挖掘工作装置设计外文翻译
设计开题报告---液压挖掘机工作装置
毕业设计（论文）开题报告[12]陈世教,荣洪均,冀满忠,杜波，徐黎萍.液压挖掘机反铲工作装置整机理论复合挖掘力的计算及应用[J].工程机械，2007.4（第38卷）:39-43[13]李泉永.机械结构优化设计的回顾与展望[J].桂林电子工业学院学报，2000，20(4):114一 119[14]王国强，马若相，张进平.虚拟样机技术及其在ADAMS上的实践[M].西安:西北工业大学出版社2002：8-17：[15]贾长治,王兴,贵刘海.平基于虚拟样机技术和广义简约梯度算法优化火炮射击稳定性[J].2006 ,1：28-31二、主要研究（设计）内容、研究（设计）思想及工作方法或工作流程1、研究内容：挖掘机工作装置设计是否合理直接影响装载机作业效率、使用寿命及操作人员舒适性和视野。
挖掘机工作装置优化设计的约束条件多，结构复杂。
用虚拟样机软件ADAMS可以很好地对挖掘机工作装置进行优化设计。
因此,本题目以典型的挖掘机工作装置机构—六连杆机构为例运用作图法对挖掘机工作装置机构的各杆的位置和方向对机构各项参数的影响进行定性分析。
在ADAMS中建立和参数化挖掘机模型后用来自OPTDES编码的GRG法（广义简约梯度法）对模型以举升高度为目标函数以各设计要求为约束进行运动学仿真和优化，得到了最优的挖掘角度，获得最小的挖掘力。
同时用 GRG法进行动力学仿真和优化。
减小举升缸的最大驱动力。
以液压挖掘机CAT320D_320DL为例，用ADAMS做出模型，通过动力学和运动学仿真，对各个参数进行最优化。
即在满足铲斗在挖掘时的转角大致为90 °～110°，铲斗总的转角往往要达到 150 °～180°，当铲斗缸全缩时，齿尖K 可能在EJ延长线上，或者，在其上侧0°～30 °处，在个别情况下，为了适应挖掘深沟及垂直侧壁的作业要求，为不使斗底先于斗齿接触土壤，常采用大仰角机构，此时，仰角可达25°～45°。
英语-挖掘机专业英语 词汇 短语
Wear-resistant capacity 耐磨性Durability 耐久性Stopcock 活塞Stopcock rod 活塞杆strengthened arm 加强型斗杆Axis 销轴working environment 工作环境falling-proof 防落物的x-type frame x 型的车架Upper-frame 上车架reinforcing bar 加强筋accessory 附件assembly 总成attachment 工作装置Battery box 电瓶箱cylinder head 缸盖conditioner\adjustor 调节器cover 盖Counter weight 配重dozer blade 推土板engine gasket 发动机衬垫engine hood 发动机罩盖Cylinder 油缸、汽缸exhaust 排放front 前部gear housing 齿轮壳gear train 齿轮系hydraulic oil tank 液压油箱hexagon 六角形level gauge 油位计lubrication oil 润滑油main control valve 主控阀mounting 安装Oil cooler 油冷却器oil drain 放油oil filter 油滤清器over size超过标准尺寸Pump housing 泵壳push rod 推杆rocket lever 摇杆radiator散热器rear 后部Seat base 座椅基座slope finishing bucket 斜坡用铲斗trade mark 商标travel motor行走马达under size 比标准尺寸小water manifold 水流岐管weld assembly 焊件总成fuel system 燃油系统cooling system 冷却系统Air intake system 进气系统exhaust system 排气系统compressor of air condition 空调压缩机standby 备用hydraulic system 液压系统upper hydraulic pipe 上车液压管路Assemble of transition-block 过度块安装pilot hydraulic piping 先导液压管路electric system 电器系统electric part 电器元件cab electric part 驾驶室电器元件air –conditioner mounting 空调安装upper structure 上部结构covering 覆盖件bottom plate mounting 底板总成seat roll assembly 座椅轨道总成kit handle 操作手柄Low structure 下部结构lower frame 下车架lower cover group 下盖板组Bolt-hex 螺栓nut-hex 螺母washer-spring 弹垫washer-plain 平垫rear-cushion 后端减震垫front-cushion 前端减震垫clamp-hose 软管卡箍oil filter 机油滤清器connector 接头fuel pipe 燃油管回油管吸油管pre filter 燃油预滤器water separator 油水分离器cooling system 散热总成fan guide 导风罩fan guard 风扇护罩dustproof meshwork 防尘网rubber strip 胶条rubber pipe 蒸汽胶管buckle 单头强力卡箍\德式卡箍water suck 进水管water drain 出水管stay staff 支撑杆rubber hose 橡胶软管air cleaner 空滤器bracket\support 支架connect pipe 连接管muffler 消音器exhaust-hose 排气管gear pump 齿轮泵screw 螺钉o-ring o 型圈suction oil pipe 大泵吸油管hose 软管高温低压输油软管adjustment wheel 涨紧轮（总成）Compressor 压缩机engine control system 发动机控制系统sensor 传感器drain connector 放油阀接头drain valve 放油阀sleeve 套筒leader 导杆filter return 回油过滤器liquid lever 液压液位计washer 调整垫片LID return 回油盖LID suck 吸油盖main pump 主泵oil radiator 油散steel pipe 钢管check valve 单向阀pipe ASSY 冷\热回油管路pipe-ASSY-boom 动臂合流管pipe ASSY-bucket 铲斗硬管pipe ASSY-ARM 斗杆硬管pipe ASSY-LH 左行走硬管pipe ASSY-RH 右行走硬管SEPAR-flange 对开法兰washer-spring 垫圈swing motor 回转马达turning joint 中央回转接头TEE 三通组合接头bracket ASSY 阀架总成arm cylinder 斗杆油缸boom cylinder 动臂油缸bucket cylinder 铲斗油缸travel control valve 行走先导阀ARM HOSE 斗杆软管arm pipe ASSY 斗杆大、小腔硬管clamp 上管夹单管夹R-control valve 右控制阀L-control valve 左控制阀valve block 阀块valve bracket 阀架transition-block 过度块VALVE 集油阀节流阀shuttle 梭阀nipple grease 油杯pipe 无缝管grommet 卡套plug 堵头main wiring harness 主线束cable 电缆relay继电器battery-ASSY 蓄电池front-lamp 前大灯boom lamp 臂大灯和horn\speaker喇叭water sensor 水温传感器water alarm 水温报警开关speed sensor 转速传感器oil alarm 机油压力报警开关fuse 保险丝box 电气箱fuse box 保险丝盒controller 控制器engine speed sensing (ESS) 模式转换器trunk 电器箱wiring harness 线束hoop 单偏式带胶套卡\箍德式喉箍stopper relay 熄火继电器preheat relay 预热继电器preheat controller 预热控制器water-brush controller 雨刮控制器quick screw 快锁螺钉lamp tube 灯管cab lamp 驾驶室顶灯ignition switch 点烟器wiper 雨刮器monitor 监控器loudspeaker 收音机喇叭start-up switch 钥匙开关switch 翘板开关air control panel 空调控制面板radiogram 收音机wind pipe 风管wind box 风盒fresh wind box 外气风盒drain hose 排水管nut-hex 螺母drier 干燥器ripple-pipe 波纹管tie 扎带discharge hose 排油软管suction hose 吸油软管swing-reducer 回转减速机pin 销plate 折弯板卡板隔热板盖板封板sponge 海绵hood 发动机罩总成covering lock 机棚挂锁cab –total 驾驶室总成rail-handle 扶手mirror-back 后视镜weather strip 防雨条glass-front\up 前上部玻璃sash 窗框window glass –door 门窗玻璃 window glass-RH 右窗玻璃 glass-rear 后窗玻璃foot treadle 脚踏板bottom plate 底板absorber 减震器chair-shelf-total 座椅支架总成 behind-plate 后封板weld-nut 焊接螺母crook-plate 弯板thread-piece 螺纹块tool box 工具箱cushion 胶条guard-track 夹轨器lower roller 支重轮carrier roller 托链轮sprocket 驱动轮slewing ring bearing 回转支撑track chain 链轨总成shoe track 履带板gasket 垫片seal ring 密封圈Plate 金属板axis 轴bushing 轴套rocket lever 摇臂pole 连杆side-blade-LH 左切削刃tooth 斗齿 shim 垫片rough paper 防滑纸plate safety 安全标牌warning plate 警示标牌working 正在转动 CG 重心 arrow 箭头safety lock 安全锁transport figure 运输图Lip 止口base 底座duct风管swing-reducer 回转减速机pin hole 销孔install seat 安装座processing method 加工方法interim procurement time 临时采购期feasibility plan 可行性方案locating block 定位块pedrail girder 履带梁air-condition duct 空调风管treatment plan 处理方案rotary platform 回转平台centralized lubrication base 集中润滑座main valve pressure switch 主阀压力开关lectotype 选型governor 调速器evaporator蒸发器throttle drive 油门驱动器pull rod 拉杆standard parts 标准件material number物料编码pipe clip 管夹oil-water separator 油水分离器tapping 过丝、攻丝be substandard 不合格fan-shaped structure 扇形结构cylinder drift 油缸掉缸throttle potentiometer油门电位计fuel pump 加油泵QID (quality in design) 设计质量Project Doc 项目文件FMEA(failure modes &effectsanalysis) 失效模式和后果分析DPAR (design process and assemblyreview) 设计、过程和装配审核Root cause analysis 根本问题分析Mistake proofing错误防范Basic statistics 基本统计。
掘进机毕业设计--外文翻译
英文原文AbstractThe factors affecting the performance of 90 kW-shielded roadheader is investigated in detail in a tunnel excavated for NuhCement Factory. The first part of the tunnel is horizontal and the second part is inclined with 9_ and excavated uphill. Tunnel passes through a formation of the Upper Cretaceous age with nodular marl, carbonated claystone, thin and thick laminated limestone. Water ingress changes from 0 to 11 l/min. In six different zones it is found that the rock compressive strength changed from 20 to 45 MPa, tensile strength from 1 to 4 MPa, specific energy from 11 to 16 MJ/m3, plastic limit from 15% to 29%, liquid limit from 27% to 43% and water absorption from 4% to 18% in volume. Detailed in situ observations show that in dry zones for the same rock strength the inclination of the tunnel and the strata help to increase the instantaneous cutting rate from 10 to 25 solid bank m3/cutting hour. The effect of water on cutting rate is dramatic. In the zones where the plastic limit and the amount of Al2O3 is low, instantaneous cutting rate increases from 34 to 50 solid bank m3/ cutting hour with increasing water content from 3.5 to 11 l/min. However, in the strata having high water absorption characteristic and high amount of Al2O3, cutting rate decreases considerably due to the sticky mud, causing problem to the cutterhead. Excavation, muck loading and support works are performed separately due to safety concerns in the wet and inclined sections which reduced the machine utilization time from 38% to 8%. The information gathered is believed to form a sound basis in contributing the performance prediction of roadheaders in difficult ground conditions. _ 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: Tunnel excavation; Roadheader performance prediction; Core cutting test; Specific energy1.IntroductionThe application of roadheaders in difficult ground conditions, in recent years, has increased considerably in both civil and mining engineering fields. The prediction of instantaneous (net) cutting rate and machine utilization time, determining daily advance rates, plays an important role in the time scheduling of the tunneling projects, hence, in determining the economy of tunnel excavation.Although many roadheader performance prediction models were published in the past, the published data on difficult ground conditions such as the effects of tunnel inclination, water ingress, excessive fracture zones, etc. on daily advance rates were quite scarce. Sandbak (1985) and Douglas (1985) used a rock classification system to explain the changes of roadheader advance rates at San Manuel Copper Mine in an inclined drift at an 11% grade. They concluded that for a performance prediction model, engineering aspects of the roadheaders had to be also incorporated with the geomechanical factors.Field data on roadheader machine performance in inclined tunnels were also published by Unrug and Whitsell (1984) for a 14_ slope in Pyro Coal Mine, by Navin et al. (1985) at 13_ and 15_ inclines in oil shale mine and by Livingstone and Dorricott (1995) in Ballarat East Gold Mine. The majority of performance prediction models were developed for horizontal tunnels. Bilgin (1983) developed a model based on specific energy obtained from drilling rate of a percussive drill.Models for widely jointed rock formations were described by Schneider (1988), Thuro and Plinninger (1998, 1999), Gehring (1989, 1997), Dun et al. (1997) and Uehigashi et al. (1987). They reported that for a given cutting power, cutting rates of roadheaders decreased dramatically with increasing values of rock compressive strength. Copur et al. (1997, 1998) stated that if the power and the weight of the roadheaders were considered together, in addition to rock compressive strength, the cutting rate predictions were more realistic. Another concept of predicting machine instantaneous cutting rate was to use specific energy described as the energy spent to excavate a unit volume of rock material. Farmer and Garrity (1987) and Poole (1987) showed that for a given power of roadheader, excavation rate in solid bank m3/cutting hour might be predicted using specific energy values given as in the following equation,where SE is the specific energy, rc is the rock compressive strength and E is the rock elastic modulus. Widely accepted rock classification and assessment for the performance estimation of roadheaders is based on the specific energy found from core cutting tests (McFeat-Smith and Fowell, 1977, 1979; Fowell and Johnson, 1982; Fowell et al., 1994). Detailed laboratory and in situ investigations carried out byMcFeat-Smith and Fowell (1977, 1979) showed that there was a close relationship between specific energy values obtained from core cutting tests and cutting rates for medium and heavy weight roadheaders separately.They reported also that tool consumption might be predicted from weight loss of cutter used in core cutting test. Rock cuttability classification based on core cutting test is usually criticized as that the effect of rock discontinuities are not reflected in performance prediction. Bilgin et al. (1988, 1990, 1996, 1997) developed a performance equation based on rock compressive strength and rock quality designation as given belowwhere ICR is the instantaneous cutting rate in solid bank m3/cutting hour, P is the power of cutting head in hp, RMCI is the rock mass cuttability index, rc is the uniaxial compressive strength in MPa and RQD is the rock quality designation in percent. Dun et al. (1997) compared the models described by Bilgin et al. (1988, 1990) and McFeat-Smith and Fowell (1977, 1979) in a research work carried out at Kumbalda Mine where a Voest Alpine AM75 roadheader was utilized. Two distinct groups of data were evident. The data grouped around Bilgin line was strongly influenced by the jointing and weakness zones present in rock mass.The other group of data on the line produced by McFeat-Smith and Fowell corresponded to areas where less jointing and fewer weakness zones were present. One of the most accepted method to predict the cutting rate of any excavating machine is to use, cutting power, specific energy obtained from full scale cutting tests and energy transfer ratio from the cutting head to the rock formation as in the following equation (Rostami et al., 1994; Rostami and Ozdemir, 1996)where ICR is th instantaneous production rate in solid bank m3/cutting hour, P is the cutting power of themechanical miner in kW, SEopt is the optimum specific energy in kWh/m3 and k is energy transfer coefficient depending on the mechanical miner utilized. Rostami et al. (1994) strongly emphasized that the predicted value of cutting rate was more realistic if specific energy value in equation was obtained from full-scale linear cutting tests in optimum conditions using real life cutters. Rostami et al. (1994) pointed out that k changed between 0.45 and 0.55 for roadheaders and from 0.85 to 0.90 for TBMs. Bilgin et al. (2000) showed in their experimental and numerical studies that performance of mechanical miners was affected upto a certain degree by the earth and/or overburden pressure and stress. Copur et al. (2001) showed that specific energy obtained from full-scale linear cutting tests in optimum cutting conditions was highly correlated to rock uniaxial compressive strength and Braziliantensile strength.The effect of tunnel inclination, water ingress and the presence of clay on roadheader performance was not clearly shown in the above-mentioned works. The main objective of the research study described in this paper is to contribute the performance prediction models in difficult ground conditions. Hereke tunnel is chosen for this purpose.The first 50 m of the tunnel is horizontal. Later 225 m is inclined with 9_ and excavated uphill.There is excessive water ingress and clay in some sections. Detailed in situ observations are made during the tunnel excavation and rock samples are collected for testing in the laboratories of the Mining Engineering Department of Istanbul Technical University for ground characterization. antaneous cutting rate of the roadheader used in the project is explained by some geological and geotechnical factors. Factors affecting machine utilization time is also explained in detail.2. Description of the tunnel projectThe Hereke Tunnel, located in Turkey in the city of Kocaeli next to Istanbul, was constructed for material transportation between the Nuh Cement Dock and Nuh Cement Plant. Tunneling was the best choice to avoid traffic disruption, since there was a railway, highway and freeway on the surface. The contractor firm STFA Co. was awarded the tunneling project.The tunnel included 50 m of horizontal section (chainage 0–50 m), where excavation started up, and 225 m of 9_ inclined section (chainage 50–275 m). The excavation was performed in a horizontally straight alignment through sedimentary formations including dry (chainage 0–50 and 150–275 m) and wet sections (chainage 50–150). Excavation was performed by using a shielded roadheader, Herrenknecht-SM1 with 90 kW of cutter head power, in the excavation diameter of 3.48 m.Two shafts were sunk in the plant side of the tunnel. The first shaft was planned to be used for cement transportation from the plant to the dock via steel pipe line and the second shaft for coal transportation to the plant via a belt conveyor and skip haulage system.3. Geology of the project siteThe Hereke Tunnel passes through a formation of the Upper Cretaceous age. The formation exhibits fractured and folded structure with the direction of 48–52_N and the dip of 30_NE. The strata types encountered in this relatively shallow tunnel (3–21 m of overburden) are nodular marl and thin and thick laminated clayey limestone, carbonated claystone and thin laminated silisified limestone.Some levels of laminated limestone (chainage from 50 to 150 m) form a fractured aquifer causing water ingress in the tunnel. The tunnel is divided into sixsections according to their structural and geotechnical differences. Fig. 1 presents the general layout of the tunnel and shafts and the geological cross-section along the tunnel route. The results of geotechnical tests are presented in Table 2.6. Roadheader performance analysis in different zonesExcavation of the Hereke Tunnel was completed in 2 months with an average daily advance rate of 4.6 m. During this period, related field data, including machineperformance and geotechnical parameters, were recorded by the authors of this paper. Performance of the roadheader was continuously recorded, including instantaneous cutting rate, machine utilization time and all stoppages for the different zones in the tunnel route. Instantaneous (or net) cutting rate (ICR) is defined as is the production rate for the actual (net) cutting time of the machine (ton or solid bankm3/cutting hour). Machine utilization time (MUT) is the net excavation time as a percentage (%) of the total working time, excluding all the stoppages. Advance rate (AR) is the linear advance rate of the tunnel or drift excavation (m/shift, m/ day,m/week and m/month) and is a function of ICR, MUT and cross-section area of the excavated face.Water ingress and geological discontinuities in the tunnel face were also recorded. The recorded instantaneous cutting rate, water ingress, RQD values of the face and machine utilization time values are tabulated for different tunnel zones in Table 3. Machine utilization, percentages of stoppages and other planned jobs such as ring montage, site surveying, etc. are presented in Fig. 3.7 .The effect of strata inclinationOne of the most accepted methods for determining the roadheader cutting rate in horizontal and widely jointed rock formation is to use laboratory cutting specific energy obtained from instrumented core cutting test (McFeat-Smith and Fowell, 1979). As seen from Table 2, the samples taken from nodular marl, zone 1, have the specific energy value of 11 MJ/m3, which corresponds to an instantaneous cutting rate of 8 solid bank m3/cutting hour for non-inclined strata and medium weight roadheaders in the McFeat-Smith and Fowell’s model. However, it is observed in the site that the inclination of the strata is in favor of the cutting action and the muck is easily coming out from the excavated area. The instantaneous cutting rate in this area (zone 1) is recorded to be 10 solid bank m3/cutting hour.7.2. The effect of tunnel inclinationIn zone 5, having the same compressive strength and specific energy values as in zone 1, the instantaneous cutting rate is more than double being 25 solid bank m3/ cutting hour. The inclination of the tunnel, hence, the gravity forces help the muck being loaded easily and coming quickly on the cut face preventing the muck recirculation within the cutting head and the face. 7.3. The effect of rock strength and specific energy values Samples taken from zone 5 have compressive strength of 210 kg/cm2 and specific energy of 11.2 MJ/m3, and samples taken from zone 6 have compressive strength values of 450 kg/cm2 and specific energy values of 16.3 MJ/m3. This is reflected in instantaneous cutting rate values being 25 solid bank m3/cutting hour in zone 5 and 20 solid bank m3/cutting hour in zone 6.7.4. The effect of waterThe effect of water on the instantaneous cutting rate is dramatic. The water ingress in zone 2 is 11 l/min and zone 5 is dry, the samples taken from these two zones have the same compressive strength. However, the instantaneous cutting rate in the wet zone (50 solid bank m3/cutting hour) is twice (double) more than in the dry zone (25 solid bank m3/cutting hour). This might be due to the fact that the water reduces the strength of the strata and helps the muck coming easily from the tunnel face.7.5. The effect of wet sticky zoneWater ingress in zone 3 is the same as in zone 2, being 11 l/min. The samples taken from zone 3 have the same strength as zone 2. However, it is observed in the site that the muck in zone 3 is sticky (muddy) and sticks the cutting head, hence, decreases the instantaneous cutting rate from 50 to 20 solid bank m3/cutting hour. Thesamples taken from zone 3 have Al2O3 content of 15.1%, water absorption of 18.1%, plastic limit of 29% and liquid limit of 43%. XRD analysis show that the clay in zone 3 consists of nontronite and kaolinite. The pictures of the original (new, unused) cutting head (on top) and the mud on the cutting head after utilizing in the wet sticky zone (at the bottom) are seen in Fig. 4. Zones 2 and 4 have similar geotechnical properties, although the water ingress in zone 4 is 3.5 l/min being one-third of the water ingress in zone 2. This is reflected dramatically on the instantaneous cutting rate value, which is 31 solid bank m3/cutting hour in zone 4 and 50 solid bank m3/cutting hour in zone 2.7.6. The effect of laminationIt is considered that lamination affects the instantaneous cutting rate. Thin laminated limestone (zone 2) has a thickness varying between 2 and 0.6 cm. The instantaneous cutting rate in zone 2 reaches at an average of 50 solid bank m3/cutting hour, which is the maximum rate among all of the zones, as seen in Table 3. On the other hand, the chemical composition of the excavated formations affects the instantaneous cutting rate, as well. Although the thin laminated limestone (zone 2) and thin laminated silisified limestone (zone 5) have similar thicknesses, the instantaneous cutting rate is lower in zone 5, being 25 solid bank m3/cutting hour, which might be due to silisification, as well as being dry. The thickness of thick laminated clayey limestone (zone 6) is greater than 60 cm. Therefore, it can be concluded that, based on previous researches (Bilgin et al., 1988, 1990, 1996, 1997), lamination does not increase the instantaneous cutting rate in zone 6. It is a known fact that discontinuity spacing smaller than around 10 cm increases the instantaneous cutting rate. Joint type discontinuities affect similarly the all of the zones in the region. Since the RQD values are similar in all of the zones, Table 3, the effect of joints on the roadheader performance cannot be deduced.7.7. The factors affecting machine utilization timeMachine utilization time is as important as instantaneous cutting rate, since daily advance rates are directly related to machine utilization time, daily working hours, tunnel cross-section area and instantaneous cutting rates. The machine utilization time is 38% in the horizontal section of the tunnel (zone 1). Tunnel excavation and ring montage are executed simultaneously in zone 1. However, the machine utilization time decreases to 8% in the inclined zones 2, 3, 4 and 5 due to the difficulties related to the tunnel inclination, which is reflected in job organization. Tunnel excavation and ring montage are executed separately, which reduces the machine utilization time, in the inclined section of the tunnel due to the safety concerns. In other words, excavation stops during the ring montage. The ring montage takes 13% of the total working time in the dry-inclined section, while it takes 20% in the wet-inclined section. In addition to the ring montage stoppages, some other stoppages coming from the job organization are encountered in the inclined wet and dry zones: 9–13% of the total time is spent to waiting for material and muck trucks. The cutting head sticks in the sticky zone due to the sticky mud, causing a delay of 5%. About 15–17% of thetotal working time is spent to machine breakdown and maintenance in the entire tunnel.8. ConclusionsThe prediction of instantaneous (net) cutting rate and machine utilization time, determining daily advance rates, play an important role in the time scheduling of the tunneling projects, hence, in determining the economy of tunnel excavation. The majority of the performance prediction models developed by different research workers were for non-inclined tunnels. The effects of strata inclination, tunnel inclination, water ingress and the presence of clay on roadheader performance were not clearly shown in those models.Detailed in situ investigations during Hereke Tunnel excavation show that strata and tunnel inclination, water ingress to a certain extend increase the instantaneous cutting rate up to 2–5 times compared to a noninclined tunnel. The inclination of the tunnel, hence, gravity forces help the muck being loaded easily and coming quickly on the cut face preventing the muck recirculation within the cutting head and the face. However, material cut in the wet zones containing nontronite and kaolinite sticks the cutting head and decreases the instantaneous cutting rate considerably. Machine utilization time which is a very important parameter in determining daily advance rate is much effected by the tunnel inclination, decreasing from 38% to 8%. In Hereke Tunnel, in the inclined zone tunnel excavation and ring montage were executed separately due to safety reasons which reduced the machine utilization time.中文译文影响倾斜隧道中掘进机的工作的一些地质和岩土性能摘要在一次为Nuh 水泥厂开凿隧道的工程中，对90kW 巷道掘进机的工作进行仔细的研究. 第一部分的隧道是水平的，但第二部分是向上倾斜9 挖掘的. 隧道穿过形成于晚白垩世年代，由散碎的泥灰土,碳酸泥岩,薄厚不一的层灰岩组成. 渗水量在0到11升/分钟的范围中. 在6个不同地区被发现的岩石抗压强度在20到45 MPa 之间, 抗拉强度在1到4MPa 之间,比热容的范围是11到16MJ/m 3， 塑料极限的范围是15%到29% , 液态极限从27%到43% ,吸水率从4%到18%. 详细的实地观测表明,在干旱区,对于同样硬度的岩石，隧道的倾角与岩石的层理有助于增加切割速度. 水对切割速度的影响效果是惊人. 在某些塑性极限与32O Al 数量很低的地方, 瞬时切割速度增加,34-50立方米/小时，伴随着3.50-11升/分钟的涌水量. 但是,在地层具有高吸水特性和大量的氧化铝时, 由于粘泥的影响，切割速度将大大降低. 开挖，铲装和支护工程分开进行,由于安全上的顾虑,潮湿和倾斜路段将降低机器利用率的8%至38% . 所收集的资料源于一个健全系统，对掘进机工作条件进行预测.关键词:隧洞开挖; 掘进机性能预测; 核心切削试验; 具体能源1、绪论近年来，在民事和采矿工程等领域，复杂地质条件下掘进机的应用大大增加了. 预计切削速率和机器工作时间,决定着每天的工作量,并且在掘进工程的时间安排中起着重要的作用,因此, 也决定着隧道开挖的经济性.虽然过去刊登过许多掘进机性能预测模型, 根据公布的数据,在复杂的地质条件下（倾斜的隧道,涌水量的增加,过断层破碎带等）,它们每天的工作量是很少的. Sandbak ( 1985年)和Douglas( 1985年)用岩质系统来解释San Manuel 铜矿中11 斜巷掘进率的变化. 他们得出一个业绩预测模型, 对于掘进机，工程与地质的因素必须结合起来考虑. Unrug andWhitsell (1984) 也发表过倾斜隧道中掘进机性能的现场数据（Pyro 煤矿的14 的倾斜隧道），还有Navin et al. (1985)发表的13 -15 的油页岩矿井隧道，Livingstone and Dorricott (1995)的发表的关于East Gold Mine 。
挖掘工作装置设计外文翻译
挖掘工作装置设计外文翻译郑州科技学院本科毕业设计（外文翻译）学生姓名王利军专业班级机械设计制造及其自动化08级本科（6）班200833467院（系）机械工程学院指导教师（职称）陈长庚工程完成时间2012年5月16日译文作者：杰克•考德威尔概要本文介绍了全球定位系统（GPS）的使用，在挖掘，包括矿体勘探，开发，生产，关闭，填海工程，并在不列颠哥伦比亚州的煤矿标题应用。
审查还审查和评估的网站，专门在煤矿的GPS应用.GPS技术.GPS设备供应商，与采矿相关的GPS应用提供服务的顾问。
技术白皮书通过GPS使用提高非公路卡车安全（Dagdelen和涅托・维加，科罗拉多矿业学院）如果GPS技术融入他们的机器中，可以减少在露天矿山中设备操作人员的死亡。
目前，GPS已成为在卡车调度系统和实地测量的标准组件。
特别是在大型露天矿山，坑和转储地图正在被使用时.可以直接传送到卡车上的单板计算机中。
与差分GPS 车载设备相比，可以迅速确定一个给定精度小于一米的卡车的精确坐标，并评估一个给定的卡车是否危险接近倾销边缘的一个废料堆和大量倾销的任务有关的致命交通意外发生。
GPS锹铲挖掘机铲斗的高精度制导系统的挖掘机（西摩，C）的应用，还列举了以下优点：1o准确的选择性开采矿化视野2。
准确地找到煤剥离操作的矮墙面糊线.从而减少overdig,或失去煤3o如加载爆炸地区或危险区域，准确地表述旧地下运作4o创造更长椅，从而减少了卡车的周期时间和卡车上的磨损，减少长凳上推土机及平地机时间一个典型的例子是科林斯维尔煤矿，在北昆士兰的Thiess承包商拥有和经营斯特拉塔煤炭。
引入一种导航系统、三坑里装有150万立方米的挖掘机翻土，表土显示0. 99% 的平均overdig和underdig 0.93%。
安装GPS指导的挖掘机挖的搬到12坑钱的表土达320万立方米，显示平均3. 86%的overdig和L 82%的underdig。
减少overdig 足以支付系统在几个月。
土建施工设备及工具英文
Dumping truck卸土车；泥头车Front loader前卸式装载机,正铲Backhoe ['bækhəʊ]反铲装载机，挖沟机Bulldozer推土机Roller compactor滚牙机Mobile crane汽车吊Crawler crane['krɔlɚ]履带式起重机Generator发电机Tower crane塔吊Flat top barge平甲板驳船Crane barge起重船Tugboat 托船Passenger boat客船Pontoon平底船Crash plant碎石机Batching plant搅拌站Concrete mixer truck混凝土搅拌车Concrete pump混凝土泵Ready Mixed Concrete，RMC预拌混凝土，商品用混凝土施工工具Barrow ['bærəʊ]推车Wheelbarrow独轮推车Wood float 木抹子，木搓板Steel float 钢抹子，钢搓板Chalk line 墨线Bullnose['bʊl,noz]外圆角，倒角Chamfer ['tʃæmfə]去角；Plastering粉刷；灰泥面（用于墙面）Screeding砂浆底层（找平层）plastering ['traʊəl] trowel抹泥刀scraper ['skrepɚ]三角铲刀，刮刀sand paper砂纸primer 底漆(最下一层)finish coat面漆sealer (底层漆等的)保护层patching修补，补坑（墙面修补）putty powder['pʌtɪ] 腻子粉mastic水泥砂胶，胶粘水泥roller brush 滚筒刷plier ['plaɪə]钳子wrench [ren(t)ʃ]扳手，spanner ['spænə]扳手。
挖掘机英语、工程机械英语(常用中英文对照)
20
雨刮器电机
water bottle window wiper motor
空调 杯托
Container Cup holder
21
呼吸器
Aspirator
先导阀（左右） Pilot valve(left right)
22
中心管道油封
Central joint seals
23
伸缩油缸密封
Seal kits of extended cylinder
推土先导阀 左右操作平台
Dozing pilot valve Operating platform L/R
24
动臂缸油封
Boom cylinder seals
消声器
Muffler
25
斗杆缸油封
Arm cylinder seals
油源阀
oil supply valve
26
铲斗缸油封
Bucket cylinder seals
35
液压油箱
Hydraulic oil tank
链条
Chain
36
单向节流阀
One-way throttle valve
驱动轮
Sprocket wheel
37
工具箱
Tool box
38
回转支承
Swing bearing
39
张紧机构
Track adjusters
40
中心管道
Central tube
41 动臂、斗杆、铲斗
30
引导轮
（front）Idler
油门拉线
Throttle pull cable
31
驱动轮
Drive gear
挖掘机中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文翻译外文文献A Summary of Small-size Excavators Home and Abroad I. The brief introduction of hydraulic excavatorParts such as the hydraulic excavator is by engine, hydraulic system and works device and walks device and electric control etc are formed. The hydraulic system is formed by hydraulic pump, control valve, hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic pressure motor, pipe route and fuel tank etc. The electric control system includes supervision dish, motor control system, pump brain and various kinds of sensor and solenoid valves etc. The hydraulic excavator is general by the work device and turns round the device and walks device three is mostly formed. According to his construction and use, we can differentiate : many kinds of typespressure, turns round entirely, not turns round entirely, utility version, mould for a special purpose, the joining with a hinge type and arm type stretched out and drawn back etc.The work device is directly accomplishing the device that excavates the assignment. It has been joined with a hinge by moves the arm, fights the pole and shovels the fill etc three parts. Moving that the arm rises and falls and the pole fought stretches out and draws back and shoveling fighting moves all with moving back and forth type two effect hydraulic cylinders control. In order to suit the needs of various difference construction school assignments, the hydraulic pressure excavator can be joined in marriage loading many kinds of work devices, if excavating and many kinds of school assignment machines and tools such as lifting job, loading, leveling, clamp and pushes soil and shock hammer etc.Turning round and walks the device is the organism of hydraulic pressure excavator, upper setting up power-on device and transmission system of turntable. The engine is the power supply of hydraulic pressure excavator, and adopts diesel oil will also can modify the electromotor in the convenient place mostly.The hydraulic drive system by way of the hydraulic pump with the engine the motive force transmission to hydraulic pressure motor and hydraulic cylinder etc actuator, the promotion work device moves, thus accomplishes the various school assignments. Take more PV-200's mould hydraulic pressure excavators of use in building site as the example. This machine adopts the type the opening center load of advanced version to be passed feeling system (OLSS). This system is with oblique of control type oblique the method of angle (export volume of flow ) variable plunger pump, and reduced the power delivery of engine, thus reduces the oil consumption burnt, and is one kind of saving energy mould system. The characteristic of this kind of hydraulic system is: the fixed torque is controlled, and it is unchangeable to keep the hydraulic pump drive torque, and year absolutely control can reduce the off-loading loss of school assignment time; Oil capacity is controlled, and the export volume of flow of hydraulic pump in the time of can reducing neutral gear and fine control reduces the power loss.The history of the first hand excavator was published up to now to have more than 130 years, and went through from the steam drive fill to turn round that the machinery turns round the developing the course step by step of the complete automatic hydraulic pressure excavator of excavator and application mechanical and electrical liquid integration technology to power drive and the internal-combustion engine drive in the time. Thehydraulic pressure to anti- the type hanging which shoveled machinery in the 1940’s, and developing out the pulling type at the initial stage of in the 1950’s with middle period in succession, to turn round the full hydraulic pressure of hydraulic pressure excavator and caterpillar tread type entirely mechanical. Initial stage the trial hydraulic pressure excavator is the hydraulic technique that adopts plane and machine tool, lacking the hydraulic pressure component that is suitable in the mechanical various operating modes, it is stable inadequately to make the quality, and necessary is not completely yet. From in the 1960’s, the hydraulic pressure excavator is entered the popularization and in vigorous development stage, and mechanical manufacturing plant and the breed of each country increases very fast, and the output is rapidly increased. 83% of the mechanical gross output was occupied to hydraulic pressure excavator output, and is close to 100% at present 1968-1970 certain period.ⅡSmall excavator development and its tendency20th century 80 ~ 90's small mechanical device in construction and soon in municipal engineering, transportation, pipeline has displayed abigger superiority and can rapidly develop. The small excavator forsaved the manpower, the physical resource in these projects makes thesmall excavator mainly to use in the city the constructionconstruction and generally left a bigger contribution,gradually became in the city construct ionto have the representative construction machinery.The small excavator development mainly relies on the urbanconstruction development, because city transformation, constructionconstruction more, the request construction time short, theconstruction machinery affects small, safe, the low pollution, theradius of gyration to the environment is small, is advantageous fortransports as well as has with the city scenery appearancecoordination outward appearance, the small excavator has satisfied thecity each kind of work request, can maximum limit display itsproductivity in the city narrow working space, therefore has theunique superiority.1. The development of small excavatorsThe small excavator mainly uses in the city the constructionconstruction and the general housing repairs and maintains and so onthe work, the request has the good operating performance and therotation performance.Initial small excavator by tire type primarily, because the tire typewalks the natural in the soft ground and the passing difference,afterwards gradually by the marching substitution, and in moved thearm strut organization place toorganism tocarry on swings, completed the trench sidewall excavation renovationwork behind, but this kind of small excavator excavation scope wassmall, cannot realize the material. Hereafter, the small excavator increased upside has rotated theorganization, has solved behind themetial and so on the problem, enhancedthe excavator operating performance, formed the small excavator thebasic structure. Afterwards, the small excavator in the radius ofgyration, behind the field of vision, moved aspect and so on armelevation angle, machine capability has the further improvement,develops for the present standard type.2.Technical progressesSmall excavator working conditions majority of in city, in order toprevent walks when damages the road surface, starts from the 80's touse the rubber caterpillar band, and gradually obtains thepopularization. A rubber caterpillar band heavy wheel is when theinternal iron circuit board the movement, the hard circuit board jointplace and the heavy wheel contact falls to the ground, becomes walksthe destruction road surface main reason. Before uses the width shapeiron circuit board, a rubber caterpillar band heavy wheel diameter isbigger, therefore when approaches the ground, this slit changes in abig way, creates the caterpillar band to the road surface destruction.The super small excavator use and the before same heavy wheel, onlywas the hard circuit board which in the caterpillar band used changesnarrowly, therefore when contacted the ground the slit changesslightly, reduced to the damage of ground.Rear area the small rotation excavator rotation rear part size isextremely small, in order to guarantee the excavator work thestability, must have the enough counterweight, and in does notincrease the mechanical weight under the premise, uses increases thecaterpillar band length and widens the chassis and so on the effectivemethod.But, the chassis width is transported the truck width the limit, forsolves this problem, has used ViCTAS in the super small excavator (Vio- Crawler Technology by Advanced Stability) the technology.fortablenessThe small excavator majority of seals cab, has not rained when thechair frequently drips wet by the rain seeps. In order to solve thisproblem, the use surface and the interior gather a peaceful fat rubberbody to manufacture has not sewn the seam the chair, cannot againfrom sew the seam place destruction, the durability also can enhance,becomes the complete waterproofing chair.Impels the small excavator market fast development the factor:mobile is flexible, extremely is suitable for work andso on cities each kind of pipelining, foundation construction, publicutilities as well as house service. The small excavator compactvolume, the special design enable its to carry on the work in theenvironment which the large-scale excavator is unable to construct.(2) The small excavator has the multi-purpose small excavator truemerit is it has multi-purpose. The small excavator can install manyauxiliary works machines and tools, like the installment brokenhammer, the hydraulic pressure pliers use in the lightweightdemolision work, installs a clamp to use in to eliminate the work,installs the drum, the plate uses in the trench to fill in buriesthe compaction, the installment turns on lathe digs drills uses in thedrill hole, the lift hook uses in to hoist up heavy item and so on.(3)The small excavator is advantageous for the transportation and oneof shift work location small hydraulic pressure excavator market rapidexpansion reasons should belong to its size and the weight. The smallexcavation function conveniently shifts in each job location, thesmall excavator does not need the large-scale trailer perhaps theheavy-duty truck carries on the transportation, the small transportmeans may deliver. Like this not only can facilitate thetransportation, but also may greatly reduce the machine the cartageexpense.(4) Small excavator bright work characteristic: The rear part radiusof turn for the zero design, causes the small excavator not to need inthe work space limited environment mean industry time excavatoroperator to consider the job location is, whether thus enable theoperator to have the obstacle to hinder the excavator the rotation tosuffice wholly absorbed to the scoop operation, this has alsoprevented around the job location the building as well as theexcavator own damage.(5) Invests the repayment rate to be high, the cost recycles quicklyThe small excavator price is cheap, the cost recycles quickly.Slightly digs take the 6t level as the example, American, the Europeandate brand machine price about 400,000 Yuan, South Korea's machineprice about 320,000 Yuan, the domestically produced machine price is30 ~ 320,000 Yuan some brands is lower; But the 20t level center digsthe price in 70 ~ 1 million Yuan. The higher investment repayment ratecauses the small excavator deeply the general center small earthworkconstruction to contract owner's welcome.4 Small excavators technological development tendenciesThe small excavator technological development complied with the globaldiversification job location the demand, has experienced more than 30years history successional variationtechnicalperformance, job function, work efficiency, security, environmentalprotection, energy conservation and maintenance maintenance had thelarge scale enhancement, has formed the quite consistent technicalstandard and the work standard. Mainly manifests in following severalaspects:(1) The tailless rotation and moves the arm deflection technology totake slightly digs the basic concept to move the arm deflection andthe tailless rotation function later period promotes in the 1990s facethe world market. Moves the arm deflection in the organism front part,but does not have the organization to be able to realize is locatednearby the lower part of wall the direct excavation work to havefrequently to move the fuselage. The tailless rotation structureapplication, causes it when the neck of land work does not need toworry the rear part the collision. The tailless rotation structuraldesign difficulty lies in rotates in the platform the generalarrangement, the dynamic system thermal equilibrium solution as wellas the entire machine stable solution. But moves the arm deflectionorganization the design difficulty to lie in an articulation positionthe determination and the hinge body manufacture technology.(2) New hydraulic control technologyThe new hydraulic control technology should have the work efficiencyhigh, the serviceability is good, has the good efficiency, may carryon the high efficiency, the powerful work. The new fluid environmentcompatibility presses the system not to shoulder the size theinfluence, completely needs the oil of the hydraulic pressure system, the current capacity accordingto the control handle scope distribution point, definitely may deferto operator's intention with ease to complete the work. At the sametime, because the engine load is small may avoid the current capacitythe senseless loss, can realize slightly moves the operation and thecompound operation. The new hydraulic control technology applicationalso can increase the dynamic output, enhances the work speed, reducesthe fuel consumption.(3)Security performanceHas the strict legal rule in the European market and the North Americamarket to the security, the equipment security performance can givethe operator to provide the relieved work the environment, enhancesoperator's security. The small excavator security performance mainlymanifests in the cab ROPS/FOPS design below, should satisfy theperformance requirement in the cab experiment:①May satisfy must energy absorption;② May satisfy must anti- load;(4) Environmental protection technologyMainly manifests in the power, the low oil consumption, cleanlydischarges the engine in the application. The new engine shouldsatisfy the American EPATier2 standard and the European EU standard,will cause the environmental pollution the compound to discharge thecontrol in the threshold. The new engine simultaneously reduced thevibration and the noise, is beneficial to the environmental protectionand operator's health.(5) Man-machine project technologyThe cab conforms to the man-machine engineering principle,internal spacious, field of vision open, modelling artistic, the easeof operation, reduces effort the measuring appliance demonstrationdirect-viewing, is accurate, can provide one kind of comfortableoperating environment to the pilot, fully reduces pilot's weariness.(6) Services the maintenance technologyMaintains from the current maintenance to the regular inspectionservice, the simplification operation is extremely essential, canenhance the machine the reliability, makes the machine throughout tomaintain the good condition. Must cause the daily inspection side, the realization not to need withthe aid of the tool as soon as to touch the type operation.Maintenance repair then quickly dnd simplely, but fast carries on theinternal spare part and the system inspection and the service. Moreover, in the design must fully consider prevents the machine theaccident damage.Such as the cowling, the guard plateguards against the collision structural design;Moves the arm hydraulic cylinder guard plate design; Fuel oil tank draw-offvalve; The independence bulldozes the board hydraulic pressure hosedesign; Waterproofing electric system design; In the work installmenthose sets at the design; X frame and halfway up the mountainsidecaterpillar band design; The engine machine oil filter elementreplacement time lengthens; Has forerunner system which the pipelinefilters; Dual spatially filters structure design and so on.5 ConclusionsSociety's development has a more tremendous influence to the smallexcavator, at present the overseas small excavator had the suitable development, like Carter other forces, company and so on Hitachi,small pine, Mitsubishi, the small excavator product has formed theseries, and in unceasingly carries on the development, the expandeduse, the increase appendix type. The domestic small excavatordevelopment has also obtained the certain result,中文译文国内外小型挖掘机发展综述一、液压挖掘机简介液压挖掘机是由发动机、液压系统、工作装置、行走装置和电气控制等部分组成。
掘进机工程机械类外文翻译、中英文翻译
英文文献Roadheader applications in mining and tunneling industriesH. Copur1, L. Ozdemir2, and J. Rostami31Graduate Student, 2 Director and Professor, and 3 Assistant ProfessorEarth Mechanics Institute, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, 80401 ABSTRACTRoadheaders offer a unique capability and flexibility for the excavation of soft to medium strength rock formations, therefore, are widely used in underground mining and tunneling operations. A critical issue in successful roadheader application is the ability to develop accurate and reliable estimates of machine production capacity and the associated bit costs. This paper presents and discusses the recent work completed at the Earth Mechanics Institute of Colorado School of Mines on the use of historical data for use as a performance predictor model. The model is based on extensive field data collected from different roadheader operations in a wide variety of geologic formations. The paper also discusses the development of this database and the resultant empirical performance prediction equations derived to estimate roadheader cutting rates and bit consumption.INTRODUCTIONThe more widespread use of the mechanical excavation systems is a trend set by increasing pressure on the mining and civil construction industries to move away from the conventional drill and blast methods to improve productivity and reduce costs. The additional benefits of mechanical mining include significantly improved safety, reduced ground support requirements and fewer personnel. These advantages coupled with recent enhancements in machine performance and reliability have resulted in mechanical miners taking a larger share of the rock excavation market.Roadheaders are the most widely used underground partial-face excavation machines for soft to medium strength rocks, particularly for sedimentary rocks. They are used for both development and production in soft rock mining industry (i.e. main haulage drifts, roadways, cross-cuts, etc.) particularly in coal, industrial minerals and evaporitic rocks. In civil construction, they findextensive use for excavation of tunnels (railway, roadway, sewer, diversion tunnels, etc.) in soft ground conditions, as well as for enlargement and rehabilitation of various underground structures. Their ability to excavate almost any profile opening also makes them very attractive to those mining and civil construction projects where various opening sizes and profiles need to be constructed.In addition to their high mobility and versatility, roadheaders are generally low capital cost systems compared to the most other mechanical excavators. Because of higher cutting power density due to a smaller cutting drum, they offer the capability to excavate rocks harder and more abrasive than their counterparts, such as the continuous miners and the borers. ROADHEADERS IN LAST 50 YEARSRoadheaders were first developed for mechanical excavation of coal in the early 50s. Today, their application areas have expanded beyond coal mining as a result of continual performance increases brought about by new technological developments and design improvements. The major improvements achieved in the last 50 years consist of steadily increased machine weight, size and cutterhead power, improved design of boom, muck pick up and loading system, more efficient cutterhead design, metallurgical developments in cutting bits, advances in hydraulic and electrical systems, and more widespread use of automation and remote control features. All these have led to drastic enhancements in machine cutting capabilities, system availability and the service life.Machine weights have reached up to 120 tons providing more stable and stiffer (less vibration, less maintenance) platforms from which higher thrust forces can be generated for attacking harder rock formations. . The cutterhead power has increased significantly, approaching 500 kW to allow for higher torque capacities. Modern machines have the ability to cutcross-sections over 100m2 from a stationary point. Computer aided cutterhead lacing design has developed to a stage to enable the design of optimal bit layout to achieve the maximum efficiency in the rock and geologic conditions to be encountered. The cutting bits have evolved from simple chisel to robust conical bits. The muck collection and transport systems have also undergone major improvements, increasing attainable production rates. The loading apron can now be manufactured as an extendible piece providing for more mobility and flexibility. The machines can be equipped with rock bolting and automatic dust suppression equipment to enhance the safetyof personnel working at the heading. They can also be fitted with laser-guided alignment control systems, computer profile controlling and remote control systems allowing for reduced operator sensitivity coupled with increased efficiency and productivity. Figure-1 shows a picture of a modern transverse type roadheader with telescopic boom and bolting system.Mobility, flexibility and the selective mining capability constitute some of the most important application advantages of roadheaders leading to cost effective operations. Mobility means easy relocation from one face to another to meet the daily development and production requirements of a mine. Flexibility allows for quick changes in operational conditions such asFigure-1: A Transverse Cutterhead Roadheader (Courtesy of Voest Alpine)different opening profiles (horse-shoe, rectangular, etc.), cross-sectional sizes, gradients (up to 20, sometimes 30 degrees), and the turning radius (can make an almost 90 degree turn). Selectivity refers to the ability to excavate different parts of a mixed face where the ore can be mined separately to reduce dilution and to minimize waste handling, both contributing to improved productivity. Since roadheaders are partial-face machines, the face is accessible, and therefore, cutters can be inspected and changed easily, and the roof support can be installed very close to the face. In addition to these, high production rates in favorable ground conditions, improved safety, reduced ground support and ventilation requirements, all resulting in reduced excavation costs are the other important advantages of roadheaders.The hard rock cutting ability of roadheaders is the most important limiting factor affecting their applications. This is mostly due to the high wear experienced by drag bits in hard, abrasiverocks. The present day, heavy-duty roadheaders can economically cut most rock formations up to 100 MPa (~14,500 psi) uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and rocks up to 160 MPa (~23,000 psi) UCS if favorable jointing or bedding is present with low RQD numbers. Increasing frequency of joints or other rock weaknesses make the rock excavation easier as the machine simply pulls or rips out the blocks instead of cutting them. If the rock is very abrasive, or the pick consumption rate is more than 1-pick/m3, then roadheader excavation usually becomes uneconomical due to frequent bit changes coupled with increased machine vibrations and maintenance costs.A significant amount of effort has been placed over the years on increasing the ability of roadheaders to cut hard rock. Most of these efforts have focused on structural changes in the machines, such as increased weight, stiffer frames and more cutterhead power. Extensive field trials of these machines showed that the cutting tool is still the weakest point in hard rock excavation. Unless a drastic improvement is achieved in bit life, the true hard rock cutting is still beyond the realm of possibility with roadheaders. The Earth Mechanics Institute(EMI) of the Colorado School of Mines has been developing a new cutter technology, the Mini-Disc Cutter, to implement the hard rock cutting ability of disc cutters on roadheaders, as well as other types of mechanical excavators (Ozdemir et al, 1995). The full-scale laboratory tests with a standard transverse cutterhead showed that MiniDisc Cutters could increase the ability of the roadheaders for hard rock excavation while providing for lesser cutter change and maintenance stoppages. This new cutting technology holds great promise for application on roadheaders to extend their capability into economical excavation of hard rocks. In addition, using the mini-disc cutters, a drum miner concept has been developed by EMI for application to hard rock mine development. A picture of the drum miner during full-scale laboratory testing is shown in Figure-2.Figure-2: Drum Miner CutterheadFIELD PERFORMANCE DATABASEPerformance prediction is an important factor for successful roadheader application. This deals generally with machine selection, production rate and bit cost estimation. Successful application of roadheader technology to any mining operation dictates that accurate and reliable estimates are developed for attainable production rates and the accompanying bit costs. In addition, it is of crucial importance that the bit design and cutterhead layout is optimized for the rock conditions to be encountered during excavation.Performance prediction encompasses the assessment of instantaneous cutting rates, bit consumption rates and machine utilization for different geological units. The instantaneous cutting rate (ICR) is the production rate during actual cutting time, (tons or m3 / cutting hour). Pick consumption rate refers to the number of picks changed per unit volume or weight of rock excavated, (picks / m3 or ton). Machine utilization is the percentage of time used for excavation during the projectTable-I: Classification of the Information in the DatabaseThe Earth Mechanics Institute of the Colorado School of Mines jointly with the Mining Department of the Istanbul Technical University has established an extensive database related to the field performance of roadheaders with the objective of developing empirical models for accurate and reliable performance predictions. The database contains field data from numerous mining and civil construction projects worldwide and includes a variety of roadheaders and different geotechnical conditions.The empirical performance prediction methods are principally based on the past experience and the statistical interpretation of the previously recorded case histories. To obtain the required field data in an usable and meaningful format, a data collection sheet was prepared and sent to major contractors, owners, consultants, and roadheader manufacturers. In addition, data wasgathered from available literature on roadheader performance and through actual visits to job sites. This data collection effort is continuing.The database includes six categories of information, as shown in Table-I. The geological parameters in the database consist generally of rock mass and intact rock properties. The most important and pertinent rock mass properties contained in the database include Rock Quality Designation (RQD), bedding thickness, strike and dip of joint sets and hydrological conditions. The intact rock properties are uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength, quartz content, texture and abrasivity. The rock formations are divided into separate zones to minimize the variations in the machine performance data to provide for more accurate analysis. This also simplifies the classification of the properties for each zone and the analysis of the field performance data.The major roadheader parameters included are the machine type (crawler mounted, shielded), machine weight, cutterhead type (axial, transverse), cutterhead power, cutterhead-lacing design, boom type (single, double, telescopic, articulated), and the ancillary equipment (i.e.grippers, automatic profiling, laser guidance, bit cooling and dust suppression by water jets, etc.).The operational parameters generally affect the performance of the excavator through machine utilization. The most important operational parameters include ground support, back up system (transportation, utility lines, power supply, surveying, etc.), ground treatment (water drainage, grouting, freezing, etc.), labor (availability and quality), and organization of the project (management, shift hours, material supply, etc.).CONCLUSIONSThe evaluation and analysis of the data compiled in the roadheader field performance database has successfully yielded a set of equations which can be used to predict the instantaneous cutting rate (ICR) and the bit consumption rate(BCR) for roadheaders. A good relationship was found to exist between these two parameters and the machine power (P), weight (W) and the rock compressive strength (UCS). Equations were developed for these parameters as a function of P, W and UCS. These equations were found mainly applicable to soft rocks of evaporatic origin. The current analysis is being extended to include harder rocks with or without joints to make the equations more universal. In jointed rock, the RQD value will be utilized as a measure of rockmass characteristics from a roadheader cuttability viewpoint. It is believed that these efforts will lead to the formulation of an accurate roadheader performance prediction model which can be used in different rock types where the roadheaders are economically applicable.中文译文掘进机在采矿和隧道业中的应用摘要掘进机为方便的挖掘硬岩而提供了一个独特的能力。
挖掘机外文翻译外文文献中英翻译
挖掘机臂液压系统的模型化参量估计摘要首先介绍了液压挖掘机的一个改装的电动液压的比例系统。
根据负载独立流量分配（LUDV ）系统的原则和特点，以动臂液压系统为例并忽略液压缸中的油大量泄漏，建立一个力平衡方程和一个液压缸的连续性方程。
基于电动液压的比例阀门的流体运动方程，测试的分析穿过阀门的压力的不同。
结果显示压力的差异并不会改变负载，此时负载接近2.0MPa。
然后假设穿过阀门的液压油与阀芯的位移成正比并且不受负载影响，提出了一个电液控制系统的简化模型。
同时通过分析结构和承重的动臂装置，并将机械臂的力矩等效方程与旋转法、参数估计估计法结合起来建立了液压缸以等质量等为参数的受力平衡参数方程。
最后用阶跃电流控制电液比例阀来测试动臂液压缸中液压油的阶跃响应。
根据实验曲线，阀门的流量增益系数被确定为2.825×10-4m3/(s·A)，并验证了该模型。
关键词：挖掘机，电液比例系统，负载独立流量分配（LUDV ）系统，建模，参数估计1 引言由于液压挖掘机具有高效率、多功能的优点，所以被广泛应用于矿山，道路建设，民事和军事建设，危险废物清理领域。
液压挖掘机在施工机械领域中也发挥了重要作用。
目前，机电一体化和自动化已成为施工机械发展的最新趋势。
因此，自动挖掘机在许多国家逐渐变得普遍并被认为重点。
挖掘机可以用许多控制方法自动地控制操作器。
每种使用方法，研究员必须知道操作器结构和液压机构的动态和静态特征。
即确切的数学模型有利于控制器的设计。
然而，来自外部的干扰使得机械结构模型和各种非线性液压制动器的时变参数很难确定。
关于挖掘机时滞控制的研究已经有人在研究了。
NGUYEN利用模糊的滑动方式和阻抗来控制挖掘机动臂的运动，SHAHRAM等采取了阻抗对挖掘机远距传物的控制。
液压机构非线性模型已经由研究员开发出来了。
然而，复杂和昂贵的设计控制器限制了它的应用。
在本文，根据提出的模型，根据工程学和受力平衡，挖掘机臂液压机构模型简化为连续均衡的液压缸和流动均衡的电液比例阀；同时，确定了模型的参量的估计方法和等式。
(全面版)土方开掘与回填施工设计英文版
（全面版）土方开掘与回填施工设计英文版Comprehensive Document: Excavation and Backfilling Construction DesignIn the construction industry, excavation and backfilling are essential processes that require careful planning and execution. This comprehensive document will cover various aspects of excavation and backfilling construction design to ensure efficient and safe operations.IntroductionExcavation is the process of removing earth to create a cavity in the ground for construction purposes. Backfilling, on the other hand, involves filling the excavated area with suitable materials to provide support and stability to the structure being built. Proper design and execution of these processes are crucial for the success of any construction project.Site AnalysisBefore beginning the excavation and backfilling process, a thorough site analysis must be conducted to assess the soil conditions, groundwater levels, and any potential hazards. This information will help determine the appropriate excavation and backfilling techniques to be used.Excavation MethodsThere are various methods of excavation, including open excavation, trench excavation, and cut and fill excavation. The choice of method will depend on factors such as the depth of excavation, soil type, and site constraints. Each method has its advantages and limitations, so careful consideration is required during the design phase.Backfilling MaterialsThe selection of backfilling materials is critical to the stability and durability of the structure. Common materials used for backfilling include gravel, sand, and crushed stone. The properties of the backfill material, such as compaction and drainage characteristics, must be taken into account when designing the backfilling process.Slope StabilityMaintaining slope stability during excavation and backfilling is essential to prevent landslides and collapses. Proper slope design, reinforcement techniques, and drainage systems are crucial in ensuring the safety of the construction site and surrounding areas.Environmental ConsiderationsExcavation and backfilling activities can have a significant impact on the environment, including soil erosion, sediment runoff, and habitat disturbance. Implementing erosion control measures, sediment control barriers, and proper waste management practices are essential to minimize environmental damage.Safety PrecautionsSafety should always be a top priority in excavation and backfilling operations. Proper safety measures, such as using protective equipment, securing the excavation site, and implementing emergency response plans, must be in place to prevent accidents and injuries.ConclusionIn conclusion, effective excavation and backfilling construction design is crucial for the success of any construction project. By considering site conditions, using appropriate methods and materials, ensuring slope stability, addressing environmental concerns, and prioritizing safety, construction teams can achieve efficient and safe excavation and backfilling operations.This document serves as a comprehensive guide for professionals involved in excavation and backfilling construction design, providing valuable insights and best practices for successful project execution.。
掘进机机械类外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译
外文原文：The vertical Boom-type Roadheader design1 IntroductionMechanical design is in the process of product design and an important part of the main links, it is followed in programme design after the design work. The vertical Boom-type roadheader (the roadheader) to the overall design of the merits of complete machine play a decisive role, and the decision of the assembly, the system, coordination between the various components of the unity and match, to obtain the high-end performance and overall better economic efficiency technology. Roadheader design, including the following: 1)According to design project description choice type and various cellular construction pattern 2) Decides the complete machine the main technical performance parameter, Including size parameter, heavy parameter, the parameter of movement and the technical economy refer parameter, 3) According to system design performance requirement, definite complete machine system composition and between them match as well as each part main technical senate parameter, 4) The necessary whole, and the mapping of transmission, hydraulic, electronic control systems, and other plans.2 the selected models and various components and structural type, drive, and the overall layout of the reasonableIn determining the content, first task should be designed to meet the contents, especially the users of the main demands of the investigation, the two sides exchanged views repeatedly, to satisfy both users (or superior) conditions, can better meet the product development of the overall plan.2.1 the selected modelsAccording to roadheader use, for the coal mine tunnel boring or used for other sectors of the works, roadheader working conditions for cutting coal roadway or semi-Coal Lane, the compressive strength of coal and rock one-way (or the value of platts coefficient f) and the rock abrasion factor. At the same time the control line should be superscript MT138 ~ 1995"cantilevered Roadheader types and parameters",according to cutting coal and rock the biggest one-way compressive strength, the type of selected models.2.2 the structure of the various components, the way the driver identifiedRoadheader by cutting general agencies, shipping agencies, walking, hydraulic system, electronic control systems and auxiliary devices (such as dust removal devices, security devices, remote monitoring devices) and other components. 1) Cutting agencies. Cutting the drive from AC motor-driven, in the transmission system located in the general profile coupling with no mechanical overload protection device, the two planets reducer driven spindle front of the cutting head. Some sections of the working bodies boring machine has cut chain, disc-milling and cutting-such as cantilever. Cantilever due to the cutting-boring machine body flexible, relatively small, can cut a variety of shapes and sections of the roadway, and to achieve selective cutting, but cutting good effect, a higher rate of boring, so now used mainly cantilever Cutting-and has become boring machine working body of a basic pattern. By cutting head of the layout, is divided into horizontal and vertical axis of the two. The line-cutting head of the advantages are: Transmission convenient, compact and can be cut to any shape of the profile, easy access to the formation of a cross-section and is conducive to expansion in the use of cantilever, or ditch digging, in Waterloo. Cutting head the shape of a cylindrical, cone and the cone and cylindrical, as the latter two cutting head to drilling, and the cutting surface than the formation, use it more. This is the work of the shortcomings: As the longitudinal axis of cutting head in the horizontal swing at the cutting reaction force is not passed machine centres, with cantilevered form of torque to boring machine have a greater vibration, stability is poor. Therefore, the coal roadway excavation, the need to increase the body weight or support the installation of auxiliary equipment. At present, such a boring machine in some sections of the use of more boring machine. 2) Shipment of bodies. It generally from the middle loading and conveyor components. They were driven or focus may be linked, either by AC motor drive, can also be usedhydraulic motor drive. Trailing claw-is to use a turn moves the rake claws to continue to rake materials and in a reprint from transport operators. This structure is simple, reliable, small formfactor, loading good effect, the application is widespread. However, such institutions loading width restricted (because boring machine running track when agencies generally do not arouse). To expand the loading width, will shovel the entire harrow board, together with the claw agencies in the level of swing, or design dual rake claws, to expand the scope of loading. Institutions than the rake-wheel-claw simple, high intensity, reliable, but with less bulk materials. Loading agency programme is not only the installation of the claw-rake-wheel can also be installed, the two can be used interchangeably. Usually, the choice rake claw-loaded, but considering loading width of the problem, may choose to double rake claws, can also be designed to rake claw-round interchangeable with the loading mechanism. Some sections boring machine use of scraper chain conveyor agencies. Transportation agencies are generally undertaken by the tail to the nose tilted upward direction of the layout. Transportation agencies can be the driver, is about to motor or hydraulic motor and reducer layout in the scraper conveyor and around the side of the fuselage, the body in the driver loading at the same time, indirectly, to transport bodies to take the initiative to the tail shaft driven scraper Transportation agencies. This drive system components in small, relatively simple bodies, but loading and transportation agencies involved in the two campaigns, mutual influence. As the location less space layout more difficult. Transmission organizations to adopt an independent driver, is about to motor or hydraulic motor layout away from the machine side, driven by slow delivery agencies. This mode of transmission drive layout simple, and filling the campaign Hubuyingxiang. However, due to transmission and more dynamic components, the point of failure has increased. At present, the two transportation agencies are used, as appropriate, the design should be identified. General loading and institutions often use the same drive. Loading agencies can use motor-driven, can also be used hydraulic motor drive. However, in consideration of the working environment and wet with mud, optionalhydraulic motor drive for good. 3) Run institutions. Walking agencies tracked the general pattern, crawler-run institutions apply to the floor is uneven or soft conditions, no road track laying. Traction with large capacity, good mobility, reliability, flexibility and mobility on the floor adaptability of the advantages of good. But its complex structure, componentsand wear more serious. At present cross-section of the boring machine is usually used crawler-run institutions. Walking agencies tracked the general pattern, the two tracked separately by the respective power to drive, to achieve in situ. Caterpillar is the driving force of two motors and hydraulic motors, motor driver is generally set up a walking speed, hydraulic motor-driven large low-speed torque motor can be driven directly tracked sprocket, or used in the hydraulic motor speed Reducer led the drive sprocket track, it can achieve Promise governor. Tracked structure of a sliding and rolling two, when the speed machine to mobilize ≤ 10 m / min in the light Roadheader, should adopt the structure of sliding when the mobilization of speed machines> 10 m / min of heavy, severe Roadheader should be used Rolling structural type. 4) The hydraulic system. Hydraulic systems use of open-way valve system more centralized control (direct or remote control manipulation) way. Domestic and foreign use of the past, gear pumps, hydraulic system in recent years Roadheader used piston pump have increased the trend. 5) Electronic control system. Electronic control systems, including some power, control and inspection of the part. Electronic control system must be in accordance with the requirements of coal mine explosion-proof design, manufacture, testing, GB3836-2000 must meet the standards of the relevant provisions and requirements. In order to improve operations at the Roadheader in the security, operational flexibility and mechanical transmission part of the fault diagnosis and monitoring functions, from the practical point of view, the installation of the necessary machines from a remote control device, monitoring pressure, temperature, level and key parts the fault diagnosis device.2.3 LayoutGeneral layout of the contents include the following: 1) Identify thecomponents in complete machine said the location, shape and size of the request; 2) To identify the parts, components and the connections between complete machine; 3) estimates complete machine weight and the weight of all components requested; 4) layout of the manipulation of institutions, the driver's seat;5) examination of moving parts of the movement space, rule out the possibility of interference in the campaign.2.4 specific requirementsBoring machine in the general layout, the need to pay attention to the following questions: 1) institutions into the reducer reducer, as far as possible to coax axis; 2) cantilever and spade-suited to the size of relations, not only conducive to loading, to avoid cutting the first shovel cutting board; 3) the level of cantilever and vertical position can swing the center coincidence, can not overlap. From the increased stability of the machine, these are highly swing should be reduced. In the cantilever is not guaranteed to interfere with other agencies under the conditions of swing centres are located should try to rely on, but must ensure that the machines in the centre plane of vertical symmetry;4) When all the major components designed after. Checking should be carried out, does not meet requirements to be adjusted just so that the focus in track and less than the former center Shaopian L / 6 (L grounding for the track length). In addition, the center of gravity position in the demand for cutting bodies turret after the centerline, and Yuediyuehao high center of gravity to enhance stability when operating machinery. 5) the overall layout should consider the weight of symmetrical left and right and take care of work habits and to facilitate the operation. General driver in the left side of the fuselage and the fuselage in the rear, driver seat height should ensure that the people's attention, what good control of their machines, cutting out the rules of the roadway; 6) Caozong Tai position should be appropriate, should ensure that drivers easy manipulation, and effort. Instruments showed that the location devices for drivers to observe, not scattered normal operation of the driver's attention.2.5 types and power transmission components choicetransmission patterns and components should follow the principle of choice 1) the advanced nature of technology: machines to improve performance, increase productivity; 2) economic rationality: drive system as simple as possible, fewer components and easy processing, low price, easy maintenance, long life;3) reliability of the work: the transmission system reliability performance for the life of components, as well as component quality requirements; 4) adaptation: the drive system components should be adapted to load, working conditions and environmental conditions of the request. Agencies to the transmission system requirements and the choice of transmission patterns . Boring machine cutting, loading, transport, walking and other institutions generally are respectively transmission, all parts of the state and subject to different working conditions, thus driving patterns have different requirements. 1) institutions require a greater short-term Guozainengli, motor oil is very sensitive to the impact load, the loading capacity of low-impact cutting head for normal functioning. Therefore, the boring machine working body should adopt the motor-driven mechanical transmission type. Should make use of small size, power, a strong capacity for electric motors, and equipped with reliable electrical protection device. According to the compact body of work features, usually work in the reducer cantilever, an integral part of a cantilever. Cutting the first governor general way with a round peg for the method of transmission organizations to simple. 2) rake with institutions transmission device is characterized by: reducer be installed in the limited size of the lower part of the shovel plate, thus design a smaller space, poor working conditions. Reducer often soaked in muddy coal and rock in the cards when the material easy to overload. Trailing equipment, transportation agencies the use of mechanical transmission, for the larger motor, not the end of the conveyor installation, the shovel is generally installed on both sides of the board two motor, with a rake, a common power transmission organizations, such bound to make the Slowdown me the size of the increase in the spade under the board layout more tense. In addition, consider the claw and rake boards linked linked overload situation, to protect the motor did not burn, thegeneral needs of internal security in reducer friction-clutch. Trailing equipment, transportation agencies the use of motor oil transmission gear, as small size, light weight, will enable the two separate drive, thus simplifying transmission device, for the spade under the board layout, designed for good results sealed mechanical seal or reducer And shovel plate separation, while achieving automatic overload protection.3) walk the track-driven approach and a motor-driven motor oil in two ways. Respectively, through mechanical devices or directly from the slowdown in motor oil led the initiative sprocket running track. Mechanical transmission of the walking track, with General Motors will be tracked in two reducer rear, the brake hydraulic braking by mechanical means way. This transmission mode drive high reliability and low prices of motor, easy maintenance, but not speed, slow me larger, Lin Shui major roadway, the motor easily exposed to moisture and burned. Tracked walk to adopt hydraulic transmission patterns, simple system, better performance and advanced technology. Hydraulic transmission of the walking mechanism, in the form choice and hydraulic motor speed control mode design, there are different options. The use of low-speed torque motor-driven, characterized by the system simple, small size, light weight, to achieve stepless speed regulation and automatic overload protection. However, hydraulic motor drive complex, the high cost of manufacturing, maintenance more difficult. Gear used motor oil, the volume of high efficiency, performance and impact-resistant, easy maintenance, low cost, a 10 KW around the motor gear oil prices only with the power of the radial-Sema Da 1 / 10; small size, light weight. A 10 KW gear around the weight of motor oil, with the only major power low-speed torque motor of 1 / 18, the weight of the motor 1 / 13. Gear used motor oil, although lower-speed reducer size large torque motor, but a small electric (MRH-S50-13-type plane reducer transmission ratio i = 328). So can easily be motors, reducers, hydraulic Zhidong Fa, tight chain devices installed in the middle-tracked. In this way than on the technical performance of mechanical transmission, the economic indicators better than the low-speed torque motor drive. So has a unique advantage. The walking speed in two ways: one is a variable pump. The other is the useor diversion of the flow and speed control programmes, such as the MRH-S50-13 type aircraft, that is, in the rapid mobilization of machinery, to stop carrying motor oil, only to run motor oil so that the boring machine has two Walking speed.3 determination complete machine main technology senate parameter Mechanical Roadheader complete machine main technical parameter including size senate parameter (length ×width ×highly); we ight parameter, parameter of movement and dynamic parameter.3.1 size parametersComplete machine length, width of the size directly related to its turning radius, Recommended light-length ≤ 7.5 m, medium-length ≤ 8.5 m, heavy machine ≤ l0m, the corresponding width were ≤ 1.6 m, ≤ 2.5 m, ≤ 3 m. The complete machine relates its tendency, the static stability highly directly, the adaptation scope and passes quality, therefore lower better. The current development trend of Chinese and foreign models is the dwarf models, medium and heavy-high 1.6 ~ 2 m, special light, light machine the height of 1.4 ~ 1.6 m. Roadheader to dig the biggest section of roadway, the minimum height and width should be designed to meet the requirements of the mission. Undercover depth of 250 ~ 400 mm, ground clearance C = B/13 +84 (mm), B for the two track distance). Middle-long conveyor entrance to the expected high degree of the best 400 mm, length of track ground with the center distance L B ratio for L / B ≤ 1.6.3.2 weight parametersThe complete machine dead weight is the mechanical roadheader - an important parameter, the engine weight too is light, the work stability drops, when swinging cutting can occur fishtails the phenomenon, the cutting efficiency drops, truncation tooth rate of wear increase; Heavy-weight, poor mobility, flexibility to decline. The self-respect as it may be w = (t) estimates, in the N-type body for cutting power, kW; V for the cutting head on average cutting speed, m / s; can also be Roadheader with reference to the existing analog method to determine , machine-(t) and cutting power (kW) ratio of 0.25 to 0.4. For general coal, rock bottom, the allowable value≤ 0.14 MPa; muddy for the water to soften the shale bottom,≤ 0.05 MPa.3.3 movement parametersCutting the movement parameters: cutting head of the average cutting speed V: on the one-way coal and rock compressive strength of σ c ≤ 40 MPa, V = 3 ~ 3.5m / s;σ c ≤ 60MPa, V = 2 ~ 2.5m / s, σ c > 60MPa. V = l ~ 2m / s. But eventually cuttingspeed by cutting technology to determine.3.4 dynamic parametersRoadheader-driven power sources are used Motors. Cutting power body size. In fact the general use of analogy, combined with roadheader some personality andexperience factors to determine. Roadheader in the operating process, the vertical axis and the horizontal axis-of the need for adequate cutting edge and push forward swing (horizontal and vertical) force. According to Russia (the former Soviet Union) in the laboratory test results that the cutting of coal and rock platts hardness f = 4 ~ 6 (equivalent to 0 C = 40 ~ 60MPa), grinding coefficient F = 5 ~ 7mg/mm2. Cutting the shaking force (traction) Pv = (1 ~ 1.34) P, P = M / Rcp, in the P-cutting head for the average cutting edge; Rcp cutting head for the average radius; M for cutting the head of the rated torque. Cut the feeding of (axial thrust) R; (1.8 ~ 2.5) Pv, this force should be no larger than the floor slippery track at the limits of traction.3.5 technical and economic indicatorsQ = (m3/min), in the sx-cutting head for the verticalcross sectional area, m2: Vn for the cutting head of cutting swing speed, m / min. Roadheader designed life, in the international advanced products up to 3 to 5 years, during which the need of major repair or wells, the general domestic product for 1 to 2 years.4 in accordance with design requirements. Determine the parameters of the main components and their relationship between the connector4.1 cutting agencies and technical parameters of the established link between1) Cutting-agency technical parameters of cutting the head with thegeneral pick for the double-headed or three spiral layout. Cutting head speed n = 20 ~ 65r/min, a sharp pick cutting the average speed V = 1.5 ~ 2.5m / s, cutting swing speed Vn = 0.8 ~ l0m / s. Cut-off line from t = 20 ~ 50mm, (when cutting coal from the value of all-time for small value). Average single-pole/double-throw force should reach: f4 grade coal and rock F ≥ 2500 N, f6 grade coal and rock F ≥ 5000 N, f8 grade coal and rock F ≥ 12000 N, pick the best angle for the installation of 45 ° ~ 48 °. 2) Cutting the link .Cutting agencies cantilever Chaxing-installed in front of the fixed-Chaxing rotary table, the turret to the rack. According to cutting agencies in the course of operating the force and torque, the application of MT475-1996 "cantilevered Roadheader rotary bearing type, the basic parameters and technical requirements" selected rotary bearing the structural type, determined by calculatingslewing ring size specifications. If the user does not require a cantilever stretching structure, is generally not recommended.4.2 shipping agencies determine the parameters1) Loading mechanism Loading bodies and Middle conveyor used linkage or single-action mode, loading the bodies rake claws speed is generally 25 ~ 48 r / min. Star Ferry's speed can be slightly higher than some. Using direct-drive hydraulic motors, the maximum output torque rated torque for calculating the value of 1.5 times. Shovel coal-general of the tilt angle to 21 ° ~ 25 °, it should be the width of track, spacious than the 0.6 ~ 1.2 m, declining position should not be less than the minimum depth of undercover maximum height should be increased to 350 ~ 400 mm. 2) Intermediate conveyor Middle conveyor chain may be single or double-stranded chain structure of the ring chain, chain-speed should not exceed 0.92 m / s, using the U.S. chain of universal sleeve roller chain single chain, the chain speed should not exceed 2.5 m / s, generally from 1.6 ~ 2 m in order to meet the changing demands a high degree of unloading, the tail should be set up multi-stage hydraulic cylinders to achieve take-off and landing movements, raising the minimum height for the hopper and a high degree of around 300 mm. If the tail need to swing around, the United States must adopt a universal sleeve roller chain, to set the location of the side-effect hydraulic cylinder to achieve the tail swingaround 45 °, to expan d the width of unloading.4.3 running track and identify the technical parameters of connectivity betweena)walking track drivers and transmission patterns have the following two ways, the overall design and layout determined at the time one of them.1) Drive a motor-driven than reducer (i ≈250) →led initiative sprocket. Can only establish a walking speed of 5 ~ 7.5 m / min. 2) The speed of a hydraulic motor torque direct drive or take the initiative sprocket of a slowdown in high-speed motor driven me a sprocket can take the initiative to achieve rapid mobilization and the need to slow operations, walking speed of 0 ~ 10 m / min of no - Speed. b) tracked the transmission link between Structure has two sliding and rolling, sliding simple structure, the resistance of larger, the special light, light and medium-sized roadheader recommend sliding structured. Rolling resistance smaller operation, crawler-crawler at the bottom andwear small chain of contacts. Heavy and severe roadheader recommend using this structure type. Track-installed at the bottom of the supporting wheels, each bearing capacity should be not less than 50 percent of weight, distance is generally tracked the plate pitch 1.5 times.4.4 the hydraulic system of technical parameters establishedHydraulic system of technical parameters should be determined in the hydraulic design calculations. The pressure should not be rated higher than the 20 ~ 25 MPa. A hydraulic motor in the system should be set up power transmission cooler, the system in the optional round series at the pump, rated pressure announced that the following 20 MPa. Selection of pumps and motors of the Anyu should be around 1.5. Each loop system in the pressure relief valve is set for the rated pressure of 1.8 to 2.2 times suitable.4.5 electronic control system identified the main technical parametersElectronic control system of power supply voltage should be roadheader models to determine the size of pressure levels, special light, light machine should be elected 660 V, medium and heavy aircraft should be elected 660 V/1140V. Some momentum in the electrical circuit components,the power supply should meet the range of 70% to 115% of the requests.4.6 other supporting systems1) Spray system, cutting nozzles installed in the front organizations cantilever pressure for 1.5 MPa. Spray nozzle within the system installed in cutting the first pick in the back seat of the spray system pressure of not less than 4 MPa. Cutting rock on the case should be to increase water pressure and water. 2) Inside and outside the water spray system shall not exceed the actual health roadheader capacity of 6 to 8 percent, or stagnant water in the face of slime.5 the overall calculation of the necessary plans and systemsSuch as in roadheader design and overall layout is complete with two of the main components of each system and the main structure, the basic technical parameters have been determined, theComplete machine should carry out the necessary calculations and the overall system, and other plans. 1) Cutting agencies roadheader static and dynamic stability of the calculation. 2) Transmission and hydraulic components of the electronic control system of power calculation.3) Hydraulic system heat balance calculations. 4) Drawing transmission, hydraulic, electronic control system plans. 5) Drawing cutting sections of roadway.6 ConclusionRoadheader design is roadheader design projects in the technical design of the components. It is the key to the design of the overall performance parameters of reasonable choices, the assembly of each system and optimize the design standards, in particular, cutting the cutting technology is particularly important. Roadheader described in this paper, the overall design is still based on traditional design, dynamics, kinematics, the calculation of the force should be wider use of modern design methods, such as conceptual design, 3D design kinematics, dynamics simulation technology, limited Yuan design and optimize the design. At the same time, the international community should be extensively studied this aspect of the new design for my use, to enhance our design standards, we have accumulated experience in the design, to produce a safe, reliable, high-performance high-end products.译文：悬臂纵轴式掘进机的总体设计总体设计是机械产品设计过程中的重要内容和主要环节，它是在方案设计之后紧接着进行的设计工作。
挖掘机工作装置实习报告
挖掘机工作装置实习报告英文回答：Internship Report on Excavator Working Device.Introduction:During my internship, I had the opportunity to work with excavators and learn about their working devices. In this report, I will discuss the various components of the excavator working device and my experiences in operating and maintaining it.Components of Excavator Working Device:The excavator working device consists of several important components, including the boom, arm, and bucket. The boom is the long arm that extends from the main body of the excavator and provides reach and height. The arm is attached to the boom and allows for flexibility in diggingand lifting. The bucket is attached to the arm and is used for digging and scooping materials.Operating the Excavator Working Device:Operating the excavator working device requires skill and precision. During my internship, I learned how tocontrol the movement of the boom, arm, and bucket using the control levers in the operator's cabin. By manipulating these levers, I was able to extend or retract the boom,raise or lower the arm, and open or close the bucket.One important aspect of operating the excavator working device is understanding the concept of "digging in" and "digging out". When "digging in", the operator positionsthe bucket at a certain angle and pushes it into the ground, allowing the teeth of the bucket to penetrate the soil.This technique is used to excavate and remove soil or other materials. On the other hand, when "digging out", the operator raises the bucket and scoops out the loose material. This technique is used to load materials onto trucks or into containers.Maintenance of the Excavator Working Device:Proper maintenance of the excavator working device is essential to ensure its smooth operation and longevity. During my internship, I learned how to perform routine maintenance tasks such as greasing the joints and inspecting the hydraulic hoses for leaks. I also learned how to clean the bucket and remove any debris that may have accumulated during operation.In addition, I was taught the importance of regularly checking the wear and tear of the teeth on the bucket. If the teeth are worn out, they need to be replaced to maintain the efficiency of the excavator. I also learned how to adjust the tension of the tracks to ensure proper traction and stability during operation.中文回答：挖掘机工作装置实习报告。
挖掘机论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
挖掘机论文中英文资料外文翻译文献外文文献A Summary of Small-size Excavators Home and Abroad I. The brief introduction of hydraulic excavatorParts such as the hydraulic excavator is by engine, hydraulic system and works device and walks device and electric control etc are formed. The hydraulic system is formed by hydraulic pump, control valve, hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic pressure motor, pipe route and fuel tank etc. The electric control system includes supervision dish, motor control system, pump brain and various kinds of sensor and solenoid valves etc. The hydraulic excavator is general by the work device and turns round the device and walks device three is mostly formed. According to his construction and use, we can differentiate : many kinds of types such as caterpillar tread type, tyre type, walk type, full hydraulic pressure, half hydraulic pressure, turns round entirely, not turns round entirely, utility version, mould for a special purpose, the joining with a hinge type and arm type stretched out and drawn back etc.The work device is directly accomplishing the device that excavates the assignment. It has been joined with a hinge by moves the arm, fights the pole and shovels the fill etc three parts. Moving that the arm rises and falls and the pole fought stretches out and draws back and shoveling fighting moves all with moving back and forth type two effect hydraulic cylinders control. In order to suit the needs of various difference construction school assignments, the hydraulic pressure excavator can be joined in marriage loading many kinds of work devices, if excavating and many kinds of school assignment machines and tools such as lifting job, loading, leveling, clamp and pushes soil and shock hammer etc.Turning round and walks the device is the organism of hydraulic pressure excavator, upper setting up power-on device and transmission system of turntable. The engine is the power supply of hydraulic pressure excavator, and adopts diesel oil will also can modify the electromotor in the convenient place mostly.The hydraulic drive system by way of the hydraulic pump with the engine the motivepromotion work device moves, thus accomplishes the various school assignments. Take more PV-200's mould hydraulic pressure excavators of use in building site as the example. This machine adopts the type the opening center load of advanced version to be passed feeling system (OLSS). This system is with oblique of control type oblique the method of angle (export volume of flow ) variable plunger pump, and reduced the power delivery of engine, thus reduces the oil consumption burnt, and is one kind of saving energy mould system. The characteristic of this kind of hydraulic system is: the fixed torque is controlled, and it is unchangeable to keep the hydraulic pump drive torque, and year absolutely control can reduce the off-loading loss of school assignment time; Oil capacity is controlled, and the export volume of flow of hydraulic pump in the time of can reducing neutral gear and fine control reduces the power loss.The history of the first hand excavator was published up to now to have more than 130 years, and went through from the steam drive fill to turn round that the machinery turns round the developing the course step by step of the complete automatic hydraulic pressure excavator of excavator and application mechanical and electrical liquid integration technology to power drive and the internal-combustion engine drive in the time. The application owing to the hydraulic technique had to join in marriage on the tractor loading hydraulic pressure to anti- the type hanging which shoveled machinery in the 1940’s, and developing out the pulling type at the initial stage of in the 1950’s w ith middle period in succession, to turn round the full hydraulic pressure of hydraulic pressure excavator and caterpillar tread type entirely mechanical. Initial stage the trial hydraulic pressure excavator is the hydraulic technique that adopts plane and machine tool, lacking the hydraulic pressure component that is suitable in the mechanical various operating modes, it is stable inadequately to make the quality, and necessary is not completely yet. From in the 1960’s, the hydraulic pressure excavator is entered the popularization and in vigorous development stage, and mechanical manufacturing plant and the breed of each country increases very fast, and the output is rapidly increased. 83% of the mechanical gross output was occupied to hydraulic pressure excavator output, and is close to 100% at present 1968-1970 certain period.ⅡSmall excavator development and its tendency20th century 80 ~ 90's small mechanical device in construction and soon in municipal engineering, transportation, pipeline has displayed abigger superiority and can rapidlymakes thesmall excavator mainly to use in the city the constructionconstruction and generally left a bigger contribution,gradually became in the city construct ionto have the representative construction machinery.The small excavator development mainly relies on the urbanconstruction development, because city transformation, constructionconstruction more, the request construction time short, theconstruction machinery affects small, safe, the low pollution, theradius of gyration to the environment is small, is advantageous fortransports as well as has with the city scenery appearancecoordination outward appearance, the small excavator has satisfied thecity each kind of work request, can maximum limit display itsproductivity in the city narrow working space, therefore has theunique superiority.1. The development of small excavatorsThe small excavator mainly uses in the city the constructionconstruction and the general housing repairs and maintains and so onthe work, the request has the good operating performance and therotation performance.Initial small excavator by tire type primarily, because the tire typewalks the natural in the soft ground and the passing difference,afterwards gradually by the marching substitution, and in moved thearm strut organization place to increase the rotation organizationabout, enabled the entire work equipment the relative organism tocarry on swings, completed the trench sidewall excavation renovationwork behind, but this kind of small excavator excavation scope wassmall, cannot realize the material. Hereafter, the small excavator increased upside has rotated theorganization, has solved behind themetial and so on the problem, enhancedthe excavator operating performance, formed the small excavator thebasic structure. Afterwards, the small excavator in the radius ofgyration, behind the field of vision, moved aspect and so on armelevation angle, machine capability has the further improvement,develops for the present standard type.2.Technical progressesSmall excavator working conditions majority of in city, in order toprevent walks when damages the road surface, starts from the 80's touse the rubber caterpillar band, and gradually obtains thepopularization. A rubber caterpillar band heavy wheel is when theinternal iron circuit board the movement, the hard circuit board jointplace and the heavy wheel contact falls to the ground, becomes walksthe destruction road surface main reason. Before uses the width shapeiron circuit board, a rubber caterpillar band heavy wheel diameter isbigger, therefore when approaches the ground, this slit changes in abig way, creates the caterpillarheavy wheel, onlywas the hard circuit board which in the caterpillar band used changesnarrowly, therefore when contacted the ground the slit changesslightly, reduced to the damage of ground.Rear area the small rotation excavator rotation rear part size isextremely small, in order to guarantee the excavator work thestability, must have the enough counterweight, and in does notincrease the mechanical weight under the premise, uses increases thecaterpillar band length and widens the chassis and so on the effectivemethod.But, the chassis width is transported the truck width the limit, forsolves this problem, has used ViCTAS in the super small excavator (Vio- Crawler Technology by Advanced Stability) the technology.fortablenessThe small excavator majority of seals cab, has not rained when thechair frequently drips wet by the rain seeps. In order to solve thisproblem, the use surface and the interior gather a peaceful fat rubberbody to manufacture has not sewn the seam the chair, cannot againfrom sew the seam place destruction, the durability also can enhance,becomes the complete waterproofing chair.Impels the small excavator market fast development the factor:(1) The small excavator has the widespread serviceable small excavatorvolume small, mobile is flexible, extremely is suitable for work andso on cities each kind of pipelining, foundation construction, publicutilities as well as house service. The small excavator compactvolume, the special design enable its to carry on the work in theenvironment which the large-scale excavator is unable to construct.(2) The small excavator has the multi-purpose small excavator truemerit is it has multi-purpose. The small excavator can install manyauxiliary works machines and tools, like the installment brokenhammer, the hydraulic pressure pliers use in the lightweightdemolision work, installs a clamp to use in to eliminate the work,installs the drum, the plate uses in the trench to fill in buriesthe compaction, the installment turns on lathe digs drills uses in thedrill hole, the lift hook uses in to hoist up heavy item and so on.(3)The small excavator is advantageous for the transportation and oneof shift work location small hydraulic pressure excavator market rapidexpansion reasons should belong to its size and the weight. The smallexcavation function conveniently shifts in each job location, thesmall excavator does not need the large-scale trailer perhaps theheavy-duty truck carries on the transportation, the small transportmeans may deliver. Like this not only can facilitate(4) Small excavator bright work characteristic: The rear part radiusof turn for the zero design, causes the small excavator not to need inthe work space limited environment mean industry time excavatoroperator to consider the job location is, whether thus enable theoperator to have the obstacle to hinder the excavator the rotation tosuffice wholly absorbed to the scoop operation, this has alsoprevented around the job location the building as well as theexcavator own damage.(5) Invests the repayment rate to be high, the cost recycles quicklyThe small excavator price is cheap, the cost recycles quickly.Slightly digs take the 6t level as the example, American, the Europeandate brand machine price about 400,000 Yuan, South Korea's machineprice about 320,000 Yuan, the domestically produced machine price is30 ~ 320,000 Yuan some brands is lower; But the 20t level center digsthe price in 70 ~ 1 million Yuan. The higher investment repayment ratecauses the small excavator deeply the general center small earthworkconstruction to contract owner's welcome.4 Small excavators technological development tendenciesThe small excavator technological development complied with the globaldiversification job location the demand, has experienced more than 30years history successional variation process, passes through theunceasing improvement consummation, in aspect and so on technicalperformance, job function, work efficiency, security, environmentalprotection, energy conservation and maintenance maintenance had thelarge scale enhancement, has formed the quite consistent technicalstandard and the work standard. Mainly manifests in following severalaspects:(1) The tailless rotation and moves the arm deflection technology totake slightly digs the basic concept to move the arm deflection andthe tailless rotation function later period promotes in the 1990s facethe world market. Moves the arm deflection in the organism front part,but does not have the organization to be able to realize is locatednearby the lower part of wall the direct excavation work to havefrequently to move the fuselage. The tailless rotation structureapplication, causes it when the neck of land work does not need toworry the rear part the collision. The tailless rotation structuraldesign difficulty lies in rotates in the platform the generalarrangement, the dynamic system thermal equilibrium solution as wellas the entire machine stable solution. But moves the arm deflectionorganization the design difficulty to lie in an articulation positionthe determination and the hinge body manufacture technology.(2) New hydraulic control technologyserviceability is good, has the good efficiency, may carryon the high efficiency, the powerful work. The new fluid environmentcompatibility presses the system not to shoulder the size theinfluence, completely needs the oil of the hydraulic pressure system, the current capacity accordingto the control handle scope distribution point, definitely may deferto operator's intention with ease to complete the work. At the sametime, because the engine load is small may avoid the current capacitythe senseless loss, can realize slightly moves the operation and thecompound operation. The new hydraulic control technology applicationalso can increase the dynamic output, enhances the work speed, reducesthe fuel consumption.(3)Security performanceHas the strict legal rule in the European market and the North Americamarket to the security, the equipment security performance can givethe operator to provide the relieved work the environment, enhancesoperator's security. The small excavator security performance mainlymanifests in the cab ROPS/FOPS design below, should satisfy theperformance requirement in the cab experiment:①May satisfy must energy absorption;② May satisfy must anti- load;③The crew member safety zone enough is big.(4) Environmental protection technologyMainly manifests in the power, the low oil consumption, cleanlydischarges the engine in the application. The new engine shouldsatisfy the American EPATier2 standard and the European EU standard,will cause the environmental pollution the compound to discharge thecontrol in the threshold. The new engine simultaneously reduced thevibration and the noise, is beneficial to the environmental protectionand operator's health.(5) Man-machine project technologyThe cab conforms to the man-machine engineering principle,internal spacious, field of vision open, modelling artistic, the easeof operation, reduces effort the measuring appliance demonstrationdirect-viewing, is accurate, can provide one kind of comfortableoperating environment to the pilot, fully reduces pilot's weariness.(6) Services the maintenance technologyMaintains from the current maintenance to the regular inspectionservice, the simplification operation is extremely essential, canenhance the machine the reliability, makes the machine throughout tomaintain the good condition. Must cause the daily inspection side,operation.Maintenance repair then quickly dnd simplely, but fast carries on theinternal spare part and the system inspection and the service. Moreover, in the design must fully consider prevents the machine theaccident damage.Such as the cowling, the guard plateguards against the collision structural design;Moves the arm hydraulic cylinder guard plate design; Fuel oil tank draw-offvalve; The independence bulldozes the board hydraulic pressure hosedesign; Waterproofing electric system design; In the work installmenthose sets at the design; X frame and halfway up the mountainsidecaterpillar band design; The engine machine oil filter elementreplacement time lengthens; Has forerunner system which the pipelinefilters; Dual spatially filters structure design and so on.5 ConclusionsSociety's development has a more tremendous influence to the smallexcavator, at present the overseas small excavator had the suitable development, like Carter other forces, company and so on Hitachi,small pine, Mitsubishi, the small excavator product has formed theseries, and in unceasingly carries on the development, the expandeduse, the increase appendix type. The domestic small excavatordevelopment has also obtained the certain result, but all needsfurther to improve and the consummation in the technology and theproduction.中文译文国内外小型挖掘机发展综述一、液压挖掘机简介液压挖掘机是由发动机、液压系统、工作装置、行走装置和电气控制等部分组成。
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挖掘工作装置设计外文翻译郑州科技学院本科毕业设计（外文翻译）题目挖掘工作装置设计学生姓名王利军专业班级机械设计制造及其自动化 08级本科（6）班学号 200833467 院（系）机械工程学院指导教师（职称）陈长庚工程师完成时间2012年 5 月 16 日译文作者：杰克·考德威尔概要本文介绍了全球定位系统（GPS）的使用，在挖掘，包括矿体勘探，开发，生产，关闭，填海工程，并在不列颠哥伦比亚州的煤矿标题应用。
审查还审查和评估的网站，专门在煤矿的GPS应用，GPS技术，GPS设备供应商，与采矿相关的GPS应用提供服务的顾问。
技术白皮书通过GPS使用提高非公路卡车安全（Dagdelen和涅托- 维加，科罗拉多矿业学院）如果GPS技术融入他们的机器中，可以减少在露天矿山中设备操作人员的死亡。
目前，GPS已成为在卡车调度系统和实地测量的标准组件。
特别是在大型露天矿山，坑和转储地图正在被使用时，可以直接传送到卡车上的单板计算机中。
与差分GPS车载设备相比，可以迅速确定一个给定精度小于一米的卡车的精确坐标，并评估一个给定的卡车是否危险接近倾销边缘的一个废料堆和大量倾销的任务有关的致命交通意外发生。
GPS锹铲挖掘机铲斗的高精度制导系统的挖掘机（西摩，C）的应用，还列举了以下优点：1。
准确的选择性开采矿化视野2。
准确地找到煤剥离操作的矮墙面糊线，从而减少overdig，或失去煤3。
如加载爆炸地区或危险区域，准确地表述旧地下运作4。
创造更长椅，从而减少了卡车的周期时间和卡车上的磨损，减少长凳上推土机及平地机时间一个典型的例子是科林斯维尔煤矿，在北昆士兰的Thiess承包商拥有和经营斯特拉塔煤炭。
引入一种导航系统、三坑里装有150万立方米的挖掘机翻土，表土显示0.99%的平均overdig和underdig 0.93%。
安装GPS指导的挖掘机挖的搬到12坑钱的表土达320万立方米,显示平均3.86%的overdig和1.82%的underdig。
减少overdig 足以支付系统在几个月。
随后Thiess安装指导系统的其他三个挖掘机在网站中。
矿业（西摩和威廉姆斯，2003）GPS技术在高精度GPS机指导作用，现在可以定位在50毫米一桶一铲或一个推土机的刀片。
其他积极成果，包括精确的选择性开采，甚至是视觉上区分废物的矿石时，跟踪级，每通过煤矿矿包裹的吨位;生产力的实时监控;详细的事故后的安全分析;和跟踪每件装备的变动。
基于GPS的饿啊挖掘机在采矿业的指引（西摩，2003年）贾扬特·雷在一年处理30万立方米的矿井覆（采矿作业过程中产生的废旧产品），约10亿吨的煤炭色调。
它有15个容量范围从8到14立方米，85吨容量的50辆卡车和30 辆卡车120吨的卡车挖掘机的车队。
OITDS系统涵盖整个挖掘机和卡车车队。
该系统的概念在1999年和2002年9月实施。
最好是在这本书中扩展。
GPS推土机机指导（APS 2003年3月）的利益纳入矿山机械GPS导航系统的主要好处有两个：a）信息生成能够帮助操作者矿体定位与机器或卸泥区的位置的位置。
b）信息可以发回的实时控制中心，以评估机做什么，从而提高生产效率和质量，以及实时的基础上。
具体的GPS矿山设备的好处包括：A）推土机。
没有实地调查的需要完成土方工作可以做，可以实现复杂的剥离设计，提供高效的材料为最佳运动GPS操作指导到哪里移动的物质和推多远。
B）播种机。
挖掘设备，从钻井产生的信息，可以登录到GPS系统。
C）液压挖掘机可以用挖掘机铲斗的位置来确定的长椅上设计的档次。
此外，该设备可以做选择性开采，特别是在有没有区别的视觉差异，特别是在氧化黄金业务，矿石和废石。
生产率的提高将来自除其他外，消除错误和返工，消除实地调查，回收率高和较低的宝贵矿产稀释，并增加操作者的信心。
Authors: Jack CaldwellSUMMARYThis review describes the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) in Mining including Mine and Ore Body Exploration, Development, Production, Closure, Reclamation, and Mine Title Application in British Columbia. The review also examines and evaluates web sites that specialize in GPS Technology, Mine Application of GPS, GPS Equipment Suppliers, and Consultants providing services in mining-related GPS Applications.PAPERSImproving Safety of Off-Highway Trucks through GPS (Dagdelen and Nieto-Vega, Colorado School of Mines) Fatalities among equipment operators in open pit mines can be reduced if GPS technology is incorporated in their machines. Currently, GPS is becoming a standard component in truck dispatch systems and field surveying. Especially in large open pit mines, pit and dump maps are being made in real time and can be transferred directly to the on-board computers of the trucks. With differential GPS equipment on board, one can quickly determine exact coordinates of a given truck with accuracy of less than a meter and evaluate whether a given truck is dangerously close to the dumping edge of a waste dump. Fatal accidents related to dumping tasks are occurring in significant numbers.Applications for GPS on Shovels and Excavators (Seymour, C.) With high precision guidance systems for shovel and excavator buckets, the following benefits are also enumerated:1. Accurate selective mining of mineralized horizons2. Accurately finding the low wall batter line in coal stripping operations, thus reducing overdig, or lost coal3. Accurate representation of hazardous areas, such as loaded blast areas or areas underlain by old underground workings4. Creating more even benches, thus reducingtruck cycle times and wear and tear on trucksand reducing dozer and grader time on benchesA case in point is the Collinsville Coal Mine,owned by Xstrata Coal and operated by ThiessContractors in northern Queensland.Following the introduction of a guidance system, three pits containing 1.5 million cubic meters of excavator-dug overburden showed an average overdig of 0.99% and underdig of 0.93%. Overburden which was moved in 12 pits dug prior to the installation of GPS guidance amounted to 3.2 million cubic meters and showed an average 3.86% of overdig and 1.82% of underdig. The reduction in overdig was sufficient to pay for the systems within a few months. Thiess subsequently installed guidance systems on the three other excavators at the site.The Role of High Precision GPS Machine Guidance in Mining (Seymour and Williams, 2003) GPS technology can now locate the bucket of a shovel or the blade of a dozer to within 50 mm. Other positive outcomes include precise selective mining, even when the ore is visually indistinguishable from waste; tracking grade and tonnage of every ore parcel through the mine;real-time productivity monitoring; detailed post-accident safety analysis; and tracking the movements of every piece of equipment.GPS-based Machine Guidance in the Mining Industry (Seymour, 2003)The Jayant mine handles 30 million cubic meters of mine overburden (the waste product generated during mining operations) and around 10 million tones of coal in a year. It has a fleet of 15 excavators with a capacity ranging from eight to 14 cubic meters, 50 trucks of 85-tonne capacity and 30 trucks of 120-tonne capacity. The OITDS system covers the entire fleet of excavators and trucks. This system was conceptualized in 1999 and was implemented in September 2002. It is best expanded upon in this book .Benefits of GPS Machine Guidance on Dozers (APS, March 2003) There are two major benefits for incorporating GPS guidance systems on mining machines:a) Information generated can help the operator to locate the orebody vs. the position of the machine or the location of dumping sites.b) Information can be sent back to the control centre in real time to assess what the machine has done, which increases productivity and quality on a real-time basis as well.Specific GPS benefits for mine equipment include:a) Dozers. Complete earth moving jobs can be done without the need for field survey pegging; sophisticated stripping design can be implemented that provides for the optimal efficient movement of material, with GPS guiding the operator as to where to move the material and how far to push it.b) Drills. Information generated from drilling can be logged onto GPS systems on excavation equipment.c) Hydraulic Excavators can be used to design grades on benches to determining the position of the excavator bucket. Also, the equipment can do selective mining especially where there is no distinguishing visual difference between ore and waste, especially in oxide gold operations.Productivity gains will come from, among other things, elimination of mistakes and rework, elimination of field survey, high recovery and lower dilution of the valuable mineral, and added operators' confidence.译文电子一液压集成控制的调整控制单元是根据通用标准设计的，其功能及完成的具体任务由控制中心的微处理器决定并控制。