日对我生效。
）本公约各当事国:查各国人民自古即已建立领事关系，察及联合国宪章关于各国主权平等、维持国际和平与安全以及促进国际间友好关系之宗旨及原则，鉴于联合国外交往来及豁免会议曾通过维也纳外交关系公约，该公约业自1961年4月18日起听由各国签署，深信一项关于领事关系、特权及豁免之国际公约亦能有助于各国间友好关系之发展，不论各国宪政及社会制度之差异如何，认为此等特权及豁免之目的不在于给与个人以利益而在于确保领馆能代表本国有效执行职务，确认凡未经本公约明文规定之事项应继续适用国际习惯法之规例，爰议定条款如下:第一条定义一、就本公约之适用而言，下列名称应具意义如次:（一）称“领馆”者，谓任何总领事馆、领事馆、副领事馆或领事代理处;（二）称“领馆辖区”者，谓为领馆执行职务而设定之区域;（三）称“领馆馆长”者，谓奉派任此职位之人员;（四）称“领事官员”者，谓派任此职承办领事职务之任何人员，包括领馆馆长在 ;（五）称“领馆雇员’者，谓受雇担任领馆行政或技术事务之任何人员;（六）称“服务人员”者，谓受雇担任领馆杂务之任何人员:（七）称“领馆人员”者，谓领事官员、领馆雇员及服务人员;（八）称“领馆馆员”者，谓除馆长以外之领事官员、领馆雇员及服务人员;（九）称“私人服务人员”者，谓受雇专为领馆人员私人服务之人员;（十）称“领馆馆舍”者，谓专供领馆使用之建筑物或建筑物之各部分，以及其所附属之土地，至所有权谁属，则在所不问;（十一）称“领馆档案”者，谓领馆之一切文书、文件、函电、簿籍、胶片、胶带及登记册，以及明密电码，记录卡片及供保护或保管此等文卷之用之任何器具。
二、领事官员分为两类，即职业领事官员与名誉领事官员。
本公约第二章之规定对以职业领事官员为馆长之领馆适用之;第三章之规定对以名誉领事官员为馆长之领馆适用之。
维也纳外交关系公约
维也纳外交关系公约1. 引言维也纳外交关系公约是一项重要的国际条约，于1961年4月18日在奥地利首都维也纳正式签署。
该公约规定了各国之间的外交关系、外交特权与豁免权，以及外交使团的地位和行为规范。
作为一项基础性的国际法律文书，维也纳外交关系公约被广泛应用于国际事务中，为维护国家主权、促进外交活动提供了重要保障。
2. 国家间的平等原则根据维也纳外交关系公约，各国之间享有平等的权利和地位，无论其大小、经济实力或政治制度如何。
这一原则体现了现代国际关系的基本准则，鼓励各国通过对话和合作来解决争端，而不是通过武力或威胁的手段。
3. 外交特权与豁免权维也纳外交关系公约明确规定了外交使团和外交人员的特权与豁免权。
这些特权与豁免权旨在确保外交使团能够独立履行其职责，保护外交人员免受任意逮捕、监禁或其他干扰。
根据公约，外交人员享有豁免权，不受管辖国法律的约束，可以在执行外交使团职责时行使豁免。
4. 外交使团的地位维也纳外交关系公约规定了外交使团在接收国的地位与特权。
根据公约，外交使团在接收国境内享有一定程度的豁免权和特权，包括特殊待遇、租赁无税地和办公场所、免费通信以及适当的安全保护。
这些规定旨在确保外交使团能够独立开展外交活动，保护使团成员的人身安全和财产。
5. 外交人员的行为规范维也纳外交关系公约规定了外交人员在履行职责时的行为规范。
外交人员被要求遵守接收国法律，尊重其国内秩序和法律体系，避免任何干涉内政的行为。
同时，外交人员也被要求遵守使团内的纪律和礼仪要求，维护外交团体的声誉和形象。
6. 案例分析：外交豁免权的具体应用维也纳外交关系公约中关于外交特权与豁免权的规定具有广泛的应用场景。
在国际交往中，外交使团和外交人员可以依靠这些特权与豁免权，保护自身权益，免受任意拘押或起诉。
例如，在1979年的伊朗人质危机期间，美国外交使团成员在伊朗遭到拘禁并遭受虐待。
然而，根据维也纳外交关系公约，外交使团成员享有豁免权，不受拘禁或起诉。
关于国家在条约方面的继承的维也纳公约
关于国家在条约方面的继承的维也纳公约文章属性•【缔约国】联合国•【条约领域】外交•【公布日期】1978.08.23•【条约类别】公约•【签订地点】维也纳正文关于国家在条约方面的继承的维也纳公约（1978年8月23日订于维也纳）本公约缔约各国，考虑到非殖民化进程为国际社会带来的深刻变化，并考虑到其他因素可能在将来造成国家继承的情况，深信在这种情况下，有必要编纂并逐渐发展有关国家在条约方面的继承的规则，作为确保在国际关系上有较大法律保障的一种方法，注意到自由同意、诚信以及条约必须遵守的原则，是得到全世界承认的，强调指出对于凡是涉及国际法的编纂和逐步发展或其目的与享有同整个国际社会相关的一般性多边条约，一贯地予以遵守，对加强和平与国际合作有特别的重要性，考虑到《联合国宪章》所体现的各项国际法原则，诸如所有人民权利平等和自决的原则，一切国家主权平等和独立的原则，不干涉各国内政的原则，禁止使用或威胁使用武力的原则，以及普遍尊重与遵守全人类的人权和基本自由的原则，回顾《联合国宪章》要求对每一个国家的领土完整和政治独立加以尊重，铭记着一九六九年《维也纳条约法公约》的各项规定，又铭记着该公约的第七十三条，确认凡是并非由于国家继承而产生的条约法问题，应以相关的国际法规则，其中包括一九六九年《维也纳条约法公约》所载的习惯国际法规则为准，确认对于本公约条款未予规定的问题，仍以习惯国际法规则为准。
协议如下：第一部分总则第一条本公约的范围本公约适用于国家继承对国家间条约的效果。
第二条用语1．为本公约的目的。
（a）“条约”是指国家间缔结而以国际法为准的国际书面协定，不论它是载于一项单独文书或载于两项或两项以上相互有关的文书，亦不论它采用什么特定名称；（b）“国家继承”是指一国对领土的国际关系所负的责任，由别国取代；（c）“被继承国”是指国家继承发生时，被别国取代的国家；（d）“继承国”是指国家继承发生时，取代别国的国家；（e）“国家继承日期”是指被继承国对国家继承所涉领土的国际关系所负的责任，由继承国取代的日期；（f）“新独立国家”是指其领土在国家继承日期之前原是由被继承国负责其国际关系的附属领土的继承国；（g）“继承通知”是指在多边条约方面，继承国所作的任何通知方面，一国主管当局所发文件，其中指定由某人或某些人代表该国发出继承通知或其他通知；（i）“批准”、“接受”、“赞同”分别指一国表示批准、接受、赞同的国际行动，用以在国际确定该国同意接受条约的约束；（j）“保留”是指一国在签署、批准、接受、赞同或加入条约或发出继承条约的通知时所作的片面声明，不论其措辞或名称为何，用意在于排除或更改条约中若干规定对该国适用时的法律效果；（k）“缔约国”是指不问条约已否生效，同意接受条约约束的国家；（l）“当事国”是指同意接受条约约束，而且条约已对它生效的国家；（m）“别的当事国”对继承国来说，是指被继承国以外，在国家继承日期对国家继承所涉领土有效的任何有效的条约的任何当事国；（n）“国际组织”是指政府间组织。
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第十九条
一、使馆馆长缺位或不能执行职务时，应由临时代办暂代使馆馆长。临时 代办姓名应由使馆馆长通知接受国外交部或另经商定之其他部；如馆长不能通 知时，则由派遣国外交部通知之。
第二条 国与国间外交关系及常设使馆之建立，以协议为之。 第三条 一、除其他事项外，使馆之职务如下： (a)在接受国中代表派遣国； (b)于国际法许可之限度内，在接受国中保护派遣国及其国民之利益； (c)与接受国政府办理交涉； (d)以一切合法手段调查接受国之状况及发展情形，向派遣国政府具报； (e)促进派遣国与接受国间之友好关系，及发展两国间之经济、文化与科学 关系。 二、本公约任何规定不得解释为禁止使馆执行领事职务。 第四条 一、派遣国对于拟派驻接受国之使馆馆长人选务须查明其确已获得接受国 之同意。 二、接受国无须向派遣国说明不予同意之理由。 第五条 一、派遣国向有关接受国妥为通知后，得酌派任一使馆馆长或外交职员兼 驻一个以上国家，但任何接受国明示反对者，不在此限。 二、派遣国委派使馆馆长兼驻另一国或数国者，得在该馆长不常川驻节之 国内，设立以临时代办为馆长之使馆。 三、使馆馆长或使馆任何外交职员得兼任派遣国驻国际组织之代表。 第六条 两个以上国家得合派同一人为驻另一国之使馆馆长，但接受国表示反对者 不在此限。 第七条
(d)雇用居留接受国之人为使馆人员或为得享特权与豁免之私人仆役时，其 雇用与解雇。
二、到达及最后离境，于可能范围内，亦应事先通知。
第十一条
一、关于使馆之构成人数如另无协议，接受国得酌量本国环境与情况及特 定使馆之需要，要求使馆构成人数不超过该国认为合理及正常之限度。
二、接受国亦得在同样范围内并在无差别待遇之基础上，拒绝接受某一类 之官员。
第十二条 派遣国非经接受国事先明示同意，不得在使馆本身所在地以外之地点设立 办事处，作为使馆之一部分。 第十三条 一、使馆馆长依照接受应予划一适用之通行惯例。在呈递国书后或在向接 受国外交部或另经商定之其他部通知到达并将所奉国书正式副本送交后，即视 为已在接受国内开始执行职务。 二、呈递国书或递送国书正式副本之次第依使馆馆长到达之日期及时间先 后定之。 第十四条 一、使馆馆长分为如下三级： (a)向国家元首派遣之大使或教廷大使，及其他同等级位之使馆馆长； (b)向国家元首派遣之使节、公使及教廷公使； (c)向外交部长派遣之代办。 二、除关于优先地位及礼仪之事项外，各使馆馆长不应因其所属等级而有 任何差别。 第十五条 使馆馆长所属之等级应由关系国家商定之。 第十六条 一、使馆馆长在其各别等级中之优先地位应按照其依第十三条规定开始执 行职务之日期及时间先后定之。 二、使馆馆长之国书如有变更而对其所属等级并无更动时，其优先地位不 受影响。 三、本条规定不妨碍接受国所采行关于教廷代表优先地位之任何办法。 第十七条 使馆外交职员之优先顺序应由使馆馆长通知外交部或另经商定之其他部。 第十八条
除第五条、第八条、第九条及第十一条另有规定外，派遣国得自由委派使 馆职员。关于陆、海、空军武官，接受国得要求先行提名，征求该国同意。
第八条
一、使馆外交职员原则上应属派遣国国籍。
二、委派属接受国国籍之人为使馆外交职员，非经接受国同意，不得为之； 此项同意得随时撤销之。
三、接受国对于第三国国民之亦非为派遣国国民者，得保留同样之权利。
第九条
一、接受国得随时不具解释通知派遣国宣告使馆馆长或使馆任何外交职员 为不受欢迎人员或使馆任何其他职员为不能接受。遇此情形，派遣国应斟酌情 况召回该员或终止其在使馆中之职务。任何人员得于其到达接受国国境前，被 宣告为不受欢迎或不能接受。
二、如派遣国拒绝或不在相当期间内履行其依本条第一项规定所负义务， 接受国得拒绝承认该员为使馆人员。
第十条
一、下列事项应通知接受国外交部或另经商定之其他部：
(a)使馆人员之委派，其到达及最后离境或其在使馆中职务之终止；
(b)使馆人员家属到达及最后离境；遇有任何人成为或不复为使馆人员家属 时，亦宜酌量通知；
(c)本项(a)款所称人员雇用之私人仆役到达及最后离境；遇有私人仆役不 复受此等人员雇用时，亦宜酌量通知；