南京农业大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题
南京农业大学研究生英语写作考试试卷
一．改写句子1.①Faulty:It was raining hard,they could not work in the fields.It was raining so hard that they could not work in the fields.It was raining hard,so they could not work in the fields.②Faulty:Looking out of the window,the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach.Looking out of the window,he(she,I)can see the grassland stretching as far as the eye can reach ③Faulty:To get ready for the trip,all the things she needed were put into a suitcase.To get ready for the trip,she put all the things she needed into a suitcase.④Faulty:I am going to the lecture on modern Chinese drama,because he is a dramatist I like.I am going to the lecture on modern Chinese drama,because the speaker is a dramatist I like2.①(F)The professor was absorbed in work who did not notice my presence.(T)Absorbed in work,the professor die not notice my presence.②(F)If you start early,you will get there at noon.(T)Starting early will get you there at noon.3.①(clumsy sentence)The young man drove the old truck at top speed and the motor was damaged. (improved)The young man drove the old truck at top speed and damaged the motor.②(clumsy sentence)The professor left the classroom after the lecture was finished.(improved sentence)The professor left the classroom after he finished the lecture.4.①He worked late into the night but gets up early the next morning.He worked late into the night but got up early the next morning.2Those who are imprisoned find it hard a job after they have been releasedThose who had been imprisoned find it hard to find a job after they have been released.补：He sat alone by himself.In the year1840the Opium War broke ou t.He returned back home after he graduated from college.The cause of the flood was due to the heavy rain in late spring.He was asked to repeat the sentence again.There are more books in their library than in our library.5.①Crossing the bridge,our university campus came in sight.Crossing the bridge we came in sight of our university campus.After we crossed the bridge,we came in sight of our university campus.②Used properly,we can make our writing vivid,impressive,and interesting.Used properly,figures of speech can make our writing vivid,impressive,and interesting.If we use figures of speech properly we can make our writing vivid,impressive,and interesting.6.①On seeing the old photo,my childhood came back to my memory.When I saw the old photo,I recalled my childhood.On seeing the old photo,I recalled my childhood.②After reading the letter my heart throbbed violently.After reading the letter I felt my heart throbbing violently.After I had read the letter,my heart throbbed violently.7.①To be well-informed,reading widely is necessary.To be well-informed,we need to read widely.②To be admitted to college,the entrance examination must be passed.To be admitted to college,a candidate must pass the entrance examination.8.①While absorbed in reading,an unexpected visitor called.While she was absorbed in reading,an unexpected visitor called.(2)When a child,his parents left him in the care of his grandmother.When he was a child,his parents left him in the care of his grandmother.二.合并句子1.①(short sentence):I returned to my room.There was a note under my door.It was from Bill.He said he was in the town liking for a job.He hadn’t found anything yet. He was sorry to have missed me.(Modified)When I returned to my room,I found a note from Bill under the door.He said he was in the town looking for a job,but hadn’t found anything yet.He added that he was sorry to have missed me.②(short sentence)That day it was very cold.A fierce wind was blowing.It was snowing hard.(long sentence)With a heavy snow and a fierce wind,it was really a cold day.③(short sentence)Wang stood there before us.He talked in a low voice.His voice was earnest.We felt in him sincerity and dedication.These qualities are not common to ordinary men.(long sentence)As Wang stood before us talking in his low but earnest voice,we felt in him sincerity and dedication not common to ordinary men2.①The tourists were caught in the rain and soaked through.They hurried back to the Guest House.Caught in the rain and soaked through,the tourists hurried back to the Guest House.②The Wuyi Mountains are noted as the most picturesque area in southeast China.The mountains extend more than500kilometers along the border of Fujian and Jiangxi. Extending more than500kilometers along the border of Fujian and Jiangxi,the Wuyi Mountains are noted as the most picturesque area in southeast China.三.修辞1.①He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.②Like water flowing on,grief will ever last.③Our village is no less beautiful than this picture.修辞：Simile（明喻）：The simile is one of the commonest figures of speech in all kinds of English writings.Its chief function is to draw sharp pictures in the mind through comparisons,to give deeper insight into things,persons and ideas through suggestive association,or to explain abstract,complicated ideas in simple,concrete imagery.2.①He loves a rosy cheek.②My mother is a fish.③Irrigation is the lifeblood of agriculture.④Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested.⑤The picture of those poor people’s lives was carved so sharply in his heart that he could never forget it.修辞：Metaphor（暗喻）：Metaphor is the most important and basic poetic figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another.Its chief function is quite similar to that of simile,to vivify an idea through comparison,to give deeper insight into things and persons,or to explain complicated ideas in simple imagery.3.①Give every man thine ear and few thy voice.(the sense of hearing)②Would you care for a cup of Longjing?(the name of tea)③I’m fond of Maotai.(the name of wine)修辞：Metonymy（换喻）：Metonymy is the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.Its function is to express an idea briefly and effectively by compressing much into a single word or a short noun phrase.4.①He has many mouths to feed in his family.(=people)②The poor man is now left without a roof.(=house)③He earned his bread as a dustman.(=livelihood)④Italy beat Spain in the soccer match.(=The Italian team beat the Spanish team.)修辞：Synecdoche（提喻法）：Synecdoche is the substitution of a part for the whole,as in“sails”for“ships”and“hands”for“men who do manual labor”,or the whole for the part,as in“vehicle”for“engine”and“smiling year”for“spring”.5.①The mother is undergoing the joyful pain,and the painful joy of childbirth.②Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a“victorious defeat”.(Although the writer was convicted guilty by the prosecutor,he had succeeded in winning the support of audience for his teaching of evolution)③She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile.修辞：Oxymoron（矛盾修饰法）：Oxymoron is a kind of compressed paradox or antithesis that links together two sharply contrasting terms,which,in spite of their incongruity, actually contain a certain truth or a significant point.6.①He had some cheerful wine at the party.(person→thing)②She was so worried about her son that she spent several sleepless nights.(person→thing)③The assistant kept a respectful distance from his boss when they were walking in the corridor.(person→thing)④He said“yes”to the question in an unthinking moment.(person→thing)⑤The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder.(person→thing)修辞：Transferred epithet（移就）：Transferred epithet is the transference of an adjective to a noun to which it is not wholly appropriate.This figure of speech falls into two categories.Pets ServiceKeeping pets has become a common part of people’s life.And the pet market which is a newly emerging business in recent decade has always aroused the greatest concern. What impresses us most is the gradual emergence of pets’barbershops,pets’canteens and clinics following the pet markets.The reason for the phenomenon are varied.Among the various reasons profit-making plays an important part.That is to say,along with the improvement of people’s living standards,pets’service has a big and potential market bound to boom.What is more,more and more people regard pets as their friends and want to treat them as family members.For example,they want their pets to be treated with special care when their pets are sick.When talking about my point of view,I’m in favor of keeping pets.On the one hand,it can offer more job opportunities and stimulate the development of economy.On the other hand,keeping pets will gradually make people kinder to animals.In brief,we should be friendly with animals which are vital important to human existence.UnemploymentWith the development of market economy,the problem of unemployment keeps on going up,our society cannot remain stable.On the other hand,the unemployment makes the laid-off feel miserable and panic.Therefore,how to relieve the pressure of unemployment is worth paying attention.Firstly,the government should issue more policies encouraging the laid-off to set up their own businesses.Secondly,the government may create more job opportunities to position the unemployed people.For example,community service which appeared recently has offered the laid-off a lot of jobs.Thirdly,from my point of view,the unemployed have to enrich their own knowledge and shills to meet the demands of the development of science and technology.In other words,the laid-off can find new jobs if they broaden their knowledge and improve their skills.In fact,the ways to solve the unemployment are countless.It is time that we did something for the laid-off.AdvertisementAdvertisement can be a service to people.First,it is informative and can help people buy and sell goods.Second,it can widen people’s knowledge and make people more stly,people can enjoy themselves through those programs which advertisements have been put into.Some advertisements,however,are very useful to people,sometimes even harmful.An advertisement like this,for example,may put thousands of women and girls into trouble.“Disillusioned with life,love,marriage?You need help.Phone me”.And the savoir gives his phone number to his sheep.In modern times.Many advertisements are subjective rather than objective,persuasive rather than informative.The only purpose of these advertisements is to persuade people to buy their poorly made products.Therefore,it is wise for people to make sure if the advertisements are telling the truth.。
南京农业大学考博英语题型分析
2015南京农业大学考博英语历年真题一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。
攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。
二、南京农业大学考博英语题型Part1:完型填空20题10分Part2:阅读理解，四篇20题40分。
Part3:翻译30分，英译汉两篇短文20分，汉译英一篇短文10分。
Part4:写作，20分。
三、考博英语必备参考书育明考博教研部主编,河北大学出版社出版的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。
在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。
四、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。
南京农业大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
南京农业大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Section II Use of EnglishRead the following text.Choose the best word(s)for eachnumbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET.(20points)Health implies more than physical fitness.It also implies mentaland emotional well-being.An angry,frustrated,emotionally21personin good physical condition is not22healthy.Mental health,therefore,has much to do23how a person copes with the world as s/he exists.Many of the factors that24physical health also affect mental andemotional well-being.Having a good self-image means that people have positive25pictures and good,positive feelings about themselves,about whatthey are capable26,and about the roles they play.People with goodself-images like themselves,and they are27like others.Having agood self-image is based28a realistic,as well as positive,or Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lianxi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi optimistic29of one’s own worth and value and capabilities.Stress is an unavoidable,necessary,and potentially healthful30of our society.People of all ages31stress.Children begin to32stress during prenatal development and during childbirth.Examplesof stress-inducing33in the life of a young person are death of apet,pressure to34academically,the divorce of parents,or joining a new youth group.The different ways in which individuals35to stress may bring healthful or unhealthy results.One person experiencing a great deal of stress may function exceptionally well36another may be unable to function at all.If stressful situations are continually encountered,the individual’s physical,social,and mental health are eventually affected.Satisfying social relations are vital to37mental and emotional health.It is believed that in order to38,develop,and maintain effective and fulfilling social relationships people must39the ability to know and trust each other,understand each other,influence, and help each other.They must also be capable of40conflicts in a constructive way.21.[A]unstable[B]unsure[C]imprecise[D]impractical22.[A]normally[B]generally[C]virtually[D]necessarily23.[A]on[B]at[C]to[D]with24.[A]signify[B]influence[C]predict[D]mark25.[A]intellectual[B]sensual[C]spiritual[D]mental26.[A]to be doing[B]with doing[C]to do[D]of doing27.[A]able better to[B]able to better[C]better to able[D] better able to28.[A]on[B]from[C]at[D]about29.[A]assessment[B]decision[C]determination[D]assistance30.[A]ideality[B]realization[C]realism[D]reality31.[A]occur[B]engage[C]confront[D]encounter32.[A]tolerate[B]sustain[C]experience[D]undertake33.[A]evidence[B]accidents[C]adventures[D]events34.[A]acquire[B]achieve[C]obtain[D]fulfill35.[A]respond[B]return[C]retort[D]reply36.[A]why[B]when[C]while[D]where37.[A]sound[B]all-round[C]entire[D]whole38.[A]illuminate[B]enunciate[C]enumerate[D]initiate39.[A]access[B]assess[C]process[D]possess40.[A]resolving[B]saluting[C]dissolving[D]solvingSection III Reading ComprehensionRead the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D]Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET (40points)Text1The period of adolescence,i.e.,the period between childhood and adulthood,may be long or short,depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood.In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time,while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life.Furthermore,the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may changein a given society as social and economic conditions change.Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States,and more universally,the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society,ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies.Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status.For example,grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence,and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition,the significance of each depends on thesocio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles,right,privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted.The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train,airplane, theater and movie tickets.Basically,the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights.At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom andchoices.He now can obtain a driver’s license;he can leave public schools;and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights;the young man can now be a soldier,but he also can marry without parental permission.At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult.He now can vote,he can buy liquor,he can enter into financial contracts,and he is entitled to run for public office.No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained.None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.41.The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because________.[A]the definition of maturity has changed[B]the industrialized society is more developed[C]more education is provided and laws against child labor are made(C)[D]ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance42.Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to________.[A]graduations from schools and colleges[B]social recognition[C]socio-economic status(A)[D]certain behavioral changes43.No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is________.[A]eleven years old[B]sixteen years old[C]twenty-one years old(C)[D]between twelve and twenty-one years old44.Starting from22,________.[A]one will obtain more basic rights[B]the older one becomes,the more basic rights he will have[C]one won’t get more basic rights than when he is21(C)[D]one will enjoy more rights granted by society45.According to the passage,it is true that________.[A]in the late19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed[B]no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one[C]one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license(A)[D]one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the armText2Well,no gain without pain,they say.But what about pain without gain?Everywhere you go in America,you hear tales of corporaterevival.What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging.They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together,productivity has grown on average by1.2%since1987.That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade.And since1991,productivity has increased by about2%a year,which is more than twice the1978-1987 average.The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is,as Robert Rubin,the treasury secretary,says,a “disjunction”between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained.New ways of organizing the workplace—all that re-engineering and downsizing—are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy,which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery,new technology,and investment in education and training.Moreover,most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable,and this need not always mean increasing productivity:switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative.First,some of thebusiness restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second,even if it was well done,it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger,a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain,a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much“re-engineering”has been crude.In many cases,he believes,the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost.His colleague,Michael Beer,says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion,chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter.He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish—“the worst sort of ambulance cashing.”46.According to the author,the American economic situation is ________.[A]not as good as it seems[B]at its turning point[C]much better than it seems(A)[D]near to complete recovery47.The official statistics on productivity growth________.[A]exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B]fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C]meet the expectation of business people(B)[D]fail to reflect the true state of economy48.The author raises the question“what about pain without gain?”because________.[A]he questions the truth of“no gain without pain”[B]he does not think the productivity revolution works[C]he wonders if the official statistics are misleading(B)[D]he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses49.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A]Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B]New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C]The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long term profitability.(A)[D]The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.50.According to the passage,the author’s attitude towards the productivity revolution in the U.S.A is____.[A]biased[B]optimistic[C]ambiguous[D]negativeText3Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods atreasonable price,thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living.By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour,and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services:without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much,the price of your television license would need to be doubled,and travel by bus or tube would cost20per cent more.And perhaps most important of all,advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising,no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long,for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once.If you see an article consistently advertised,it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it,and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on.Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was againstadvertising because it persuades rather than informs.He was drawing excessively fine distinctions.Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve,for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.51.By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________.[A]he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B]everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C]advertising costs money like everything else[D]it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52.In the passage,which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A]Securing greater fame.[C]Enhancing living standards.[B]Providing more jobs.[D]Reducing newspaper cost.53.The author deems that the well-known TV personality is________.[A]very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B]interested in nothing but the buyers’attention[C]correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D]obviously partial in his views on advertising54.In the author’s opinion,________.[A]advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B]advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C]there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D]the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement55.The best title for the passage would probably be_____.[A]Positive and Negative Aspects of Advertising[B]Benefits Brought by Advertising and Its Persuasive Function[C]Advertising The Best Persuasive and Information Medium[D]Advertising the Most Effective Way to Promote Products Text4It was3:45in the morning when the vote was finally taken.After six months of arguing and final16hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.The measure passed by the convincing vote of15to10.Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up,half a world away,by John Hofsess,executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada.He sent it on via the group’s on-line service,Death NET.Says Hofsess:“We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t just something that happened in Australia.It’s world history.”The full import may take a while to sink in.The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications.Some have breathed sighs of relief,others,including churches,right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association,bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage.But the tide is unlikely to turn back.In Australia—where an aging population,life extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada,where the right to die movement is gathering strength,observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law,an adult patient can request death—probably by a deadly injection or pill—to put an end to suffering.The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors.After a“cooling off”period of seven days,the patient can sign a certificate of request.After48hours the wish for death can be met.For Lloyd Nickson,a54year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer,the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he canget on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering:a terrifying death from his breathing condition.“I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view,but what I was afraid of was how I’d go,because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,”he says.56.From the second paragraph we learn that________.[A]the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries[B]physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia[C]changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law(D)[D]it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage57.When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling,he means________.[A]observers are taking a wait and see attitude towards the future of euthanasia[B]similar bills are likely to be passed in the US,Canada and other countries[C]observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes(B)[D]the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop58.The word“euthanasia”in the second paragraph most probably means________.[A]doctors’sympathy to dying patients[B]doctors’aggressive medical measures to dying patients[C]doctors’mercy killing to reduce sufferings of dying patients[D]doctors’well-meaning treatment to save dying patients59.When Lloyd Nickson dies,he will________.[A]face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia[B]experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient[C]have an intense fear of terrible suffering(A)[D]undergo a cooling off period of seven days60.The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of________.[A]opposition[B]suspicion[C]approval(C)[D]indifferenceSection IV TranslationRead the following sentences,translate English into Chinese, and translate Chinese into English.(20points)61.Proper,scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.62.The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited theopportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.63.It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it.64.Strengthening economic growth,at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere,could push the price higher still in the short term.65.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money.66.What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents.67.This success,coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined,led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.68.Again,differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.69.This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the1973oil shock,when prices quadrupled,and1979-1980,when they also almost tripled.70.In just one generation,millions of mothers have gone to work,transforming basic family economics.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Doctoral Entrance Examination in EnglishPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or incomplete statements. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question or complete each statement.Passage 1:Climate Change and Global WarmingClimate change refers to long-term changes in average weather patterns in a specific region or globally. Global warming, on the other hand, specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities. While some argue that global warming is a natural phenomenon, the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, are the primary causes of climate change.1. According to the passage, what is the main cause of global warming?A. Natural phenomenaB. Human activitiesC. Average weather patternsD. Long-term changes in climateAnswer: B. Human activities2. What is the difference between climate change and global warming?A. Climate change is caused by human activities, while global warming is natural.B. Global warming refers specifically to changes in average weather patterns.C. Climate change refers to long-term changes in climate, while global warming is due to human activities.D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Answer: D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Passage 2:The Importance of BiodiversityBiodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the environment and supporting the overall health of ecosystems. Loss of biodiversity is a significant concern as it can lead to negative impacts on food security, climate stability, and overall ecosystem function.3. What is biodiversity?A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.B. The balance of the environment.C. The health of ecosystems.D. The stability of climate.Answer: A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.4. Why is loss of biodiversity a concern?A. It leads to an increase in food security.B. It has no impact on climate stability.C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.D. It supports overall ecosystem function.Answer: C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.Part II: Writing (60 points)Directions: In this section, write an essay on one of the following topics. Your essay should be approximately 400 words in length.1. The Impact of Technology on Society2. Education in the Digital Age3. The Importance of Cross-Cultural Communication4. Sustainable Development and Environmental ConservationPart III: Speaking (60 points)Directions: In this section, you will be asked to discuss one of the following topics. You will have five minutes to prepare your response and three minutes to present it.1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning2. The Influence of Social Media on Relationships3. Effective Strategies for Time Management4. The Role of Government in Promoting Renewable EnergyDetailed explanations and model answers for Part II and Part III will be provided during the examination.Good luck with your doctoral entrance examination in English!。
年博士研究生入学考试英语试题--资料
2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part I. Reading Comprehension (60%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A), B), C), or D) and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I.Passage 1We live in southern California growing grapes, a first generation of vintners, our home adjacent to the vineyards and the winery. It’s a very pretty place, and in order to earn the money to realize our dream of making wine, we worked for many years in a business that demanded several household moves, an incredible amount of risk-taking and long absences from my husband. When it was time, we traded in our old life, cinched up our belts and began the creation of the winery.We make small amounts of premium wine, and our lives are dictated by the rhythm of nature and the demands of the living vines. The vines start sprouting tiny green tendrils in March and April, and the baby grapes begin to form in miniature, so perfect that they can be dipped in gold to form jewelry. The grapes swell and ripen in early fall, and when their sugar content is at the right level, they are harvested carefully by hand and crushed in small lots. The wine is fermented and tended until it is ready to be bottled. The vineyards shed their leaves, the vines are pruned and made ready for the dormant months --- and the next vintage.It sounds nice, does n’t it? Living in the country, our days spent in the ancient routine of the vineyard, knowing that the course of our lives as vintners was choreographed long age and that if we practiced diligently, our wine would be good and we’d be successful. From the start we knew there was a price for the privilege of becoming a wine-making family, connected to the land and the caprices of nature.We work hard at something we love, we are slow to panic over the daily emergencies, we are nimble at solving problems as they arise. Some hazards to completing a successful vintage are expected: rain just before harvesting can cause mold; electricity unexpectedly interrupted during the cold fermentation of white wine can damage it; a delayed payment from a major client when the money is needed.There are outside influences that disrupt production and take patience, good will and perseverance. [For example] the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms regulates every facet of the wine business. A winery’s records are audited as often as two or three times a year and every label --- newly written for each year’s vintage --- must be approved. …[But] The greatest threat to the winery, and one that almost made us lose heart, came out of a lawyer’s imagination. Out little winery was served notice that we were named in a lawsuit accusing us of endangering the public health by using lead foils on our bottles (it was the only material used until recently) “without warning consumers of a possible risk.”There it was, our winery’s name listed with the industry’s giants. …… I must have asked a hundred times: “Who gets the money if the lawsuit is successful?” The answer was, and I never was able to assimilate it, the plaintiffs and their lawyers who filed the suit! Since the lawsuit was brought in behalf of consumers, it seemed to me that consumers must get something if it was proved that a lead foil was dangerous to them. We were told one of the two consumer claimants was an employee of the firm filing the suit!There are attorneys who focus their careers on lawsuits like this. It is an immense danger to the small businessman. Cash reserves can be used up in the blink of an eye when in the company oflawyers. As long as it’s possible for anyone to sue anybody for anything, we are all in danger. As long as the legal profession allows members to practice law dishonorably and lawyers are congratulated for winning big money in this way, we’ll be plagued with a corruptible justice system.1.The phrase “cinched up our belts”, in the first paragraph, suggests that the coupleA.thought creating a winery would be busyB.wore clothing that was too bigC.strapped their belongings together and movedD.prepared for the difficult work ahead2.The grapes are harvested on a date thatA.may vary.B.depends on the approval of the regulatory bureau.C.is traditionally set.D.is determined by availability of pickers.3.According to the author, the life of vintners is most controlled byA.the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms.B.unexpected changes in temperature.C.the sugar content of the grapes.D.the tempo of the seasons.4.The writer complains that when she questioned the lawyers sheA.never got the answer.B.never got a simple answer.C.could make no sense of the answer she got.D.could not understand the answer she got.5.The writer thinks that the legal professionA.strives to protect consumers.B.does a good job of policing its members.C.is part of an incorruptible system.D.includes rapacious attorneys.Passage 2There is a confused notion in the minds of many persons, which the gathering of the property of the poor into the hands of the rich does no ultimate harm, since in whosever hands it may be, it must be spent at last, and thus, they think, return to the poor again. This fallacy has been again and again exposed; but granting the plea true, the same apology may, of course, be made for black mail, or any other form of robbery. It might be (though practically it never is) as advantageous for the nation that the robber should have the spending of the money he extorts, as that the person robbed should have spent it. But this is no excuse for the theft. If I were to put a turnpike on the road where it passes my own gate, and endeavor to exact a shilling from every passenger, the public would soon do away with my gate, without listening to any pleas on my part that it was as advantageous to them, in the end, that I should spend their shillings, as that they themselves should. But if, instead of outfacing them with a turnpike, I can only persuade them to come in and buy stones, or old iron, or any other useless thing, out of my ground, I may rob them to the same extent and, moreover, be thanked as a public benefactor and promoter of commercial prosperity. And this main question for the poor of England --- for the poor of all countries --- is wholly omitted in every treatise on the subject of wealth. Even by the laborers themselves, the operation of capital is regarded only in its effect ontheir immediate interests, never in the far more terrific power of its appointment of the kind and the object of labor. It matters little, ultimately, how much a laborer is paid for making anything; but it matters fearfully what the thing is which he is compelled to make. If his labor is so ordered as to produce food, fresh air, and fresh water, no matter that his wages are low; the food and the fresh air and water will be at last there, and he will at last get them. But if he is paid to destroy food and fresh air, or to produce iron bars instead of them, the food and air will finally not be there, and he will not get them, to his great and final inconvenience. So that, conclusively, in politics as in household economy, the great question is, not so much what money you have in your pocket, as what you will buy with it and do with it.6.We may infer that the author probably lived in theA.1960’s in the United StatesB.early days of British industrializationC.18th-century FranceD.England of King Arthur7.According to the passage, the individual should be particularly concerned withA.how much wealth he can accumulateB.the acquisition of land property rather than moneyC.charging the customer a fair priceD.the quality of goods which he purchases with his funds8.It can be inferred that in regard to the accumulation of wealth the authorA.equates the rich with the thiefB.indicates that there are few honest businessmenC.condones some dishonesty in business dealingsD.says that the robber is a benefactor9.The passage implies thatA.“A stitch in time saves nine”.B.“It is better late than never.”C.“None but the brave deserve the fair.”D.“All’s well that ends well.”10.What is the “main question for the poor” referred to by the author in the passage?A.the use to which the laborer can put his moneyB.the methods by which capital may be accumulatedC.the results of their work and their lack of authority to determine to what ends their workshall be putD.whether full measures of recompense shall be accorded to the laboring person for theinvestment of his time in worthy work11.According to the views expressed in the passage, which of the following should people be doingwith happiness?A.mining ore for the manufacture of weaponsB.cleaning sewage ponds at a treatment plantC.waiting tables for a rich manD.helping a poor man do his jobPassage 3However important we may regard school life to be, there is no gainsaying the fact that childrenspend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be discounted by the teacher. They can become strong allies of the school personnel or they can consciously or unconsciously hinder and thwart curricular objectives.Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents apprised of the newer methods used in schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading program, manuscript writing, and developmental mathematics.Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an important role in enlightening parents. The many interviews carried on during the year as well as new ways of reporting pupils’progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home.To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic processes night after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can help the parent sublimate his natural paternal interest into productive channels. He might be persuaded to let Junior participate in discussing the family budget, buying the food, using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock, calculating mileage on a trip, and engaging in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis.If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics and, at the same time, enjoying the work.Too often, however, teachers’conferences with parents are devoted to petty accounts of children’s misdemeanors, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestions for penalties and rewards at home.What is needed is a more creative approach in which the teacher, as a professional adviser, plants ideas in parents’ minds for the best utilization of the many hours that the child spends out of the classroom.In this way, the school and the home join forces in fostering the fullest development of youngsters’ capacities.12.The central idea conveyed in the above passage is thatA.home training is more important than school training because a child spends so many hourswith his parentsB.teachers can and should help parents to understand and further the objectives of the schoolC.parents unwittingly have hindered and thwarted curricular objectivesD.parents have a responsibility to help students to do their homework13.The author directly discusses the fact thatA.parents drill their children too much in arithmeticB. a father can help his son construct articles at homeC. a parent’s misguided efforts can be redirected to proper channelsD.there is not sufficient individual instruction in the classroom14. It can be reasonably inferred that the authorA.is satisfied with the present relationships between home and schoolB.feels that the traditional program in mathematics is slightly superior to the developmentalprogramC.feels that parent-teacher interviews can be made much more constructive than they are atpresentD.is of the opinion that teachers of this generation are inferior to those of the last generation15. A method of parent-teacher communication NOT mentioned or referred to by the author isA.classes for parentsB.new progress report formsC.parent-teacher interviewsD.demonstration lesson16. The author implies thatA.participation in interesting activities relatede to a school subject improves one’sachievement in that areaB.school principals do more than their share in interpreting the curriculum to the parentsC.only a small part of the school day should be set apart for drilling in arithmeticD.teachers should occasionally make home visits to parents17. The author would most approve of which of the following parental activities to assist in thelearning of composition and writing skills?A.one hour of supervised writing exercises nightlyB.encouraging the child to write letters to relativesC.reviewing all the child’s written school workD.giving the child money for good grades on written work18. It is most reasonable to infer that the author is a(n)A.elementary-school teacherB.parentC.college teacherD.professor of educationPassage 4Scientists studying the effect of large volcanic eruptions on global climate have long focused on the major quantities of carbon dioxide(CO2), a gas known to contribute to the greenhouse effect, produced by these eruptions. It is well observed that such greenhouse gases trap heat radiated from the surface of the earth, thereby forming a type of insulation around the planet. The greenhouse effect is essential for ecological equipoise because it maintains the temperature of the planet within habitable parameters, but there is growing concern that man-made production of gases such as CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels may be threatening the system’s tolerance, and have resulted in excessive warming on a global scale.While volcanic eruptions indubitably metabolize and accumulate CO2 in the atmosphere, it has been recently discovered that their impact is virtually trivial compared to the quantity produced by human activities, especially heavy industry. In reality, the more substantive climatic effect from volcanoes results from the production of atmospheric haze, whereby large eruption columns inject ash particles and sulfur-rich gases into the troposphere and stratosphere, clouds that circumscribe the globe within weeks of the volcanic activity. Ash and aerosol clouds from large volcanic eruptions disseminate quickly through the atmosphere, and the small ash particles decrease the amount of sunlight reaching the surface of the earth and lower average global temperatures, while the sulfurous gases combine with water in the atmosphere to form acidic aerosols that also absorb incoming solar radiation and scatter it back out into space.There is evidence that volcanoes’stratospheric ash clouds has a lesser effect on global temperatures than aerosol clouds, given that the major Mt. St. Helens eruption had lowered global temperatures by about 0.1 degree Celsius, while two years later the much smaller eruption of El Chico had, by contrast, three to five times the global cooling effect worldwide. Despite its smaller ash cloud, El Chico emitted more than 40 times the volume of sulfur-rich gases produced by Mt. St.Helens, revealing that the formation of atmospheric sulfur aerosols has a more substantial effect on global temperatures than simply the volume of ash produced during an eruption. Sulfate aerosols appear to necessitate several years to settle out of the atmosphere, one of the reasons their effects are so widespread and enduring. This corroborates the opinion of those scientists who argue that without the cooling effect of major volcanic eruptions such as El Chico, global warming effects caused by human activities would be far more substantial. It should be noted that major volcanic eruptions have additional climatic effects beyond global temperature decreases and acid rain, for ash and aerosol particles suspended in the atmosphere scatter light of red wavelengths, often resulting in brilliantly colored sunsets and sunrises around the world.19. According to the passage, scientists have decided that sulfur aerosols from volcanic eruptionsaffect global temperatures to a greater extent than ash clouds becauseA.the greenhouse gas effect produced by human activities tends to have a much greaterenvironmental effect than that of volcanic explosionsB.clouds of sulfur-rich gases tend to achieve greater heights in the stratosphere than do ashcloudsC. a particular explosion producing high sulfur and little ash had a greater environmentaleffect than the converseD.the burning of fossil fuels tends to exacerbate the effects of sulfurous aerosols, but notthose of ash clouds20. The passage suggests that the effects of volcanic carbon dioxide on the environment differ fromthose of sulfurous gases in thatA.carbon dioxide tends to alleviate environmental haze, while sulfurous gases usuallyincrease itB.carbon dioxide tends to increase temperatures by trapping sunlight, while sulfurous gasestend to decrease temperatures by blocking itC.sulfurous gases have played an even more significant role than carbon dioxide in pushingenvironmental temperatures outside the habitable rangeD.sulfurous gases tend to decrease the level of solar radiation outside the earth’s atmosphere,while carbon dioxide plays only a negligible role21. The author mentions the eruption of Mount St. Helens (lines 25-26) primarily in order toemphasize which of the following points?A.The deep and enduring effect that volcanic eruptions have on the environmentB.The process by which classic volcanic eruptions tend to occurC.The relative dearth of cases with scientists can judge the effects of volcanic eruptionsD. A sample case with which later volcanic explosions are compared22. Which of the following best describes the organization the third paragraph of the passage?A. A theory is proposed, considered, and amended.B.Opposing views are presented, elaborated, and then reconciled.C. A problem is described, then a solution is discussed and its effectiveness is affirmed.D. A view is advanced, then refuted, and an alternative is suggested.23. The passage suggests that which of the following would be true if volcanic eruptions did not takeplace?A.Greenhouse effects on rising global temperatures would likely be somewhat less worrisomethan those postulated by scientists today.B.Acid rain by heavy industry would likely be more of a problem than it currently is, giventhe tendency of volcanic eruptions to hasten atmospheric cycles.C.Global warming effects caused by human activities would be more substantial than they aretoday if volcanic cooling effects ceased to take place.D.The environment would likely be cooler, for the atmosphere would contain fewer sulfurousgases and ash clouds.24. Which of the following, if presented as the first sentence of a succeeding paragraph, would mostlogically continue the discussion presented in the passage?A.The influence of volcanic eruptions on global weather patterns is almost completelyunderstood at present.B.Scientists have only begun to understand, however, the effects of these wavelengths of lighton the global environment.C.The human warming activities ameliorate by volcanic eruptions include those producedboth by heavy industry and agriculture.D.The reason that sulfate aerosols take an unusually large time to disperse owes primarily tometeorological factors, including the jet stream.Passage 5Much has been written about computer terminals and radiation effects, but sitting at the keyboard is now causing problems for many people. Carpal tunnel syndrome, resulting from a compressed nerve of the hand and wrist, affects tens of thousands of Americans each year. It has always been an occupational hazard for workers using drilling and cutting equipment. Now it is moving to officers, afflicting writers, programmers, data processors ---- anyone who spends long hours at a keyboard.The syndrome occurs when tissues around the base of the wrist swell against the nerve, resulting in numbness and painful tingling in the hands, often happening at night. The condition can cause permanent loss of sensation and motor control.The fault lies, in part, with poorly designed offices. Work stations that don’t allow employees to sit comfortably may put wrists, shoulders and arms under constant strain. The problem may be aggravated by the fact that people type faster and more continuously on computers, so that the hands and wrists rarely move into other positions. In some cases, surgery can solve the problem by decompressing the pinched nerve.At the offices of the Los Angeles Times, where some of the reporters are afflicted, work stations are being redesigned, and exercise programs for shoulders, wrists and fingers are being developed, other recommended measurers for those trying to avoid the syndrome: hourly breaks and a five-hour-a-day typing limit.25. “Radiation effects” in the first line probably re fer to _____.A.radio signals transmitted on the computer lineB.harmful effects of computer screensC.the boredom of sitting before computersD.the difficulties in learning to type26. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A.Workers using drilling and cutting equipment are using computers now.B. A virus is spreading diseases among office workers, writers and programmers.puter users are threatened with sharper competition in getting employed.D.Anyone who sits for long hours at a computer may develop a special condition.27. In most serious cases of the problem, one may ______.A. find his four limbs degeneratingB. have his nerve system damagedC. lose control of his hand movements permanentlyD. become blind and numb28. The major cause of the problem is ________.A. strained sitting positionsB. poorly-lighted officesC. painful tingling in the handsD. the competitiveness of the job29. Which of the following is NOT given as a solution to the problem?A. Surgery.B. Shorter working hours.C. More breaks.D. Slower working pace.Passage 6Recent studies on the male-female wage gap predict that even though entry-salaries for males and females in the same occupation are nearly equal because women’s market skills have improved vastly, the chances of the overall gap closing in the foreseeable future are minimal. This is due to several actors that are likely to change very slowly, if at all. An important reason is that women are concentrated on occupations --- service and clerical --- that pay less than traditional male jobs. It is possible that more women than men in their twenties are hesitant to commit themselves to a year-round, lifetime career or job for many reasons. There is a lingering attitude on both the part of women and their employers that women are cut out for certain jobs. Not only does this attitude channel women into lover-paying work, but it also serves to keep them from top management positions.Another significant factor in the widening wage gap between men and women entering the work force, even in comparable jobs, is that women often drop out at critical points in their careers to have a family. Women still have the primary responsibility for child-rearing; even if they continue to work, they often forgo overtime and promotions that would conflict with home responsibilities. The ages of 25 to 35 have been shown repeatedly to be the period when working consistently and hard is vital to advancement and job security. These are precisely the years when women are likely to have children an d begin to slide away from men in earning power. Consequently, a woman’s income is more likely to be seen as secondary to her husband’s.30. Women are kept from top management positions partly because they _______.A. decide to devote themselves to certain lifetime jobs in their twentiesB. are inclined to rank family second to workC. tend to have more quarrels with their employersD. still take an incorrect attitude towards themselves31. Which of the following is implied in the passage as a partial reas on for women’s concentrationon certain occupations?A. Social division o labor.B. Social prejudice against them.C. Employment laws.D. Physiological weakness.32. The word “forgo” in Paragraph 2 could best be replaced by ______.A. give upB. drop outC. throw awayD. cut out33. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that ______.A. men’s jobs are subject to changeB. women tend to be employed off and on at the same jobC. men’s chances of promotion are minimalD. women used to be employed all the year round34. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Women’s market skills have improved greatly.B. Child care is still chiefly women’s work.C. Women are typically employed in clerical and service jobs.D. Domestic duties no longer confli ct with women’s jobs.Passage 7The urge to explore is innate in Man. Wherever his imagination wanders, Man seeks also to go.A large part of history is concerned with the exploration of the world in which we live. Time and again men have set out with amazing courage and resolution to probe into unknown regions and lands. They crossed the seas in flimsy boats, traversed continents, scaled mountains, fought their way through jungles and swamps, and endured untold hardships --- all to explore, to see what had not yet been seen, to make known the unknown. Nor did Man confine his movements to the surface of land and sea. With kites, balloons and aircraft he left the ground to range through the lower atmosphere. Now outer space receives his attention.The hard way to answer the question, why should Man bother about conquering space, is to attempt to list the specific practical benefits that will result. One knows, from past experience in other areas, that Man will surely see and discover new knowledge, and this new knowledge will find its way into valuable practical uses. What we learn about Man himself, from his experience in space, and from the effects of space and the space flight environment on him, will be invaluable. The new techniques developed to carry out the exploration of space, and to keep men alive in space, will inevitably find their way into valuable practical uses in everyday living. The areas that will benefit are manifold. They include communications, generation of power, transportation and travel, food production, conservation of resources, navigation, human comfort and welfare, biology and medicine, materials, fuels and many others. But to state specifically just what the practical outcomes will be is virtually impossible.35. Exploration of the unknown .A. often results in Man’s Power of imaginationB. is not common throughout human historyC. is generally sought after by men with courage and strengthD. is deeply rooted in the instinct of Man36. Which of the following best sketc hes the process of Man’s probe into the unknown world?A. Surface of the earth, the air and spaceB. Waters, mountains and forests, swampsC. Communications, transportation and conservationD. Urge, imagination and courage37. The benefits of space exploration are basically something .A. well-specifiedB. hypotheticalC. practicalD. inevitable38. According to the passage, the value of exploring the outer space will ultimately lie in_______.A. its testimony of Man’s courage and resolutionB. the knowledge it may help us to gain about out earthC. the results it may bring about in the interests of ManD. Man’s mastery of techniques to fly and stay alive in space39. From this passage we can conclude that Man should have confidence in exploring spacebecause________.A. we have directed our attention to the right object of studyB. we have accumulated experience from previous successes in other fieldsC. we have found the correct answer to the question of why Man should bother aboutconquering spaceD. we have already made it possible for people to benefit from this endeavor40. The ideas expressed in this passage can well be used in an argument____.A. in favor of criticisms on space explorationB. against spending millions of money on space projectsC. supportive of paralleling man’s conquest of nature with that of spaceD. to justify space exploration with its far-reaching significance in man’s lifeII. Translation (25%)Section ADirections: Put the following into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the appropriate space on Answer Sheet II.According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (1) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (2)“In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”(3)Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. Then modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.(4)The centerpiece of the argument of a technology---yes, genius---no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around。
2023年南京大学博士生英语入学考试试题
2023年南京大学博士生英语入学考试试题阅读理解1. 阅读以下短文，并回答问题：Passage 1:Passage 2:The Great Wall is a UNESCO World Heritage site in China. It is a symbol of China's rich history and a popular tourist attraction. It stretches over 13,000 miles and was built to protect China from invasions. The construction of the Great Wall started in the 7th century BC and continued until the 16th century AD.Questions:a) Where is Apple Inc. headquartered?b) Who founded Apple Inc.?c) What are some of Apple's famous products?d) Why was the Great Wall of China built?e) When did the construction of the Great Wall start and end? Sample Answers:a) Cupertino, California.b) Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne.d) To protect China from invasions.e) 7th century BC to 16th century AD.2. 阅读以下短文，并根据短文内容判断正误。
正确的写"True"，错误的写"False"。
农学博士英语试题及答案
农学博士英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is a common agricultural practice?A. MonocultureB. PolycultureC. Both A and BD. None of the above2. The term "photosynthesis" refers to the process by which plants:A. Convert sunlight into energyB. Break down organic compoundsC. Absorb waterD. Release oxygen3. In agriculture, the use of "fertilizers" is primarily for:A. Soil structure improvementB. Pest controlC. Enhancing plant growthD. Harvesting crops4. What is the main purpose of crop rotation?A. To increase crop yieldB. To reduce soil erosionC. To prevent pest infestationD. All of the above5. The "Green Revolution" in agriculture is associated with:A. The use of high-yielding varietiesB. The application of organic farmingC. The reduction of chemical fertilizersD. The promotion of sustainable practices6. What is the role of "pesticides" in agriculture?A. To increase crop yieldB. To protect crops from pestsC. To improve soil fertilityD. To enhance crop quality7. "Organic farming" is characterized by:A. The use of chemical fertilizersB. The avoidance of synthetic chemicalsC. The reliance on monocultureD. The use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)8. The term "biotechnology" in agriculture refers to:A. The use of traditional farming methodsB. The application of modern scientific techniquesC. The cultivation of wild plantsD. The breeding of livestock9. "Sustainable agriculture" aims to:A. Maximize short-term profitsB. Ensure long-term productivityC. Increase the use of machineryD. Expand the scale of farming10. "Conservation tillage" is a method that:A. Involves deep plowing of soilB. Reduces soil disturbanceC. Increases the use of waterD. Requires more fertilizers二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The process by which plants absorb water and nutrients from the soil is known as __________.2. A system of farming that mimics natural ecosystems is called __________.3. The use of genetically modified seeds in agriculture can lead to __________.4. The practice of leaving land fallow for a period is known as __________.5. The main component of natural gas used as a fertilizer is __________.6. The technique of grafting involves joining two different plants to form a __________.7. The term "drought-resistant" refers to plants that can survive with __________.8. The process of converting solar energy into chemical energy in plants is __________.9. The use of manure as a fertilizer is an example of__________.10. The practice of planting different crops in the samefield at the same time is known as __________.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the concept of integrated pest management (IPM) in agriculture.2. Describe the benefits of using compost in agricultural practices.3. What are the potential environmental impacts of using chemical fertilizers?4. Discuss the importance of biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the role of biotechnology in modern agriculture and its potential implications for food security.2. Analyze the challenges and opportunities presented by the adoption of precision farming techniques.五、翻译题（每题5分，共10分）1. Translate the following sentence into English: “土壤侵蚀是农业生产中一个严重的问题，需要采取有效措施来防止。
博士英语试题
博士英语试题Section A: Reading ComprehensionDirections: In this section, there are several passages followed by questions or incomplete statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.Passage 1There is a growing interest in learning English around the world, and more and more people are considering taking English language exams, such as the TOEFL or IELTS. These exams are widely recognized and accepted by universities and employers as proof of English language proficiency.The TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) is administered by the Educational Testing Service (ETS) and is primarily used for university admissions. It measures the ability to understand and use English at the university level.On the other hand, the IELTS (International English Language Testing System) is jointly managed by the British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia, and Cambridge Assessment English. It is accepted by universities and colleges in the UK, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, and is also used for visa and immigration purposes.Both exams consist of reading, listening, speaking, and writing sections. However, the TOEFL is entirely computer-based, while the IELTS offers a choice between paper-based and computer-based tests.1. According to the passage, why are more people considering taking English language exams?A. To improve their language skills.B. To prove their English language proficiency.C. To gain university admissions.D. To get a better job.2. What is the main difference between the TOEFL and the IELTS?A. TOEFL is computer-based, while IELTS offers both paper-based and computer-based tests.B. TOEFL is accepted by universities in the UK, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, while IELTS is primarily used for university admissions.C. TOEFL measures the ability to understand and use English at the university level, while IELTS is used for visa and immigration purposes.D. TOEFL is administered by ETS, while IELTS is jointly managed by the British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia, and Cambridge Assessment English.Passage 2The debate over whether technology is having a positive or negative effect on our lives continues to be a topic of discussion. Technology has undoubtedly made our lives more convenient and efficient. It allows us to connect with others from around the world through social media, simplifies tasks through automation, and provides us with instant access to information.However, there are concerns that technology is causing social isolation and dependency. With the rise of smartphones, many people spend hours engrossed in their devices, leading to fewer face-to-face interactions. Additionally, the constant need to be online and connected can lead to addiction and a lack of real-life social skills.Proponents argue that technology can enhance education, improve healthcare, and promote global collaboration. It allows students to access resources and information beyond the traditional classroom, provides remote medical consultations, and enables international teams to work together seamlessly.3. According to the passage, what are the positive aspects of technology?A. It makes our lives more convenient and efficient.B. It causes social isolation and dependency.C. It leads to addiction and a lack of real-life social skills.D. It simplifies tasks through automation.4. What is one concern regarding technology mentioned in the passage?A. It enhances education and improves healthcare.B. It promotes global collaboration and teamwork.C. It causes addiction and a lack of real-life social skills.D. It allows us to connect with others from around the world.。
南京农业大学历年考博试题
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南京农业大学博士考试英译汉汇总.docx
2011A majority of the world's climate scientists have convinced themselves, and also a lot of laymen, some of whom have political power, that the Earth's climate is changing;什lat the change, from humanity's point of view, is for the worse; and that the cause is human activity, in the form of excessive emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.A minority, though, are sceptical. Some think that recent data suggesting the Earth's average temperature is rising are explained by natural variations in solar radiation, and that this trend may be coming to an end. Others argue that there is no conclusive evidence that modern temperatures arc higher than they used to be.We believe that global wanning is a serious threat, and that the world needs to take steps to try to avert it. That is the job of the politicians・ But we do not believe that climate change is a certainty. There are no certainties in science・Prevailing theories must be constantly tested against evidence, and more evidence collected, and the theories tested again. That is the job of the scientists・世界上大部分气候学家已经使他们口己及许多普通民众（包括一些政界人士）确信，地球的气候正处丁变化之中；对人类而言，这一变化正H趋严重；罪魁祸首是人类活动，其表现形式为过量排放二氧化碳之类的温室气体。
博士生英语考试真题试卷
博士生英语考试真题试卷一、词汇与语法（共10题）1. The new discovery ______ a significant impact on the field of medicine.A. makes.B. has.C. gives.D. takes.答案：B。
解析：“have an impact on...”是固定搭配，表示“对……有影响”，这里主语是“the new discovery”，为第三人称单数，所以用“has”。
2. She was so ______ in her work that she didn't notice the time passing.A. absorbed.B. attracted.C. drawn.D. concentrated.答案：A。
解析：“be absorbed in...”是固定短语，意为“专心于……”；“be attracted to...”表示“被……吸引”；“concentrate on”（集中精力于），这里需要用“absorbed”。
3. It is essential that every student ______ a good command of English.A. has.B. had.C. have.D. will have.答案：C。
解析：在“It is essential that...”句型中，从句要用虚拟语气，即“should + 动词原形”，“should”可以省略，所以这里用“have”。
4. The committee ______ of fifteen members.A. consists.B. composes.C. makes up.D. is made up.答案：A。
解析：“consist of”表示“由……组成”，主动形式；“be made up of”也表示“由……组成”，但为被动形式；“compose”的用法是“be composed of”，这里主语是“the committee”，所以用“consists”。
中国农业大学博士入学考试英语试题
Part I Listening Comprehension(30questions,20points)Section A(20questions,10points)Directions:In this part,you will hear short conversations between two people.After each conversation,you will hear a question about the conversation.The conversation and questions will not be repeated.After you hear a question,read the four possible answers in your testbook and choose the best answer.Then,on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and draw a line crossing the letter that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.Example:You will hear:You will read:A)2hoursB)3hoursC)4hoursD)5hours1.A)He will be in the line for a long time.B)He has had experience coming to a line and waiting for a long time.C)He will not line up and wait.D)He doesn’t mind getting up early because lines don’t bother him.2.A)She isn’t knowledgeable about where things are on campus.B)The people outside are very good to ask.C)The man should not ask the registration office.D)The registration is outside of the building.3.A)Do a better job of guessing what she is expecting.B)Go talk to the professor and find out what her expectations are.C)Keep trying to work harder.D)Complain to the dean about professor Merrington’s strict marking.4.A)He didn’t pay for it as expected.B)He bought a Horizon.C)He paid a lot for it.D)He didn’t pay that much although you might think he had..5.A)Come to the cafeteria early to get a place.B)Start cooking instead of eating out.C)Move out of the campus housing.D)Stop complaining.6.A)She is a great outdoor type.B)It is unusual for her to go mountain climbing.C)Shania prefers mountain climbing.D)Shania doesn’t really like the outdoor.7.A)Go in a couple of weeks later.B)Come as soon as he finished his case.C)Not go and work on his assignment.D)Come as soon as he is not so far behind.8.A)Who is begging the professor for money.B)What is bothering the professor.C)Why the professor is so upset.D)Who is giving the professor trouble.9.A)She doesn’t want to play here.B)He should decide where to play.C)He should call someone else.D)She would have to be there to decide.10.A)She is late for something.B)She was bored.C)She thinks they shouldn’t wait.D)She thinks more should be achieved.11.A)He is too busy to go.B)He is late for her assignment.C)He would like to go but is afraid she cannot play well.D)He will go as soon as the assignment is finished.12.A)She thinks there is no chance of it happening.B)She thinks it’s quite possible under the circumstancesC)She is ambivalent.D)She would rather just help nurses.13.A)The man’s hand will get cold.B)The man needs to wear gloves.C)The man should hold the skis himself.D)The man should wear thinner gloves.14.A)Marge’s proofreading costs a lot.B)It will take one day for Marge to get back.C)Marge could do it but it will mean more delay.D)Marge may or may not do it.15.A)He thinks the woman should practice more.B)He thinks she hasn’t practiced enough.C)He thinks the woman is now perfect at the new program.D)He thinks she practiced a lot so it’s now paying off.16.A)Look after if she is paid.B)Call Maggie to look after the dog.C)Not look after the dog.D)Look after the dog.17.A)The location of the computer.B)The new schedule.C)How to find a new home.D)The address of the website.18.A)She can go any day,but Friday is the best time.B)She can’t go any day.C)She can only go on Friday.D)She can go any day except Friday.19.A)Go to the Reeds Hotel pool.B)Arrange for a party at Reeds Hotel.C)Remind her to get things ready quickly.D)Confirm bookings at Reeds Hotel.20.A)Bill’s email is on the internet.B)Bill’s number is listed on the internet.C)Bill’s number might be on the listing on the internet.D)Bill may have moved.Section B(10questions,10points)Directions:In this section,you will hear3short passages.At the end of each passage,you will hear some questions.Both the passage and the question will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C,and D,and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage1Questions21to23are based on the passage you’ve just heard.21.A)In ancient China.B)In ancient Egypt.C)In ancient Greece.D)In ancient Rome.22.A)In ancient Egypt only members of the royal family were allowed to useumbrellas.B)By the late16th century the English people began to use umbrellas.C)The umbrella changed much in style in the18th century.D)The umbrella was initially used as a sunshade.23.A)When and how the umbrella was invented.B)The making of the umbrella.C)The history of the use of the umbrella.D)The different uses of the umbrella.Passage2Questions24to27are based on the passage you’ve just heard.24.A)Both the players and the spectators are protected.B)The players have to catch beetles in their cars.C)The ball is extremely big.D)The players have to catch the ball while driving.25.A)Dangerous.B)Exciting but dangerous.C)Protective.D)Popular.26.A)He thinks the game will be as popular as football.B)He thinks the game will be more popular than football.C)He doesn’t think the game will be more popular than football.D)He doesn’t think the game will be popular at all.27.A)Americans are only interested in new things.B)The game is popular both in America and Europe.C)Football is no longer very popular in America.D)The game can be dangerous for both the players and the spectators.Passage3Questions28to30are based on the passage you’ve just heard.28.A)Scientists and comets.B)The origin of comets.C)Place of comets in the solar system.D)Man’s study of comets.29.A)In1760B.C.B)In1770B.C.C)In1780B.C.D)In1750B.C.30.A)The word‘comet’comes form Greek.B)People used to think that comets brought bad news as well as good news.C)Edward Halley died in1758.D)Halley’s Comet will reappear in2062.Part II.Vocabulary(25questions,25points)Section ADirections:There15incomplete sentences in this section.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter in theAnswer Sheet with a single line through the center.31.The first thing to do in seeking a position is to determine exactly what you want to do,not______a vagueobjective but with a definite goal.A)in any term B)in terms of C)in high terms D)in set terms32.Energy shortage,soaring inflation,rampant unemployment and threat of war have made adults Americansnervous,and that sense of pervasive worry has been______the nations’youth.A)went on to D)keep up with C)passed on to D)hold on to33.The idea of trying to cheat the income tax authorities______his principles,he had a strong sense of civicresponsibility.A)went against B)fought against C)leaned against D)over against34.If anyone can think of a better course of action,I______suggestions.A)would like to B)am delighted to C)am in open D)am open to35.With technological developments,some labor-intensive industries have______high-tech industries.A)given up B)stepped aside C)stood along D)yielded to36.You are looking bit______this morning;you must have had too much alcohol last night.A)blank B)fragile C)blue D)dizzy37.As she is______to eggs,she cannot eat one without breaking into a rash.A)partial B)accustomed C)allergic D)relevant38.She still looks weak though her fever______after she took some medicine.A)educed B)caught C)got off D)came down39.Relations between the two countries began to______in1965.A)deteriorate B)cease C)accelerate D)stimulate40.Economic activity has been organized on the______of cheap and abundant oil from the beginning of the20thcentury until early the21st century.A)gist B)notion C)rationale D)premise41.Owing to a/an______lack of lower-income housing,the municipal government is embarrassed by theimpressing housing issue.A)acute B)stressful C)demanding D)urgent42.The idea that machines could be made to fly seemed______two hundred years ago.A)original B)eccentric C)terrific D)splendid43.The policy______it necessary for the town’s safety to arrest most speeders.A)narrated B)elaborated C)deemed D)commended44.If you do something on_____,you do it because you suddenly want to,although you haven’t planned to.A)impulse B)pulse C)impromptu D)imminence45.If______numbers provide any proof,America’s universities and colleges are the envy of the world,for theUnited States’3,500institutions were flooded with407,530students from193different countries last year.A)definite B)strong C)fundamental D)sheerSection BDirections:Choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase.46.Shortage of land and funding are blamed for the city’s inadequate green space.A)complained about B)are liable for C)accused of D)are damned as47.The hostess didn’t know what to do,as she hadn’t got enough food to go round so many people.A)give service to B)cater for C)be enough for D)sate oneself with48.The government stressed that high production rate should not be achieved at the expense of work quality.A)at any expense B)at the cost of C)at any cost D)to the extension of49.The idea that we cannot leave everything to free market forces seems to gain groundA)be acknowledged B)be accepted C)stand still D)get the ground of50.It is reported that the country’s national debt amounts in aggregate to four thousand million dollars.A)as a whole B)on the whole C)total to D)sum up51.At its last meeting,the Council endorsed changes intended to modernize the building.A)modified B)approved C)signed D)donated52.The United States committed a breach of international practice.A)violation B)concession C)offence D)compromise53.From the start,the plan was doomed to failure,so all his effort was in vain.A)expected B)supposed C)condemned D)promised54.In feudal society where there existed a rigid hierarchy of power,the poor had no chance of advancementexcept that they could pass many different levels of examinations.A)criteria B)layer C)degree D)rank55.You shouldn’t have criticized her so harshly.You have hurt her ego.A)self esteem B)self image C)image D)esteem.Part III.Reading Comprehension(20questions,40points)Directions:Read the following passages and answer the multiple-choice questions after each passage. Passage1Too Many Science Ph.D.’s?Something is wrong when a lot of young scientists,after achieving Ph.D.'s.are feeling like losers.Its a given that the job market for science positions in academe is bleak.A doctorate is supposed to be a ticket to a dream job,but many Ph.D.'s aren't even landing their third or fourth choices.But with reliable statistics hard to come by,the scientific community is at odds over whether it is producing too many Ph.D.'s.Some scientists believe that doctoral programs should be practicing"birth control,"cutting back the number of graduate students they admit.Most.,however,say the answer lies in changing doctoral education which they say has been too focused on producing university scientists."It's really destructive to the profession to have the sense that Ph.D.'s aren't valued,"says Ronald Breslow,a chemist at Columbia University and president of the American Chemical Society.Young scientists in the post-Cold War era are facing two major difficulties:many have had to work in postdoctoral or temporary research positions for four years orlonger,because they can't find jobs.Others,like Kathryn S.Jones,have found jobs but can't find financing for their research.Ms.Jones,a retrovirologist,got a non-tenure-track position as a research assistant professor at the University of Maryland at Baltimore,but is about to lose the job because she hasn't landed a major grant."I have a Ph.D.,"says Ms.Jones,who earned it at the Albert Einstein College of''Medicine,"I've given my data at international meetings.But because of the small percentage of success in this field,I walk around feeling like a failure."By the end of this month,the start-up money that Ms.Jones received three years ago,when she was hired by the university and the Veterans Administration medical Center on the campus,will be gone.She can keep her laboratory and her titles for up to a year,and could be back in business if she gets a grant.But she’s not hopeful. In fact,she’s thinking about getting certified to teach high-school biology.“I have to wonder if I want to be the last rat leaving a sinking ship,”she says.A report published last spring,called“Reshaping the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers,”has sparked a national debate about doctoral education.Written by scholars and policy makers,it was sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences,the National Academy of Engineering,and the Institute of Medicine.According to the report,the proportion of science and engineering Ph.D.'s employed by academe fell to43per cent in1991.the most recent year for which statistics were available,from5I per cent in1977.The1993 unemployment rate was only2per cent for recent Ph.D.recipients and1.6per cent for all scientists and engineers, it said.Those figures seem low,but they include Ph.D.'s in temporary or post-doctoral positions."There is an oversupply of recent graduates for research positions in academic laboratories and federal and industrial labs,"says Phillip A.Griffiths,director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton,N.J.,and chairman of the panel that wrote the report."Beyond that,it becomes quite a bit more murky.There certainly is an oversupply of unmet expectations."Since the job market varies by field,the report said it would be unwise to set across-the-board limits on graduate enrollment.Instead,it suggested broadening Ph.D.programs for students who aren't planning standard academic careers.Scientific societies provide a more up-to-date picture of the job-market,and it is grim.In December,the Joint Policy Board for Mathematics announced an unemployment rate of14.7per cent for the1,226Ph.D.'s awarded in the field in1994——1995——the highest rate ever reported.An additional4.2percent of the Ph.D.'s were in part-time jobs,and of those employed in academe,61per cent were not in positions eligible for tenure.Anne C.Petersen,deputy director of the National Science Foundation,acknowledges that the N.S.F.was late in recognizing the job-market woes.“The anxiety some young people have is really obvious,”she says. Foundation officials are uncertain what exactly is happening,she says,because of gaps in the data collected on Ph.D's.But the N.S.F.is committed to improving its data collection,so that better information on where Ph.D.send up is available.In the next few years,she says,the foundation will also direct money to new models of doctoral education,other than the standard one presuming that a Ph.D.will become a professor."The Ph.D.should be construed in our society more like the law degree,"she says."A lot of people go to law school with no plans to practice law."But Mark S Wrighton,president of Washington University in St.Louis and a noted chemist,believes that the Ph.D.experience should continue to be"research-intensive."He says more federal money should be put directly into the hands of graduate students,allowing them to work on their own research ideas——and to make themselves more remarkable—and less given to the research projects of professors who hire graduate students as research assistants.56.After achieving Ph.D's,a lot of young scientists are feeling like losers,because_______.A)they have no faith in the academeB)they can only choose from three or four positionsC)it is very difficult for them to find a desirable jobD)it is impossible for them to carry out scientific work57.As we all know,the job market for science position in academe is_______.A)tight B)challenging C)small D)exclusive58.Which of the following is true according to the article?A)A)Some scientists believe that there are too many doctoral programs.B)B)Reliable statistics suggest that there are not enough Ph.D's for science positions.C)C)Most scientists argue that doctoral education should produce more competent Ph.D's.D)D)Scholars hope that the job market will be open to more Ph.D's.59.What can we learn from the experience of Ms.Jones?A)The start-up money can last three years.B)Every Ph.D has financial problems.C)Postdoctoral position is a good choice.D)Grant,jobs,and title are interrelated.60.In order to reshape the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers,which of thefollowing suggestions is mentioned?A)To set limits on graduate enrollment in all fields.B)To direct money to new models of doctoral education.C)To broaden Ph.D programs for students who are to be professors.D)To hire graduate students as research assistants.Passage TwoOur Love-Hate Affair with TechnologyThe entertainment we enjoy is a measure of who we are.Two recent movies——last summers Star Wars and November's Close Encounters of the Third Kind—suggest that Americans are both fascinated with and horrified by the technological world we have shaped.Neither movie pretends to great seriousness.Star Wars is a light confection about another galaxy and era and a young man named Luke Skywalker who,thanks to an improbable series of coincidences,is drawn into a death battle against the galaxy's wicked emperor.En route to victory,he encounters a fair princess and wins her heart,if not her hand.(This is the age of liberation.)Close Encounters of the Third Kind concerns Roy Neary,an ordinary American who has an encounter with a UFO and becomes obsessed with his search for an explanation.His mission is impeded by those who do not believe in the existence of UFOs;by those who would prefer to wish the perplexing UFOs out of existence;and by those in power who,to prevent panic,deny the existence of UFOs.Luke Skywalker and every adventurer-hero since Odysseus,Neary finds an available pretty girl to accompany him on his lonely mission.In the last frame, though,he achieves a goal more lofty than marriage——he strides into a UFO and,the ultimate American pioneer,flies away with the strange Visitors to destinations unknown.From the popularity of Star Wars,the likely success of Close Encounters,and the increasing respectability ofthe whole genre of science fiction,it is clear that our age,more than its predecessors,needs whatever consolation or reassurance science fiction affords.If all art is to some extent escapist,one might ask what it is that we are escaping from.An answer,I think,is hidden in the films'imagery.In StarWars,Luke Skywalker ekes out a living as a "moisture farmer"(whatever that may be)in a bleak desert on the remote planet of Tatooine.Apparently,the reason he lives in such an unfruitful place rather than in galactic Palm Springs is that there is no galactic Palm Springs:Evil technology has reduced the universe to wind and sand.If the technocrats(技术专家治国论者)were not so vicious and self-serving,the land would be more fruitful.Luke's mission is to replace the Bad technocrats with the Good,which he does.In a closing ceremony disturbingly reminiscent of Nuremberg Nazi rallies,Luke is rewarded with a medal(and a wink)by the princess,who represents the new,benevolent ruling class.Similarly,in Close Encounters,the world in which Roy Neary lives is corrupted by bad technology.Director Stephen Spielberg focuses his camera critically on all the mechanical paraphernalia(器材)——toy trains,hair dryers,TV's——with which we surround ourselves.The way the Visitors from the other planet make their presence known is by wreaking havoc on technology;turning on toys,s,in the dead of night;turning off the telephones and the electricity;and bewildering the air traffic scanners.The vision that obsesses Roy Neary, though,is not one of a Thoreauvian cabin in the woods,where evil technology may never trespass,but rather one of a technologically perfect world,where all the circuits enhance man's happiness.Like Neary and Skywalke,Americans are perplexed by the failure of technology to supply us with a meaningful life or a decent environment to live in.For every wonderful achievement,technology seems to deal us an equivalent kick in the shins.Travel has become more efficient and less civilized.Television has helped to raise a generation of unprecedentedly educated six-year-olds and increasingly illiterate high school seniors.We can enjoy completely enclosed and comfortable environments hundreds of feet above the sidewalk until,as witness the NewYork City blackout last summer,someone pulls the plug and the environments become inaccessible and uninhabitable.Only the most naive believe we can escape our increasingly technological environment. Recognizing that the technologizing trend is irreversible,we fantasize,with Skywalker and Neary,about a world where all the machines work with us,rather than against us,where the computer does not obstinately mis-bill,and where jets disgorge(卸下)our luggage intact at correct destinations.Regrettably,as both these films imply,the"perfect"technocracy is one over which ordinary mortals can exercise no influence.The enormity and complexity of the system preclude nonexpert involvement.Our only options in such a world would be to replace the bad technocrats,as Skywalker does,evade them,as Neary does, or trust that in their loving-kindness they will make the machines produce what we desire.Our democratic methods of trying to control our exploding technology may be less than"perfect,"but they do leave man some room in which to manage his destiny.61.What is Roy Neary's mission?A)To find a pretty girl.B)To look for an explanation about UFOs.C)To fly away to destinations unknown.D)To be a member of the world of UFOs.62.What can we learn from the increasing popularity of the whole genre of science fiction according to theauthor?A)Bad technology has caused serious problems.B)Science fiction is an art of escapism.C)We need more reassurance than our ancestors.D)Science fiction offers us more entertainment than any other art63.We can infer from the passage that the author thinks that__________.A)humans are more vicious and self-serving than any other creatureB)there does not exist a Palm Springs in the universeC)farmers can only eke out a livingD)our world has been seriously damaged by evil technology64.According to the author;every technological achievementA)has changed our living styleB)has made the environment more inhabitableC)has brought us more harm than benefitD)has enhanced people’s happiness65.What is the attitude of the author toward technology?A)Supportive.B)Negative.C)Tolerant.E)Cautious.Passage ThreeComputers BugYear2,000Bug Unstoppable for Some ComputersWith500days left until the year2,000,experts said last week,that it may already be too late for many companies to defuse the millennium computer time bomb.According to the Gartner Group,a US high-technology consultant agency,nearly a quarter of all worldwide companies have not yet started work on plans to solve the year2,000problems.This means most of these organizations will effectively be unable to fix their system in time.The Gartner group,which said last year that the millennium bomb rehabilitation would cost between US$300 billion and US$600billion worldwide,also said in the repot published this month that only50percent of companies that had projects to eliminate the bug planned to test their corrected systems.Dangerous PolicyExperts said this was a dangerous policy,because correcting computer programmes often introduced new flaws. Testing was essential.The millennium computer bomb is a legacy from shortcuts by software writers,who in the name of economy expressed years with just the final two digits rather than four.When clocks tick past midnight on December31,1999,many unrectified computers and chips will interpret the double zero as1900.This will turn many computer programmes to mush.Unchecked,many public utilities,assembly lines,bank teller machines,traffic lights and lifts may shut down.Some experts say the problem has been grossly exaggerated by software companies seeking to scare customers into buying the latest,bug-free products.But Graham Titterington,consultant at London consultancy Ovum,does not share this optimistic view.“The situation is pretty critical.Most companies are doing something,but are they doing enough?”he said in an interview.Titterington also said that for the vast majority of business there was no extemal check on the effectiveness of their remedial work.Running out of TimeMitul Mehta,senior European research manager at Frost&Sullivan in London,said time was running out for many companies.Companies now could only pinpoint vital computer systems for fixing.Less crucial systems would just have to run the risk of crashing and be fixed later,Mehta said.“Some crucial areas apart from computers are not getting enough attention.I don’t think networking companies have their act together–meaning manufacturers of routers,switches and network equipment like Bay(network company)and Cisco(Systems company),these kinds of companies,”Mehta said.He said:“Anybody looking at their system now is probably too late anyway.”Critical SituationIn his report,Gartner Group millennium research director,Lou Marcoccio,said that of the15,000companies and government agencies surveyed,23percent had not started millennium bomb projects.Of these,86percent were small companies which would not have a chance to correct their systems unless they began immediately. The Gartmer report said most Western European companies and the United States had made good progress. Germany was a notable laggard.“:Eastern Europe,Russia,India,pakistan,Southeast Asia,Japan,most of South America,most of middle east and Central Africa all lag the United States by more than21months.“Most of Western Europe is six months behind the United States,except for Germany which is21months behind,and France,which is eight to10months behind.“The US government had the lead on all other national governments by an even wider margin than the companies in those countries.Most government agencies are significantly behind the United States.”The reportsaid.66.Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?A)Most worldwide companies will be too late to solve the year2,000programme problems.B)Only a quarter of these companies have started to solve the year2,000programmeproblems.C)Only50%of companies worldwide planned to test their corrected systems.D)To solve the year2,000programme problems,between US$300billion to$600billion had to be spent.67.The millennium computer bomb problem resulted from the fact that_______.A)computer companies were trying to scare customers into buying new productsB)too many programmes had not been tested before they were put to useC)the software writers expressed years with two digits rather than four digitsD)many uncorrected computers interpreted1,900as2,000,or vice versa68.Lou Maroecio reported that_________.A)15,000computer companies and govemment agencies had not started millennium bomb projects.B)86percent computers would not have a chance to be rectifiedC)Germany was slow in solving the millennium problemD)Most countries have soled the millennium problem69.Which of the following countries is the slowest in correcting its computer systems?A)Japan.B)France.C)German.D)England.70.After reading the passage,one may safely conclude that_______.A)if we start working now,the year2,000bug problem can still be solvedB)it is already too late for many companies to do the correction workC)it is a dangerous policy to correct computer programmes because new flaws may be introducedD)the year2000bug problem has been exaggeratedPassage FourDemographic TransitionWhile economic change has grabbed the headlines,the change in the structure of Asia’s populations has been at least as profound.According to a recent article by Jeffrey Williamson,an economist at Harvard,and Matthew Higgins,of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York,this demographic miracle may almost entirely account for the economic one.Work by Andrew Mason of the University of Hawaii and Ronald Lee and Timothy Miller,both of the University of California at Berkeley,buttresses this view.Both groups of economists argue that the knock-on effect of the demographic changes will,if managed correctly,spur growth throughout Asia until well into the next century.As countries become rich,they tend to go through a“demographic transition”in which fast-improving medical conditions and high birth rates combine to cause rapid population growth.This was the situation in most of Asia 30years ago.Eventually,however,birth rates fall significantly,and population growth slows.This causes a shift in the age profile of the population from that of a lumpy pyramid_lots of infants and children and relatively few grandparents_to a kind of Chinese lantern,with relatively few people in the youngest and oldest groups and a big bulge in the middle.For economies,this bulge is good news.It means that a large share of the population is of working age,and the“dependency ratio”is relatively low.In the West,the demographic transition took more than a century.But in South-East Asia it happened in the space of a single generation.For instance,in1965,Thai women had an average of more than six children;now they have fewer than three.Much the same thing happened first in Japan,then in Singapore,Taiwan,South Korea and Indonesia.At the same time,these countries have had the highest rates of economic growth in the world. This may not be a coincidence.In earlier work,Mr.Williamson estimated that changes in the age structure of the populations alone could account for1.5%of growth in GDP per person per year.But it is not simply high growth rates that have typified the region.It has also enjoyed exceptionally high rates of saving and investment. And it is these,both groups of authors argue,which have been surprisingly affected by demography.Before the early1970s,when the youth-dependency burden was at its peak,South-East Asia’s saving rates were much lower.。
博士研究生入学考试英语试题
2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part I. Reading Comprehension (60%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A), B), C), or D) and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I.Passage 1We live in southern California growing grapes, a first generationof vintners, our home adjacent to the vineyards and the winery. It’s a very pretty place, and in order to earn the money to realize our dream of making wine, we worked for many years in a business that demanded several household moves, an incredible amount of risk-taking and long absences from my husband. When it was time, we traded in our old life, cinched up our belts and began the creation of the winery.We make small amounts of premium wine, and our lives are dictated by the rhythm of nature and the demands of the living vines. The vines start sprouting tiny green tendrils in March and April, and the baby grapes begin to form in miniature, so perfect that they can be dipped in gold to form jewelry. The grapes swell and ripen in early fall, and when their sugar content is at the right level, they are harvested carefully by hand and crushed in small lots. The wine is fermented and tendeduntil it is ready to be bottled. The vineyards shed their leaves, thevines are pruned and made ready for the dormant months --- and the next vintage.It sounds nice, doesn’t it? Living in the country, our days spentin the ancient routine of the vineyard, knowing that the course of our lives as vintners was choreographed long age and that if we practiced diligently, our wine would be good and we’d be successful. From thestart we knew there was a price for the privilege of becoming a wine-making family, connected to the land and the caprices of nature.We work hard at something we love, we are slow to panic over the daily emergencies, we are nimble at solving problems as they arise. Some hazards to completing a successful vintage are expected: rain justbefore harvesting can cause mold; electricity unexpectedly interrupted during the cold fermentation of white wine can damage it; a delayed payment from a major client when the money is needed.There are outside influences that disrupt production and take patience, good will and perseverance. [For example] the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms regulates every facet of the wine business.A winery’s records are audited as often as two or three times a yearand every label --- newly written for each year’s vintage --- must be approved. …[But] The greatest threat to the winery, and one that almost madeus lose heart, came out of a lawyer’s imagination. Out little winery was served notice that we were named in a lawsuit accusing us of endangering the public health by using lead foils on our bottles (it was the only material used until recently) “without warning consumers of apossible risk.” There it was, our winery’s name listed with the industry’s giants. …… I must have asked a hundred times: “Who gets the money if the lawsuit is successful?” The answer was, and I never was able to assimilate it, the plaintiffs and their lawyers who filed the suit! Since the lawsuit was brought in behalf of consumers, it seemed to me that consumers must get something if it was proved that a lead foil was dangerous to them. We were told one of the two consumer claimants was an employee of the firm filing the suit!There are attorneys who focus their careers on lawsuits like this. It is an immense danger to the small businessman. Cash reserves can be used up in the blink of an eye when in the company of lawyers. As long as it’s possible for anyone to sue anybody for anything, we are all in danger. As long as the legal profession allows members to practice law dishonorably and lawyers are congratulated for winning big money in this way, we’ll be plagued with a corruptible justice system.1. The phrase “cinched up our belts”, in the first paragraph, suggests that the coupleA. thought creating a winery would be busyB. wore clothing that was too bigC. strapped their belongings together and movedD. prepared for the difficult work ahead2. The grapes are harvested on a date thatA. may vary.B. depends on the approval of the regulatory bureau.C. is traditionally set.D. is determined by availability of pickers.3. According to the author, the life of vintners is most controlled byA. the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms.B. unexpected changes in temperature.C. the sugar content of the grapes.D. the tempo of the seasons.4. The writer complains that when she questioned the lawyers sheA. never got the answer.B. never got a simple answer.C. could make no sense of the answer she got.D. could not understand the answer she got.5. The writer thinks that the legal professionA. strives to protect consumers.B. does a good job of policing its members.C. is part of an incorruptible system.D. includes rapacious attorneys.Passage 2There is a confused notion in the minds of many persons, which the gathering of the property of the poor into the hands of the rich does no ultimate harm, since in whosever hands it may be, it must be spent at last, and thus, they think, return to the poor again. This fallacy has been again and again exposed; but granting the plea true, the same apology may, of course, be made for black mail, or any other form of robbery. It might be (though practically it never is) as advantageousfor the nation that the robber should have the spending of the money he extorts, as that the person robbed should have spent it. But this is no excuse for the theft. If I were to put a turnpike on the road where it passes my own gate, and endeavor to exact a shilling from every passenger, the public would soon do away with my gate, without listening to any pleas on my part that it was as advantageous to them, in the end, that I should spend their shillings, as that they themselves should. But if, instead of outfacing them with a turnpike, I can only persuade them to come in and buy stones, or old iron, or any other useless thing, out of my ground, I may rob them to the same extent and, moreover, be thanked as a public benefactor and promoter of commercial prosperity. And this main question for the poor of England --- for the poor of all countries --- is wholly omitted in every treatise on the subject of wealth. Even by the laborers themselves, the operation of capital is regarded only in its effect on their immediate interests, never in thefar more terrific power of its appointment of the kind and the object of labor. It matters little, ultimately, how much a laborer is paid for making anything; but it matters fearfully what the thing is which he is compelled to make. If his labor is so ordered as to produce food, fresh air, and fresh water, no matter that his wages are low; the food and the fresh air and water will be at last there, and he will at last get them. But if he is paid to destroy food and fresh air, or to produce iron bars instead of them, the food and air will finally not be there, and he will not get them, to his great and final inconvenience. So that, conclusively, in politics as in household economy, the great question is, not so much what money you have in your pocket, as what you will buywith it and do with it.。
博士入学考试-1001英语
statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. You should decide on the best
choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
xx 博士研究生入学考试试题
科目代码: 1001
科目名称: 英语
请注意:答案必须写在答题纸上（写在试题上无效）
I. Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
________.
A) intrigued
B) steered
Ⅱ. Reading Comprehension
C) cheated
D) bothered
Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished
classrooms in recent years.
A) subordination B) participation
南京农业大学2023博士英语考试真题
南京农业大学2023博士英语考试真题Nanjing Agricultural University 2023 PhD English ExamInstructions for Candidates:- Time: 3 hours- Total marks: 100- Answer all questions- Use complete sentences and proper grammarSection A: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions that follow:Climate change poses a major threat to agriculture worldwide. Extreme weather events, such as droughts, floods, and heatwaves, are becoming more frequent and unpredictable. These events can devastate crops, leading to food shortages and economic losses. In order to adapt to these changes, farmers must develop resilient farming practices and adopt new technologies.1. What are some of the impacts of climate change on agriculture?2. Why is it important for farmers to adapt to climate change?3. What can farmers do to mitigate the effects of extreme weather events on crops?Section B: WritingWrite an essay on the following topic:"Discuss the role of technology in sustainable agriculture. How can advancements in technology help farmers adapt to climate change and improve crop yields?"Section C: SpeakingIn this section, you will be asked to give a short presentation on a topic related to your field of study. You will have 5 minutes to prepare and 10 minutes to present. The examiners may ask follow-up questions after your presentation.Good luck!。
博士入学考试-1001英语
科目代码: 1001
科目名称: 英语
请注意:答案必须写在答题纸上（写在试题上无效）
I. Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
A) reasoning
B)reasonable
C) neutral
D) mutual
18. Some people tell jokes very well while others________ say something funny.
A) attempt to
B) tempt to
C) appeal to
classrooms in recent years.
A) subordination B) participation
C) impact
D) assumption
3. It has been proven innumerable times that the various types of behavior, emotions, and interests that
Mr. Newbery had slept in the shed every night for four years because of vandalism, the court was told by the defense. That night, he heard a loud banging on the door, and a voice saying “If the old man’s in there, we’ll do him.” He was absolutely terrified, and fired the gun in self-defense. As a result of the incident, Mr. Revill lost two fingers, and has partially lost the use of one arm.
英语博士考试真题电子版
英语博士考试真题电子版The importance of obtaining a Ph.D. in English cannot be overstated. Not only does it provide individuals with a deep understanding of the English language and literature, but it also opens up a wide range of career opportunities. For those considering pursuing a Ph.D. in English, the English Doctoral Examination is a crucial step in the process.The English Doctoral Examination is a comprehensive test that assesses a candidate's knowledge and understanding of various aspects of English language and literature. It covers a wide range of topics, including literary theory, critical analysis, and research methodologies. The examination consists of both written and oral components, and candidates are required to demonstrate their proficiency in these areas.In order to prepare for the English Doctoral Examination, candidates must engage in extensive study and research. They must familiarize themselves with key literary works, critical theories, and research methods. It is essential for candidates to develop strong analytical and critical thinking skills, as these will be crucial in answering the examination questions effectively.One of the key components of the English Doctoral Examination is the written component, which typically consists of essay questions that require candidates to analyze and interpret literary texts, discuss critical theories, and engage with scholarly debates. Candidates must demonstrate their ability to construct coherent arguments, support their claims with evidence, and engage with complex ideas in a clear and concise manner.The oral component of the English Doctoral Examination is equally important, as it allows candidates to demonstrate their ability to articulate their ideas, engage in scholarly discussions, and defend their research and interpretations. Candidates must be prepared to answer questions from a panel of examiners, engage in debates, and demonstrate their knowledge and understanding of the field.Successfully passing the English Doctoral Examination is a significant achievement that opens up a wide range of opportunities for individuals. It not only demonstrates acandidate's expertise in the field of English language and literature but also showcases their ability to engage with complex ideas, conduct original research, and contribute to scholarly debates.In conclusion, the English Doctoral Examination is a crucial step in the process of obtaining a Ph.D. in English. Candidates must be prepared to engage in extensive study and research, develop strong analytical and critical thinking skills, and demonstrate their knowledge and understanding of the field. By successfully passing the examination, candidates can embark on a rewarding academic and professional career in the field of English language and literature.。
博士研究生入学英语考试试卷
博士研究生入学英语考试试卷(2002. 5. 13)Part I Vocabulary and Structure(20 minutes)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completesthe sentence. Then write down the answer on the Answer Sheet.1.While typing, Helen has a habit of stopping ___B___ to give her long and flowing hair a Smooth.A. simultaneouslyB. occasionallyC. eventuallyD. promptly2.Most electronic devices of this kind, ___C______ manufactured for this purpose, are tightlyPacked.A. which isB. what areC. as areD. they are3.I found the missing letter _____C_____ on the top shelf.A. lyingB. lainC. layingD. resting4.He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to __D___ the consequences.A. run intoB. abide byC. step intoD. answer for5.It’s usually the case that people seldom behave in a ___B___ way when in a furious state.A. credibleB. rationalC. legalD. stable6.“May I take the instrument out of the laboratory?” “No, you ____D______.”A. may notB. can notC. might notD. must not7.All the off-shore sailors were in high spirits as they read ___C____ letters from their families.A. intimateB. affectionateC. sentimentalD. sensitiveA.__D_on the table.B.There are three strong cup of coffeeC.Three strong cups of coffee are thereD.There are three cups of strong coffeeE.There are strong three cups of coffee8.Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causes energy to be ____A____ in some form.A. given offB. set offC. used upD. put out9.A ____A____ of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor forapproval.A. schemeB. shorthandC. scheduleD. sketch10.The business of each day, ____A____ selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.A. it beingB. was itC. be itD. it was11.___A______ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.A. But forB. In spite ofC. As forD. Because of12.Today, housework has been made easier by electrical ____B_______.A. instrumentsB. appliancesC. facilitiesD. equipment13.Don’t ____C____ the news to the public until we give you the go-ahead.A. retainB. discardC. relieveD. release14.Accustomed to climbing trees, _____B_____. HtA.it was not difficult to reach the topB.the top was not difficult to reachC.I had no difficult reaching the topD.To reach the top was not difficult16. ___A___ his knowledge of the mountainous country, John Smith was appointed as guide.A. On account ofB. In spite ofC. Regardless ofD. Instead of17.When I took his temperature, it was two degrees above ____D_____.A. ordinaryB. averageC. regularD. normal18.With sufficient scientific information a manned trip to Mars should be ____C______.A. potentialB. considerableC. feasibleD. obtainable19.Why did you pay so much money for that small apartment? You __A______ better.A. should have knownB. may have knownC. will have knownD. must have known20.I was suspicious of his sincerity and remained ____D____ by his many arguments.A. unconfirmedB. reassuredC. unconvincedD. unconcerned21.“When ________ again?” “When he ___B_____, I’ll let you know.”A. he comes; comesB. will he come; comesC. he comes; will comeD. will he come; will come22.Because of the strong sun Mrs. William’s new dining room curtains _____A___ from darkblue to gray within a year.A. fadedB. faintedC. paledD. diminished23.Our attitude toward our teachers should be ____D_____, but not slavish or superstitious.A. respectedB. respectableC. respectiveD. respectful24.There was _____C____ to prevent the accident.A. something that could doB. anything we could doC. nothing we could doD. nothing could be done25.With all kinds of fabric samples, the designer could not make up her mind _____B_____.A. to select which oneB. which one to selectC. which to be selectedD. about selecting which26.Your help is ___A______ for the success of the project.A. indispensableB. inevitableC. inherentD. indicativewyers often make higher ___C______ for their work than they should.A. costsB. pricesC. chargesD. bills28.Dress warmly, ____D_______ yo u’ll catch cold.A. on the contraryB. or ratherC. in no wayD. or else29.The policeman stopped him when he was driving home and _B___ him of speeding.A. blamedB. accusedC. deprivedD. charged30.We were rather upset by his __C____ to support our proposal.A. rejectingB. refusingC. denyingD. resistingPart II Reading Comprehension(40 minutes)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B),C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and write down your answer onthe Answer Sheet.Passage OneWhat does a scientist do when he or she “explains” someth ing? Scientific explanation comes in two forms: generalization and reduction. Most psychologists deal with generalization. They explain particular instances of behavior as example of general laws. For instance, most psychologists would explain a pathologically strong fear of dogs as an example of classical conditioning. Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal. Perhaps the person was knocked down by an exuberant dog , and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response—fear.Most physiologists deal with reduction. Phenomena are explained in terms of simple phenomena. For example, the movement of a muscle is explained in terms of changes in the membranes of muscle cells, entry of particular chemicals, and interactions between protein molecules within these cells. A molecular biologist would “explain” these events in terms of forces that bind various molecules together and cause various parts of these molecules to be attracted to one another.The task of physiological psychology is to “explain” behavior in physiological terms. Like other scientists, physiological psychologists believe that all natural phenomena—including human behavior—are subject to the laws of physics. Thus, the laws of behavior can be reduced to descriptions of physiological processes.How does one study the physiology of behavior? Physiologists cannot simply be reductionist. It is not enough to observe behaviors and correlate them with physiological events that occur at the same time, Identical behaviors, under different conditions, may occur for different reasons, and thus be initiated by different physiological mechanisms: This means that we must understand “psychologically” why a pa rticular behavior occurs before we can understand what physiological events made it occur.31.What does the passage mainly discuss?A.The difference between “scientific” and “unscientific” explanations.B.The difference between human and animal behavior.C.What fear would be explained by the psychologist, physiologist, and molecularbiologist.D.How scientists differ in their approaches to explaining natural phenomena.32.In the first paragraph, the word “deal” could best be replaced by which of the following?A. barterB. are playingC. bargainD. are concerned33.Which of the following is most clearly analogous to the example in the passage of theperson who fears dogs?A.A child chokes on a fish-bone and as an adolescent is reluctant to eat fish.B.A person feels lonely and after a while buys a dog for companionship.C.A child studies science in school and later grows up to become a teacher.D.A person hears that a snowstorm is predicted and that evening is afraid to drive home.34.According to the passage, which of the following is important in explaining a musclemovement?A. Classical conditioning.B. The flow of blood to the muscle.C. Protein interactions.D. The entry of unpleasant stimuli through the cell membrane.35.The author implies that which of the following is the type of scientific explanation mostlikely used by a molecular biologist?A. GeneralizationB. ExperimentationC. InteractionD. ReductionPassage TwoYou stare at waterfall for a minute or two, then shift your gaze to its surroundings. What you now see appears to drift upward, You are aboard a train in a busy station when suddenly another train next to your starts moving forward. For a fraction of a second you feel that your train has lurched backward.These optical illusions occur because the brain is constantly matching its model of reality to signals from the body’s sensors and interpreting what must be happening—that your train must have moved, not the other; that downward motions is now normal, so a change from it must be perceived as upward motion.The sensors that make this magic are of two kinds. Each eye contains about 120 million rods, which provide somewhat blurry black and white vision. These are the windows of night vision; once adapted to the dark, they can detect a candle burning ten miles away.Color vision in each eye comes from six to seven million structures called cones. Under ideal conditions, every cone can “see” the entire rain bow spectrum of visible colors, but one type of cone is most sensitive to red, another to green, a third to blue. By monitoring how any wavelength of light affects the different cones, a connected ganglion cell can determine its “color” and relay those dat a backward.Rods and cones send their massages pulsing an average 20 to 25 times per second along the optic nerve. We see an image for a fraction of a second longer than it actually appears. In movies, reels of still photographs are projected onto screens at 24 frames per second, tricking our eyes into seeing a continuous moving picture.Like apparent motion, color vision is also subject to unusual affects. When day gives way to night, twilight brings what the poet T.S. Eliot called “the violet hour.” As light levels fall, the rods become active, and the cones become progressively less responsive. Rods are most sensitive to the shorter wave-lengths of blue and green, and they impart a strange vividness to the garden’s blue flowers.However, look at a white shirt during the reddish light of sunset, and you’ll still see it in its “true” color—white, not red. Our eyes are constantly comparing an object against its surroundings. They therefore observe the effect of a shift in the color of illumination on both, and adjust accordingly.The eyes can distinguish several million graduations of light and shades of color. Each waking second they flash tens of millions of pieces of information to the brain, which weaves them incessantly into a picture of the world around us.Yet all this is done at the back of each eye by a fabric of sensors, called the retina, about as wide and as thick as a postage stamp. As the Renaissance inventor and artist Leonardo da Vinci wrote in wonder, “Who would believe that so small a space could contain the images of all the universe?” And only now, 500 years later, are we beginning to learn how the eyes do it.36.Visual illusions often happen when the image of reality is _____________.A.signaled by about 120 million rods in the eyeB.interpreted in the brain as what must be the caseC.confused in the body’s sensors of both rods and conesD.matched to six to seven million structures called cones37.The visual sensor that is capable of distinguishing shades of color is called ________.A. conesB. color visionC. rodsD. spectrum38.At night rods can be so active as to be able to see clearly ___________.A. redB. blueC. whiteD. violet39.The retina sends pulse to the brain ___________.A. in short wavelengthsB. by a ganglion cellC. as color pictureD. along the optic nerve40.Twenty-four still photographs are made into a continuous moving picture just because____________.A.the image we see usually stays longer than it actually appearsB.the eyes catch million pieces of information continuouslyC.rods and cones send message 20 to 25 times a secondD.we see object in comparison with its surroundings41.The author’s purpose in writing the passage is to ____________.A.regret that we are too slow in the study of eyesB.marvel at the great work done by the retinarm us about the different functions of the eye organsD.show that we sometimes are deceived by our own eyesPassage ThreeAn invisible border divides those arguing of computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not sim ply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however,presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.42.The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is _________.A. self contradictoryB. dubiously orientedC. far reachingD. radically reformatory43.The belief that education is indispensable to all children ____________.A.is indicative of a pessimism in disguiseB.is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-ed advocatesC.came into being along with the arrival of computersD.originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries44.It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the European model ofprofessional training is ___________.A.of little practical valueB.worth trying in various social sectionsC.dependent upon the starting age of candidatesD.attractive to every kind of professional45.According to the author, basic computer skills should be ____________.A.highlighted in acquisition of professional qualificationsB.mastered through a life-long courseC.equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseD.included as an auxiliary course in schoolPassage FourThe would-be sleeper who re-fights his daily battles in bed or rehearses tomorrow’s problems—finds it hard to fall asleep. Then he starts worrying about his inability to sleep, which increases his insomniac, which increases his worries, which in a new development that may help the insomniac to break this vicious cycle, Dr. Werner P. Koella of the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology has discovered a chemical in the brain that may control normal sleep.The substance, known as serotonin, is one of a number of so-called neurohormone in the brain that researchers suspect play an important part in controlling the mind and the emotions. Such chemicals, researchers have learned, assist in transmitting nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another. Serotonin, Koelia notes, is produced in particularly high concentrations in the hypothalamus, the “primitive” lower part of the brain and the stem, which joins the brain tothe top of the spinal cord and is known to contain the centers controlling the level of consciousness. Conceivably, Koella reasoned, serotonin was the transmitter substance in the brain stem and hypothalamus that regulated sleep.In preliminary experiments, Koella found that giving Seroton in to cats’ brains and attached to an EEG (electroencephalogram) machine to record the brain waves; next, the serotonin was injected directly into brain or an artery in the neck. The pupils of the animals’ eyes narrowed and the electroencephalograms showed “slow” waves characteristic of deep sleep within five to ten minutes.More recently, Koella deprived cats of serotonin. The animals, again equipped with implanted electrodes, were given PCPA, a drug that blocks the formation of serotonin. They were then placed in small compartments fitted with one-way mirrors and watched round the clock. Normally cats sleep about fifteen hours a day; but Koella’s cats after receiving PCPA, spent about 30 minutes of each day sleeping. Most of the time, their EEG’S showed th e brainwave patterns of arousal. Occasionally the cats would curl up as if to go to sleep, but would soon get back on their feet to wander about. The animals showed signs of irritability and often meowed complainingly after a few days of sleep deprivation, but had normal reflexes. The effects of the PCPA wore off eight days to two weeks after administration of the drug; the cats returned to their normal sleeping patterns as serotonin levels in their brains rose again. Koella believes that at least some types of chronic insomnia may be caused by a drop in brain-serotonin levels. The Worcester physiologist is now working on chemical ways to raise the brain’s serotonin levels and produce, in his words, “a truly physiological sleeping pill.” Synthetic sleeping pills, such as barbiturates, bring sleep, but at a price: they depress the central nervous system, reduce heart action and respiration—and they can become habit-forming or even addictive.46.The main idea of this passage is _____________.A.Dr. Koella has done many experiments with catsB.Dr Koella has discovered a chemical called serotonin which might be the body’snatural hormone for controlling sleepC.Serotonin might be a better sleeping aid because it is a natural hormoneD.A good night’s sleep is possible47.According to Dr. Koella, some people can not sleep normally because ___________.A.their brain-serotonin levels are lowB.they worry too much about their inability to sleepC.they suffer from chronic diseasesD.they addict to synthetic sleeping pills48.The sentence “They were……watched round the clock.” Means that ________________.A.the cats walked around a clockB.the cats were watched 24 hours a dayC.there was a round clock in the cats, compartmentsD.the cats were watched to walk around the clock49.In paragraph 6, Dr. Koella implies, but does not directly stated, that _______________.A.he has developed a natural sleeping pill which will raise the serotonin level in the bodyB.sleeping pills are habit-formingC.a natural sleeping pill would be superior to synthetic pills because it would have no badeffects on the bodyD.chemical ways to raise the brain’s serotonin levels produce a truly physiologicalsleeping pill50.The language used in this article indicates that Dr. Koella _____________.A.is positive that serotonin controls sleepB.is quite uncertain whether serotonin controls sleepC.thinks that serotonin might control sleepD.is quite certain whether serotonin controls sleepPart III Cloze Test (15 minutes)Directions: For each number blank in the following passage, there are four choices markedA), B, C) and D). Choose the best one and write down your answer on theANSWER SHEET.The law is a great mass of rules, showing when and how far a man is liable to be punished, or to be made to 51 over money or property to his 52 and so forth. These rules are contained 53 books. A lawyer learns them in the main by 54 books.He begins by doing 55 else than reading and after he has prepared himself 56 , Say, three years’ study to practice, 57 , all his life long and almost every day, he will be58 books to read a little more than he already knows about some new questions 59 he has to answer.The power to use books, then, is a 60 which a good lawyer ought to 61 . He ought to have enough flexibility to 62 it easy for him to collect ideas 63 printed words. He ought to have some readiness in finding, 64 a book contains, and something of an instinct for 65 to look for what he wants.But 66 this is the power of which he will first feel the need, it is not the most 67 .A lawyer does not study law to recite it: he studies it to use it and 68 on the rules which he has learned in real life. His 69 is to try cases in court and to 70 men what to keep or get out of trouble.51. A. get B. hand C. look D. take52. A. inhabitants B. settlers C. neighbors D. residents53. A. by B. upon C. for D. in54. A. reading B. writing C. reciting D. compiling55. A. much B. something C. plenty D. little56. A. during B. over C. within D. by57. A. just B. still C. almost D. perhaps58. A. looking into B. leaving behind C. seeing through D. paying back59. A. what B. why C. which D. how60. A. promise B. cause C. talent D. mission61. A. cover B. regard C. possess D. evaluate62. A. enable B. weigh C. suggest D. make63. A. of B. from C. about D. towards64. A. what B. how C. that D. which65. A. why B. where C. when D. which66. A. although B. if C. provided D. unless67. A. natural B. strange C. important D. magnificent68. A. depends B. acts C. counts D. draws69. A. target B. opportunity C. advice D. business70. A. advise B. order C. trust D. forbidPart IV Short Answer Questions(15 minutes)Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements.Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statement inthe fewest possible words.The ordinary family in colonial North America was primarily concerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that, its own economic prosperity. Thus, children were valued in terms of their productivity, and they assumed the role of producer quite early. Until they fulfilled this role, their position in the structure of the family was one of subordination, and their psychological needs and capacities received little consideration.As the society became more complex, the status of children in the family and in the society became more important. In the complex, technological society that the United States has become, each member must fulfill a number of personal and occupational roles and be in constant contact with a great many other members. Consequently, viewing children as potentially acceptable and necessarily multifaceted members of society means that they are regarded more as people in their own right than as utilitarian organisms. This acceptance of children as equal participants in the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statues protecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfare programs devoted exclusively to their well-being.This new view of children and the increasing contact between the members of society has also resulted in a surge of interest in child-rearing techniques. People today spend a considerable portion of their time conferring on the proper way to bring up children. It is now possible to influence the details of the socialization of another person’s child by sp reading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and methods of child rearing.The socialization of the contemporary child in the United States in a two-way transaction between parent and child rather than a one-way, parent-to-child training program. As a consequence, socializing children and living with them over a long period of time is for parents a mixture of pleasure, satisfaction, and problems.Questions:1.What is the subject of this passage?____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ________________________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________. 2.According to the author, children in colonial North America were mainly valued for their ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ________________________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________. 3.What does the author mention as a cause of changes in the role of child in the United States?____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ________________________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________. 4.In the fourth paragraph, what does the author mean by saying “a two-way transaction”?____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ________________________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________. 5.What caused the parents’ increasing interest in the techniques of raising child?____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ________________________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________. Part V Translation (30 minutes)Directions: Read the following passage, then translate it into Chinese.Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotion; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.Youth means a temperamental(气质) predominance of courage over timidity of the appetite, for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals.Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being’s heart the lure of wonder, the unfailing childlike appetite of what’s next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long are you young.When the aerials(天线) are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism(玩世不恭) and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old, even at 20, but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there is hope you may die young at 80.青春不是年华，而是心境；青春不是桃面，丹唇，柔膝，而是深沉的意志，恢宏的想象，炽热的感情；青春是生命的源泉在不息的涌流。
博士考试试题及答案英语
博士考试试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The correct spelling of the word "phenomenon" is:A. fenomenonB. phenomonC. phenominonD. phenomenon答案：D2. Which of the following is not a verb?A. to runB. to jumpC. to flyD. flight答案：D3. The phrase "break the ice" means:A. to start a conversationB. to stop a conversationC. to make a decisionD. to end a conversation答案：A4. The opposite of "positive" is:A. negativeB. optimisticC. pessimisticD. positive答案：A5. Which of the following is not a preposition?A. inB. onC. atD. is答案：D6. The word "perspective" can be used to describe:A. a point of viewB. a physical locationC. a mathematical calculationD. a scientific experiment答案：A7. The phrase "a piece of cake" is used to describe something that is:A. difficultB. boringC. easyD. expensive答案：C8. The verb "to accommodate" means:A. to refuseB. to ignoreC. to provide space or servicesD. to argue答案：C9. The word "meticulous" is an adjective that describes someone who is:A. lazyB. carelessC. very careful and preciseD. confused答案：C10. The phrase "to go viral" refers to:A. to become sickB. to spread quickly on the internetC. to travel by planeD. to become extinct答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "____" means a sudden loud noise.答案：bang2. "____" is the term used to describe a person who is very knowledgeable.答案：savant3. The phrase "to turn a blind eye" means to ____.答案：ignore4. The word "____" is used to describe a situation that is very difficult to understand.答案：enigmatic5. "____" is a term used to describe a person who is very good at remembering things.答案：eidetic6. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very talkative.答案：loquacious7. The phrase "to ____" means to make something more complex. 答案：complicate8. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very organized and efficient.答案：methodical9. The phrase "to ____" means to make a plan or to decide ona course of action.答案：strategize10. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is verycurious and eager to learn.答案：inquisitive三、阅读理解（每题4分，共20分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。
2022年博士生入学考试英语试题
博士生入学考试英语试题及答案Part I. Vocabulary (20%)Directions: Choose the best answer (from A, B, C and D) to complete eachof the following sentences. Mark your choice with a single bar across thesquare brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Tom doesn't think that the situation here is as good as his hometown's.A. economicsB. economicC. economyD. economical2. the increase in the number of computers in our offices, the amount of paperLhat we need has risen as well.A. Along withB. AltogetherC. AlthoughD. All along3. The food was divided __ according to the age and size of the child.A. equallyB. individuallyC. sufficienfiyD. proportionallycommurllC att. rt4. Our new firm for a credible, aggressive individual with.great s~!Is to fill this position. :A..have lookedB. are lookingC. is lookingD. look5. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food, their c!ea-mess,toughness and low cost.A. by virtue ofB. in addition toC. for the sake ofD. as opposed to6: He ___ hinzseLf bitterly for his miserable behavior that evening.A.. repealedB. resentedC. replayedD. reproached7. Many of ~e fads of the 1970s as today's latest fashions.A. are being revivedB. is revisedC. are revoked.D. is being reviled8. All of the international delegates attending the conference to bring a souvenirfrom their own countriesA. has asked B,! askingC. were askedD. was asking9. Britain hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered ..... yesterday, whenHunter failed to qualify during preliminary session.A. a severe set-backB. sharp set-backC. s severe blown-upD. sharp blown-up10. If you want to do well on the exam, you on the directions that the professorgives and take exact notes.A. will have concentratedB. have to concentrateC. will beconcentratedD. will be concentrating11. What ____ about that article in the newspaper was that its writer showed an attitudecool enough, professional enough and, therefore, creel enough when facing that tragedy.A. worked me outB. knocked me outC. brought me upD. putme forward12. Since his injury was serious, the doctor suggested that he in the game.A, did not play B, must not playC. not playD. not to play13. According to the latest report, consumer c0nfidence a breathtaking 15 points last month, to its lowest level in ten yearsA. soared :B.mutatedC~ plummeted : D. fluctuated '14. Our car trunk with suitcases and we could hardly make room for anythingA. went crammingB. was crammedC. is crammingD. was been crammed15. The secretary didn't know who he was, or she him more politely.A, will be treating B. would have treatedC. was treatingD. would have been treated ~16. The instructions on how to use the new:machine that nobody seemed to be able to understand. ;simpli A. were v sfic B, was very confusedC. were so confusingD. was so simplistic.. i ....17. John played basketball in college:and .... active ever since.A. have extremely beenB.has been extremelyC. will be extremely' D: should extremely be18. The of the spring water attracts a lot:of visitors from all over the country,A. clashB. c larifyC. clarityD. clatter19. __ the gift in beautiful green paper, Sarah departed for the party.A. Having wrappedB. To wrapC. WrapD. Wrapping20. The advertisement for Super Suds detergent that the sale' has increased by 25% in the first quarter of the year. ,A. have been so successfulB. had been so successfulC. has been so successfulD. will be so successful21. Tom and Alice having a new car to replace their old one for year's.A. has been dreaming ofB. have been dreaming ofC. has &'eamedD. will have dreamed22. Whenthe air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space, the air is said to beA. commencedB. compressedC. compromisedD. compensated23. the heavy pollution, the cityofficialshave decided to cancel school for the day. .A.:PriorB.By means of24. Our boss is taking everyone to the ballet tonight, and I need to make sure my newdress for the occasion.A. has been cleanedB. should have been CleanedC. is being cleanedD. has been cleaning25. erry s mother kept telling him that in the street is dangerous, but he wouldnot listen.A. played 'B. will playC. playingD. been playing26. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range of problems confrontingthe contemporary world.A. equipsB. providesC. offers 'D. satisfies27. He wouldn't even think of wearing 'clothes; they nake him look so old!A. sameB. despiteC. suchD. that.28. Mary finalty decided all the junk she had kept in the garage.A. get ridB. gotten rid ofC. getting rid ofD. to get rid of29. The team leader of mountain climbers marked outA. that seemed to be the best routeB. what seemed to be the best routeC. which seemed to be tile best routeD. something that to be the best route30. Tom Jones, who around the world, will come to Asia next month.A. will be touringB. have touredC. had been touringD. has been touring31. The paint on the clown's face that it scared the children he was trying toentertain.A. was so exaggerationB. were an exaggerationC. was such an exaggerationD. was exaggerating32. Men often wait longer to get help for medical problems than women, andwomen live about six years longer than men on an average.A. instead ofB. constantlyC. consequentlyD. because33. The . emphasis on exams is by far the worst form of competition in schools.A. negligentB. edibleC. fabulousD. disproportionate34. There is conflicting information on how much iron women need in their diet.A. so much.B. so manyC, too few D: a few35. It must guarantee freedom of expression, to the end that all to the flow ofideas shall be removed.A. propheciesB. transactionsC. argumentsD. hindrances36. Not until the 1980s in Beijing start to find ways to preserve historic buildingsfrom destruction.A. some concerned citizensB. some concerning citizensC. did some concenfmg citizensD. did some concerned citizens37. After failing his mid-term exams, Jeremy was face his parents.A. too ashamed toB. too embarrassing toC.very ashamed of ..... : :D. very embarrassing to38. My grandmother has been going to a better dentist, so this problems she ishaving with her dentures.A. won't eliminateB. will be eliminationC. should have been eliminatedD. should help eliminate39. He told a story about his sister who was in a sad when she was ill and had no money.A. plightB. polarizationC. plagueD. pigment40. During her two-week stay in Beijing, Elizabeth never a chrome to practice herChinese.A. passed byB. passed on~ C. passed out D. passed upPart II. Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: Read the following pa~sages and then choose the best answer(from A, B, C and D) to complete each of the following sentences. Mark yourchoice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Passage 1British food has a good reputation, but English cooking has a bad one. Iris difficultto explain the re'on for this.Unformnately, however; superb raw ingredients are oftenmined h the kitchen s0 that:they come to the table without any of theh' natural flavorand goodness.This bad reputation discourages a lot of people from eating in an English restaurant.If they do go to one: they ate usury full of prejudice against the food. Ks is a pity,because :there are:: excellent cookS'in England,exCellent restaurants, and excellenthome-cooking. How, then;has the bad reputauon been built up.Perhaps one reason iS that Bfitain's InduStrial Revolution occurred very early, in therrdddle of the nineteenth century. As a result, the quality of food changed too. This(wasbecause Britain stopped being a largely agricultural country. The population of the townsincreased enormously between 1840 and 1.870, and_people could no longer grow. theirown food, or buy it fresh from a farm. Huge quantities of food had to be taken to thetowns, and a lot of it lost its freshness on the way.This lack of freshness was disguised by "dressing up" the food. The rich middleclasses ate long; elaborate meals which were cooked for them by French chefs. Frenchbecame, and has remained, the official language of the dining room. Out-of-seasondelicacies were served in spite of their expense,' for there, were a large number 'ofextremely wealthy people who wanted to establish themselves socially. The "look" ofthe food was more important than its taste.In the 1930s, the supply of servafftS began to decrease. People still tried to producecomplicated dishes, however, but they economized on the preparation time. The Second orld War made things even worse by making raw ingredients extremely scarce. As aresult, there were many women who never had the opportunity to choose a piece of meatfrom a well-stocked butcher's shop, but were content and grateful to accept anythingthat was offered to them.Food rationing continued in Britain until the early 1950s. It was only after this had stopped, and butter, eggs and cream became more plentiful, and it was possible to travel' P' eabroad again and taste other ways of preparing food, that the English md~fferenc toeating became replaced by a new enthusiasm for it.41 According to the author, it is difficult to explain .~ A. why excellent ingredients are spoiled in the process of cooking-B. why people do not like English cookingC. why British food often has a natural flavorD. why people prefer home-cooking to ready made food42. The negative effect of Britain's Industrial Revolution on English cooking is thatA. the population in the countryside decreased dramaticallyB. people no longer grew their own food on their own farmsC. the freshness of food was lost on the way to the citiesD. Britain was no longer an agnSculmral country43 As a result of the Industrial Revolution,A. more attention was given to the look of the food ....B. French became the official language .in English restaurantsC. a large number of extremely wealthy people ate in French restaurantsD. out-of-season delicacies became very expensive44. The Second World 'Wm' worsened the problem becauseA. there was an increasing demand f6r serv-antsB. there was a lack of raw ingredient supplyC. many women refused to choose meat from butcher's shopsD. French chefs dominated English restaurants45. A new enthusiasm for eating emerged in BritainA. when many women fmaUy had the opportunity to purchase fresh meat from aiwell-stocked butcher's shop.B. when butter, eggs and cream became availableC. when people started traveling to other cities ....D. after the early 1950s -Passage 2In his typically American open style of communication, Mr. Hayes confrontedIsabeta about not looking at him. Reluctantly, she explained why. As a newcomer fromMexico, she had been taught to avoid eye contact as a mark of respect to authorityfigures teachers, employers, parents. Mr. Hayes did not know this. He then informedher that most Americans interpret tack of eye contact as disrespect and deviousness.Ultimately, he convinced Isabela to try and change her habit, which she slowly did.People from many Asian, Latin American, and Caribbean cultures also avoid eyecontact as a sign of respect. Many African Americans, especially from the South,observe this custom, too:A master's thesis by Samuel Avoian, a graduate student atCentral Missouri State University, tells how misinterpreting eye-contact customs canhave a negative impact when white football coaches recruit African American playersfor the~ teams.He reports that, when speaking, white communicators usually look away from thelistener, only periodically glancing at them. They do the opposite when listening theyare expected to look at the speaker all the timeManyAfdcan Americans communicate inan opposite way. When speaking, theytend to constantly stare at the listener; when listening; theYmostly lo0k away.' Therefore,if v&ite sports recruiters are not informed about these significant difference, they can bemisled about interest and attentiveness when interviewing prospective African Americanballplayers.In mulficulmral America, issues of. eye'contact' have brought about social conflictsof two. different kdnds: in ,many urban centers,.non-Korean customers .became angz-ywhen Korean shopkeepers did not look at: them' directly. The customers translated thelack of eye contact as a sign of disrespect,a habit blamed for contributing tothe openconfrontation raking place between some Asians and African Americans in New York,Texas, and California. Many teachers too have provided stories about classroomconflicts based on their misunderstanding Asian and Latin American children,s lack ofeye contact as being disrespectful.On the other hand, direct eye contact hasnow taken'on a newmeaning among theyounger generation and across ethnic borders: Particularly in urban centers, when oneteenager looks directly at another, this. is considered a provocation, Sometimes calledmad-dogging, and can lead to physical conflict."' Mad-d0gging has become the source of many campus conf'ficts.: In one high school,it resulted, in. a fight between Cambodian newcomers and African-American students.The Cambodians had been staring at the other students merely to learn how Amerienas behave, yet the others misinterpreted the Cambodians' intentions and the fight began.Mad-dogging seems to be connected with the avoidance of eye contact as a sign ofrespect. Thus, in the urban contemporary youth scene, if one looks directly at another,this disrespects, or "disses," that person. Much like the archaic phrase "I demandsatisfaction," which became the overture to a duel, mad-dogging may become a preludeto a physical encounter.At the entrances to Universal'Studio's "City Walk" attraction in Los Angeles, theyhave posted Code of Conduct signs. The second rule warns against "physically orverbally threatening any person, fighting, annoying others through noisy or boisterousactivities or by unnecessary staring .... "46. Many African Americans from the South __ .A. adopt a typically American open style of communicationB. often misinterpret the meaning of eye contactC. avoid eye contact as a sign of respectD. are taught to avoid eye contact whenever talldng to the others47. When listening to the others, white communicators tend to.A. look at the speaker all the timeB. glance at the speaker periodicallyC. look away from the speakerD. stare at the s per:drer.:':48. Many customersin American cities are angry with Korean shopkeepers because~ A. Korean shopkeepers do not look at them directlyB. they expect a more enthusiastic recelSfi0n from the shopkeepersC-. there are some social conflicts in' many urban centersD. they are not informied about difference between cultures49. Mad-dogging refers to __A. a provocation from one teenager to another of a different ethnic backgroundB. physical conflict among the younger generation in urban centersC. a lack of eye contact as a sign of respectD. the source of many campus conflicts across ethnic borders in urban centers50. The archaic phrase ,'I demand satisfaction"A. was connected with the avoidance of. eye contactB. often led to a fightC. was. asign of disrespect:D. often resulted in some kind of misinterpretationPassage 3When television is good, nothing not the theatre, not the magazines, ornewspapers- nothing is better. But when television is bad, nothing is worse. I invite youto sit down in front of your television set when your station goes on the air and staythere without a book, magazine, newspaper, or an2~hing else to distxact you and keeptfyour eyes glued to that set until the station signs off. I can assure you that you willobserve a vast wasteland. You will see a procession of game shows, violence, audienceparticipation shows, formula comedies about totally unbelievable families, blood andthunder, mayhem, more violence, sadism, murder, Western badmen, Western goodmen,private eyes, gangster, still more violence, and cartoons. And endlessly, commercials thatscream and offend. And most of all, boredom. True, you will see a few things you willenjoy. But they will be yery, very few. And ifyou think I exaggerate, try it.Is there no room on television to teach, to inform, to uplift, to Stretch, to enlarge hecapacities of our children? Is there no room for programs to deepen the children'sunderstanding of children in other lands? Is there no room for a children's news showexplaining something~about the world for them at their level of understanding? Is thereno room for. reading g.the great literature ..... ofthe past,teaching them the great-traditions offreedom?There are some f'me children's shows, but they are drowned out in the massivedoses of cartoons, violence, and more violence. Must these be your trademarks? Searchyour conscience and see whether you cannot offer more to your young children whosefuture you guard so many hours each and every day. There:: are many people inthis: great country, and you must serve all of us. You willget no argument from me if you Say that, given a choice between a Western and asymphony, more people will watch the Western. I like :Westerns and private eyes,too .-but a steady diet for the whole country is obviously not in the public interest. Weall know that people .would more often prefer to be entertained than stimulated orinformed. But your obligations are not satisfied if you lookonly to popularity as a test ofwhat to broadcast. You are not only in show business; you are free to communicate ideasas welt as to give relaxation. You must provide a wider range of choices, more diversity,more alternatives. It is not enough to caret to the nation's whims you must also servethe nation's needs. The people own the air. They own it asmuch in prime evening timeas they do at six o'clock in the morning. For every hour that the people give you~youowe them something. I intend to see that your debt is paid with service.51. What the author advises us to do is to!A. read a book while watching television programsB. observe a vast wasteland on telev/sionC. watch all the programs of our television stationD. find out why television is good52. What seems to have offended the author most on television isA. violenceB. commerci,'dsC. WesternsD. private eyes53. As far as children are concerned, the author's chief complaint is that __A. cartoons and violence have become trademarksB. there is no children's-news show on televisionC. there is no reading of great literature for childrenD. there are not enough good television programs for children54. According to the author, it is in the public interest toA. broadcast only popular television programsB. cater for the needs-of all the peopleC. broadcast both Westerns and symphoniesD. entertain people only55. It is the obligation of television business to __A. caterto the nation's whimsB. provide best programs in prime evening freeC. broadcast news. programs, at six in the morningD. serve the nation's needs all the timePassage 4Some Of my classmates in the same dorm established a chatting group on the Net when broadband was available on campus. Then everyone faced their own laptops and talked to each other by sending messages in the chatting group in the same room. Their dorm was silent the whole'night. the only sound came from tapping the keyboard. Before they went to bed that night, all of them sighed and said, that's ridiculous."Information Technology brings about revolufionary changes to human communication. The Internet makes the world aglobal village; thatis to say, we can get in touch with each other :swiftly regardless'of one's location. However, does the convenience in commumication mean that we are actually getting closer? i don't think so. As the anecdote above shows, access to broadband made my fellow classmatesfall in silence. The Cambridge International Dictionary defines "comrn unication" as "various farther from each other to some extent.Mutual understanding is based on expression. However, expression doesnt necessarily lead to soul touching communication and understanding. When we $ afrO,. with a mere acquaintance, we normally conceal our true feelings. Thus, we don't establish communication with him, because we do not need him to understand us. The era of cyberspace further demonstrates such separation of form and content.The Internet gives us nearly absolute freedom to speak and express ourselves. With the prosperity of blog, there are, according to recent statistics, about 400,000 bloggers in China today, Bloggers express themselves on the Net at their will, while others read their blog and give comments once for a while. It seems that blog can make us touch upon the bloggers' inside world, and make us know them better. However, things are not always that perfect.Marly netJzens :are: abusing their right of free expression. Once you open the Explorer:and browse a website, trash information about sex and violence hits our eyes. People scold and flirt in the chatroom and Bulletin Board System (BBS).' When blog comes into being, netizens even transfer such vulgarity into their personal spaces, and show it to the public.In the era of the Informafion Technology, boom, the farthest distance On earth is no longer die polar distance the. negative impacts brought about by cyberspace have imposed an unfilled gulf between souls. Since we -carmot communicate to each other likebefore, the distance between people's hearts has become the farthest distance on earth.56. The most ridiculous part of the anecdote is thatA. there was a dead silence in the dorm roomthe whole nightB. the only sound cane from tapping the keyboardC. those living in the same room communicated by. sending messages via the NetD. they all faced their own laptops57 A....ordmo tO the author, Information TechnologyA; brings people closer to each otherB. results/n silence, among her fellow classmatesC. enables us to reach anyone swiftlyD. helps to make the world a global village58. The author believes that the booming of ri' in modern societyA. encourages the exchange of ideas and the mutual understanding between peopleB. leads to soul touching communication and understandingC. helps to establish a satisfactory relationshipD. results in further separation between people59. The prosperity of blog does not help us to touch each other becauseA. many people abuse their right of free expression on the NetB. vulgarity has been transferred into bloggers' personal spacesC. bloggers express themselves on the Net at their willD. anyone is able to read blog and give comments60. The author believes that in the era of the Information Technology boom the distance'between people's hearts has become the farthest distance on earth because __.A. there is always a silenceB. people are not able to communicate to each other like beforeC. the Intemet gives us nearly absolute freedom to express ourselvesD. people can scold and flirt in the chat room at will~ Passage 5According to a recent publication of the Equal Employment Opportunity Corrunission, at the present rate of ,'progress" it will take forty-three years tO end job discrimination--hardly a reasonable timetable.If our goal is educational and economic equity and parity-and it is then we need affirmative action.to catch upi We are behihd as a result of discrimination and denial ofopportunity. There is one white attorney for every 680 wtfites, but only one black attorney for every 4,000 blacks; one white physician for every 659 whites, but only one black physician for every 5,000 blacks; and one white dentist for every 1,900 whites, but only one black dentist for every 8,400 blacks. Less th,mi 1 percent of all.engineers or of all practicing chemists--is black. Cruel and uncompassionate injustice created gaps like these. We need cre'ative justice and compassion to help us close them.Actually, in the U.S. context, "reverse discrimination" is illogical and a conradicfion in terms. Never in the history of mankind has a majority, with power, engaged in programs and written laws that discriminate against itself. The only thing whites are giving up because of affirmative action is unfair advantage something that was unnecessary in the first place.Blacks are not making progress at the expense of whites, as news accounts make it seem..There are 49 percent more whites in medical school today and 64 percent more whites in law school than there were when affirmative action programs began somein fact, is exactly what has happened in law and medical schools. In 1968, the yearbefore affirmative action programs began to get under way, 9,571 whites and 282members of minority groups entered U.S. medical schools. In 1976, the figures were14,213 and 1,400 respectively. Thus, under affirmative action, the number of "whiteplaces" actually rose by 49 percent: white access to medical training was not diminished,but substantially increased. The trend was even more marked in law schools. In 1969,the first year for which reliable figures are available, 2,933 minority-group memberswere enrolled; in 1976, the number was-up to 8,484. But during the same period, lawschool enrollment for whites rosefrom 65,453 to 107,064 an increase of 64 percent. Inshort, it is a myth that blacks are making progress at white expense.Allan Bakke did not really challenge preferential treatment in general, for he madeno challenge:to the preferential treatment accorded to the children of the rich, the alumniand the facultv,or to athletes or the very talented only tominorities.61. The author is for affirmative actionA. because there is discrimination and denial of opportunity in the U.S.B. if we aim at educational and economic equity and parityC. because it wAll take 43 years to end job discriminationD. when there is no reasonable timetable in the U.S.62. It requires to close the gap's between the whites and the blacks in the U.S.A. one black attorney for ever)' 4000 blacksB. a lot more black engineers and chemistsC, education and economic developmentD. creative justice and compassion63. Blacks are not ma Lng progress at the expense of whites, according to the author,because _A. what whims give up is only unfair advantageB. there are 49 percent more w!fites in medical school today alreadyC. whites, the majority in the U.S., will never discriminate against themselvesD. there are 64 percent more whites in law schools today64. william Raspberry, while commenting on the Bakke case, suggestsA. to offer 100 slots to whites and 16 to blacksB. to offer 84 slots to whites and 16 to blacksC. to follow what has happened in law and medical schoolsD. to interfere with what whites already have。
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南京农业大学2016年博士研究生入学考试英语试题考生答题须知：1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。
请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。
2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。
3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。
4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。
PART I Vocabulary (15points)Section ADirections: Choose the word that is the closest synonym to the underlined word.1. The government slated new elections in the spring, largely as a result of the public clamor.A. demandB. viewC. requestD. opinion2. The most prolific writer is not necessarily the best.A. written-aboutB. productiveC. artfulD. religious3. Imagine my vexation when they said they would come to dinner and then didn't show.A. enlightenmentB. astonishmentC. annoyanceD. contrariness4. Any troop of wild animals should be approached warily.A. fearlesslyB. confidentlyC. silentlyD. prudently5. There is little learning involved when one is reprimanded two or three months after the deed.A. recommendedB. reproachedC. recompensedD. reversed6. Archaeologists are interested in pottery, figurines and other vestiges of ancient civilizations.A. tracesB. shardsC. productsD. artifacts7. Packaging is designed so as to encourage impetuousshopping.A. extravagantB. carefulC. impotentD. impulsive8. Pan of his general thrift is to be meticulous in verifying monthly expenses.A. painstakingB. dilatoryC. meretriciousD. gaudy9. The jurors came to a deadlock in the defendant's trial for murder.A. a decision of guiltyB. a decision to punish by electrocutionC. an impasseD. an unusual verdict10. Among the lowest of the judicial ranks, justices of the peace nevertheless frequently exercisejurisdictionover a variety of misdemeanors.A. guidanceB. sovereigntyC. authorityD. suzerainty11. A mistake is rarely atoned for by a single apology, however profuse.A. extravagantB. producedC. divergentD. repetitious12. Her office in the First National Bank building is provisional.A. permanentB. temporaryC. corruptD. craven13. The burglars ransacked the room taking anything of value they found.A. demolishedB. took overC. inhabitedD. thoroughlysearched14. The whole of the endowment was used to refurbish the school gymnasium.A. millionairesB. endorsementsC. governmentsD. donations15.The massacre of innocent people cannot ever be condoned.A. overlookedB. praiseC. condemnedD. satisfiedSection BDirections: Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.16. When he realized the true nature of the proposal, he ________ all communication with the group.A. convertB. avertedC. severedD. make17. The worsening financial situation made it obvious that an economic depression was _____.A. attainableB. remoteC. imminentD. eminent18. All of the dental instruments need to be _______ before the next patient isseen.A. heatedB. scaldedC. sterilizedD. burned19. Rock climbing is so popular now that many people are able to ________ the steepest face withgreat agility.A. scaleB. surpassC. overcomeD. mount20. If you call the 911 emergency number, they will ________ firemen, policemen, and paramedicsimmediately.A. assignB. detachC. attachD. dispatch21. His evident _______ to his wife despite her indiscretion proved him to be a man of integrity.A. personalityB. characterC. fidelityD. morality22. I don't know why he has been given ________. It wasn't his accomplishment but his wife's.A. acclaimB. confidenceC. reimbursementD. robustness23. After a concert tour in Asia, Canada and the U. S., he will _______ work on a five-language opera.A. confineB. indulgeC. resumeD. undergo24. When Ph. D candidates ________ their impending professorships, they consider housing benefitsofferedby the prospective universities.A. anticipateB. assumeC. applyD.demand25. My supply of confidence slowly ________ as the deadline approached.A. withdrewB. eliminatedC. exterminatedD. diminished26. The battle is of great significance when viewed in the ________ of the progress of the war.A. prospectiveB. respectiveC. perspectiveD. prescriptive27. It has long been known that total sleep ________ is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of thedead bodies, the animals look completely normal.A. depositionB. destructionC. deprivationD. reduction28. In that country, hospital doctors don't go sightseeing very often because their work ________ almost alltheir time.A. takes upB. takes offC. takes apartD. takes over29. According to the law of that country, the Parliament will have to be ________ before the General Election.A. decomposedB. dispersedC. dissolvedD. disintegrated30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to ________theconsequences.A. answer forB. run intoC. abide byD. step intoPART Ⅱ Grammar (15 points)Section ADirections: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.31. Switzerland is best known for its majesty mountain range and thousandsflock to the AlpsA B Ceachyear to take advantage of their ideal skiing conditions.D32. Police were sent to disperse the crowds but ended up by shooting down protesters and itA Bwas inthis chaos that the seeds of political liberation were sown.C D33. Even today, through the hustle and bustle of Nevsky Prospect, St Petersburg's main street,A Btheclassical beauty of the city mesmerizes the eye.C D34. She is furious of her son's grades in school, which explains why Mark is jealous of Julia's highA B C marks on the exam.D35. Smog-choked Southern California demands them. It's a car for people who never want to goAtoa gas station again. But the fact is, for all the talk, selling gas-less machines has been aB Chard-sell.D36. People thought: Hey, eat a carp and you will be taking in what it is that gives you these fishA Btheir long life-span. Of course, it hasn't done a lot of good for these carp.C D37. In deciding to undertake dangerous pursuits, people usually strive for their maximumApersonalability rating, when they are challengedbut can he victorious, rather than merelyB Csurmounting the mediocre.D38. In proposing such philanthropic donations, the director of the company certainly spoke fromA Ba genuine concern for theneedyand not any desire for personal accolades.C D39. The armor, infantry and other military forceswere held up by the enemy counter attack,A B Cthus caused the delay in the advance.D40.Just as children the world over like Christmas rooming, adults so like Christmas eveningA B Cwhen peace and calm return to the household.D41. Each employee with a modicum of intelligencewould be able to undertakesuch abasic process.A B C D42. The economic situation will improve given that there is forecast to be less unemploymentA Band closures than in previous years.C D43. The three most important issues of concern tocitizens today are prison reform,A Babusing childrenand toxic waste.C D44. I was on the verge of incurringMr. Rochester's wrath by not listening to his prohibitions,A Bwhile a ray once moreshone almost imperceptibly on the hallway wall and I heard his muffledC Dstep onthe carpet.45. The above is the most important aspect which apes can be told from more primitive socialA B C Dgroupings.Section BDirections: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.46. ________ that the earth was flat?A. Used it to be thoughtB. Did it used to be thoughtC. Was it need to being thoughtD. Does it used to be thought47. It is most inappropriate ________in the college VIP lounge.A. for any students to be thereB. for there to be any studentsC. to be any students thereD. to have there any students48. She ________ much more accurate responses now, had she taken more pains in devising thequestions.A. gotB. would have gotC. had gotD. would be getting49. An extensive foundation in the basic sciences should be required of all science students, ________.A. whether they are future physicists or chemists.B. be they future physicists or chemists.C. they are future physicists or chemists.D. they should be future physicists or chemists.50. The general opinion is that he is ________ to complain.A. so much a milquetoastB. too a milquetoastC. too much of a milquetoastD. so much of a milquetoast51. Although of course there are exceptions, it seems reasonably dear that in certain countries -Rwanda,Somalia and parts of the former Yugoslavia come to mind-hunger is less a result of an absolutefoodshortage, ________ a policy decision or the political situation.A. than ofB. rather thanC. but the result ofD. than is52. The ozone layer plays as great arole in the suability of spaceship Earth as ________ the waters ofits lakes,ponds, oceans, rivers, and streams.A. doB. doesC. playD. are53. Perhaps I should not have done so, but I changed my mind about the new job even though I was ________last week.A. to be startedB. to have startedC. to have been startingD. start54. Despite an overlay of quasi-literary French vocabulary stemming from the Norman Invasion of1066, thedaily vocabulary of English remained Germanic, _______ its grammatical structure.A. the same areB. and so areC. as didD. and so were55. Although money is always useful, it isn't all ________.A. what there is to lifeB. to which there is in lifeC. there is to lifeD. that is in life56. ________ ever so humble, there's no plane like home.A. It beB. Be itC. It wasD. Was it57. ________ all customs, no matter how sacrosanct, are essentially learned reactions appropriate, perhapsonly to the holders thereof is a basic assumption of anthropologists.A. NearlyB. It is nearlyC. That nearlyD. When nearly58. Although women cluster to him like moths around a flame, he is none______ happier for it.A. butB. theC. matchD. any59. The major reason why Americans enjoy an abundant food supply is that the arable land at theirdisposal forfood production is ________.A. three times more the world averageB. three times as much the world averageC. three times the world averageD. the world average is three times60.The sound of the roaring of a tiger is ________ heard by jungle dwellers ________ feelings of unease,for ayear does not elapse without victims falling to the tiger's ferocity.A. always...withB. ever...withoutC.ever...withD. never...withoutPART ⅢClone test (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the meaning.One of the basic characteristics of capitalism is the private ownership of the major means of production-capital. The ownership of large amounts of capital can bring __61__ profits, as well as economic andpolitical power. Some recent theorists, 62 have argued that our society has moved to a new stageof 63_that they call "postindustrial" society. One important change in such society is that the ownershipof 64 amounts of capital is no longer the only or even the most important 65 of profits and influence; knowledge as well as 66 capital brings profits and influence.There are many 67 with the thesis above, not the least of 68 is that wealthy capitalists canbuy the experts and knowledge they need to keep their profits and influence. But this does not 69 theimportance of knowledge in an advanced industrial society, as the 70 of some new industries indicates.71, genetic engineering and the new computer technology have 72 many new fines and madesome scientists quite rich. In 73 with criticism of the postindustrial society thesis, however, it mustalso be74 that those already in control of huge amounts of capital (i.e., major corporations) soon75 to take most profits in these industries based on new knowledge.Moving down from the level of wealth and power, we still find knowledge increasingly 76. Manynew high-tech jobs are being created at the upper-skill, low-paying service77. Something like acaste line is emerging centered around knowledge. Individuals who fall too far behind in the 78 ofknowledge at a young age will find it almost impossible to catch up later, nomatter how hard they try. Illiteracy in English language has been a severe79 for marry years in the United States, but we are alsomoving to the point when computer illiteracy will hinder many more people and 80 them to a life oflow-skill and low-paid labor.61. A. quantitative B. extensive C. comprehensive D. sophisticated62. A. moreover B. however C. thereforeD. nevertheless63. A. aggression B. proficiency C. productivity D. evolution64. A. dominant B. impressive C. magnificent D. significant65. A. source B. factor C. component D. element66.A. adequate B. profitable C. material D. spiritual67. A. advantages B. consequences C. problems D. potentials68.A. them B. those C. which D. that69. A. deny B. refuseC. admit D. acknowledge70. A. emergenceB. innovation C. extinctionD. discovery71. A. In addition B. For example C. Above all D. In short72. A. produced B. created C. improved D. facilitated73. A. line B. need C. doubt D. match74. A. idealized B. recognizedC. supervised D. summarized75. A. stepped in B. settled down C. leaned over D. mined out76. A. accessibleB. important C. popular D. abundant77.A. enterprises B. employment C. professions D. industries78. A. control B. mastery C. searchD. pursuit79. A. handicap B. penalty C. inconvenience D. shortcoming80. A. enforce B. punish C. confine D. condemnPART ⅣREADING OOMPREHENSION (30 points)Directions: Answer all questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1Let us assume, for the moment, that labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage and that a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead, through strikes or otherwise, to a withdrawalfrom the labor market of labor which is now employed. Does it follow from this that the existing level of real wages accurately measures the marginal disutility of labor? Not necessarily. For, although a reduction in theexisting money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of labor, it does not follow that a fall in the value of theexisting money-wage in terms of wage-goods would do so, if it were due to a rise in the price of the latter.In other words, it may be the case that within a certain range the demand of labor is for aminimum money-wage and not for a minimum real wage. The classical school has tacitly assumed that this would involve nosignificant change in their theory. But this is not so. For if the supply of labor is not a function of realwages as its sole variable, their argument breaks down entirely and leaves the question of what the actual employment will be quite indeterminate. They do not seem to have realized that, unless the supply of labor is a function of real wages alone, their supply curve for labor will shift bodily with every movement ofprices.Thus their method is tied up with their very special assumptions, and cannot be adapted to dealwith the more general case.Now ordinary experience tells us, beyond doubt, that a situation where labor stipulates (within limits)for a money-wage rather than a real wage, so far from being a mere possibility, is the normal case. Whilstworkers will usually resist areduction of money-wages, it is not their practice to withdraw their labor whenever there is a rise in the price of wage-goods. It is sometimes said that it would be illogical for labor to resist a reduction of money-wages but not to resist a reduction of real wages. For reasons given below, thismight not be so illogical as it appears at first; and, as we shall see later, fortunately so. But, whether logical or illogical, experience shows that this is how labor in fact behaves.Moreover, the contention that the unemployment which characterizes a depression is due to a refusal by labor to accept a reduction of money-wages is not clearly supported by the facts. It is not very plausibleto assert that unemployment in the United States in 1932 was due either to labor obstinately refusing to accept a reduction of money-wages or to its obstinately demanding a real wage beyond what the productivity ofthe economic machine was capable of furnishing. Wide variations are experienced in the volume of employment without any apparent change either in the minimum real demands of labor or in its productivity. Laboris not more truculent in the depression than in the boom-fax from it. Nor is its physical productivity less.These facts from experience are a prima facie ground for questioning the adequacy of the classical analysis.81. "Labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage". The sentencemeans ________.A. a fall in the value of the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of laborB. a rise in the price of wage-goods would lead to a withdrawal of laborC. the demand of labor is for a rise of existing money-wageD. the demand of labor is for reduction in the value of real wages82. The classical school refers to ________.A. those scholars with traditional ideaB. the traditional schoolC. the experts who hold to the standard theoryD. all of the above83. According to the author, the supply curve for labor depends on the ________.A. red money wagesB. movement of priceC. function of money-wagesD. both A & B84. “Their" method cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case because they have not realized that________.A. a fall in the value of real wages would lead to a withdrawal of the labor from market of laborB. a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead to a withdrawal from the labor marketoflaborC. the supply of labor is not a function of real wagesD. the demand of labor is only for a minimum money-wages85. How dose labor usually behave?A. Labor would stipulate for money-wage.B. Labor would violently resist a reduction of real wages.C. Labor would strenuously resist a reduction of both money-wages and real wages.D. Labor would stipulate for real wages.86. The last paragraph of thus passage indicates that ________.A. labor resisted a reduction of money-wages, which characterized the depression of the 1930s in the U.S.B. labor demanded a real wage, which characterized the depression of 1930s in the U. S.C. neither labor refusing to work for a lowermoney-wage nor demanding a real wage could characterizethedepression of 1930s in the U. S.D. both A & BPassage 2The law of private international tribunals with respect to conflicts of interest of arbitrators is quite extensive, albeit by no means uniform. It relates both to what will disqualify an arbitrator and to what the arbitrator must disclose during the selection process. Most national legal systems have statutory rules as to thetype ofinterests, relationships, and experiences that disqualify an arbitrator. Not infrequently, the disqualifying factors are identical for arbitrators and judges, although they may treat domestic and internationalarbitration somewhat differently, and may indeed supplement the international roles with additional features. A closer look reveals that courts and arbitration agencies tend to apply the regulations relatively lightly, recognizing that arbitrators move in the highly interconnected world of affairs, and do not stand alooffrom commerce as judges do. Accordingly, acquaintanceship with the parties and their counsel does notsuffice to disqualify, whereas actual business or legal connections will. Inasmuch as judges do not seek more work, although arbitrators generally do, suspicions arise that an arbitrator's favor may incline to theparty or counsel who has in the past and may again in the future provide employment.The uncertainty in the held is at its most troubling when arbitrators are party-appointed. Some arguethat such arbitrators should fulfill he same functions and satisfy the same qualifications as third-party arbitrators, others dispute any real claim to objectivity. The latter view has had considerable currency, particularly in the United States, where courts and drafters of state laws regard such advocates as pawns of the appointers. Imposing standard of neutrality and disinterestedness on them would he futile.It follows from this dichotomy between party-appointed and non-party-appointed arbitrators that opinionon the question of their nationality is also split. A party needs to be expected to choose a fellow national.This question of nationality is acute when one party to the arbitration is a governmental agency and one ormore of the arbitrators are likewise nationals; a foreign enterprise contract calling for such arbitration may be foolhardy.The slate is largely blank with respect to roles for the conduct of arbitrators outside the field of conflictof interests. Considering only the matter of ex-parte communications, American case law is astonishing lax,refusing to set aside awards where such communication obtained between an arbitrator and a party withoutthe presence of the other party, thereby violating evidentiary rules requiring the attendanceof both patties.The differences in views on this topicindicate how useful a set of guidelines might be.87. The best title for this passage is __________.A. International Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsB. Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsC. Arbitrators: Problems in PracticeD. International Arbitrators and Conflicts of Interests88. The expression "They may treat" refers to __________.A. arbitrators and judgesB. national legal systemsC. experiencesD. disqualifying factors89. Courts and agencies __________.A. do not apply their regulations strictlyB. often consider arbitrators as judgesC. understand the general relationship between business and arbitratorsD. may be described by all of the above90. A third-party arbitrator is one who is chosen __________.A. to supplement the two arbitratorschosen by the contending sidesB. to reach a finaldecision after the two arbitrators have submitted their decisionC. by someone not involved in the matter in disputeD. as a pawn of the appointers91. A foreign enterprises contract is a bad idea __________.A. in all casesB. when each partner picks an arbitratorC. when third party arbitrators are involvedD. when a government agency is one side of the contract92. "Ex-parte communications" refer to __________.A. something that cannot be determined by the textB. all parties being present when matters involving them are discussedC. the requirement to set aside a decisionD. impartialityPassage 3Ask an American schoolchild what he or she is learning in school these days and you might even get areply, provided you ask it in Spanish. But don't bother, here’s the answer: Americansnowadays are not learning any of the things that we learned in our day, like reading and writing. Apparently these are considered fusty oldsubjects, invented by white males to oppress women and minorities.What are they learning? In a Vermont college town I found the answer sitting in a toy stone book rack,next to typical kids' books like "Heather Has Two Mommies and Daddy is 'Dysfunctional"'. It's a teacher's guide called "Happy to Be Me", subtitled "Building Self-Esteem”. Self-esteem as it turns out, is abig subject in American classrooms. Many American schools see building it as important as teaching readingand writing. They call it "whole language" teaching, borrowing terminology from the granola people to compete in the education marketplace.No one ever spent a momentbuilding my self-esteem when I was in school. In fact, from the day I first stepped inside a classroommy self-esteem was one big demolition site. All that mattered was "the subject", be it geography, history, or mathematics. I was praised when I remembered that "near", "fit","friendly", "pleasing", "like" and their opposites took the dative case in Latin. I was reviled when I forgotwhat a cosine was good for. Generally, I lived my school years beneath a torrent of castigation asconsistent I eventually ceased to hear it, as people who live near the sea eventually stop hearing the waves.Schools have changed. Reviling is out, for one thing. More important, subjects have changed.Whereas I learned English, modern kids learnsomething called "language skills". Whereas I learned writing, modern kids learn something called "communication". Communication, the book tells us, is seven percent words, twenty three per cent facial expression, twenty per cent tone of voice, and fifty percent bodylanguage. So this column, with its carefully chosen words, would earn at most a grade of seven per cent. That is, if the school even gave out something as oppressive and demanding as grades.The result is that, in place of English classes, American children are getting a course in "How to WinFriends and Influence People". Consider the new attitude toward journal writing: I remember one highschool English class when we were required to keep a journal. The idea was to emulate those great writerswho confided in dimes, searching their soul and honing their critical thinking on paper."Happy to Be Me" states that journals are a great way for students to get in touch with their feelings.Tell students they can writeone sentence or a whole page. Reassure them that no one, not even you, will read what they write. After the unit, hopefully all students will be feeling good about themselves and willwant toshare some of their entries with the class.There was a time when no self-respecting book for English teachers would use "great” or "hopefully"that way. Moreover, back then the purpose of English courses (an antique termfor "Unit") was not to helpstudents"feel good about themselves". Which is goo d, because all that reviling didn’t make me feel p articularly good about anything.93. In paragraph 2, "whole language" teaching is in inverted commas because __________.A. the writer is using direct speechB. the writer is questioning the education conceptC. the words quoted have been extracted from a translationD. the writer is quoting from another source94. In paragraph 3, the authoris clearly expressing his idea about self-esteem. He believes that it is__________.A. essential that self-esteem should be promoted in American schools because the author used to sufferfroma lack of self-esteem as a childB. equally important to equip children with the necessary skills and knowledge they will require in thefutureC. important to remember how mush school childrenused to suffer from a lack of self-esteemD. reassuring to observe that children benefit from the promotion of a positive image96. Which of the following is the writer implying in paragraph 4?A. Self-criticism has gone too far.B. Evaluating criteriaare inappropriate nowadays.C. Communication is a more comprehensive category than language skills.D. This column does not meet the demanding evaluating criteria of today.96. We may infer from paragraph 4 that the writer generally disagrees with one of the following ideas__________.A. the whole concept of communication is being perceived differentlyB. the way American children communicate among themselves is more important than anything elseC. academic skills should be encouraged and promoted in the American education systemD. the progress that American children could be monitor with more traditional methods97. In this passage, the writer is clearly stating the intention which is to get the reader to _____.A. confirm current education trends and teaching methodsB. rethink and reorganize educational strategiesC. think about the various elements which constitute what we call "communication" nowadaysD. reassure the parents about the methodology currently being used in American schools98. What's the best summary for this passage?A. New educational theories will revolutionize the way our children learn.B. The influence of new methodologywill spread worldwide.C. Personal values like self-esteem will become predominant for school children in the future.D. Current education trends may jeopardize the prospects of future generations.Passage 4"Sloganeering" did not originate in the 1960s. The term has a rich history. It originated from theGaelic word slaughgharim, which signified a "host-shout," “war cry," or "gathering word or phrase of oneof the old Highland clans; hence the shout or battle cry of soldiers in the field." English-speaking peoplebegan using the term by 1704. The team at the time meant "the distinctive note, phrase, or cry of any person or body of persons." Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the middle age,and they were。