全英文临床药理学问题答案完整版

临床药理学问题答案

鸣谢：沈剑波、王海林、孙俊龙、张玉鑫、汤晨雪、吴慧、郑雅、戴璐、方淼、孔亚男、张舒文、徐阳、蔡水灵、刘珊等同学的无私奉献

整理：临床小胖子

一、please illusrate how to develop a new drug(p4)

Most new drugs or drug products are discovered or developed through the following approaches:

(1)identification or elucidation of a new drug target;

(2)Rational design of a new molecule based on an understanding of biologic mechanisms and drug receptor structure;

(3)Screening for biologic activity of large numbers of natural products,banks of previously discovered chemical entities,or large libraries of peptides,nucleic acids,and other organic molecules;

(4)Chemical modification of a known active molecule,resulting in a me-too analog.

Steps(1) and (2) are often carried out in academic research laboratories ,but the costs of steps(3) and (4) usually ensure that industry carries them out.

二、Please tell the meaning of loading dose and maintenance dose?(p17)

Loading dose is one or a sevies of doses that may be given at the onset of therapy with the aim of achieving the target arcentration vapidly .a loading dose may be desirable if the time required to attain steady state by the administration of drug at a anstant rate is long relative to the temporal demands of the condition being treaded.

Maintenance dose : Maintenance dose is the dose that continues to keep the drug in the dosing therapeatic range. In most clinical situations, drugs are administered in a sevies of repetitive doses or as a wntinuous infusion to maintain a steady state concentration of drug associated with the therapeatic window. Calculation of the appropriate maintain dosage is a primary goal. To maintain the chosen steady state or target concentration, the rate of drug administration is adjusted such that the rate of input equals the rate of loss.

三、Please tell the classification of ADR?(p24)

ADR can be divided into three groups according to onset ①acute:within 60 minutes②sub-acute:1 to 24 hours③latent:≥2 days. It can also be divided into another three groups because of severity ①

mild:bothersome but requires no change in therapy ②moderate:require change in therapy,addition treatment, hospitalization ③severe:disabling or life-threatening

四，How to access ADR(p33)

ADR can be evaluated by causality assessment .You can access the ADR from the following aspects:

1.If the reaction had prior reports?

2.temporal relationship

3.de-challenge

4.re-challenge

5.Close-response relationship

6.Alternative etiologies

7.Objective confirmation