机械零件设计外文翻译

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外文翻译--机器零件的设计

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部：机械工程系专业：机械工程及自动化姓名：学号：外文出处：Design of machine elements(用外文写)附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文机器零件的设计相同的理论或方程可应用在一个一起的非常小的零件上，也可用在一个复杂的设备的大型相似件上，既然如此，毫无疑问，数学计算是绝对的和最终的。

他们都符合不同的设想，这必须由工程量决定。

有时，一台机器的零件全部计算仅仅是设计的一部分。

零件的结构和尺寸通常根据实际考虑。

另一方面，如果机器和昂贵，或者质量很重要，例如飞机，那么每一个零件都要设计计算。

当然，设计计算的目的是试图预测零件的应力和变形，以保证其安全的带动负载，这是必要的，并且其也许影响到机器的最终寿命。

当然，所有的计算依赖于这些结构材料通过试验测定的物理性能。

国际上的设计方法试图通过从一些相对简单的而基本的实验中得到一些结果，这些试验，例如结构复杂的及现代机械设计到的电压、转矩和疲劳强度。

另外，可以充分证明，一些细节，如表面粗糙度、圆角、开槽、制造公差和热处理都对机械零件的强度及使用寿命有影响。

设计和构建布局要完全详细地说明每一个细节，并且对最终产品进行必要的测试。

综上所述，机械设计是一个非常宽的工程技术领域。

例如，从设计理念到设计分析的每一个阶段，制造，市场，销售。

以下是机械设计的一般领域应考虑的主要方面的清单：①最初的设计理念②受力分析③材料的选择④外形⑤制造⑥安全性⑦环境影响⑧可靠性及寿命在没有破坏的情况下，强度是抵抗引起应力和应变的一种量度。

这些力可能是：①渐变力②瞬时力③冲击力④不断变化的力⑤温差如果一个机器的关键件损坏，整个机器必须关闭，直到修理好为止。

设计一台新机器时，关键件具有足够的抵抗破坏的能力是非常重要的。

设计者应尽可能准确地确定所有的性质、大小、方向及作用点。

机器设计不是这样，但精确的科学是这样，因此很难准确地确定所有力。

注塑模具设计外文翻译

毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文（2012届）题目电话机三维造型与注塑模具设计指导教师院系工学院班级学号姓名二〇一一年十二月六日【译文一】塑料注塑模具并行设计Assist.Prof.Dr. A. Y AYLA /Prof.Dr. Paş a YAYLA摘要塑料制品制造业近年迅速成长。

其中最受欢迎的制作过程是注塑塑料零件。

注塑模具的设计对产品质量和效率的产品加工非常重要。

模具公司想保持竞争优势,就必须缩短模具设计和制造的周期。

模具是工业的一个重要支持行业，在产品开发过程中作为一个重要产品设计师和制造商之间的联系。

产品开发经历了从传统的串行开发设计制造到有组织的并行设计和制造过程中,被认为是在非常早期的阶段的设计。

并行工程的概念(CE)不再是新的,但它仍然是适用于当今的相关环境。

团队合作精神、管理参与、总体设计过程和整合IT工具仍然是并行工程的本质。

CE过程的应用设计的注射过程包括同时考虑塑件设计、模具设计和注塑成型机的选择、生产调度和成本中尽快设计阶段。

介绍了注射模具的基本结构设计。

在该系统的基础上,模具设计公司分析注塑模具设计过程。

该注射模设计系统包括模具设计过程及模具知识管理。

最后的原则概述了塑料注射模并行工程过程并对其原理应用到设计。

关键词:塑料注射模设计、并行工程、计算机辅助工程、成型条件、塑料注塑、流动模拟1、简介注塑模具总是昂贵的,不幸的是没有模具就不可能生产模具制品。

每一个模具制造商都有他/她自己的方法来设计模具,有许多不同的设计与建造模具。

当然最关键的参数之一,要考虑到模具设计阶段是大量的计算、注射的方法,浇注的的方法、研究注射成型机容量和特点。

模具的成本、模具的质量和制件质量是分不开的在针对今天的计算机辅助充型模拟软件包能准确地预测任何部分充填模式环境中。

这允许快速模拟实习,帮助找到模具的最佳位置。

工程师可以在电脑上执行成型试验前完成零件设计。

工程师可以预测过程系统设计和加工窗口,并能获得信息累积所带来的影响,如部分过程变量影响性能、成本、外观等。

机械手臂外文翻译

外文出处：《Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Maching》附件1：外文原文ManipulatorFirst, an overview of industrial manipulatorWith the rapid development of China's industrial production, especially the reform and openingup after the rapid increase in the degree of automation to achieve the workpiece handling, steering,transmission or operation of brazing, spray gun, wrenches and other tools for processing and assembly operations since, which has more and more attracted our attention. Robot is to imitate the manual part of the action, according to a given program, track and requirements for automatic capture, handling or operation of the automatic mechanical devices.Production of mechanical hand can increase the automation level of production and labor productivity; can reduce labor intensity, ensuring product quality, to achieve safe production; particularly in the high-temperature, high pressure, low temperature, low pressure, dust, explosive, toxic andradioactive gases such as poor environment can replace the normal working people. Here I would like to think of designing a robot to be used in actual production.Why would a robot designed to provide a pneumatic power:1." Air inexhaustible, used later discharged into the atmosphere, does not require recycling and disposal, do not pollute the environment. (Concept of environmental protection)2." Air stick is small, the pipeline pressure loss is small (typically less than asphalt gas path pressure drop of one-thousandth), to facilitate long-distance transport.5." The air cleaner media, it will not degenerate, not easy to plug the pipeline. But there are also places where it fly in the ointment:2." As the use of low atmospheric pressure, the output power can notbe too large; in order to increase the output power is bound to the structure of the entire pneumaticsystem size increased.Air inexhaustible, used later discharged into the atmosphere, without recycling and disposal, donot pollute the environment. Accidental or a small amount of leakage would not be a serious impact on production. Viscosity of air is small, the pipeline pressure loss also is very small, easy long-distance transport.Compared with the hydraulic transmission, and its faster action and reaction, which is one of the outstanding merits of pneumatic.1.Implementing agencies2. Transmission3. Control SystemRobots are generally divided into three categories:Main features:First, mechanical hand (the upper and lower material robot, assembly robot, handling robot, stacking robot, help robot, vacuum handling machines, vacuum suction crane, labor-saving spreader, pneumatic balancer, etc.).Second, cantilever cranes (cantilever crane, electric chain hoist crane, air balance the hanging, etc.)Third, rail-type transport system (hanging rail, light rail, single girder cranes, double-beam crane)Four, industrial machinery, application of hand(3) The working conditions may be poor, monotonous, repetive easy to sub-fatigue working environment to replace human labor.(4) May be in dangerous situations, such as military goods handling, dangerous goods and hazardous materials removal and so on..(5) Universe and ocean development.(6), military engineering and biomedical research and testing.Help mechanical hands:附件1：外文资料翻译译文机械手机械手是近几十年发展起来的一种高科技自动化生产设备。

毕业论文和外文翻译要求内容

毕业论⽂和外⽂翻译要求内容沈阳农业⼤学本科⽣毕业论⽂（设计）撰写要求与格式规范（2008年7⽉修订）毕业论⽂（设计）是培养学⽣综合运⽤所学知识，分析和解决实际问题，提⾼实践能⼒和创造能⼒的重要教学环节，是记录科学研究成果的重要⽂献，也是学⽣申请学位的基本依据。

为保证本科⽣毕业论⽂（设计）质量，促进国内外学术交流，特制定《沈阳农业⼤学本科⽣毕业论⽂（设计）撰写要求与格式规范》。

⼀、毕业论⽂（设计）的基本结构毕业论⽂（设计）的基本结构是：1.前置部分：包括封⾯、任务书、选题审批表、指导记录、考核表、中（外）⽂摘要、关键词和⽬录等。

2.主体部分：包括前⾔、正⽂、参考⽂献、附录和致谢等。

⼆、毕业论⽂（设计）的内容要求（⼀）前置部分1．封⾯由学校统⼀设计。

2．毕业论⽂（设计）任务书毕业论⽂（设计）任务由各教学单位负责安排，并根据已确定的论⽂（设计）课题下达给学⽣，作为学⽣和指导教师共同从事毕业论⽂（设计）⼯作的依据。

毕业论⽂（设计）任务书的内容包括课题名称、学⽣姓名、下发⽇期、论⽂（设计）的主要内容与要求、毕业论⽂（设计）的⼯作进度和起⽌时间等。

3．论⽂（设计）选题审批表4．论⽂（设计）指导记录5．毕业论⽂（设计）考核表指导教师评语、评阅⼈评审意见分别由指导教师和评阅⼈填写，答辩委员会意见、评定成绩以及是否授予学⼠学位的建议等材料应由答辩委员会填写。

6．中（外）⽂摘要摘要是毕业论⽂（设计）研究内容及结论的简明概述，具有独⽴性和⾃含性。

其内容包括论⽂（设计）的主要内容、试（实）验⽅法、结果、结论和意义等。

中⽂摘要不少于400字；英⽂摘要必须⽤第三⼈称，采⽤现在时态编写。

7．关键词关键词均应为专业名词（或词组），注意专业术语的通⽤性，数量⼀般为3－5个；外⽂关键词与中⽂关键词⼀⼀对应。

8．⽬录⽬录由论⽂（设计）的章、节、附录等序号、名称和页码组成。

（⼆）主体部分1.前⾔（引⾔或序⾔）简要说明本项研究课题的提出及其研究意义（学术、实⽤价值），本项研究的前⼈⼯作基础及其欲深⼊研究的⽅向和思路、⽅法以及要解决的主要问题等。

CA6140车床主轴箱的设计-外文翻译

南京理工大学毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院（系）：机械工程学院专业：机械工程及自动化姓名：朱仁勇学号： 0501500241外文出处：Industrial Electronics,Control(用外文写)and Industrumental,1991,附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文CNC和PLC他们对于机床是同一概念吗？摘要设计一个计算机数字控制器（CNC）,传统做法是将装置分为三个实体:一个可编程控制器（PLC）,一个可以称之为CNC控制器（CNCD）的黑盒子，一个包含CNC轴向控制器和可以简单描述为轴向实体的合成体。

我们将指出这一机构的缺点，展示一种新机构并介绍他的优势所在。

最后，在对比传统PLC和新机构之后，我们认为CNC就是一种改进的PLC。

PLC装置传统的可编程控制器（PLC）是基于两个主要模块：控制台和执行器。

控制台向操作者提供了一个交互式设计的人机界面，由于这个原因，他不能实现实时约束。

执行器控制基本任务的时序以使PLC工作和确保相关的时间约束。

执行器启动并管理不同的循环周期。

控制台的目标是人机界面而执行器的目标是时序安排。

可以这样说，在大多数情况下，PLC的主要目标是在没有控制台的情况下单机运行。

CNC使用的分类CNC对所有机床的应用本质上分为三个不同的种类：本地使用，直接数字化控制(DNC)和远程使用。

在本地使用中，操作者在机床附近。

他直接输入命令，通过按下按钮来控制机床和加工过程。

他也可以创建和修改刀具描述符和零件加工程序，这些是以CNC的标准代码或类似代码写入的。

在这一背景下，对零件的设计和辅助制造也是可能的，尽管此类活动显得与机床周围糟糕的环境质量（比如噪音，高温，灰尘）格格不入。

DNC（直接数字化控制）使用添加了从主机下载（向主机上传）零件加工程序的功能，主机汇集了零件加工程序，可以被看作是一个文件服务器。

工业机械手外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

第一章概述1. 1机械手的发展历史人类在改造自然的历史进程中，随着对材料、能源和信息这三者的认识和用，不断创造各种工具（机器），满足并推动生产力的发展。

工业社会向信息社会发展，生产的自动化，应变性要求越来越高，原有机器系统就显得庞杂而不灵活，这时人们就仿造自身的集体和功能，把控制机、动力机、传动机、工作机综合集中成一体，创造了“集成化”的机器系统——机器人。

从而引起了生产系统的巨大变革，成为“人——机器人——劳动对象”，或者“人——机器人——动力机——工作机——劳动对象”。

机器人技术从诞生到现在，虽然只有短短三十几年的历史，但是它却显示了旺盛的生命力。

近年来，世界上对于发展机器人的呼声更是有增无减，发达国家竞相争先，发展中国家急起直追。

许多先进技术国家已先后把发展机器人技术列入国家计划，进行大力研究。

我国的机器人学的研究也已经起步，并把“机器人开发研究”和柔性制造技术系统和设备开发研究等与机器人技术有关的研究课题列入国家“七五”、“八五”科技发展计划以及“八六三”高科技发展计划。

工业机械手是近代自动控制领域中出现的一项新技术，并已经成为现代机械制造生产系统中的一个重要组成部分。

这种新技术发展很快，逐渐形成一门新兴的学科——机械手工程。

1. 2机械手的发展意义机械手的迅速发展是由于它的积极作用正日益为人们所认识：其一、它能部分地代替人工操作；其二、它能按照生产工艺的要求，遵循一定的程序、时间和位置来完成工件的传送和装卸；其三、它能操作必要的机具进行焊接和装配。

从而大大地改善工人的劳动条件，显著地提高劳动生产率，加快实现工业生产机械化和自动化的步伐。

因而，受到各先进工业国家的重视，投入大量的人力物力加以研究和应用。

近年来随着工业自动化的发展机械手逐渐成为一门新兴的学科，并得到了较快的发展。

机械手广泛地应用于锻压、冲压、锻造、焊接、装配、机加、喷漆、热处理等各个行业。

特别是在笨重、高温、有毒、危险、放射性、多粉尘等恶劣的劳动环境中，机械手由于其显著的优点而受到特别重视。

机械专业外文文献翻译

利用CAD / CAM/ CAE系统开发操纵机器人H.S.李*，S.E.张华为技术学院，电力机械工程，云林，台湾，中国摘要在这项研究中，需要开发用于机器人操作臂的CAD/CAE/CAM集成系统。

通过变换矩阵，利用D-H坐标系变换方法对机器人的位姿进行分析，我们使用MATAB软件对其进行计算。

一般来说，利用PRO/E对机械臂的参数进行实体化建模，用Pro / Mechanical软体模拟动态仿真和工作空间，MasterCAM用来实现切削模拟仿真，而最终的模型用CNC数控铣床制造出来。

这样，一个用于机器人操作臂的CAD/CAE/CAM集成系统便开发出来了。

我们用一个范例来验证这种设计，分析以及制造的结果的正确性。

该集成系统不仅促进机器人的生产自动化功能，而且还简化了机械臂的CAD / CAE / CAM的分析过程。

这种集成系统是用于开发一个实用的计算机辅助机构设计课程的教学辅助工具。

吕[1]讨论了平面五杆受电弓的运动学分析并设计制造了基于此弓的机械手。

通过研究五杆受电弓的运动性能，设计出一款简单的控制器来对机械手进行控制。

李某和陈某[2]描述了一个自动升降轮椅固定装置内的全尺寸货车的开发。

开发的过程中，包括机制的概念设计，运动仿真，工程分析，原型开发和测试。

周[3]使用参数化CAD系统的实体模型表达设计理念。

首先开发的是模具，其次是基于CAM系统的模型。

通过与产业界的合作，对试模调整，粉末形成，烧结，烧结后处理在专业的粉末冶金工厂进行了实验。

徐[4]在UG2通用CAD / CAM系统的基础上通过将注塑模具的CAD/CAM软件与注塑模具CAE软件集成建立了一个注塑用CAD / CAE/ CAM系统。

机械类数控车床外文翻译外文文献英文文献数控

数控加工中心技术发展趋势及对策原文来源：Zhao Chang-ming Liu Wang-ju (CNC Machining Process and equipment, 2002,China)一、摘要Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry,Keywords:Numerical ControlTechnology, E quipment,industry二、译文数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业（如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业）的使能技术和最基本的装备。

3D打印机外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、机械类外文翻译

3D打印机3D打印技术（英语：3Dprinting），即快速成形技术的一种，它是一种数字模型文件为基础，运用粉末状金属或塑料等可粘合材料，通过逐层打印的方式来构造物体的技术。

过去其常在模具制造、工业设计等领域被用于制造模型，现正逐渐用于一些产品的直接制造。

特别是一些高价值应用（比如髋关节或牙齿，或一些飞机零部件）已经有使用这种技术打印而成的零部件。

“3D打印技术”意味着这项技术的普及。

3D打印技术出现在上世纪90年代中期，实际上是利用光固化和纸层叠等技术的快速成型装置。

它与普通打印机工作原理基本相同，打印机内装有液体或粉末等“印材料”，与电脑连接后，通过电脑控制把“打印材料”一层层叠加起来，最终把计算机上的蓝图变成实物。

这一技术如今在多个领域得到应用，人们用它来制造服装、建筑模型、汽车、巧克力甜品等。

3D打印技术最突出的优点是无需机械加工或任何模具，就能直接从计算机图形数据中生成任何形状的零件，从而极大地缩短产品的研制周期，提高生产率和降低生产成本。

近年来,3D打印技术发展迅速,在各领域都取得了长足发展，已成为现代模型、模具和零部件制造的有效手段,在航空航天、汽车摩托车、家电、生物医学等领域得到了一定应用，在工程和教学研究等领域也占有独特地位。

具体应用领域包括：1、机械制造：3D打印技术制造飞机零件、自行车、步枪、赛车零件等。

2、医疗行业：在医学领域，借助3D打印制作假牙，股骨头、膝盖等骨关节技术应用也非常广，技术越来越成熟。

3、建筑行业：工程师和设计师们已经接受了用3D打印机打印的建筑模型，这种方法快速、成本低、环保，同时制作精美，完全合乎设计者的要求，同时又能节省大量材料。

4、汽车制造行业：用3D打印技术为汽车公司制造自动变速箱的壳体。

汽车公司会对变速箱进行各种极端状况下的测试，其中一些零件就是用3D打印方法做的。

定型了以后，再开模具，然后按照传统制造方法批量生产，这样成本就会大大降低。

5、教育：可应用于模型验证科学假设，用于不同学科实验、教学。

减速器论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

减速器论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献What is a Gearbox?A XXX.1.The n of a Gearbox1) The gearbox ces the speed while increasing the output torque。

The torque output。

is the motor output multiplied by the n。

but it should not exceed the XXX.2) The gearbox also ces the inertia of the load。

which decreases by the square of the n。

Most motors have an inertia value that can be XXX.2.Types of GearboxesCommon gearboxes include bevel gear cers (including parallel-axis bevel gear cers。

worm gear cers。

and cone gear cers)。

ary gear cers。

cycloid cers。

worm gear cers。

XXX.mon Gearboxes1) The main feature of the worm gear cer is its reverse self-locking n。

which can achieve a large n。

The input and output shafts are not on the same axis or in the same plane。

However。

it generally has a large volume。

low n efficiency。

and low n.2) XXX and power。

It has a small size and high n。

翻译

学号： 06406322常州大学毕业设计（论文）外文翻译（2010届）外文题目Five-axis milling machine tool__ kinematic chain design and analysis译文题目五轴铣削机床运动链设计与分析外文出处 International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture42 (2002) 505–520学生毛伟学院怀德学院专业班级机制061 校内指导教师朱伟专业技术职务讲师校外指导老师专业技术职务二○一○年三月五轴铣削机床运动链设计与分析E.L.J. BohezDepartment of Design and Manufacturing Engineering, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, KlongLuang, 12120 Pathumthani, Thailand摘要：五轴数控加工中心目前已成为相当普遍的机床。

大多数机床的运动学分析是建立在直角笛卡儿坐标系基础上的。

本文根据理论上可能的自由度组合对机床的可行性概念设计和实际应用状况进行了分类，定义了一些有用的定量参数，如工作空间的影响因素，机床空间的使用效率，空间定位指数和角度定位指数。

分析比较了每种类型的优缺点，给出了选择和设计机床的相关标准。

简要讨论了基于Steward平台的新型机床，这种机床最近工程中已得到广泛应用。

关键词：五轴联动，机床，运动链，工作空间，数控系统，旋转轴1.导言机床的主要设计规范应遵循下列原则：* 运动学应提供一部分方向和工具的位置足够的灵活性。

* 定位准确和定位速度尽可能高。

* 定位准确性尽可能高的。

* 工具和工件变化快速。

* 保护环境。

* 节省材料。

机床轴的数目通常是指自由度的数目，机器上的幻灯片独立控制的议案。

标准轴建议用右手坐标系统，机床轴线与Z轴一致。

Catia、UG、Proe的比较与前景-外文翻译

Catia、UG、Pro/e 的比较与前景Francisco Javier Mar´ın1, Jorge Casillas1, Manuel Mucientes2, Aksel Andreas Transeth3, SigurdAksnes Fjerdingen3, and Ingrid Schjølberg3University of Granada, Granada, Spain University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain 3 SINTEF ICT Applied Cybernetics, Trondheim, Norway摘要：全球有各种规模的消费品公司信赖CATIA，CA TIA设计的产品的风格新颖，而且具有建模工具和高质量的渲染工具。

CA TIA已用于设计和制造如下多种产品：餐具、计算机、厨房设备、电视和收音机以及庭院设备。

另外，为了验证一种新的概念在美观和风格选择上达到一致，CATIA可以从数字化定义的产品，生成具有真实效果的渲染照片。

在真实产品生成之前，即可促进产品的销售。

关键字：catia 建模效果渲染今天你正用的软件，如果一两年后就消失了，无法升级，功能又觉得不够，怎么办？再重新选或学习新软件？所以一个软件的持久发展很重要。

我开始用AutoCAD做平面图,后来用Solidwork画立体图，自觉功能不够，就自修了Pro/E,从Pro/EV18--V19--V2000i --V2000i2--V2001--Wildfire,可以说爱不释手，但近来作图尤其是逆向与造型部分，大伤脑筋，况且对于对于零件繁多的图形，Pro/E对硬件的要求还是很高。

对于诸如相切拔模，补破面等等老大难，Pro/E拿不出快捷的解决办法。

CATIA是英文ComputerAidedTri-DimensionalInterfaceApplication的缩写。

机床——机械类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部：专业：姓名：学号：外文出处：English For Electromechanical(用外文写)Engineering附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文机床机床是用于切削金属的机器。

工业上使用的机床要数车床、钻床和铣床最为重要。

其它类型的金属切削机床在金属切削加工方面不及这三种机床应用广泛。

车床通常被称为所有类型机床的始祖。

为了进行车削，当工件旋转经过刀具时，车床用一把单刃刀具切除金属。

用车削可以加工各种圆柱型的工件，如：轴、齿轮坯、皮带轮和丝杠轴。

镗削加工可以用来扩大和精加工定位精度很高的孔。

钻削是由旋转的钻头完成的。

大多数金属的钻削由麻花钻来完成。

用来进行钻削加工的机床称为钻床。

铰孔和攻螺纹也归类为钻削过程。

铰孔是从已经钻好的孔上再切除少量的金属。

攻螺纹是在内孔上加工出螺纹，以使螺钉或螺栓旋进孔内。

铣削由旋转的、多切削刃的铣刀来完成。

铣刀有多种类型和尺寸。

有些铣刀只有两个切削刃，而有些则有多达三十或更多的切削刃。

铣刀根据使用的刀具不同能加工平面、斜面、沟槽、齿轮轮齿和其它外形轮廓。

牛头刨床和龙门刨床用单刃刀具来加工平面。

用牛头刨床进行加工时，刀具在机床上往复运动，而工件朝向刀具自动进给。

在用龙门刨床进行加工时，工件安装在工作台上，工作台往复经过刀具而切除金属。

工作台每完成一个行程刀具自动向工件进给一个小的进给量。

磨削利用磨粒来完成切削工作。

根据加工要求，磨削可分为精密磨削和非精密磨削。

精密磨削用于公差小和非常光洁的表面，非精密磨削用于在精度要求不高的地方切除多余的金属。

车床车床是用来从圆形工件表面切除金属的机床，工件安装在车床的两个顶尖之间，并绕顶尖轴线旋转。

车削工件时，车刀沿着工件的旋转轴线平行移动或与工件的旋转轴线成一斜角移动，将工件表面的金属切除。

车刀的这种位移称为进给。

车刀装夹在刀架上，刀架则固定在溜板上。

溜板是使刀具沿所需方向进行进给的机构。

移动式龙门铣床的外文翻译

Design of Movable Gantry CNC Milling MachineZHANG JianAbstract:this paper describes the nc milling roller, the overall design and analyses the bilateralsuper-modulus gear pair of driving mechanism of the main points of design,installationguidesurface of the X axis is introduced in this paperKeywords:mobile nc milling designT his machine is mainly used for metal parts of the plane and inclined plane work. It has enough rigidity, Milling head adopts milling head in Taiwan, Milling head with flexible, Spindle motor is frequency conversion motor. It can undertake stepless speed, Ensure accuracy of machine tools and machining precision has good stability, This machine is of high efficiency and exercise,For convenience, make the drive more reliable and convenient in maintenance, less consumption, beautiful modelling, etc, widely used in mechanical manufacturing industry.This paper described the mobile CNC milling refers to longmen framework Vertical milling movement. The biggest advantage of milling roller is (1) Machine cover an area of an area small. Workbench mobile Longmen milling machine, complete machine must be higher than vertical stroke length two times. However, Workbench mobile Longmen milling machine, The length of side frame which is fabricated according to add only longitudinal travel width, The dynamic response of the machine is good. Workbench mobile Longmen milling machine adopts fixed table. The whole cast out with bed, Longmen framework of longitudinal motionDrive torque equivalent unchanged, It is not because of bearing the weight of the workpiece changesChange, so as to ensure the accuracy and performance of the machine tool.The independent design mobile nc Longmen milling（FIG 1）has been a special machine to use. It can satisfy the large castings, steel parts boring and milling, drilling, etc multiple operation process. It is right milling head, It also can process the 4 side of workpiece. The goal of the main design parameters such as Longmen milling under: workbench area 1800mm ×4000mm, The travel for X axis:4000mm The travel for Y axis:2000mm The travel forZ axis:750mm, Spindle power 18.5KW, Each axis rapid federate 10m/min.Figure 1 Mobile nc milling1.Mechanical parts designThe bed include Bed, Slide, Longmen frame spindle box, Three axis to drive mechanical parts and related CNC servo part, Now ,The design process is emphasized as follows: The bed is the basic design work, The size of the bed of the design affects the complete machine design. And the rationality of the design of directly affect the whole Machine stiffness. The cross-section shape for the bed like ∏,(FIG 2) The plane is working on a bed of mesa design has 9 T shaped groove. For the convenience of bed and working mesa of pure dig imageT processing, groove tank completely, The right and left two concerning the design has a long narrow swing plane. It is used to linear rolling guide vice, The author put rail surface design in the two side bed. The main consideration of force transmission directions and unloading, Because the bed will be dragon framework of gravity, cutting force and the gravity of the workpiece, This design can directly into the gravity of longmen framework to machine tools, and Bed only suffer the gravity of the workpiece. The bed by the following basic wall thickness determine By the following formula.C=1/4(2L+B+H)Type: C,L,B is respectively for bed length, width and height of size and unit for the m.Based on equivalent size c, Consulting relevant form，Take the basic wall thickness is 38mm，Figure 2 Shape of concerning the cross-sectionSpindle box adopts 300 mm ×300 mm section design. The torsion bending capacity are stronger. Spindle gearboxes USES two gears Gear sliding speed-change mechanism.It can adapt rough machining requirements. Spindle unit adopts four supporting structure, Ahead three groups of Angle contact ball bearing used to withstand cutting force. Spindle end a deep groove ball bearings are used to unloading, That is not of the Sliding gears of the additional moment.Longmen framework used integral frame which is fabricated according to the design concept, It took about beam and column design into a whole. Although make casting and assembly adjusting difficulty, the whole framework of longmen rigid better, more important is to slide have assembled spindle box, etc. Slide is designed in the frame which is fabricated according to the geometrical dimensions and spindle box, According to the center axis of the guide bar as far as possible to face for the principle, The Z axis and the driver installation position in design, effectively reduce the weight of the slide.Designed to drive into the idea as follows, The X axis to driveUse the bilateral super-modulus gear pair aggravating preloading linear rolling guide vice.X axis and Y axis uses big diameter ball screw preloading vice hardened guide. Rail sliding parts attached engineering plastics, It avoids low when crawling phenomenon, and guide the design is inclined with adjustable device. This machine design make the whole machine to coordinate performance. The axis of the feeding speed and force get the optimal matching.Due to the longitudinal axis machine movement X, and is moving longmen framework of longmen framework weighed 10T, so the linear rolling guide rails to must choose.Because the ball rail system of small friction coefficient, very suitablefor longmen framework of moving rigidity requirement.Guide the slider choose one type, each slide block dynamic load can achieve 10t. Considering the safety coefficient, every guide installation 2 slider. Longmen framework for the driver bilateral super-modulus gear pair (see chart 2), feed movement by 3 input, through two inclined gear motor shaft/and axis to 2, and then by two gear - and to drive rack. And thus promote longmen framew3 the helical gear axle spiral of the two opposite directions. Through the spring in the shaft on a three axial force F, make the helical gear trace of axial movement produced at 1 and 2 and axial shaft in the opposite direction Angle of small, round 4 and 5) respectively, the gear tooth surface with two rack, eliminate the gap.1.2.3--- axis 4.5--- RackFigure 3 Bilateral super-modulus gear pairSpindle box and vertical motion Z axis adopts ball screw assembly transmission. Because of this machine is not high speed milling machine, the Z axis of the feeding system for servo motor through the ratio of 4 for parallel axis set than gearbox drives the ball screw rotation. In the design of special attention to the Z axis of safety problems. First choose the servo motor with electromagnetic brake, second in the ball screw with a two-way overrunning clutch, prevent ball nuts rotation caused spindle box mechanical prolapse. Of course, in order to protect the z-axis feed institutions, but also in the accuracy with two balance on the slide cylinders. Balance Q, etcThe quality of parts in spindle box 85%.Spindle box around move for the Y axis, in order to guarantee the precision Yaxis, and only by their level of ball screw and axial force, servo motor and the ball screw straight league. The author selects the coupling with overload protection device, in the overload when coupling automatically.2 Selection of CNC systemThe Siemens numerical control system is adopted, because this system 840D provides longmen shaft synchronization function. Use this function, the machine can to dragonsDoor frame for shaft (into) no, X2 clamps its X1 mechanical deviation of displacement. The actual value can exercise for comparison, even the smallest deviation can be corrected, and therefore improve the accuracy of the X axis movement3 EpilogueThe author finally, according to the professional machine parts manufacturers to provide design samples design will reach the twice the result with half the effort. In The design process, the author of CNC system, spindle unit, gearbox, super-modulus gear and ball screw guide etc. According to the sample of empirical formulas, not only shorten design time, make the higher reliability. At the same time we must pay great attention to the timely design machine tools, such as the application of three-dimensional software components immediately after the establishment sketches for 3d model, through the assembly interference, machine avoid collisions occur when in assembly Wade rework phenomenon.[翻译]移动式数控龙门铣床的总体设计张坚摘要：阐述了移动式数控龙门铣床的总体设计，并重点分析了双边齿轮齿条副驱动机构的设计要点，对X轴的导轨安装面作了介绍。

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译253计算机辅助数控编程应用于非典型零件的加工

COMPUTER-AIDED CNC PROGRAMMINGFOR THE MACHINING OF NON-TYPICAL PARTSGrzegorz NikielGrzegorz NIKIEL, Ph.D., Eng., University of Bielsko-Biała, Department ofManufacturing Technology and Automation, 43-309 Bielsko-Biała, ul. Willowa 2,gnikiel@ath.bielsko.pl1. IntroductionMany manufacturing firms, especially medium and small, has to solve problem of production development and search of new customers. In many cases this leads to the assortment enlarging of already manufactured products. Often this is joined with implementation of the new manufacturing processes. In conditions of market competition it demands high flexibility which is often got in way replacing of conventional manufacturing resources by the modern CNC tool machines [1]. This is essentials condition for more efficient development, higher quality and faster adoption to new requirements [2]. For maintenance of the low costs of manufacturing for production of small and medium batches very often the Group Technology is applied [3]. With help of grouping of the manufactured components into families more efficient the machines, devices, workers are used. In the processes planning one from most important tasks is the CNC machine tool programming [4, 5]. Very often the CAD/CAM systems are used from reason their possibility of flexible programming. In the case of typical components such approach the positive results gives, though it demands an efficient co-operations between constructors and technologist.Sometimes from different reasons it is impossible, especially when the Group Technology is applied. Usually the part programs for machining of single components are created, but the modern CNC controllers offer some methods of programming, which to machining of some similar components can be used. Such methods are:1.Cycles [6]. The cycles are design for machining of typical surfaces (the holes, threads, slots etc.). Usually a parametric description of machined surfaces is applied which enable the easy and fast changes of their geometry. Unfortunately they becharacterized by small flexibility and small influence onto strategy of machining, dependent only from the parameters of cycle. In the modern controllers it permit onto a Workshop Oriented Programming (WOP), i.e. programming directly by the operators, often aided by a dialog programming (sometimes a conversational programming called). Therefore this is relative simple programming method, very often used in industrial practice.2.Parametric programming [5, 6]. A typical part program is executed from beginning to end in one run. In parametric programming the execution of part program can run into different way (e.g. by conditional instruction IF.. THEN.. use). In addition, a multiple repetition of the part program fragment is accessible (REPEAT loop, WHILE loop etc.). Furthermore, the arithmetical functions and other advanced functions are possible. The axis positions, feed and speed functions, etc. can be specified by a parametric expressions (by R-parameters use). Into this way it was been possible to create own machining cycles also. This approach demands high skills of programming and is very labour-consuming also. Exact verification of the program is necessary, in this its immunity in the dangerous situations (e.g. joined with application of incorrect value of the input parameters). Therefore in view of above mentioned defects it is infrequently used in industrial practice.3. Programming based on the freely defined contours.The task depends on defining of machined contour and its automatic conversion to the CNC codes. If the automatic cutter radius compensation (the G41 and G42 functions) is not used then additionally a equidistant has to be generated. This sub-task is easy to realization if mentioned contour is represented in a CAD system – with help of the Offset function. Second sub-task often is realized in way of export of graphic form of the tool path to the typical formats of data exchange (DXF, HPGL etc.). In next step by the suitable postprocessors use (for example the solution given in [7]) conversion of tool path onto the CNC codes is performed. From practical regards this approach in generality for the simple operations is applied, e.g. a laser cutting, a water jet cutting etc. A solution integrating both sub-tasks in oneapplication program are applied also – the AutoCUT is the best example [8]. In practice this solution is not applied too often although it possesses many advantages.In the conditions of small batch production a process planning to the CNC programming is often restricted [9]. In this situation large meaning has integration of the CAD/CAM systems with omission of CAPP stage. The Features idea is then a effective method of data exchange [10, 11, 12]. When the Group Technology is used, after supplement by appropriate data bases and knowledge bases, it can be best solution for production of typical elements [13, 14]. In case of non-typical parts such approach generally is ineffective. Mainly in view of the widely applied methods of Features recognizing which limit number of the Feature types [10, 12]. Maybe in future a solution will bring integration of CAD/CAM/CNC systems based on the STEP-NC standards (ISO 14649, ISO 10303:238) [15, 16] which will replace traditionally applied CNC programming with G-codes onto thing of the neutral format of data exchange.2. Analysis of the examplesPresented below examples of the group CNC machining are a fragment of production program from the small firm. Generally this components have non-typical shapes, they are manufactured from hard materials (e.g. austenitic stainless steel), usually needed the special jigs and fixtures, in the conditions of small batch production. The planning processes in this case demand a participation of technologists with large experience. A specific character of accessible tool machines for defining of the method of CNC programming should to consider also. After execution of detailed analysis onto subject of the discussed methods the following conclusions were formulated:•The machined shapes exclude applying of the standard cycles. Most of the programs is design for the complicated profiles machining. From here description of these profiles is largest problem. Moreover, machining of the components isperformed on the different tool machines, equipped in different controller.•For most of machined components the exact drawing documentation is not made. In a production order the general drawings are included, often described by parametric dimensions. Then current values of this parameters are given also.•Short series and large variety of the components demands fast modifying of current production program. Fast CNC programming and the programs implementation is necessary, best directly at tool machine (WOP).•Often the operators of tool machines possess large knowledge and experience in the area of manufacturing technology, sufficient for preparation of simple program (in range of the technology). Fast preparation of the tool path is limitation only.General conclusion is such, that in presented case use of the universal CAD/CAM systems for CNC programming is very difficult. Moreover, it joins with high costs of shopping and trainings for the workers. Low flexibility of this method is expected also, especially time of programming can be a great problem. In this situation a parametric programming as the best solution wasconsidered. But, as it was shew on the examples, the parametric programming can be realized in different way.2.1. Example I – the grooved rollers finish machiningFinish machining of the grooved rollers family was subject of research (Fig. 1). Basic changing dimensions for rollers were external diameter d, working profile length L and profile angle α. The profile of co-operate roller is moved by half pitch. Finish machining is performed by turning with use of tool with the V type rhombic insert (nose angle equal 35°), where the nose radius rε is equal 0,4 mm (Fig. 1). The tool reference point is located in the insert nose center. For each pair of rollers their profile is designed in a CAD environment according to the dimensions of rolling elements. A fast method of tool path generation was the main subject of performed research. First of all generating of the tool path (only finishing, without rough machining which is programmed in a manual mode) and forming it in accordance with requirements of appropriate language. As has been mentioned above the use of parametric program was considered. With help of the advanced programmingmethods (e.g. transformations of co-ordinate system, sub-programs etc.) it was been possible to achievement the aim of this study. However, number of the machined rollers is very small (some per year). Therefore another approach was accepted. Because for each roller a exact CAD model is prepared (2D model), it was used to CNC programming. For achievement of this aim the following activities was considered:•For each used CNC controller the framework of part program is created, including program header, technological functions, tool functions and program end (without tool path).•In a CAD environment the model co-ordinate system is assigned to the workpiece co-ordinate system.•In the semi-automatic mode from the model of working surface a tool path is extracted with use the Offset function.•Manually the run-in path and the run-out path is added. For different elements of tool path (with working interpolation or with rapid interpolation) differentattributes of line were applied.•The designed tool path is converted to a numerical form in semi-automatic mode by special program (written in LISP language) and inserted to the part program (created previously). User has to show only first element of the tool path, further analysis is worked out on basis of the drawing data base (Fig. 2).•Finally the part program is verified, the cutting parameters values are corrected and a graphical simulation of machining is executed (Fig. 3). Total time of program planning (without preparing of CAD model) then about some minutes. An universal postprocessor was not applied (e.g. [7]) because format of the CNC program can be easily adapt to requirements of controller. Furthermore time of designing became significantly shortened.2.2. Example II – the multi-edge rings profile machiningThe multi-edge rings profile machining was subject of the research (Fig. 4). On the face three zones of grooves are machined. Number of grooves (n1, n2, n3) results from companies' recommendations. In every zone the constant value of pitch S is kept. The grooves dimensions (S, F, G) and the chamfer dimension w are changing and they have to be contain in the recommended limits. Their values are calculated for the constant diameters D1 and D2 (given in a production order). Just after complete determining of grooves geometrical form the machining operation can be designed. The rings are machined by tool with square insert (S type) – Fig. 4. The tool reference point is located in the insert nose center. In order to clearly determine of the remaining ring dimensions the following dependences were accepted (according to the recommendations):and the geometrical dependences are described as follows (Fig. 4):what causes that the S, w and F dimensions in given ranges have to be changed until total number of grooves will not be a natural number. The above task as a optimization problem has treated where three decision values are given (S, w and F) and the constrains is given according to equation (1). The criterion function is calculated according to equation (2). The problem of optimization has solved by the Hooke-Jeves method use [17].When ring geometry is finally determined then calculations of tool path elements is very simple – tool is moved along equidistant. Therefore was assumed that this two tasks will be solved by means of one program (Fig. 5), a similar approach was showed in [18]. After introduction of value of well-known dimensions (e.g. from production order) the value of remaining dimensions are automatically calculated. If user accepts this values then the part program is generated automatically (in non-parametric form). In opposite case user can improve values of dimensions and their correctness is checked by program. After execution of simulation (Fig. 6) the part program can be transmitted to CNC controller.2.3. Example III – the eccentric seal rings machiningThe eccentric seal rings machining was subject of the research. The external surface of ring which have shape of cone, is machined in analyzed operation. (Fig.7). A machining datum is located on the internal cylindrical surface (with diameter D) and on the face surface. The groove with diameter dr is made as option. Steel cylindrical ring is a semi-product (from acid-resistant steel or from stainless steel). Described operation comprise two stages: the roughing machining (removal of considerable allowance on part of ring) and finish machining (for obtainment of the exact shape). The shape accuracy has larger importance than the surface roughness (the exploational requirements) [19]. The operation is executed by use of typical tool with rhombic insert (C type). In the part program a linear position of tool (linear co-ordinates Z and X) and an angular position of spindle (angular co-ordinate C) have to be joint. Initially a 3D parametric model making was analyzed (e.g. in AutoDeskInventor environment) and use it for generating of the part program (e.g. in EdgeCAM environment [20, 21]). Finally another approach was accepted – a parametric program was used for rings machining. This decision is justified by following premises:•larger influence onto machining strategy, especially due to the machined materials;•possibility of program set-up directly at the machine tool, even by machine operators;•easy and fast changes of part program execution;•considerably smaller size of program;•high cost of the CAM systems.Nevertheless this solution own one important disadvantage – the group program has to work in accordance to very complicated algorithm. Especially, where calculations of co-ordinate points on the cone have to be carried out. Moreover, cutter radius compensation is performed (automatic cutter radius compensation is impossible). In this situation efficiency of a CNC controller can to make significant limitation. It was checked that time of calculation at full implementation of mentioned algorithm on the CNC controller is too long in relation to required speed of machining. Simplifying of the program was indispensable for correct realization of this operation.The final form of proposed CNC program is showed in Fig. 8. The main program (PIERSCIEN.MPF) is fixed for the rings family, where the machining in a parametric form is described. A subprogram (DANE.SPF) is a data set (in the R-parameters form) which dimensions of the concrete ring define (from a design documentation). Moreover, mentioned subprogram contains the technological parameters (a speed, a feed, etc.) and co-ordinates of the selected points on the machined surface. These points are required to calculation other remaining coordinates in the part program. Mentioned coordinates are determined by use of an additional program, working in the external computer [19]. To tasks of this program should help user at data introducing (Fig. 9), the necessary calculations and the subprogram saving in accordance with requirements of given CNC controller. In next step the part program simulation can be performed (Fig. 10). In last step the part program is sent to a CNC controller.In proposed form the main program contains about 190 blocks, the subprogram –about 150 blocks. If it was accepted first from considered solutions then part program is considerably longer. Presented part program generates about 80÷100 thousands of the tool movements.3. A CNC programming in off-line modeA CNC programming directly on the machine tools (in on-line mode) is very difficult, even sometime impossible. Advanced methods of parametric programming (calculation on the parameters, the structural functions, the jumps etc.) demand exact verification of the algorithm. Exclude this functions usually such part programs use simple methods for the co-ordinates giving. A graphical simulation of parametric programs was not been possible to execute in wide applied popular CAM systems (from reason of the rules of their work). Moreover, often in industrial practice fast conversion a NC program to other language is required. From this in practice sometimes one should to create specialized software [22].Therefore the original system for NC programs analysis and simulation was realized [23] – Fig. 3, Fig. 6, Fig. 10. Acceleration and facilitation of programming in off-line mode,especially for parametric programs is main purpose. Discussed system contains typical modules – specialized editor, graphical simulation module, offset registers, parameters table, programs database, serial transmission module, etc. As base language was accepted Sinumerik 840D/810D (Siemens) because largest set of functions it contains. Onto its basis was created original, internal programming language (where work philosophy is based on the APT system idea). Therefore the work of this system runes in accordance with presented architecture – Fig. 11.A preprocessor translates the part program written in language of concrete controller (Siemens, Fanuc, Heidenhain) onto its internal language. Simultaneously syntactic correctness of the part program is checked. In this form the CNC program is analyzed and executed through processor and in analogical form is remembered. In next step this program can be simulated or translated by postprocessor onto CNC program for other controllers. If necessary is including a new language then should to make only new postprocessor or preprocessor, without necessity of changes in the processor. Common procedures for analyses and simulation, included in the processor, simplify adaptation of the system to new tasks.4. ConclusionIn all presented above examples the typical CNC programming methods use was analyzed. Both cycles as programming with help of the Computer Aided Manufacturing systems (CAM) based on parametric solid models were ineffective. For all analyzed surfaces their geometry is significantly different from geometry of the standard cycles. If CAM software is used then has to be prepared exact model of the machined part (by CAD software). In conditions of small batch production no always this is possible. Use of described methods of programming can be often onereal solution.Presented approach possesses many advantages. Firstly, significantly reduce the part programming time (to some minutes). The CNC programs can be generated by operators directly at tool machine. Possession of the exact drawings of machined parts is not required (with except of first presented example). Correctness of the generated programs is very high, applying of additional verification (e.g. graphical simulation) usually does not join from modification (except changes of machining parameter values). Significantly is decreased time and cost of the programs start. More expensive CAM software are not necessary. This approach could reduce the number of program changeovers and decrease programs length. The disadvantages of presented approach are naturally also. Firstly, is necessary additional time onto analysis of problem, solution proposing and often additional software preparing. Formulating of the complex geometricdependences for a tool path calculation demands large knowledge from area of mathematics and geometry. Moreover, a user should to know to write this formulas in the form of computer programs. Such approach does not have to generate additional costs onto shopping of the commercial programming systems because are accessible their free non-commercial versions (e.g. used by author Borland Turbo Delphi, AutoLISP or Visual Basic for Application available as the programming interfaces for AutoCAD, Inventor, etc.).In opinion of author in situation of process planning for the parts about non-typical shapes, especially when Group Technology is used, applying of non-typical methods of CNC programming is required also. Then use of unconventional tools of computer aid is necessary. Described in this paper solutions are the best example of this approach.References[1] B.Z. GONG: The processing of parts with group technology in an individual CNC machining center. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 129(2002)1, 645-648.[2] J. BALIC: Model of automated computer aided NC machine tools programming. Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering.17(2006), 1-2, 309-312.[3] I. KURIC, J. KUBA: Development of CAPP systems based on group technology. Proc. ofInt. Conf. Computer Integrated Manufacturing, Zakopane 2001, 285-292.[4] M. DJASSEMI: An Efficient CNC Programming Approach Based on Group Technology. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 19(2000), 213-217.[5] M. DJASSEMI: A Parametric Programming Technique For Efficient CNC Machining Operations. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 35(1998)1, 33-36.[6] M. L YNCH: Parametric Programming for CNC Machines Tools and Touch Probes. Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 1996.[7] Translator on-line DXF-CNC. /index.html.[8] AutoCUT. Instytut Zaawansowanych Technologii Wytwarzania, Kraków.http://www.ios.krakow.pl/cadcam/autocut.php.[9] S.R.K. JASTHI, P.N. RAO, N.K. TEW ARI: Studies on process plan representation in CAPP systems. Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 8(1995)3, 173-184.[10] G. VOSNIAKOS: An Intelligent Software System for the automatic generation of NC programs from wireframe models of 2-1/2D mechanical puter Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 11(1998)1-2, 53-65.[11] P.G. MAROPOULULOS: Review of research in tooling technology, process modelling and process planning. Part II: Process planning. Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 8(1995)1, 13-20.[12] J. GAO, D.T. ZHENG, N. GINDY: Extraction of machining features for CAD/CAM integration. Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 24(2004), 573-581.[13] P. SHILPAN: Design features + process knowledge = automated CNC programming. Modern Machine Shop, 67(1994)6, 78-85.[14] M. SIEMIĄTKOWSKI, W. PRZYBYLSKI: Modelli ng and simulation analysis of process alternatives in the cellular manufacturing of axially symmetric parts. Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 32(2007), 516-530.[15] A. NASSEHI, S.T. NEWMAN, R.D. ALLEN: The Application of Multi-Agent Systems for STEP-NC Computer Aided Planning of Prismatic Components. Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 46(2006), 559-574.计算机辅助数控编程应用于非典型零件的加工（Grzegorz Nikiel博士，波兰别尔斯克-比亚瓦，制造技术与自动化学院）1.简介许多制造公司，尤其是中，小型要解决生产发展和新客户的搜索问题。

机械制造专业外文翻译--机床夹具的分类与构成

外文原文：Machine classification and pose fixture1 fixture in the role of machiningWorkpiece clamping fixture is a kind of process equipment, it is widely used in mechanical machining of the manufacturing process, heat treatment, assembly, welding and testing processes. In the use of metal-cutting machine tools collectively referred to as the jig fixture. n a modern production machine is an indispensable fixture of the process equipment, machining of the workpiece, the processing requirements in order to ensure. First of all to the workpiece and the machine tool relative to a correct position, and this location during processing does not change the impact of external forces. To this end, during the pre-machining, workpiece clamping must be good. There are two ways to clamp workpiece: one is directly clamping the workpiece in the machine table or on the chuck; The other is the workpiece in the fixture on the fixture. The first method used when the workpiece clamping, the general design requirements have to press lines in the surface to draw the size and location, clamping, or when the needle is zoned dial indicator to find is after the clamping. This method need special equipment, but low efficiency, are generally used for one-piece and small batch production. Large quantities, mostly with the workpiece clamping fixture. With the merits of the workpiece clamping fixtures are as follows: (l) Guarantee the stability of the machining accuracy of workpiece. Workpieces with clamping fixture, the workpiece relative to the location of tool and machine tool to ensure the accuracy of the fixture from the technical level of workers, so that a number of workpiece machining accuracy of the line.(2) To improve labor productivity. Workpiece clamping fixture can facilitate the user easily、rapidly, and the workpiece does not need to find is crossed, can significantly reduce the supplementary working hours, to improve labor productivity; workpiece in the fixture after the fixture to improve the rigidity of the workpiece, thus cutting the amount of increase, to improve labor productivity; can use more pieces of multi-workpiece clamping fixture, and the use of efficient clamping bodies, to further improve labor productivity.(3) To expand the use of machine tools. Machine tools in general use a dedicated machine tool fixture can expand the scope of the process and give full play to the potential of machine tools to achieve a multi-machine use. For example, the use of adedicated fixture can be easily Lathe processing small box to the workpiece. Even in the lathe out of oil, a reduction of expensive dedicated machines, reducing the cost, which is particularly important for small and medium-sized factories.(4) To improve the operator's working conditions. As the pneumatic, hydraulic, electro-magnetic power source, such as the application in the fixture, on the one hand to reduce the labor intensity of workers; the other hand, it guarantees the reliability of the workpiece clamping, and to achieve the interlocking machine, to avoid accidents, ensure the operator safety and machine tool equipment(5) To reduce costs. In mass production after the use of fixture, from stem to increase labor productivity, lower level technical workers, as well as lower scrap and other reasons, obviously to reduce the production costs.Fixture manufacturing cost-sharing in a group of workpieces, each workpiece to increase the cost is very minimal, far less than as a result of increased labor productivity and reduce costs. The greater volume of workpiece, fixture made to use has become more significant economic benefits.2 Fixture Category2.1 General characteristics of the fixture by CategoryAccording to the production in different types of fixtures in the common characteristics of machine tool fixture fixture can be divided into general, special fixtures, adjustable clamp, and automatic line of modular fixture fixture, such as: (l) General Fixture. Universal fixture refers to the structure, size has been standardized, and has a certain universal fixture. This type of fixture adaptable, can be used to setup the scope of a certain shape and size of various parts.(2)A dedicated fixture. This type of fixture is designed for a particular part of the processing procedures and the design and manufacture. Relatively stable in the product, the production of larger quantities, used a variety of special fixtures, access to higher productivity and machining accuracy. (3) Adjustable fixture. Adjustable fixture for general fixture and special fixture and the defects developed a new kind of fixture. Of different types and sizes of the workpiece, simply adjust or replace the fixture at the original location of the individual components and will be used to clamp components. （4) Modular Fixture. Modular fixture is a modular fixture. Standard components of the module with high precision and resistance to abrasion, can be assembled into a variety of fixtures. Removable fixture used to clean the assembly after the new fixture left. （5) Automatic line fixture. Automatic line clamp generally divided into two categories:fixed-type fixture, which is similar to a dedicated fixture; other accompanying a fixture for the use of the workpiece in the fixture, together with the movement, and automatic workpiece along the line from a move to the next position position for processing.2.2 Classification by the use of machine tools ClassificationBy the use of machine tools can be divided into lathe jig fixtures, milling fixtures, drilling fixtures, hang-bed fixture, jig gear machine, CNC machine tool fixture, automatic machine tool fixtures, accompanied by automatic line, and other fixtures, such as machine tools. This is a special fixture design of the classification method used. Dedicated fixture design, the machine group, the type and the main parameters have been determined. Their difference is the cutting forming machine tool movements, so the connection fixture with the machine in different ways. Machining accuracy of their different requirements.2.3 Clamping fixture according to the power sourceClamping fixture according to the power source can be divided into manual fixture, pneumatic fixtures, hydraulic fixtures, gas fixtures by force, electromagnetic fixture, vacuum fixtures, fixture, such as centrifugal force.3 the composition of fixtureAlthough the structure of machine tool fixture range, but their components can be summarized as the following sections.(1) Positioning components. Typically, when the shape of the workpiece datum position established, the position will be the basic components of the structure identified(2) Clamping device. Positioning of the workpiece in the fixture, the need to clamp the workpiece before processing to ensure that the workpiece during processing is not due to external force and undermine its position.(3) The specific folder. Fixture and the skeleton matrix, all the components through the fixture it will constitute a whole.(4) Of the knife or the guide. Tool used to determine position relative to the correct position of components. Of the knife device common in milling fixture. Used to adjust the cutter knife block position before machining.(5) To connect components. Connected components in the machine tool fixture is todetermine the correct position on the component, therefore, can double as a specific folder to connect components. Lathe fixture on the transition plate, the positioning ofmilling machine fixture on key components are connected.(6) Other devices or components. According to the processing needs, some degree fixture device were used by mode device, the whole device, and the balance of the top block and so on. These components or devices specially designed need.中文译文：机床夹具的分类与构成1机床夹具在机械加工中的作用夹具是一种装夹工件的工艺装备，它广泛地应用于机械制造过程的切削加工、热处理、装配、焊接和检测等工艺过程中。