2018年12月英语四级作文真题及范文【三套全】
2018四级英语作文
2018四级英语作文2018年12月四级作文题目，The Importance of Time Management。
范文参考：Time management is of great importance in our daily lives. It is the process of planning and exercising conscious control over the amount of time spent on specific activities, especially to increase effectiveness,efficiency and productivity. Effective time management enables individuals to allocate specific time to activities according to their importance. It is essential in order to achieve personal and professional goals.First and foremost, time management is crucial for students. As a student, one needs to balance their time between studying, socializing and extracurricular activities. By managing their time effectively, students can ensure that they have enough time to study for exams,complete assignments and also engage in activities thatthey enjoy. This not only helps in achieving academic success but also in maintaining a healthy work-life balance.In the workplace, time management is equally important. Employees need to prioritize their tasks and allocate timeto each task according to its importance and deadline. This helps in meeting deadlines, improving productivity and reducing stress. In addition, effective time management leads to better decision making, as individuals have the time to carefully consider their options and make informed choices.Furthermore, time management is essential for personal development. By managing their time effectively,individuals can allocate time for self-improvementactivities such as exercise, reading, learning a new skillor pursuing a hobby. This not only helps in personal growth but also in maintaining a healthy and balanced lifestyle.In conclusion, time management is crucial for achieving success in all aspects of life. It enables individuals toprioritize their tasks, make informed decisions andallocate time for personal development. Therefore, it is important for everyone to develop effective time management skills in order to achieve their goals and lead afulfilling life.仿写：The Importance of Setting Goals。
英语四级真题2018年12月（第三套）试卷及答案解析
英语四级真题2018年12月（第三套）试卷及答案解析2018年12月四级考试真题（第三套）Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of starting a career after graduation. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)Section A．Directions: In th· is section, you will hear three news reports.A t the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions.Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question, you must choose the en mar e corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with best answer from the four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D) . Th k tha single line through the centre.说明：2018年12月四级真题全国共考了两套听力。
本套的听力内容与第二套的完全一样，只是选项的顺序不一样而巳，故在本套中不再重复给出。
Part ill Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. Yo u are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is ident加d by a letter: Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet2 with a single line through the centre. Yo u may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.A few months ago, I was down with a terrible cold whichended in a persistent bad cough. No matter how many different 26 I tried, I still couldn't get rid of the cough. Not only did it 27 my teaching but also my life as a whole. Then one day after class, a student came up to me and 28 traditional Chinese medicine. From her description, Chinese medicine sounded as if it had magic power that worked wonders. I was 29 because I knew so little about it and have never tried it before. Eventually, my cough got so much 30 that I couldn't sleep at night, so I decided to give it a try. The Chinese doctor took my pulse and asked to see my tongue, both of which were new 31 to me because they are both non-existent in Western medicine. Then the doctor gave me a scraping (刮）treatment known as "Gua Sha". I was a little 32 at first because he used a smooth edged tool to scrape the skin on my neck and shoulders. A few minutes later, the 33 strokes started to produce a relieving effect and my body and mind began to 34 deeper into relaxation. I didn't feel any improvement in my condition in the first couple of days, but after a few more regular visits to the doctor, my cough started to 35 . Then, within a matter of weeks, it was completely gone!A)deepen B) e xperiences C)hesitantD)" mconvemence E) l essen F) l icensesG) p ressured H) r ecommended!)remediesJ) s cared K) s ensitive L) s inkM) t emporary N)tremble O)worseSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. I dentify the paragraph from which the information i.s derived. You maychoose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Is it really OK to eat food that's fallen on the floor?A) W hen you drop a piece of food on the floor, is it really OK to eat if you pick it up within five seconds? An urban food myth contends that if food spends just a few seconds on the floor, dirt and germs won't have much of a chance to contaminate it. Research in my lab has focused on how food becomes contaminated, and we've done some work on this particular piece of wisdom.B)W怕le the "five-second rule" might not seem like the most pressing issue for food scientists to get to the bottom of, it's still worth investigating food myths like this one because they shape our beliefs about when food is safe to eat.C) S o is five seconds on the floor the critical threshold (门槛）that separates a piece of eatable food from a case of food poisoning? It's a bit more complicated than that. It depends on just how many bacteria can make it from floor to food in a few seconds and just how dirty the floor is.D) W ondering if food is still OK to eat after it's dropped on the floor is a pretty common experience. And it's probably not a new one either. A well-known, but inaccurate, story about Julia Child may have contributed to this food myth. Some viewers of her cooking show, The French Chef, insist they saw Child drop lamb on the floor and pick it up, with the advice that if they were alone in the kitchen, their guests would never know.E) I n fact it was a potato pancake, and it fell on the stovetop, not on the floor. Child put it back in the pan, saying, "But you can always pick it up and if you're alone in the kitchen, who's goingto see it?" But the misremembered story persists. It's harder to pin down the origins of the oft-quoted five-second rule, but a 2003 study reported that 70% of women and 56% of men surveyed were familiar with the five-second rule and that women were more likely than men to eat food that had dropped on the floor.F) S o what does science tell us about what a few moments on the floor means for the safety of you food? The earliest research report on the five-second rule is attributed to Jillian Clarke, a high school student participating in aresearch project at the University of Illinois.Clarke and her colleagues introduced bacteria to floor tiles (瓷砖）and then placed cookies on the tiles for varying times. They reported bacteria were transferred from the tiles to the cookies within five seconds, but didn't report the specific amount of bacteria that made it from the tiles to the food.G)But how many bacteria actually transfer in five seconds? In 2007, my lab at Clemson University published a study in the Journal of Applied Microbiology. We wanted to know if the length of time food is in contact with a contaminated surface affected the rate of transfer of bacteria to the food. To find out, we introduced bacteria to squares of tile, carpet or wood.Five minutes after that, we placed either bacon or bread on the surface for 5, 30 or 60 seconds, and then measured the number of bacteria transferred to the food. W e repeated this exact procedure after the bacteria had been on the surface for 2, 4, 8 and 24 hoursH) W e found that the number of bacteria transferred to either kind of food didn't depend much on how long the food was in contact with the contaminated surface—whether for a fewseconds or for a whole minute. The overall number of bacteria on the surface mattered more, and this decreased over time after the initial introduction. It looks like what's at issue is less how long your food stays on the floor and much more how contaminated with bacteria that patch of floor happens to be.I) W e also found that the kind of surface made a difference as well. Carpets, for instance, seem to be slightly better places to drop your food than wood or tile. When a carpet was contaminated, less than 1 %of the bacteria were transferred.But when the food was in contact with tile or wood, 48-70% of bacteria were.J) L ast year, a study from Aston University in the UK used nearly identical parameters (参数）to our study and found similar results. They also reported that 87 %of people asked either would eat or had eaten food fallen on the floor. K) Should you eat food fallen on the floor then? From a food safety standpoint, if you have millions or more bacteria on a surface, 0.1 %is still enough to make you sick. Also, certain types of bacteria are extremely harmful, and it takes only a small number to make you sick. For example, 10 bacteria or less of an especially deadly strain of bacteria can cause severe illness and death in people with compromised immune systems. B ut the chance of these bacteria being on most surfaces is very low.L) A nd it's not just dropping food on the floor that can lead to bacterial contamination.Bacteria are carried by various "media", which can include raw food, moist surfaces where bacteria have been left, our hands or skin and from coughing or sneezing (打喷咙）. Hands, foods and utensils (器皿）can carry individual bacteria living in communities contained within a protective film. These microscopic layers of deposits containingbacteria are known as biofilms and they are found on most surfaces and objects. Biofilm communities can harbor bacteria longer and are very difficult to clean. Becteria in these communities also have an enhanced resistance to sanit也ers(清洁剂）and antibiotics compared to bacteria living on their own.M) S o the next time you consider eating fallen food, the odds are in your favor that you can eat it without getting sick. But in the rare chance that there is a micro-organism that can make you sick on the exact spot where the food dropped, you can be fairly sure that the bug is on the food you are about to put in your mouth.N) R esearch or common sense tells us that the best thing to do is keep your hands, utensils and other surfaces clean.36.A research project found bacteria made their way to the food on the floor in five seconds.37. W hether food is contaminated depends much on the number of bacteria that get onto it.38.Food contamination may result from various factors other than food dropping on the floor.39.Males are less likely than females to eat food that may have been contaminated.40. T he author's research centers around how food gets contaminated.41.Keeping everything clean is the best way to stay healthy.42.Chances are you will not fall sick because of eating food picked up from the floor.43.For a long time people have had the experience of deciding whether or not to eat food picked up from the floor.44.Some strains of bacteria are so harmful that a tiny few can have deadly consequences.45.Researchers found how many bacteria got onto the food did not have much to do with how long the food stayed ona contaminated floor.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. E ach passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. Fo r each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) a nd D). Yo u should decide on the best choice and markthe corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.The latest in cat research reveals that the lovely animal seems to have a basic grasp on both the laws of physics and the ins and outs of cause and effect.According to a newly published study, cats seem to be able to predict the location of hiding prey (猎物）using both their ears and an inborn(天生的）understanding of how the physical world works.In a recent experiment, Japanese researchers taped 30 domestic cats reacting to a container that a te皿member shook. S ome containers rattled (发出响声）；others did not. W hen the con血ner tipped over, sometimes an object fell out and sometimes it didn't.It turns out that the cats were remarkably smart about what would happen when a container was tipped over. When an object did not drop out of the bottom of a rattling container, they looked at it for a longer time than they did when the container behaved as expected."Cats use a causal-logical understanding of noise or soundsto predict the appearance of invisible objects," lead researcher Saho Takagi says in a press release. T he researchers conclude that cats'hunting style may have developed based on their common-sense abilities to infer where prey is, using their hearing.Scientists have explored this idea with other endearing creatures: babies. L ike cats, babies appear to engage in what's called "preferential looking"—looking longer at things that are interesting or unusual than things they perceiveas normal.When babies'expectations are violated in experiments like the ones performed with the cats, they react much like their animal friends.Psychologists have shown that babies apparently expect their world to comply with the laws of physics and cause and effect as early as two months of age.Does the study mean that cats will soon grasp the ins and outs of cause and effect? Maybe. Okay, s o cats may not be the next physics faculty members at America's most important research universities. But by demonstrating their common sense, they've shown that the divide between cats and humans may not be that great after all.46. What do we learn from a newly published study about cats?A) They can be trained to understand the physical world.B) They know what kind of prey might be easier to hunt.C) They have a natural ability to locate animals they hunt.D) They are capable of telling which way their prey flees.47.What may account for the cats'response to the noise from the containers?A) Their inborn sensitivity to noise.C) Their special ability to perceive. B) Their unusual sense ofdirection.D) Their mastery of cause and effect.48. W hat is characteristic of the way cats hunt, according to the Japanese researchers?A) They depend on their instincts.C) They wait some time before attack.49.In what way do babies behave like cats?A) They focus on what appears odd.C) They do what they prefer to do.50. W hat can we conclude about cats from the passage?A) They have higher intelligence than many other animals.B) They interact with the physical world much like humans.C) They display extraordinarily high intelligence in hunting.D) They can aid physics professors in their research work.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage. B) They rely mainly on their hearing.D) They use both their ears and eyes.B) They view the world as normal. D) They are curious about everything.Imagine you enter a car with no steering wheel, no brake or accelerator pedals (踏板）. Under a voice-activated command, you say an address. "The fastest route will take us 15.3 minutes. Should I take it?" You say "yes" and you are on your way. T he car responds and starts moving all by itself. All you have to do is sit back and relax.How weird would it be if, one day in the future, everyone had such a car? No crazy driving, no insults, no cutting in; traffic laws would be respected and driving much safer. O n the other hand, imagine the cost savings for local police enforcement and townbudgets without all those speeding and parking tickets.A new technology has the potential to change modem society in radical ways.There's no question that self-driving vehicles could be an enormous benefit. T he potential for safer cars means accident statistics would drop: some 94% of road accidents in the U.S. involve human error. Older drivers and visually-or physically-impaired people would gain a new level of freedom. Maintaining safe speeds and being electric, self-driving cars would drastically reduce pollution levels and dependency on non-renewable fuels.Roads would be quieter, people safer.But we must also consider the impact of the new technology on those who now depend on driving for their livelihoods. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, in May 2015 there were 505, 660 registered school bus drivers. T he American Trucking Association lists approximately 3.5 million professional truck drivers in the U.S ..The companies developing self-driving vehicles should be partnering with state and federal authorities to offerretraining for this massive workforce, many of whom will be displaced by the new technology. This is similar to what's happening in the coal and oil industries, a situation that fuels much of the current political discontent in this country.New technologies will, and should, be developed. T his is how society moves forward. However, progress can't be one-sided. It is necessary for the companies and state agencies involved to consider the ethical consequences of these potential changes to build a better future for all.61. W hat would be the impact of the extensive use of driverless cars?A) People would be driving in a more civilized way.B) It wouldsave local governments a lot of money.C) More policemen would be patrolling the streets.D) Traffic regulations would be a thing of the past.52.How would the elderly and the disabled benefit from driverless cars?A) They could enjoy greater mobility.C) They would have no trouble driving.B) They would suffer no road accidents.D) They could go anywhere they want.53.What would be the negative impact of driverless cars?A) The conflict between labor and management would intensify.B) The gap between various sectors of society would be widened.C) Professional drivers would have a hard time adapting to new road conditions.D)Numerous professional drivers would have to find new ways of earning a living.54. W hat is the result of the introduction of new technologies in energy industries?A)Political dissatisfaction.C) Fossil fuel conservation.B) Retraining of employees.D) Business restructuring.55.What does the author suggest businesses and the government do?A)Keep pace with technological developments.B) Make new technologies affordable to everyone.C) Enable everyone to benefit from new technologies.D) Popularize the use of new technologies and devicesPart IV Translation (30 minutes) Directions: For t如s part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese intoEnglish. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.过去几年里，移动支付市场在中国蓬勃发展。
2018年12月大学英语四级真题
2018年12月大学英语四级真题Part1 Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essayon the challenges of starting a career after graduation. You should write at least 120 words but no more than180 words.【参考答案】Part I WritingThe Challenges of Starting a Career after GraduationFacing the rising employment pressure, a host of college graduates choose to start a career instead of looking for a regular job in a company. As we all know that, starting a career is benef icial to realize one’s own dreams and value. However, it is also widely acknowledged that stating a career will be inevitably confronted with numerous challenges.When it comes to the challenges that we may meet in the process of starting a career, the main ones can be listed as follows. First of all, as freshmen who have just entered into the society, it is obvious that college graduates lack related experience, which will increase the rate of failure they may encounter during starting a career. Being short of entrepreneurial experience is one of difficulties that college graduates need to overcome. In addition, the collection of money is another problem they should solve urgently. Otherwise, there is no possibility of starting a career.Although starting a career after graduation has so many challenges to be solved, college graduates still need take a positive attitude towards it. Moreover, prudent consideration and entrepreneurial spirit are also necessary for graduates to start a career.Part2 听力Section AQuestions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1.A) Land a space vehicle on the moon in 2019.B) Design a new generation of mobile phones.C) Set up a mobile phone network on the moon.D) Gather data from the noon with a tiny device.2.A) It is stable.B) It is durable.C) It is inexpensive.D) It is sophisticated.Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.3.A) It lasted more than six hours.B) No injuries were yet reported.C) Nobody was in the building when it broke out.D) It had burned for 45 minutes by the time firefighters arrived.4.A) Recruit and train more firefighters.B) Pull down the deserted shopping mall.C) Turn the shopping mall into an amusement park.D) Find money to renovate the local neighborhood.Questions 5 and 6 are based on the news report you have just heard.5.A) Shrinking potato farming.B) Heavy reliance on import.C) Widespread plant disease.D) Insufficient potato supply.6.A) It intends to keep its traditional diet.B) It wants to expand its own farming.C) It is afraid of the spread of disease.D) It is worried about unfair competition.7.A) Global warning.B) Ever-rising prices.C) Government regulation.D) Diminishing investment.【参考答案】1. C)2. A)3. B)4. B)5. D)6. C) .7. A）Section BQuestions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.8. A) Informative.B) Inspiring.C) Dull.D) Shallow.9. A)She types on a keyboard.B)She does recording.C)She take photos.D)she take notes.10.A) It keeps her mind active.B) It makes her stay awake.C) It enables her to think hard.D) It helps her kill time.11.A)It enables her to improve her pronunciation.B) It helps her better remember what she learns.C) It turns out to be an enjoyable way of learning.D) It proves to be far more effective than writing.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12.A)To spend her honeymoon.B) To try autbentic Indian food.C) To take photos of the Jaj Mahal.D) To trace the origin of a love story.13.A) In memory of a princess.B) In honor of a great cmperor.C) To mark the death of an emperor of the 1600s.D) To celebrate the birth of a princess’s 14th child.14.A) It looks older than expected.B) It is built of wood and bricks.C) It stores lots of priceless antiques.D) It has walls decorated with jewels.15.A)Their streets are narrow.B)Each on has a unique character.C)They are mostly crowded.D)Life can be tedious in some places.【参考答案】8. C) 9. D) 10. A) 11. B) 12. A) 13. A) 14. D) 15. C)Section CQuestions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16.A)They help spread the latest technology.B)They greatly enrich people’s leisure life.C)They provide residents with theD)They allow free access to digital books and videos.17.A)By helping them find jobs.B)By keeping them off the streets.C)By inspiring their creativity.D)By providing a place of relaxation.18.A)Their interaction with teenagers proved fruitful.B)They used libraries less often than teenagers.C)They tended to visit libraries regularly.D)Their number increased modestly.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard. 19.A)It is the cleverest cat in the world.B)It is an unusual cross breed.C)It is the largest cat in Africa.D)It is a large-sized wild cat.20.A)They are as loyal as doges.B)They are fond of sleeping in cabinets.C)They have unusually long tails.D)They know how to please their owners.21.A)They shake their front paws.B)They shower with them.C)They teach them to dive.D)They shout at them.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22.A) Contented and relieved.B) Anxious and depressed.C) Proud but a bit nervous.D) Excited but somewhat sad.23.A) It starts the moment they are born.B) It depends on their parents for success.C) It is gaining increasing public attention.D) It is becoming parents’biggest concern.24.A) Choose the right school for them.B) Help them to learn by themselves.C) Read books and magazines to them.D) Set a good example for them to follow.25.A) Their intelligence.B) Their home life.C) The quality of their school.D) The effort they put in learning.【参考答案】16. C) 17. C) 18. D) 19. B)20. A) 21. B)22. D) 23. A) 24. D) 25. B)Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)题目Section AQuestions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.In what’s probably the craziest headline I’ve ever written, I’ve reported that 26 in livestock protection are happening with scientists painting eyes on the buttsof cows. The experiment is based upon the idea that farmers who’re protecting their herd from lions would shoot and kill lions in an effort to protect their livestock. While this makes a lot of sense, it results in many lion deaths that 27 would have been unnecessary. Researchers in Australia have been 28 and testing a method of trickery to make lions think they are being watched by the painted eyes on cow butts.This idea is based on the principle that lions and other 29 are far less likely to attack when they feel they are being watched. As conservation areas become smaller, lions are increasingly coming into contact with human populations, which are expanding to the 30 of these protected areas.Efforts like painting eyes on cow butts may seem crazy at first, but they could make actual headway in the fight for conservation. “If the method works, it could provide farmers in Botswana-and 31 —with a low-cost, sustainable tool to protect their livestock, and a way to keep lions safe from being killed.”Lions are 32 ambush(埋伏)hunters, so when they feel their prey has 33 them, they usually give up on the hunt. Researchers are 34 testing their idea on a select herd of cattle. They have painted half of the cows with eyes and left the other half as normal. Through satellite tracking of both the herd and the lions in the area, they will be able to 35 if their psychological trickery will work to help keep farmers from shooting lions.A) advances I) otherwiseB) boundaries J) predatorsC) challenging K) primarilyD) currently L) retortedE) determine M) spottedF) devising N) testimoniesG) elsewhere O) wrestleH) nevertheless【参考答案】26. A) advances27. I) otherwise28. F) devising29. J) predators30. B) boundaries31. G) elsewhere32. K) primarily33. M) spotted34. D) currently35. E) determineSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Resilience Is About How You Recharge, Not How You Endure[A] As constant travelers and parents of a 2-year-old, we sometimes fantasize about how much work we can do when one of us gets on a plane, undistracted by phones, friends, or movies. We race to get all our ground work done: packing, going through security, doing a last-minute work call, calling each other, then boarding the plane. Then, when we try to have that amazing work session in flight, we get nothing done. Even worse, after refreshing our email or reading the same studies over and over, we are too exhausted when we land to soldier on with(继续处理) the emails that have inevitably still piled up.[B] why should flying deplete us? We’re just sitting there doing nothing. Why can’t we be tougher, more resilient(有复原力的) and determined in our work so we can accomplish all of the goals we set for ourselves? Based on our current research, we have come to realize that the problem is not our hectic schedule or the plane travel itself; the problem comes from a misconception of what it means to be resilient, and the resulting impact of overworking.[C] We often take a militaristic, “tough”approach to resilience and determination like a Marine pulling himself through the mud, a boxer going one more round, or a football player picking himself up off the ground for one more play. We believe that the longer we tough it out, the tougher we are, and therefore the more successful we will be. However, this entire conception is scientifically inaccurate.[D] The very lack of a recovery period is dramatically holding back our collective ability to be resilient and successful. Research has found that there is a direct correlation between lack of recovery and increased incidence of health and safety problems. And lack of recovery —whether by disrupting sleep with thoughts of work or having continuous cognitive arousal by watching our phones —is costing our companies $62 billion a year in lost productivity.[E] And just because work stops, it doesn’t mean we are recovering. We “stop”work sometimes at 5pm, but then we spend the night wrestling with solutions to work problems, talking about our work over dinner, and falling asleepthinking about how much work we’ll do tomorrow. In a study just released, researchers from Norway found that 7.8% of Norwegians have become workaholics(工作狂). The scientists cite a definition “workaholism”as “being overly concerned about work, driven by an uncontrollable work motivation, and investing so much time and effort in work that it impairs other important life areas.”[F] We believe that the number of people who fit that definition includes the majoriy of American workers, which prompted us to begin a study of workaholism in the U.S. Our study will use a large corporate dataset from a major medical company to examine how technology extends our working hours and thus interferes with necessary cognitive recovery, resulting in huge health care costs and turnover costs for employers.[G] The misconception of resilience is often bred from an early age. Parents trying to teach their children resilience might celebrate a high school student staying up until 3am to finish a science fair project. What a distortion of resilience!A resilient child is a well-rested one. When an exhausted student goes to school,he risks hurting everyone on the road with his impaired driving; he doesn’t have the cognitive resources to do well on his English test; he has lower self-control with his friends; and at home, he is moody with his parents. Overwork and exhaustion are the opposite of resilience and the bad habits we acquire when we’re young only magnify when we hit the workforce.[H] As Jim Loehr and Tony Schwartz have written, if you have too much timein the performance zone, you need more time in the recovery zone, otherwise you risk burnout. Gathering your resources to “try hard”requires burning energy in order to overcome your currently low arousal level. It also worsens exhaustion. Thus the more imbalanced we become due to overworking, the more value there is in activities the allow us to return to a state of balance. The value of a recovery period rises in proportion to the amount of work required of us.[I] So how do we recover and build resilience? Most people assume that if you stop doing a task like answering emails or writhing a paper, your brain will naturally recover, so that when you start again later in the day or the next morning, you’ll have your energy back. But surely everyone reading this has had times when you lie in bed for hours, unable to fall asleep because your brains is thinking about work. If you lie in bed for eight hours, you may have rested, but you can still feel exhausted the next day. That’s because rest and recovery are not the same thing.[J] If you’re trying to build resilience at work, you need adequate internal and external recovery periods. As researchers Zijlstra, Cropley and Rydstedt write in their 2014 paper: “Internal recovery refers to the shorter periods of relaxationthat take place within the frames of the work day or the work setting in the formof short scheduled or unscheduled breaks, by shifting attention or changing to other work tasks when the mental or physical resources required for the initial task are temporarily depleted or exhausted. External recovery refers to actions that take place outside of work—e.g. in the free time between the work days, and during weekends, holidays or vacations.”If after work you lie around on your bed and get irritated by political commentary on your phone or get stressed thinking about decisions about how to renovate your home, your brain has not received a break from high mental arousal states. Our brains need a rest as much as our bodies do.[K] If you really want to build resilience, you can start by strategically stopping. Give yourself the resources to be tough by creating internal and external recovery periods. Amy Blankson describes how to strategically stop during the day by using technology to control overworking. She suggests downloading the Instant or Moment apps to see how many times you turn on your phone each day. You can also use apps like Offtime or Unplugged to create tech free zones by strategically scheduling automatic airplane modes. The average person turns on their phone 150 times every day. If every distraction took only 1 minute, that would accountfor 2.5 hours a day.[L] In addition, you can take a cognitive break every 90 minutes to charge your batteries. Try to not have lunch at your desk, but instead spend time outside or with your friends—not talking about work. Take all of your paid time off, which not only gives you recovery periods, but raises your productivity and likelihood of promotion.[M] As for us, we’ve started using our plane time as a work-free zone, and thus time to dip into the recovery phase. The results have been fantastic. We are usually tired already by the time we get on a plane, and the crowded space and unstable internet connection make work more challenging. Now, instead of swimming upstream, we relax, sleep, watch movies, or listen to music. And when we get off the plane, instead of being depleted, we feel recovered and ready to return to the performance zone.36. It has been found that inadequate recovery often leads to poor health and accidents.37. Mental relaxation is much needed, just as physical relaxation is.38. Adequate rest not only helps one recover, but also increases one’s work efficiency.39. The author always has a hectic time before taking a flight.40. Recovery may not take place even if one seems to have stopped working.41. It is advised that technology be used to prevent people from overworking.42. Contrary to popular belief, rest does not equal recovery.43. The author has come to see that his problem results from a misunderstanding of the meaning of resilience.44. People’s distorted view about resilience may have developed from their upbringing.45. People tend to think the more determined they are, the greater their success will be.【参考答案】：DJLAE KIBGCSection CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Children with attention problems in early childhood were 40% less likely to graduate from high school, says a new study from Duke University.The study included 386 kindergarteners from schools in the Fast Track Project, a multi-site clinical trial in the U.S. that in 1991 began tracking how children developed across their lives.With this study, researchers examined early academic attention andsocio-emotional skills and how each contributed to academic success into young adulthood.They found that early attention skills were the most consistent predictor of academic success, and that likability by peers also had a modest effect on academic performance.By fifth grade, children with early attention difficulties had lower grades and reading achievement scores than their peers. As fifth-graders, children with early attention problems obtained average reading scores at least 3% lower than their contemporaries’and grades at least 8% lower than those of their peers. This was after controlling for IQ, socio-economic status and academic skills at school entry.Although these may not seem like large effects, the impact of early attention problems continued throughout the children’s academic careers. Lower reading achievement scores and grades in fifth grade contributed to reduced grades in middle school and thereby contributed to a 40% lower high school graduation rate.“The children we identified as having attention difficulties were not diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(注意力缺乏多动症)(ADHD),although some may have had the disorder. Our findings suggest that even more modest attention difficulties can increase the risk of negative academic outcomes,”said David Rabiner, an associate dean of Duke’s Trinity College of Arts & Sciences, whose research has focused on ADHD and interventions to improve academic performance in children with attention difficulties.Social acceptance by peers in early childhood also predicted grades in fifth grade, Children not as liked by their first-grade peers had slightly lower grades in fifth grade, while those with higher social acceptance had higher grades.“This study shows the importance of so-called ‘non-cognitive’or soft skills in contributing to children’s positive peer relationships, which, in turn, contribute to their academic successs,”said Kenneth Dodge, director of the Duke Center for Child and Family Policy.The results highlight the need to develop effective early interventions to help those with attention problems stay on track academically and for educators to encourage positive peer relationships, the researchers said.“We’re learning that student success requires a more comprehensive approach, one that incorporates not only academic skills but also social,self-regulatory and attention skills,”Dodge said. “If we neglect any of these areas, the child’s development lags. If we attend to these areas, a child’s success may reinforce itself with positive feedback loops.”46. What is the focus of the new study from Duke University?A) The contributor to children’s early attention.B) The predictors of children’s academic success.C) The factors that affect children’s emotional well-being.D) The determinants of children’s development of social skills.47. How did the researchers ensure that their findings are valid?A) By attaching equal importance to all possible variables examined.B) By collecting as many typical samples as were necessary.C) By preventing them from being affected by factors not under study.D) By focusing on the family background of children being studied.48. What do we learn from the findings of the Duke study?A) Modest students are generally more attentive than their contemporaries.B) There are more children with attention difficulties than previously thought.C) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder accounts for most academic failures.D) Children’s academic performance may suffer from even slight inattention.49. What does the Duke study find about children better accepted by peers?A) They do better academically.B) They are easy to get on with.C) They are teachers’favorites.D) They care less about grades.50. What can we conclude from the Duke study?A) Children’s success is related to their learning environment.B) School curriculum should cover a greater variety of subjects.C) Social skills are playing a key role in children’s development.D) An all-round approach should be adopted in school education.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.On Jan. 9,2007, Steve Jobs formally announced Apple’s “revolutionary mobile phone”—a device that combined the functionality of an iPod, phone and Internet communication into a single unit, navigated by touch.It was a huge milestone in the development of smartphones, which are now owned by a majority of American adults and are increasingly common across the globe.As smartphones have multiplied, so have questions about their impact on how we live and how we work. Often the advantages of convenient, mobile technology are both obvious and taken for granted, leaving more subtle topics for concerned discussion: Are smartphones disturbing children’s sleep? Is an inability to get away from work having a negative impact on health? And what are the implications for privacy?But today, on the 10th anniversary of the iPhone, let’s take a moment to consider a less obvious advantage: the potential for smartphone technology to revolutionize behavioral science. That’s because, for the first time in human history, a large proportion of the species is in continuous contact with technology that can record key features of an individual’s behavior and environment.Researchers have already begun to use smartphones in social scientific research, either to query people regularly as they engage in their normal live or to record activity using the device’s built-in sensors. These studies are confirming, challenging and extending what’s been found using more traditional approaches, in which people report how they behaved in real life or participate in relatively short and artificial laboratory-based tasks.Such studies are just first steps. As more data are collected and methods for analysis improve, researchers will be in a better position to identify how different experiences, behaviors and environments relate to each other and evolve over time, with the potential to improve people’s productivity and wellbeing in a variety of domains. Beyond revealing population-wide patterns, the rightcombination of data and analysis can also help individuals identify unique characteristics of their own behavior, including conditions that could indicate the need for some form of intervention—such as an unusual increase in behaviors that signal a period of depression.Smartphone-based data collection comes at an appropriate time in the evolution of psychological science. Today, the field is in transition, moving away from a focus on laboratory studies with undergraduate participants towards more complex, real-world situations studied with more diverse groups of people. Smartphones offer new tools for achieving these ambitions, providing rich data about everyday behaviors in a variety of contexts.So here’s another way in which smartphones might transform the way we live and work: by offering insights into human psychology and behavior and, thus, supporting smarter social science.51.What does the author say about the negative impact of smartphones?A)It has been overshadowed by the positive impact.B)It has more often than not been taken for granted.C)It is not so obvious but has caused some concern.D)It is subtle but should by no means be overstated.52.What is considered a less obvious advantage of smartphone technology?A)It systematically records real human interactions.B)It helps people benefit from technological advances.C)It brings people into closer contact with each other.D)It greatly improves research on human behavior.53.What characterizes traditional psychological research?A)It is based on huge amounts of carefully collected data.B)It relies on lab observations and participants’reports.C)It makes use of the questionnaire method.D)It is often expensive and time-consuming.54.How will future psychological studies benefit individuals?A)By helping them pin down their unusual behaviors.B)By helping them maintain a positive state of mind.C)By helping them live their lives in a unique way.D)By helping them cope with abnormal situations.55.What do we learn about current psychological studies?A)They are going through a period of painful transition.B)They are increasingly focused on real-life situations.C)They are conducted in a more rigorous manner.D)They are mainly targeted towards undergraduates.【参考答案】第一篇：孩子幼年的注意力问题对于自身未来发展的影响46. B) The predictors of children’s academic success.47. A) By attaching equal importance to all possible variables examined.48. B) There are more children with attention difficulties than previously thought.49. A) They do better academically.50. C) social skills are playing a key role in children’s development.第二篇：智能手机对于心理学研究的影响51. C) It is not so obvious but has caused some concern.52. D) It greatly improves research on human behavior.53. B) It relies on lab observations and participants’reports.54. A) By helping them pin down their unusual behaviors.55. B) They are increasingly focused on real-life situations.Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Due to the rapid development of communication network, the number of Chinese smartphone users has grown at an alarming rate in recent years. This has dramatically changed the ways of reading for many people. They now often read news and articles on their smartphones instead of buying traditional newspapers. The development of a large number of mobile applications enables people to read novels and other forms of literature works on their mobile phones. Therefore, the sale of paper books has been affected. But the survey shows that despite the steady growth of the mobile phones’ reading market, more than half of adults still like to read paper books.【参考译文】由于通信网络的快速发展，中国智能手机用户数量近年来以惊人度增长。
2018 12月四级作文三
2018 12月四级作文三英文回答：In the realm of communication, language plays a pivotal role in shaping human interactions and fostering understanding. However, with the advent of globalization and the interconnectedness of our world, the question of whether we should prioritize a global language forefficient communication or embrace linguistic diversity to preserve cultural heritage has become a topic of considerable debate.Proponents of a global language argue that its adoption would enhance communication, facilitate knowledge sharing, and promote economic progress. By eliminating language barriers, it would foster a level playing field for individuals across different cultures, enabling them to engage in seamless interactions and collaborate more effectively. Additionally, a single language would simplify the dissemination of information and the exchange of ideas,leading to accelerated innovation and improved global cooperation.On the other hand, advocates for linguistic diversity extol the value of preserving cultural identity, safeguarding cultural heritage, and fostering cognitive benefits. Each language embodies a unique perspective, reflecting the history, traditions, and beliefs of its speakers. By embracing diversity, we celebrate the richness of human culture and ensure that different voices are heard. Moreover, research suggests that bilingualism and multilingualism enhance cognitive abilities, including memory, problem-solving, and creativity.Striking a balance between these perspectives requiresa comprehensive approach. While a global language may streamline communication and facilitate economic growth, it should not come at the expense of linguistic diversity. Instead, we should strive to create an inclusive societythat values both efficiency and preservation.One possible solution lies in promoting multilingualism,where individuals are proficient in both a global language and their native tongue. This approach allows for effective communication on a global scale while preserving cultural identity and fostering cognitive benefits.Furthermore, governments and educational institutions can play a significant role in safeguarding linguistic diversity by supporting language education, cultural exchange programs, and initiatives that promote awareness and appreciation of different languages. By fostering language preservation and revitalization efforts, we can ensure that future generations have the opportunity to experience the richness and beauty of our diverselinguistic heritage.In conclusion, the question of a global language versus linguistic diversity is a complex one, requiring a nuanced approach that balances both efficient communication and cultural preservation. By promoting multilingualism, supporting language diversity initiatives, and fostering a spirit of inclusivity, we can navigate the challenges of globalization while ensuring that the richness of humanculture continues to thrive.中文回答：在交流领域，语言在塑造人类互动和促进理解方面发挥着关键作用。
2018年十二月份英语四级作文
2018年十二月份英语四级作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇12018年十二月份英语四级作文In December 2018, the topic of English College Entrance Examination (CET) Level-4 writing test was about the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on society. This topic has drawn considerable attention from test-takers, educators, and experts, as AI technologies have been rapidly advancing and are reshaping various aspects of our lives.First of all, the advent of AI has brought about numerous benefits to society. For example, AI can greatly improve efficiency and accuracy in tasks such as data analysis, medical diagnosis, and customer service. With AI, machines are capable of learning from and adapting to new data, which makes them increasingly sophisticated in performing complex functions that were previously only achievable by humans.Furthermore, AI also contributes to the development of various industries, such as manufacturing, finance, and transportation. By integrating AI technologies into productionlines, financial systems, and self-driving cars, businesses can achieve higher productivity, better decision-making, and enhanced safety measures.However, the rapid growth of AI also raises concerns about its potential negative impacts on society. One major issue is the potential loss of jobs caused by automation and AI replacing human labor. As machines become more capable of performing tasks that require cognitive skills, many professions may become obsolete, leading to unemployment and social inequality.In addition, the use of AI in surveillance, security, and control raises ethical concerns about privacy, bias, and autonomy. For example, facial recognition technology raises questions about surveillance in public spaces, while AI algorithms may inadvertently perpetuate discrimination and reinforce existing social disparities.To address these challenges, it is crucial for policymakers, businesses, and researchers to collaborate in developing regulations and guidelines that ensure the responsible and ethical use of AI technologies. By promoting transparency, accountability, and inclusivity in AI development and deployment, we can maximize the benefits of AI while minimizing its negative impacts on society.In conclusion, the impact of artificial intelligence on society is a multifaceted issue that requires careful consideration and proactive measures to navigate. By fostering dialogue and cooperation among stakeholders, we can harness the power of AI to create a more equitable, sustainable, and prosperous society for all.篇2Title: English Composition for December 2018 CET-4 ExamAs the end of the year approaches, many students are preparing to take the College English Test-4 (CET-4) in December. This is an important exam for students in China, as it tests their ability to communicate in English and assesses their overall language proficiency. In this article, we will discuss the format of the CET-4 exam, as well as provide some tips and strategies for success.The CET-4 exam consists of four parts: listening, reading, writing, and translation. The listening section tests students' ability to understand spoken English, while the reading section evaluates their comprehension of written English. The writing section requires students to write an essay on a given topic, andthe translation section asks them to translate a passage from Chinese to English.To prepare for the listening section, students should practice listening to English podcasts, songs, and videos. They can also take practice tests to improve their listening skills. For the reading section, students should read a variety of English texts, such as newspapers, magazines, and books. They should pay attention to vocabulary, grammar, and sentence structure while reading.The writing section is often the most challenging part of the CET-4 exam. To succeed in this section, students should practice writing essays on a variety of topics. They should pay attention to organization, coherence, and clarity in their writing. It is also important to use a variety of vocabulary and grammar structures to demonstrate language proficiency.The translation section requires students to have a good understanding of both English and Chinese. To prepare for this section, students should practice translating passages from Chinese to English and vice versa. They should pay attention to vocabulary, idioms, and syntax in both languages.In addition to preparing for each section of the exam, students should also work on their overall language proficiency.They can do this by practicing speaking, writing, reading, and listening in English on a daily basis. They can also take language courses, attend language exchange events, and use language learning apps to improve their skills.In conclusion, the CET-4 exam in December is a challenge for many students, but with the right preparation and study strategies, success is possible. By practicing each section of the exam, focusing on language proficiency, and using a variety of study methods, students can improve their English skills and achieve a high score on the exam. Good luck to all the students taking the CET-4 exam in December!篇32018年十二月份英语四级作文In December 2018, the topic for the English CET-4 writing section was about the importance of time management in students' daily life. Time management is a vital skill that all students need to learn in order to be successful in both their academic and personal lives.First and foremost, time management is crucial for students to effectively balance their academic workload. With numerous assignments, exams, and extracurricular activities to juggle,students often find themselves overwhelmed and stressed. By learning how to prioritize tasks and allocate their time wisely, students can ensure that they complete their work on time and to the best of their abilities.Furthermore, time management also allows students to make time for personal growth and self-care. In today'sfast-paced society, it is easy to get caught up in the hustle and bustle of everyday life and neglect our physical and mental well-being. By setting aside time for exercise, relaxation, and socializing with friends, students can maintain a healthy work-life balance and prevent burnout.In addition, effective time management can help students develop valuable skills that will benefit them in the future. By learning how to plan ahead, meet deadlines, and stay organized, students are preparing themselves for success in the workplace. Employers value employees who are able to manage their time efficiently and deliver results in a timely manner.Overall, time management is a skill that all students should strive to master. By learning how to prioritize tasks, make the most of their time, and take care of themselves, students can achieve academic success, maintain a healthy work-life balance, and prepare themselves for a successful future.。
(完整版)2018年12月英语四级真题及答案
2018年12月大学英语四级真题及答案第一部分写作2018年12月大学英语四级考试写作真题(第1套)2018年12月英语四级真题写作范文(出国留学的挑战)【作文一参考范文】It is well known that due to the booming economy and increasing family income, studying abroad has become an increasingly popular choice for students. Although studying abroad is often praised by people for its advantages, there are still some disadvantages to be noticed.First of all, to study abroad is expensive. Specifically speaking, those involved have to spend a large amount of money on tuition and living expenses, which is not affordable for everyone. In addition, to study abroad is a great challenge for those students who lack the ability of living independently. If they can not take good care of themselves there, their academic performance will be affected to a large extent. Last but not least, to study abroad may exercise a negative influence on students’ mentality. As we all know, to study abroad equals to stay away from family and friends for a long time, which is likely to produce some psychological problems for those students, such as being solitary and gloomy.From what has been mentioned above, we can easily come to the conclusion that the disadvantages of studying abroad can not be neglected. What’s more, those students who are planning to study abroad should make enough preparations for these problems mentioned above. Only in this way, can they have a fruitful and successful study life abroad.【参考译文】众所周知，随着经济的蓬勃发展和家庭收入的增加，出国留学已经成为越来越受学生欢迎的选择。
2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试卷及详细答案(三套全)
2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试卷及详细答案(三套全)目录2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试题一(完整版) (1)快速对答案 (14)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试卷一详细答案(精品) (15)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试题二(完整版) (61)快速对答案 (75)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试卷二详细答案(精品) (75)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试题三(完整版) (120)快速对答案 (129)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试卷三详细答案(精品) (129)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试题一(完整版)Part I Writing (30 minutes) (请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an a short easy on the challenges of living in a big city.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes) Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear questions, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
2018年12月英语四级作文
2018年12月英语四级作文Once upon a time, I remembered the hustle and bustle of preparing for the December 2018 CET-4 exam. It was a time filled with anxiety and excitement, as the big day drew nearer and nearer.For many students, the exam was not just a test of English proficiency, but also a marker of their academic journey. We crammed vocabulary, practiced writing essays, and listened to mock listening comprehension passages until our ears were ringing. It was a grind, but it was also a challenge that we were eager to take on.One thing that stood out for me during that period was the camaraderie among my classmates. We supported each other, shared tips and tricks, and encouraged each other to keep going. It was a reminder that learning can be a collective effort, and that we can achieve more when we work together.On the day of the exam, my heart was pounding as I walked into the examination hall. The atmosphere was tense, but also exciting. As I sat down and started the exam, I realized that all the preparation and hard work had paid off. I felt confident and at ease, even as I tackled the more difficult questions.In the end, the exam was just a snapshot in time, a moment that would pass and become a memory. But the experience of preparing for.。
2018年12月英语四级作文
2018年12月英语四级作文英文回答：As the year of 2018 is coming to an end, I can't help but reflect on the past year and think about the changesand experiences that have shaped me. Looking back, I feel that 2018 has been a year of growth and learning for me. There have been both ups and downs, but each experience has taught me something valuable.For example, at the beginning of the year, I was faced with a challenging situation at work. I was put in chargeof a big project that seemed overwhelming at first. However, I decided to take it as an opportunity to push myself outof my comfort zone and learn new skills. Through hard work and determination, I was able to successfully complete the project, and it gave me a sense of accomplishment and confidence.On the personal side, I also experienced some setbacksand disappointments. But instead of dwelling on the negatives, I chose to focus on the positives and learn from the mistakes. This mindset shift has helped me to become more resilient and optimistic, and I believe it has made me a better person overall.中文回答：随着2018年的结束，我不禁回顾过去的一年，思考着那些改变和经历如何塑造了我。
完整版2018年12月四级真题第三套
2018年12月大学英语四级考试真题(第3套)Part I Writing (30mi nu tes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of starting a career after graduation. You should write at least120 words but no more than 180 words.Part II Liste ning Comprehe nsion (25 min utes)说明：由于2018年12月四级考试全国共考了2套听力，本套真题听力与前2套内容完全一样，只是顺序不样，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。
Part 川Reading Comprehension ( 40 minutes )Sectio n ADirectio ns: In this sect ion, there is a passage with ten bla nks. You are required to select one word for each bla nk from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a sin gle line through the cen tre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more tha n on ce.Questi ons 26 to 35 are based on the follow ing passage.A few mon ths ago, I was dow n with a terrible cold which en ded in a persiste nt bad cough. No matter how many differe nt 26 I tried, I still could n 'get rid of the cough. Not only did it 27 my teachi ng but also my life as a whole. The n one day after class, a stude nt came up to me and 28 traditi onal Chin ese medici ne. From her descripti on, Chin ese medici ne soun ded as if it had magic power that worked won ders. I was 29 because I knew so little about it and have never it before. Eventually, my cough got so much 30 that I couldn 'sleep at night, so I decided to give it a try. The Chin ese doctor took my pulse and asked to see my ton gue, both of which were new 31 to me because they are both nonexistent in Western medicine. Then the doctor gave me a scraping (刮)treatment known as Gua Sha”. I was a little 32 at first because he used a smooth edged tool to scrape the skin on my neck and shoulders. A few minutes later, the 33 strokes started to produce a relievi ng effect and my body and mi nd bega n to 34 deeper into relaxati on. I did n 'feel any improvement in my condition in the first couple of days, but after a few more regular visits to the doctor, my cough started to 35 . Then, within a matter of weeks, it was completely gone!Sectio n BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on An swer Sheet 2.How a Poor, Aba ndoned Parisia n Boy Became a Top ChefA) When you drop a piece of food on the floor, is it really OK to eat if you pick it up with in five sec on ds? An urba n food myth contends that if food spe nds just a few sec onds on the floor, dirt and germs won 'have much of a cha nee to con tam in ate it. Research in my lab has focused on how food becomes con tam in ated, and we 've done some work on this particular piece of wisdom.B) While the f ive-second rule ” might not seem like the most pressing issue for food scientists to get to the bottom of, it' still worth investigating food myths like this one because they shape our beliefs about when food is safe to eat.C) So is five sec onds on the floor the critical threshold (门槛)that separates a piece of eatable food from a case offood poisoning? It ' a bit more complicated than that. It depends on just how many bacteria can make it from floor to food in a few sec onds and just how dirty the floor is.D) Won deri ng if food is still OK to eat after it 's dropped on the floor is a pretty com mon experie nee. And it 's probably n ot a new one either. A well-k nown, but in accurate, story about Julia Child may have con tributed to this food myth. Some viewers of her cook ing show, The French Chef, i nsist they saw Child drop lamb on the floor and pick it up, with the advice that if they were alone in the kitche n, their guests would n ever know.E) In fact it was a potato pan cake, and it fell on the stovetop, not on the floor. Child put it back in the pan, say ing, But you can always pick it up and if you 're alone in the kitchen, who ' going to see it?" But the misremembered story persists.It' harder to pin down the origins of the oft-quoted five-second rule, but a 2003 study reported that 70% of women and 56% of men surveyed were familiar with the five-sec ond rule and that wome n were more likely tha n men to eat food that had dropped on the floor.F) So what does science tell us about what a few moments on the floor means for the safety of your food? The earliest research report on the five-second rule is attributed to Jillian Clarke, a high school student participating in a research project at the Uni versity of Illi no is. Clarke and her colleagues in troduced bacteria to floor tiles (瓷砖) and the n placed cookies on the tiles for vary ing times. They reported bacteria were tran sferred from the tiles to the cookies within five sec on ds, butdid n 'report the specific amount of bacteria that made it from the tiles to the food.G) But how many bacteria actually tran sfer in five sec on ds? In 2007, my lab at Clems on Uni versity published a study in the Journal of Applied Microbiology. We wan ted to know if the len gth of time food is in con tact with a con tam in ated surface affected the rate of transfer of bacteria to the food. To find out, we introduced bacteria to squares of tile, carpet or wood. Five minu tes after that, we placed either bac on or bread on the surface for 5,30 or 60 sec on ds, and the n measured the nu mber of bacteria tran sferred to the food. We repeated this exact procedure after the bacteria had bee n on the surface for 2,4,8 and 24 hours.H) We found that the nu mber of bacteria tran sferred to either kind of food did n 'depe nd much on how long the food was in con tact with the con tam in ated surface —whether for a few sec onds or for a whole min ute. The overall nu mber of bacteria on the surface mattered more, and this decreased over time after the initial introduction. It looks like what 's at issue is less how long your food stays on the floor and much more how contaminated with bacteria that patch of floor happens tobe.I) We also found that the kind of surface made a differe nce as well. Carpets, for in sta nce, seem to be slightly better places to drop your food than wood or tile. When a carpet was contaminated, less than 1% of the bacteria were transferred. Butwhe n the food was in con tact with tile or wood, 45-70% of bacteria were.J) Last year, a study from Ast on Uni versity in the UK used n early ide ntical parameters (参数) to our study and found similar results. They also reported that 87% of people asked either would eat or had eate n food falle n on the floor.K) Should you eat food falle n on the floor the n? From a food safety sta ndpo in t, if you have millio ns or more bacteria on a surface, 0.1% is still eno ugh to make you sick. Also, certa in types of bacteria are extremely harmful, and it takes only a small number to make you sick. For example, 10 bacteria or less of an especially deadly strain of bacteria can cause severe ill ness and death in people with compromised immune systems. But the cha nee of these bacteria being on most surfaces is very low.L) And it ' not just dropping food on the floor that can lead to bacterial contamination. Bacteria are carried by various media”，which can include raw food, moist surfaces where bacteria have been left, our hands or skin and from coughing or sn eez ing (打喷嚏) .Han ds, foods and ute nsils (器皿) can carry in dividual bacteria livi ng in com mun ities containedwithin a protective film. These microscopic layers of deposits containing bacteria are known as biofilms and they are found on most surfaces and objects. Biofilm com mun ities can harbor bacteria Ion ger and are very difficult to clea n. Becteria in these communities also have an enhanced resistance to sanitizers (清洁剂) and antibiotics compared to bacteria living on their own.M ) So the next time you consider eating fallen food, the odds are in your favor that you can eat it without getting sick. But in the rare cha nce that there is a micro-orga nism that there is a micro-orga nism that can make you sick on the exact spot where the food dropped, you can be fairly sure that the bug is on the food you are about to put in your mouth.N) Research or com mon sense tells us that the best thing to do is keep your han ds, ute nsils and other surfaces clea n.36. A research project found bacteria made their way to the food on the floor in five sec on ds.37. Whether food is con tam in ated depe nds much on the nu mber of bacteria that get onto it.38. Food contamination may result from various factors other than food dropping on the floor.39. Males are less likely tha n females to eat food that may have bee n con tam in ated.40. The author' research cen ters around how food gets con tam in ated.41. Keeping everything clean is the best way to stay healthy.42. Cha nces are you will not fall sick because of eati ng food picked up from the floor.43. For a long time people have had the experience of deciding whether or not to eat food picked up from the floor.44. Some stra ins of bacteria are so harmful that a tiny few can have deadly con seque nces.45. Researchers found how many bacteria got on to the food did not have much to do with how long the food stayed on a con tam in ated floor.Sectio n CDirections: There are 2 passages in this sect ion. Each passage is followed by some questi ons or unfini shed stateme nts. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresp onding letter on An swer Sheet 2 with a sin gle line through the cen tre.Passage OneQuesti ons 46 and 50 are based on the follow ing passage.The latest in cat research reveals that the lovely ani mal seems to have a basic grasp on both the laws of physics and the ins and outs of cause and effect.Accord ing to a n ewly published study, cats seem to be able to predict the locati on of hidi ng prey (猎物) using both their ears and an inborn (天生的) understanding of how the physical world works.In a rece nt experime nt, Japa nese researchers taped 30 domestic cats react ing to a container that a team member shook. Some containers rattled (发出响声)；others did not. When the container was tipped over, sometimes an object fell out and sometimes it didn '.It turns out that the cats were remarkably smart about what would happe n whe n a container was tipped over. Whe n an object did not drop out of the bottom of a rattli ng container, they looked at it for a Ion ger time tha n they did whe n the container behaved as expected.Cats use a causal-logical un dersta nding of no ise or sounds to predict the appeara nee of in visible objects, "lead researcher Saho Takagi says in a press release. The researchers con clude that catsh un ti ng style may have developed based on their com mon-sense abilities to infer where prey is, using their heari ng.Scientists have explored this idea with other endearing creatures: babies. Like cats, babies appear to engage in what ' called prefere ntial look ing " — look ing Ion ger at things that are in teresti ng or unu sual tha n things they perceive as no rmal.When babies' expectations are violated in experiments like the ones performed with the cats, they react much like theirani mal frien ds. Psychologists have show n that babies appare ntly expect their world to comply with the laws of physics and cause and effect as early as two mon ths of age.Does the study mean that cats will soon grasp the ins and outs of cause and effect? Maybe. Okay, so cats may not be the n ext physics faculty members at America ' most importa nt research uni versities. But by dem on strati ng their com mon sen se, they v e show n that the divide betwee n cats and huma ns may not be that great after all.46. What do we lear n from a n ewly published study about cats?A) They can be trained to un dersta nd the physical world.B) They know what kind of prey might be easier to hunt.C) They have a n atural ability to locate ani mals they hunt.D) They are capable of tell ing which way their prey flees.47. What may account for the cats ' response to the noise from the containers?A) Their inborn sen sitivity to no ise.B) Their unu sual sense of direct ion.C) Their special ability to perceive.D) Their mastery of cause and effect.48. What is characteristic of the way cats hunt, accord ing to the Japa nese researchers?A) They depe nd on their in sti nets. C) They wait some time before attack.B) They rely main ly on their heari ng. D) They use both their ears and eyes.49. In what way do babies behave like cats?A) They focus on what appears odd.B) They view the world as no rmal.C) They do what they prefer to do.D) They are curious about everyth ing.50. What can we con clude about cats from the passage?A) They have higher intelligence than many other animals.B) They in teract withe the physical world much like huma ns.C) They display extraord in arily high in tellige nce in hun ti ng.D) They can aid physics professors in their research work.Passage TwoQuesti ons 51 to 55 are based on the follow ing passage.Imagine you enter a car with no steering wheel, no brake or accelerator padals (踏板).Under a voice-activated comma nd, you say an address. The fastest route will take us 15.3 minu tes. Should I take it? ” You say yes" and you are on your way. The car resp onds and starts moving all by itself. All you have to do is sit back and relax.How weird would it be if, one day in the future, every one had such a car? No crazy drivi ng, no in sults, no cutt ing in; traffic laws would be respected and driv ing much safer. On the other han d, imag ine the cost sav ings for local police en forceme nt and tow n budgets without all those speedi ng and park ing tickets.A new tech no logy has the pote ntial to cha nge moder n society in radical ways. There ' no questi on that self-driv ing vehicles could be an eno rmous ben efit. The pote ntial for safer cars means accide nt statistics would drop: some 94% of road accidents in the U.S. involve human error. Older drivers and visually-or physically-impaired people would gain a new level of freedom. Maintaining safe speeds and being electric, self-driving cars would drastically reduce pollution levels and depe ndency on non-ren ewable fuels. Roads would be quieter, people safer.But we must also con sider the impact of the new tech no logy on those who now depe nd on driv ing for their livelihoods. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, in May 2015 there were 505,560 registered school bus drivers. The American Trucking Association lists approximately 3.5 million professional truck drivers in the U.S.The compa nies develop ing self-drivi ng vehicles should be partnering with state and federal authorities to offer retrai ning for this massive workforce, many of whom will be displaced by the new tech no logy. This is similar to what ' happening in the coal and oil industries, a situation that fuels much of the current political discontent in this country.New tech no logies will, and should, be developed. This is how society moves forward. However, progress can 'be one-sided. It is n ecessary for the compa nies and state age ncies in volved to con sider the ethical con seque nces of these pote ntial cha nges to build a better future for all.51. What would be the impact of the exte nsive use of driverless cars?A) People would be driving in a more civilized way.B) It would save local gover nments a lot of mon ey.C) More policeme n would be patrolli ng the streets.D) Traffic regulati ons would be a thing of the past.52. How would the elderly and the disabled ben efit from driverless cars?A) They could enjoy greater mobility.B) They would suffer no road accide nts.C) They would have no trouble drivi ng.D) They could go any where they want.53. What would be the n egative impact of driverless cars?A) The con flict betwee n labor and man ageme nt would inten sify.B) The gap betwee n various sectors of society would be wide ned.C) Professi onal drivers would have a hard time adapti ng to new road con diti ons.D) Numerous professional drivers would have to find new ways of earning a living.54. What is the result of the in troducti on of new tech no logies in en ergy in dustries?A) Political dissatisfact ion.B) Retra ining of employees.C) Fossil fuel con servati on.D) Busin ess restructuri ng.55. What does the author suggest bus in esses and the gover nment do?A) Keep pace with tech no logical developme nts.B) Make new tech no logies affordable to every one.C) En able every one to ben efit from new tech no logies.D) Popularize the use of new tech no logies and devices.Part IV Tran slati on (30 minu tes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your an swer on An swer Sheet 2.过去几年里，移动支付市场在中国蓬勃发展。
2018年12月英语四级作文真题及范文【三套全】复习进程
2018年12月英语四级作文真题及范文【三套全】Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of starting a career after graduation. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Currently，whether to start a career after graduation has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young, and heated debates are right on their way. People's opinions about this issue vary from person to person. I consider that starting our own business tends to pose a considerable number of threats to our future.First and foremost, compared with graduate education, our knowledge will be limited and our horizons will be narrowed if we choose to take a position after graduation due to the fact that possessing a bachelor’s degree i s to maintain one’s competitiveness. In addition, applying for a job is likely to take up our precious time which can be used for more valuable activities.Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that we should be prudent and cautious when we face various options after graduation.Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of living in a big city. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Currently，whether to live in a big city has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young, and heated debates are right on their way. People's opinions about this issue vary from person to person. I consider that living in a big city tends to pose a considerable number of threats to our future. First and foremost, since the phenomenon of left-behind children has arisen as one of the most fearful social situations, parents are likely to have less family time with their children, which is detrimental to fostering harmonious families. In addition, busy city life is also negative for our mental health. The fierce competition that exists everywhere in big cities is destructive to our relationship with our colleagues, neighbors, and even friends, resulting in our isolation and loneliness.Taking all these factors into consideration, I solidly consider that we should be prudent and cautious when we consider about the question of whether we should live in big cities.Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of studying abroad. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.There is a widespread concern over the issue that whether studying abroad is a good choice after graduation. People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. From my personal perspective, I hold that it is advisable for the students to study abroad after graduation.There are a variety of reasons for studying overseas. On one hand, students can enrich their knowledge and enlarge their horizons by being exposed to new cultures. On the other hand, the students going abroad can cultivate the spirit of self-dependence. In addition, overseas degrees from top universities in the world can provide more competitive advantages for their future careers than those obtained at home.To make a long story short, it is sensible that we should take a rational attitude when we make a choice. Only in this way can we shoulder the real success.。
2018年12月英语四级考试真题试卷+答案 (3套全含答案)
第一套Part I. Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of living in a big city. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part II. Listening Comprehension (30 minutes) (我把听力音频MP3文件放在压缩包里了，请自己去找吧哈哈)Section A News ReportDirections：In this section，you will hear three news reports。
At the end of each news report，you will hear two or three questions。
Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once。
After you hear a question，you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A），B），C）and D）。
Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre。
Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1. A) Land a space vehicle on the moon in 2019.B) Design a new generation of mobile phones.C) Set up a mobile phone network on the moon.D) Gather data from the moon with a tiny device.2. A) It is stable.B) It is durable.C) It is inexpensive.D) It is sophisticated.Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.3. A) It lasted more than six hours.B) No injuries were yet reported.C) Nobody was in the building when it broke out.D) It had burned for 45 minutes by the time firefighters arrived.4. A) Recruit and train more firefighters.B) Pull down the deserted shopping mall.C) Turn the shopping mall into an amusement park.D) Find money to renovate the local neighborhood.Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.5. A) Shrinking potato farming.B) Heavy reliance on import.C) Widespread plant disease.D) Insufficient potato supply.6. A) It intends to keep its traditional diet.B) It wants to expand its own farming.C) It is afraid of the spread of disease.D) It is worried about unfair competition.7. A) Global warming.B) Ever-rising prices.C) Government regulation.D) Diminishing investment.Section B ConversationDirections：In this section，you will hear two long conversations。
2018年12月英语四级优秀作文3篇
2018年12月英语四级优秀作文3篇四级作文一The challenges of living in a big cityNever in our history has the phenomenon that living in a big city become so common. With cities growing larger and larger, there has been a steady rise in the number of people who flood into those big cities. Obviously, it will give rise to a host of trials to the new citizens.First and foremost, people will have to face with the high living expenses. For most people in big cities, they have to rent to live and the cost of daily products may also see a rise.Then, the challenge of working under great pressure couldn’t be denied. While having high salaries, people living in big cities will also encounter with intensive working pressure.Finally, there may be other difficult tasks like long commute distance, jammed traffic, poor air conditions and etc., dealing with such issues can be really challenging. Taking all these into account, there are still great amount of people choose to work and live in big cities, because great challenges always come along with great opportunities.四级作文二The challenges of starting a career after graduation.Nowadays there is a growing concern over starting a career after graduation for the newly graduates. For years, the society has witnessed that a growing number of newly graduates remain unemployed after graduation, and the challenges may as follows: First, students upon graduation may be overwhelmed by the social reality that their majors are not so correspond to the real work. Especially for the liberal arts graduates, because it’s challe nging to transfer theoretical knowledge into practical use.Then, the newly graduates will have to face the challenge that most companies would prefer to hire employees with working experience. It is true that many students graduate with zero experience.Besides, the high living expenses after graduation, taking rent as an example, is another great trial that can’t be overlooked.There is sufficient evidence to show that starting a career after graduation is certainly challenging. But for the newly graduates, they still need to stay optimistic. The longlife path is still at its beginning and the great challenges always come along with great opportunities.四级作文三The challenges of studying abroadNowadays, with globalization making the world more interconnected, a trend of accepting higher education has been on the rise. There are many students considering studying abroad, and here are some of the challenges they may confront with.The first one is being exposed to a totally exotic environment. People who studied abroad will be open to everything new and strange. On social level, they also meet a diverse range of counterparts. Sometimes it is no easy to become the ice-breaker.The other challenge may come from their family, or to be specific, the oversea students will be more likely to be homesick, especially for those who are in their first year, and their parents will share that feeling with them.Besides, we shall not forget the obstacles of culture and language. It is quite often that even if they can understand every single word, they will still fail to grasp the true meaning.Despite all these challenges, there are still great amount of people choose to study abroad, because great challenges always come along with great opportunities.解析：本次考试考查的是论说文，难度适中。
2018年12月大学英语四级(CET-4)真题试卷及参考答案第三套
2018 年 12 月英语四级真题第三套Part I Writing (30minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on The challenges of living in a big city. You should write at least120 words butno more than 180 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)说明：由于2018年12月四级考试全国共考了2套听力，本套真题听力与前2套内容完全一样，只是顺序不一样，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a wordbank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully beforemaking your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words inthe bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.A few months ago, I was down with a terrible cold which ended in a persistent bad cough. No matter how many different 26 I tried, I still couldn’t get rid of the cough. Not only did it 27 my teaching but also my life as a whole. Then one day after class, a student came up to me and 28 traditional Chinese medicine. From her description, Chinese medicine sounded as if it had magic power that worked wonders.I was 29 because I knew so little about it and have never it before. Eventually, my cough got so much 30 that I couldn’t sleep at night, so I decided to give it a try. The Chinese doctor took my pulse and asked to see my tongue, both of which were new 31 to me because they are both non-existent in Western medicine. Then the doctor gave me a scraping（刮）treatment known as “Gua Sha”.I was a little 32 at first because he used a smooth edged tool to scrape the skin on my neck and shoulders. A few minutes later, the 33 strokes started to produce a relieving effect and my body and mind began to 34 deeper into relaxation. I didn’t feel any improvement in my condition in the first couple of days, but after a few more regular visits to the doctor, my cough started to 35 . Then, within a matter of weeks, it was completely gone!A)DeepenB)ExperiencesC)HesitantD)InconvenienceE)LessenF)licensesG)PressuredH)HrecommendedI)RemediesJ)ScaredK)SensitiveL)SinkM)TemporaryN)TrembleO)worseSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of theparagraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information isderived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraphis marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking thecorresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Is it really OK to eat food that's fallen on the floorA)When you drop a piece of food on the floor, is it really OK to eat if you pick it up within five seconds? An urban food myth contends that if food spends just a few seconds on the floor, dirt and germs won’t have much of a chance to contaminate it. Researc h in my lab has focused on how food becomes contaminated, and we’ve done some work on this particular piece of wisdom.B)While the “five-second rule” might not seem like the most pressing issue for food scientists to get to the bottom of, it’s still worth in vestigating food myths like this one because they shape our beliefs about when food is safe to eat.C)So is five seconds on the floor the critical threshold（门槛）that separates a piece of eatable food from a case of food poisoning? It’s a bit more complicated than that. It depends on just how many bacteria can make it from floor to food in a few seconds and just how dirty the floor is.D)Wondering if food is still OK to eat after it’s dropped on the floor is a pretty common experience. And it’s probably not a new one either. A well-known, but inaccurate, story about Julia Child may have contributed to this food myth. Some viewers of her cooking show, The French Chef, insist they saw Child drop lamb onthe floor and pick it up, with the advice that if they were alone in the kitchen, their guests would never know.E)In fact it was a potato pancake, and it fell on the stovetop, not on the floor. Child put it back in the pan, saying, “But you can always pick it up and if you’re alone in the kitchen, who’s going to see it?” But the misremembered story persists. It’s harder to pin down the origins of the oft-quoted five-second rule, but a 2003 study reported that 70% of women and 56% of men surveyed were familiar with the five-second rule and that women were more likely than men to eat food that had dropped on the floor.F)So what does science tell us about what a few moments on the floor means for the safety of your food? The earliest research report on the five-second rule is attributed to Jillian Clarke, a high school student participating in a research project at the University of Illinois. Clarke and her colleagues introduced bacteria to floor tiles（瓷砖）and then placed cookies on the tiles for varying times. They reported bacteria were transferred from the tiles to the cook ies within five seconds, but didn’t report the specific amount of bacteria that made it from the tiles to the food.G)But how many bacteria actually transfer in five seconds? In 2007, my lab at Clemson University published a study in the Journal of Applied Microbiology. We wanted to know if the length of time food is in contact with a contaminated surface affected the rate of transfer of bacteria to the food. To find out, we introduced bacteria to squares of tile, carpet or wood. Five minutes after that, we placed either bacon or bread on the surface for 5,30 or 60 seconds, and then measured the number of bacteria transferred to the food. We repeated this exact procedure after the bacteria had been on the surface for 2,4,8 and 24 hours.H)We found that the number of bacteria transferred to either kind of food didn’t depend much on how long the food was in contact with the contaminated surface—whether for a few seconds or for a whole minute. The overall number of bacteria on the surface mattered more, and this decreased over time after the initial introduction. It looks like what’s at issue is less how long your food stays on the floor and much more how contaminated with bacteria that patch of floor happens to be.I)We also found that the kind of surface made a difference as well. Carpets, for instance, seem to be slightly better places to drop your food than wood or tile. When a carpet was contaminated, less than 1% of the bacteria were transferred. But when the food was in contact with tile or wood, 45-70% of bacteria were.J)Last year, a study from Aston University in the UK used nearly identical parameters（参数）to our study and found similar results. They also reported that 87% of people asked either would eat or had eaten food fallen on the floor.K)Should you eat food fallen on the floor then? From a food safety standpoint, if you have millions or more bacteria on a surface, 0.1% is still enough to make you sick. Also, certain types of bacteria are extremely harmful, and it takes only a smallnumber to make you sick. For example, 10 bacteria or less of an especially deadly strain of bacteria can cause severe illness and death in people with compromised immune systems. But the chance of these bacteria being on most surfaces is very low.L)And it’s not just dropping food on the floor that can lead to bacterial contamination. Bacteria are carried by various “media”, which can include raw food, moist surfaces where bacteria have been left, our hands or skin and from coughing or sneezing（打喷嚏）. Hands, foods and utensils（器皿）can carry individual bacteria living in communities contained within a protective film. These microscopic layers of deposits containing bacteria are known as biofilms and they are found on most surfaces and objects. Biofilm communities can harbor bacteria longer and are very difficult to clean. Becteria in these communities also have an enhanced resistance to sanitizers（清洁剂）and antibiotics compared to bacteria living on their own.M)So the next time you consider eating fallen food, the odds are in your favor that you can eat it without getting sick. But in the rare chance that there is a micro-organism that there is a micro-organism that can make you sick on the exact spot where the food dropped, you can be fairly sure that the bug is on the food you are about to put in your mouth.N)Research or common sense tells us that the best thing to do is keep your hands, utensils and other surfaces clean.36.A research project found bacteria made their way to the food on the floor in five seconds.37.Whether food is contaminated depends much on the number of bacteria that get onto it.38.Food contamination may result from various factors other than food dropping on the floor.39.Males are less likely than females to eat food that may have been contaminated.40.The author’s research ce nters around how food gets contaminated.41.Keeping everything clean is the best way to stay healthy.42.Chances are you will not fall sick because of eating food picked up from the floor.43.For a long time people have had the experience of deciding whether or not to eat food picked up from the floor.44.Some strains of bacteria are so harmful that a tiny few can have deadly consequences.45.Researchers found how many bacteria got onto the food did not have much to do with how long the food stayed on a contaminated floor.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are fourchoices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choiceand mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single linethrough the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 and 50 are based on the following passage.The latest in cat research reveals that the lovely animal seems to have a basic grasp on both the laws of physics and the ins and outs of cause and effect.According to a newly published study, cats seem to be able to predict the location of hiding prey（猎物）using both their ears and an inborn（天生的）understanding of how the physical world works.In a recent experiment, Japanese researchers taped 30 domestic cats reacting to a container that a team member shook. Some containers rattled（发出响声）；others did not. When the container was tipped over, sometimes an object fell out and sometimes it didn’t.It turns out that the cats were remarkably smart about what would happen when a container was tipped over. When an object did not drop out of the bottom of a rattling container, they looked at it for a longer time than they did when the container behaved as expected.“Cats us e a causal-logical understanding of noise or sounds to predict the appearance of invisible objects,” lead researcher Saho Takagi says in a press release. The researchers conclude that cats’ hunting style may have developed based on their common-sense abilities to infer where prey is, using their hearing.Scientists have explored this idea with other endearing creatures: babies. Like cats, babies appear to engage in what’s called “preferential looking”—looking longer at things that are interesting or unusual than things they perceive as normal.When babies’ expectations are violated in experiments like the ones performed with the cats, they react much like their animal friends. Psychologists have shown that babies apparently expect their world to comply with the laws of physics and cause and effect as early as two months of age.Does the study mean that cats will soon grasp the ins and outs of cause and effect? Maybe. Okay, so cats may not be the next physics faculty members at America’s most important researc h universities. But by demonstrating their common sense, they’ve shown that the divide between cats and humans may not be that great after all.46. What do we learn from a newly published study about cats?A) They can be trained to understand the physical world.B) They know what kind of prey might be easier to hunt.C) They have a natural ability to locate animals they hunt.D) They are capable of telling which way their prey flees.47. What may account for the cats’ response to the noise from the containe rs?A) Their inborn sensitivity to noise.B) Their unusual sense of direction.C) Their special ability to perceive.D) Their mastery of cause and effect.48.What is characteristic of the way cats hunt, according to the Japanese researchers?A)They depend on their instincts.B)They rely mainly on their hearing.C) They wait some time before attack.D) They use both their ears and eyes.49. In what way do babies behave like cats?A) They focus on what appears odd.B) They view the world as normal.C) They do what they prefer to do.D) They are curious about everything.50. What can we conclude about cats from the passage?A) They have higher intelligence than many other animals.B) They interact with the physical world much like humans.C) They display extraordinarily high intelligence in hunting.D) They can aid physics professors in their research work.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Imagine you enter a car with no steering wheel, no brake or accelerator padals（踏板）. Under a voice-activated command, you say an address. “The fastest route will take us 15.3 minutes. Should I take it?” You say “yes” and you are on your way. The car responds and starts moving all by itself. All you have to do is sit back and relax.How weird would it be if, one day in the future, everyone had such a car? No crazy driving, no insults, no cutting in; traffic laws would be respected and driving much safer. On the other hand, imagine the cost savings for local police enforcement and town budgets without all those speeding and parking tickets.A new technology has the potential to change modern society in radical ways. There’s no question that self-driving vehicles could be an enormous benefit. The potential for safer cars means accident statistics would drop: some 94% of road accidents in the U.S. involve human error. Older drivers and visually-or physically-impaired people would gain a new level of freedom. Maintaining safe speeds and being electric, self-driving cars would drastically reduce pollution levels anddependency on non-renewable fuels. Roads would be quieter, people safer.But we must also consider the impact of the new technology on those who now depend on driving for their livelihoods. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, in May 2015 there were 505,560 registered school bus drivers. The American Trucking Association lists approximately 3.5 million professional truck drivers in the U.S.The companies developing self-driving vehicles should be partnering with state and federal authorities to offer retraining for this massive workforce, many of whom will be displaced by the new technology. This is similar to what’s happening in the coal and oil industries, a situation that fuels much of the current political discontent in this country.New technologies will, and should, be developed. This is how society moves forward. However, progress can’t be one-sided. It is necessary for the companies and state agencies involved to consider the ethical consequences of these potential changes to build a better future for all.51.What would be the impact of the extensive use of driverless cars?A)People would be driving in a more civilized way.B)It would save local governments a lot of money.C)More policemen would be patrolling the streets.D)Traffic regulations would be a thing of the past.52.How would the elderly and the disabled benefit from driverless cars?A)They could enjoy greater mobility.B)They would suffer no road accidents.C)They would have no trouble driving.D)They could go anywhere they want.53.What would be the negative impact of driverless cars?A)The conflict between labor and management would intensify.B)The gap between various sectors of society would be widened.C)Professional drivers would have a hard time adapting to new road conditions.D)Numerous professional drivers would have to find new ways of earning a living.54.What is the result of the introduction of new technologies in energy industries?A)Political dissatisfaction.B)Retraining of employees.C)Fossil fuel conservation.D)Business restructuring.55.What does the author suggest businesses and the government do?A)Keep pace with technological developments.B)Make new technologies affordable to everyone.C)Enable everyone to benefit from new technologies.D)Popularize the use of new technologies and devices.Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.过去几年里，移动支付市场在中国蓬勃发展。
18年12月四级作文范文
2018年12月英语四级作文真题及范文【三套全】1. Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of starting a career after graduation. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Currently，whether to start a career after graduation has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young, and heated debates are right on their way. People's opinions about this issue vary from person to person. I consider that starting our own business tends to pose a considerable number of threats to our future.First and foremost, compared with graduate education, our knowledge will be limited and our horizons will be narrowed if we choose to take a position after graduation due to the fact that possessing a bachelor’s degree is to maintain one’s competitiveness. In addition, applying for a job is likely to take up our precious time which can be used for more valuable activities.Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that we should be prudent and cautious when we face various options after graduation.2.Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of living in a big city. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Currently，whether to live in a big city has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young, and heated debates are right on their way. People's opinions about this issue vary from person to person. I consider that living in a big city tends to pose a considerable number of threats to our future.First and foremost, since the phenomenon of left-behind children has arisen as one of the most fearful social situations, parents are likely to have less family time with their children, which is detrimental to fostering harmonious families. In addition, busy city life is also negative for our mental health. The fierce competition that exists everywhere in big cities is destructive to our relationship with our colleagues, neighbors, and even friends, resulting in our isolation and loneliness.Taking all these factors into consideration, I solidly consider that we should be prudent and cautious when we consider about the question of whether we should live in big cities.3.Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of studying abroad. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.There is a widespread concern over the issue that whether studying abroad is a good choice after graduation. People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. From my personal perspective, I hold that it is advisable for the students to study abroad after graduation.There are a variety of reasons for studying overseas. On one hand, students can enrich their knowledge and enlarge their horizons by being exposed to newcultures. On the other hand, the students going abroad can cultivate the spirit of self-dependence. In addition, overseas degrees from top universities in the world can provide more competitive advantages for their future careers than those obtained at home.To make a long story short, it is sensible that we should take a rational attitude when we make a choice. Only in this way can we shoulder the real success.。
2018年12月四级第三套作文
2018年12月四级第三套作文作文一：住在大城市可难啦。
大城市里房子可多啦，可是都好贵呀。
我有个小伙伴，他爸爸妈妈想在大城市买个小房子。
他们存了好久的钱，可还是不够呢。
大城市里人也好多好多，走到街上都是人挤人。
坐公交车的时候，就像被挤在罐头里的小鱼。
我和爸爸妈妈去坐地铁，也是人挨着人，动都不好动。
而且呀，大城市的空气有时候也不好。
我去大城市玩的时候，天空总是灰蒙蒙的，不像我们乡下，天空蓝蓝的，空气里还有花香呢。
大城市里车太多啦，那些车排出的尾气把空气都弄脏了。
所以住在大城市有好多挑战呀。
作文二：大城市生活充满挑战哦。
我听叔叔说，他在大城市里找工作可不容易了。
他去了好多公司面试。
有的公司嫌他经验不够，有的公司说他学历还得再高一点。
他每天都要很早起来，坐很久的车去面试。
大城市里的东西还特别贵。
我去大城市的超市，一个小苹果都要好几块钱。
在我们家附近的小集市，能买好几个又大又红的苹果呢。
我还看到大城市里的房租也高得吓人。
我叔叔租的一个小房间，每个月要交好多钱，他都快付不起了。
还有呢，大城市里虽然有很多好玩的地方，可是都要花好多钱才能去玩。
比如说那个很大的游乐园，一张门票就很贵。
所以呀，在大城市生活真的不容易。
作文三：在大城市生活可不容易呢。
我有个哥哥在大城市上学。
他说大城市的交通就很麻烦。
早上上学的时候，路上堵得死死的。
他经常要提前好久出门，就怕迟到。
有一次下大雨，路上积水好多，车都走不动，他那天差点就没赶上考试。
大城市里噪音也大。
哥哥说他晚上想睡觉的时候，外面马路上还有汽车的喇叭声，还有人说话的声音。
不像我们家晚上，特别安静，只有偶尔的几声虫鸣。
另外呀，大城市里竞争可激烈啦。
哥哥在学校里，同学们都很努力学习。
每次考试大家都想考第一名。
哥哥说他要花好多时间在学习上，不然就会被其他同学超过。
所以说，大城市生活有好多挑战等着大家呢。
2018年12月英语四级真题-三套写作
2018年12月英语四级真题-写作大城市生活的挑战【四级写作真题要求】Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of living in a big city. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.【四级写作参考范文】With the rapid growth of big cities, more and more people choose to live in a big city. Nowadays, it is commonly believed that living in a big city will provides them with many opportunities, but I wonder that people who live in a big city are facing more challenges. There are numerous challenges of living in a big city, and I would explore only three challenges here. The first challenge is that the house prices are so high that only a small proportion of people can afford. In order to live in the big cities, it is necessary for others to rent the house with a high price. The second one is that the companies in big cities ask their employees to create value all the time, which results in high living pressure for staffs. The last one is that people who living there don’t have intimate friends to share their feelings.Based on the points discussed above, we may reasonably draw the conclusion that peopleliving in a big city are in front of many challenges. Dealing with the challenges is not different from conquering a great mountain; both of us require determination, courage, and perseverance.【四级写作参考译文】随着大城市的快速发展，越来越多的人们选择在大城市生活。
2018年12月英语四级作文
2018年12月英语四级作文In the modern era, environmental protection has become a pressing issue that affects the quality of life for allliving beings on Earth. The degradation of our environment is a direct consequence of human activities, such as industrialization, deforestation, and pollution. This essay aims to discuss the significance of environmental protection and suggest practical steps that can be taken to preserve our planet.First and foremost, the environment is the foundation of our existence. Without clean air, water, and soil, life as we know it would not be sustainable. The air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we consume are all directly linked to the health of our environment. Therefore,protecting the environment is synonymous with protecting our own well-being.Secondly, environmental protection is crucial for thesurvival of biodiversity. Many species are on the brink of extinction due to habitat loss and pollution. Biodiversity is essential for maintaining the balance of ecosystems and for the services they provide, such as pollination, pest control, and nutrient cycling. By protecting the environment, we are ensuring the survival of countless species and the ecosystems they support.Moreover, environmental protection is an economic imperative.Industries that are built on the exploitation of natural resources often lead to long-term economic instability due to resource depletion. Sustainable practices, on the other hand, promote long-term economic growth by preserving resources for future generations and creating green jobs.To effectively protect the environment, several measures can be taken. Governments can implement stricter regulations on pollution and encourage the use of renewable energy sources. Individuals can also contribute by adopting eco-friendly habits such as reducing waste, recycling, and conserving water and energy.In conclusion, environmental protection is not just a moral duty but also a practical necessity for the survival and prosperity of our species. It is our collectiveresponsibility to take action and ensure that our planet remains a habitable and thriving place for generations to come.。
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2018年12月英语四级作文真题及范文【三套全】Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of starting a career after graduation. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Currently，whether to start a career after graduation has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young, and heated debates are right on their way. People's opinions about this issue vary from person to person. I consider that starting our own business tends to pose a considerable number of threats to our future.
First and foremost, compared with graduate education, our knowledge will be limited and our horizons will be narrowed if we choose to take a position after graduation due to the fact that possessing a bachelor’s degree i s to maintain one’s competitiveness. In addition, applying for a job is likely to take up our precious time which can be used for more valuable activities.
Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that we should be prudent and cautious when we face various options after graduation.
Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of living in a big city. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
Currently，whether to live in a big city has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young, and heated debates are right on their way. People's opinions about this issue vary from person to person. I consider that living in a big city tends to pose a considerable number of threats to our future. First and foremost, since the phenomenon of left-behind children has arisen as one of the most fearful social situations, parents are likely to have less family time with their children, which is detrimental to fostering harmonious families. In addition, busy city life is also negative for our mental health. The fierce competition that exists everywhere in big cities is destructive to our relationship with our colleagues, neighbors, and even friends, resulting in our isolation and loneliness.
Taking all these factors into consideration, I solidly consider that we should be prudent and cautious when we consider about the question of whether we should live in big cities.
Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of studying abroad. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
There is a widespread concern over the issue that whether studying abroad is a good choice after graduation. People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. From my personal perspective, I hold that it is advisable for the students to study abroad after graduation.
There are a variety of reasons for studying overseas. On one hand, students can enrich their knowledge and enlarge their horizons by being exposed to new cultures. On the other hand, the students going abroad can cultivate the spirit of self-dependence. In addition, overseas degrees from top universities in the world can provide more competitive advantages for their future careers than those obtained at home.
To make a long story short, it is sensible that we should take a rational attitude when we make a choice. Only in this way can we shoulder the real success.。